681:(EPA) collaborates with local governments by providing researchers developing new data that estimates how a city can be impacted by mixed-use development. With the EPA putting models in the spreadsheet, it makes it much easier for municipalities, and developers to estimate the traffic, with Mixed-use spaces. The linking models also used as a resource tool measures the geography, demographics, and land use characteristics in a city. The Environmental Protection Agency has conducted an analysis on six major metropolitan areas using land usage, household surveys, and GIS databases. States such as California, Washington, New Mexico, and Virginia have adopted this standard as statewide policy when assessing how urban developments can impact traffic. Preconditions for the success of mixed-use developments are employment, population, and
626:. The local government first played a role in 1986 with a zoning bylaw that allowed for commercial and residential units to be mixed. At the time, Toronto was in the beginning stages of planning a focus on developing mixed-use development due to the growing popularity of more social housing. The law has since been updated as recently as 2013, shifting much of its focus outside the downtown area which has been a part of the main city since 1998. With the regulations in place, the city has overseen the development of high-rise condominiums throughout the city with amenities and transit stops nearby. Toronto's policies of mixed-use development have inspired other North American cities in Canada and the United States to bring about similar changes.
645:, a significant intersection in Toronto, portions of the Mirvish Village project site are zoned as "commercial residential" and others as "mixed commercial residential". Within the City of Toronto's zoning by-laws, commercial residential includes "a range of commercial, residential and institutional uses, as well as parks." Mirvish Village's programmatic uses include rental apartments, a public market, and small-unit retail, while also preserving 23 of 27 heritage houses on site. The project is notable for its public consultation process, which was lauded by Toronto city officials. Architect
165:, such as residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, or entertainment, into one space, where those functions are to some degree physically and functionally integrated, and that provides pedestrian connections. Mixed-use development may be applied to a single building, a block or neighborhood, or in zoning policy across an entire city or other administrative unit. These projects may be completed by a private developer, (quasi-)governmental agency, or a combination thereof. A mixed-use development may be a new construction, reuse of an existing building or
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restaurants, bars, and shopping. Mixed-use neighborhoods promote community and socialization through their bringing together of employees, visitors, and residents. A distinctive character and sense-of-place is created by transforming single use districts that may run for eight hours a day (ex. commercial office buildings running 9am - 5pm) into communities that can run eighteen hours a day through the addition of cafes, restaurants, bars, and nightclubs. Safety of neighborhoods in turn may be increased as people stay out on the streets for longer hours.
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hotels are included under the same umbrella as "residential," rather than commercial as they are classified under in the US. France similarly gravitates towards mixed-use as much of Paris is simply zoned to be "General Urban," allowing for a variety of uses. Even zones that house the mansions and villas of the aristocrats focus on historical and architectural preservation rather than single family zoning. Single family zoning is also absent in
Germany and Russia where zoning codes make no distinction between different types of housing.
481:, are also extremely expensive. This development has cost the City of New York over 2.2 billion dollars. Critics argue that taxpayer dollars could better serve the general public if spent elsewhere. Additionally, mixed-use developments, as a catalyst for economic growth, may not serve their intended purpose if they simply shift economic activity, rather than create it. A study done by Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated (JLL) found that "90 percent of Hudson Yards' new office tenants relocated from Midtown."
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bicycle, or transit) to farmer's markets and grocery stores. However, hybrid metropolises, areas that have large and tall buildings which accommodate a combination of public and private interests, do not show a decrease in carbon emissions in comparison to metropolitan areas that have a low, dense configuration. This is possibly because hybrid metropolises are prone to attract car traffic from visitors.
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have given greater priority to mixed-use development of inner-city industrial land as a way of revitalising areas neglected by the decline in manufacturing, consolidating and densifying the previously underpopulated urban centres. This new urban planning approach has had a significant impact on the use of land parcels in major
Australian cities: according to 2021 data from
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701:, Portland's light rail system, encourages the mixing of residential, commercial, and work spaces into one zone. With this one-zoning-type planning system, the use of land at increased densities provides a return in public investments throughout the city. Main street corridors provide flexible building heights and high density uses to enable "gathering places".
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598:'s need to decentralise and organise its growth around the metropolitan area. Its main objective was to control the city's rapid post-war population growth by introducing growth corridors and economic centres that would help prevent uncontrolled sprawl and the overuse of the car as a means of transport Several city centres such as
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hit, New York retailers located on long, commercially oriented blocks suffered severely as they were no longer attracting an audience of passersby. By combining multiple functions into one building or development, mixed-use districts can build resiliency through their ability to attract and maintain
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Subsequent plans complemented the initial one with new policies focused on economic and urban renewal issues. In particular, the 1988 Plan was designed in collaboration with a transport strategy and was the first to recommend higher development densities. Since then, Australian planning authorities
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Mixed-use developments are home to significant employment and housing opportunities. Many of these projects are already located in established downtown districts, meaning that development of public transit systems is incentivized in these regions. By taking undervalued and underutilized land, often
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America's attachment to private property and the traditional 1950s suburban home, as well as deep racial and class divides, have marked the divergence in mixed-use zoning between the continents. As a result, much of Europe's central cities are mixed use "by default" and the term "mixed-use" is much
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infrastructure are fostered due to increased density and reduced distances between housing, workplaces, retail businesses, and other amenities and destinations. Additionally, mixed-use projects promote health and wellness, as these developments often provide better access (whether it be by foot,
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In most of Europe, government policy has encouraged the continuation of the city center's role as a main location for business, retail, restaurant, and entertainment activity, unlike in the United States where zoning actively discouraged such mixed use for many decades. In
England, for example,
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approved the rezoning of the district from low-density manufacturing to high-density mixed use. The once deteriorated piers, located on the West Side of
Midtown, are being refashioned into commercial office space, a mix of affordable and luxury housing, restaurants and retail space, a high-end
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found that a focus on homeownership predominantly excludes individuals working in public services, trades, cultural, sales and service, and manufacturing occupations from living in amenity-rich city centers. Despite incentives like density bonuses, municipalities and developers rarely put a
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This development pattern is centered around the idea of "live, work, play," transforming buildings and neighborhoods into multi-use entities. Efficiency, productivity, and quality of life are also increased with regards to workplaces holding a plethora of amenities. Examples include gyms,
211:, who was a major proponent of mixed-use zoning, believing it played a key role in creating an organic, diverse, and vibrant streetscape. These two figures went head-to-head during much of the 1960s. Since the 1990s, mixed-use zoning has once again become desirable as it works to combat
685:. The three preconditions ensure that a development can attract quality tenants and financial success. Other factors determining the success of the mixed-use development is the proximity of production time, and the costs from the surrounding market.
421:, done by the Journal of Geographical Information Science, found that taxis located in regions where buildings housed a greater variety of functions had greatly reduced traveling distances. Shorter traveling distances, in turn, support the use of
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appealing to high-profile tenants are often prioritized due to their speculative potential. There is also a trend towards making residential spaces in mixed-use developments to be condominiums, rather than rental spaces. A study done by the
181:, governmental zoning regulations were introduced to separate different functions, such as manufacturing, from residential areas. Public health concerns and the protection of property values stood as the motivation behind this separation.
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Fisher, B and Leite, F. (2018) “The Cost of New York City’s Hudson Yards
Redevelopment Project.” Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis and Department of Economics, The New School for Social Research, Working Paper Series 2018-2.
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Xiaoping Liu, Ning Niu, Xingjian Liu, He Jin, Jinpei Ou, Limin Jiao & Yaolin Liu (2018) Characterizing mixed-use buildings based on multi-source big data, International
Journal of Geographical Information Science, 32:4, 738-756,
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former heavy industrial, developers can repurpose it to increase land and property values. These projects also increase housing variety, density, and oftentimes affordability through their focus on multifamily, rather than
356:, where the cities made across-the-board zoning law changes permitting denser development within a certain distance of certain types of transit stations, with the primary aim of increasing the amount and affordability of housing
265:, as part of urban renewal and/or infill, i.e., upgrading the buildings and public spaces and amenities of the neighborhood to provide more and/or better housing and a better quality of life—examples include
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the repurposing of shopping malls and intensification of development around them, particularly as many shopping malls' retail sales, and ability to rent space to retailers, decrease as part of the 2010s
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Due to the speculative nature of large scale real estate developments, mega-mixed-use projects often fall short on meeting equity and affordability goals. High-end residential, upscale retail, and
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Expanded use of mixed-use zoning and mixed-use developments may be found in a variety of contexts, such as the following (multiple such contexts might apply to one particular project or situation):
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policies that sometimes offer more flexibility for older buildings to be used for purposes other than what they were originally zoned for, with the aim of preserving historic architecture
736:) subsidies. It did not require voter approval, nor did it have to go through the city's traditional budgeting process. Rather, the project is financed by future property taxes and the
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hotel and fitness center, and multiple public parks. Set to be completed in 2024, the development is expected to accommodate 125,000 workers, visitors, and residents daily.
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https://consult.corkcity.ie/ga/system/files/materials/1399/2492/Submission%20to%20the%20Cork%20City%20Development%20Plan%202021-2028_%20Re_%20Mixed%20Planning%20System.pdf
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more relevant regarding new areas of the city where an effort is made to mix residential and commercial activities – such as in
Amsterdam's
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Laitos, Jan G.; Abel, Teresa H. (2011). "The Role of
Brownfields as Sites for Mixed use Development Projects in America and Britain".
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Mixed-use buildings can be risky given that there are multiple tenants residing in one development. Mega-mixed-use projects, like
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Program. This program provides VISAs to overseas investors in exchange for placing a minimum of $ 500,000 into US real estate.
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Mixed-use neighborhoods and buildings have a strong ability to adapt to changing social and economic environments. When the
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housing compounds. A more equal balance between the supply and demand of jobs and housing is also found in these districts.
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is the largest private real estate development in the history of the United States. The project commenced in 2005 when the
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benefited from these policies, creating economic hubs with his own inner-city amenities along Sydney's main thoroughfares.
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Hoppenbrouwer, Eric; Louw, Erik (2005). "Mixed-use development: Theory and practice in
Amsterdam's Eastern Docklands".
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506:– two to three-story buildings with residential units above and commercial units on the ground floor facing the street
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1993:"Mixed use development, practice and potential", Department for Communities and Local Government, UK Government
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Zagow, Maged (1 December 2020). "Does mixed-use development in the metropolis lead to less carbon emissions?".
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1647:"Three ways to fix the problems caused by rezoning inner-city industrial land for mixed-use apartments"
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1382:"American Planning Association, "Planning and Community Health Research Center: Mixed Use Development"
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308:, or part of one, zoned for mixed use, in the 2010s often labeled "urban villages" (examples include
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O’Connell, Evan. Submission to the Cork City
Development Plan 2021-2028: Re: Mixed Planning System.
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1308:"Competitive Precinct Projects: The Five Consistent Criticisms of "Global" Mixed-Use Megaprojects"
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Raman, Rewati; Roy, Uttam Kumar (2019-11-01). "Taxonomy of urban mixed land use planning".
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Apartments with ground floor retail and ice skating rink at Pentagon Row in Arlington, VA.
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964:"An Empirical Study of the Efficacy of Mixed-Use Development: The Seattle Experience"
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Traditionally, human settlements have developed in mixed-use patterns. However, with
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The first large-scale attempt to create mixed-use development in Australia was the
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1672:"Density, sprawl, growth: how Australian cities have changed in the last 30 years"
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This project is also the US's largest project to ever be financed by TIF (
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Schuetz, Jenny; Giuliano, Genevieve; Shin, Eun Jin (February 21, 2018).
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Some of the more frequent mixed-use scenarios in the United States are:
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More sustainable transportation practices are also fostered. A study of
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1915:. City of Portland Bureau of Planning and Sustainability. October 2014.
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and the developer had previously collaborated on mixed-use projects in
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One of the first cities to adopt a policy on mixed-use development is
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Any of the above contexts may also include parallel contexts such as:
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Sydney region outline plan 1970–2000 A.D.: a strategy for development
1456:"Manhattan's office towers are a tale of the haves and the have-nots"
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Single-family detached home district with standalone shopping center
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significant focus on affordable housing provisions in these plans.
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Apartment complex with retail and medical offices on ground floor,
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1833:"Honest Ed's redevelopment shows what it takes to make a Village"
1805:"Redevelopment of Honest Ed's in Toronto holds several surprises"
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Transportation Research Circular E-C058: 9th National Light Rail
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1408:"Safer Cities for Women: Perceived Risks and Planning Measures"
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Baker, Emma; Lange, Jarrod; Coffee, Neil (28 September 2016).
29:
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Grodach, Carl; Gibson, Chris; O'Connor, Justin (2019-08-25).
1932:"COVID-19 Pandemic Accelerates Mixed-Use Development Trends"
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Traditional mixed-use development pattern in a city center:
1957:"The Worst Thing About Hudson Yards Isn't the Architecture"
1240:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. April 2014
524:– multi-family residential units within office building(s)
451:", a tourist attraction in the mixed-use neighborhood of
874:. Atlanta Regional Commission. p. 2. Archived from
1353:"Advantages and Disadvantages of Mixed-Use Development"
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54:
1116:"Mixed Use by Default: How the Europeans (Don't) Zone"
1002:"Mixed Use by Default: How the Europeans (Don't) Zone"
852:
Business Geography and New Real Estate Market Analysis
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mixed-use development is Mirvish Village by architect
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was instigated to safeguard communities from negative
1896:"Light Rail Transit and Transit-Oriented Development
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Trench, Sylvia; Oc, Taner; Tiesdell, Steven (1992).
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Older cities such as Chicago and San Francisco have
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practice of zoning for single-family residential use
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1596:"ALL MIXED UP: A Critical Analysis of Mixed Use"
496:zoning – convenience goods and services, such as
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869:"Quality Growth Toolkit: Mixed-use Development"
569:Examples of cities' mixed-use planning policies
1534:"Planning for Mixed Use: Affordable for Whom?"
1284:Denver Journal of International Law and Policy
673:Mixed-use spaces developed in Portland, Oregon
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43:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
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466:Journal of the American Planning Association
1913:"Mixed Use Zones Project Assessment Report"
1724:"Honouring his parents at Honest Ed's site"
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1697:"Land and Housing Supply Indicators, 2022"
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558:Parking structure with ground-floor retail
1902:Transit Conference. Retrieved 2021-09-19.
729:are the primary developers on this plan.
693:Mixed-use zoning has been implemented in
199:came after World War II when planner and
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
2836:Regional Planning Association of America
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1634:. Greater Sydney Commision. p. 28.
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1357:Gaebler.com Resources for Entrepreneurs
962:Delisle, James; Grissom, Terry (2013).
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485:Types of contemporary mixed-use zoning
117:Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area
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161:classification that blends multiple
2907:Professional transportation planner
781:Principles of Intelligent Urbanism
504:Main Street residential/commercial
27:Type of urban development strategy
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1882:"Mixed-Use Trip Generation Model"
1748:"Honest Ed's and Mirvish Village"
1575:State Planning Authority (1968).
1424:10.3828/tpr.63.3.r16862416261h337
968:Journal of Real Estate Literature
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2014:
1722:Hume, Christopher (2015-03-20).
1164:(2012). "Mixed Use by Default".
914:10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104102
215:and increase economic vitality.
201:New York City Parks Commissioner
34:
3304:Transferable development rights
2859:Environmental impact assessment
2484:Residential cluster development
1467:from the original on 2022-12-11
679:Environmental Protection Agency
612:Australian Bureau of Statistics
263:traditional urban neighborhoods
173:Use in North America vs. Europe
2930:Community economic development
2709:Planning and zoning commission
2136:Shopping streets and districts
1831:Bozikovic, Alex (2018-05-17).
1803:Bozikovic, Alex (2015-03-05).
1625:"A Metropolis of Three Cities"
1453:Chaffin, Joshua (2021-10-09).
1166:Journal of Planning Literature
1120:Journal of Planning Literature
1006:Journal of Planning Literature
980:10.1080/10835547.2013.12090352
1:
2004:18(2):249-267 · February 2017
1783:City of Toronto Zoning By-law
1581:Government of New South Wales
1101:Metropolitan Planning Council
1058:10.1080/13658816.2017.1410549
1000:Hirt, Sonia (November 2012).
3543:Planning Accreditation Board
2902:Transit-oriented development
2864:Recreation resource planning
2262:Model dwellings for the poor
2002:Planning Theory and Practice
1858:"From slum to new urban mix"
1856:Bula, Frances (2010-01-04).
811:Transit-oriented development
510:Urban residential/commercial
345:Transit-oriented development
1507:10.1016/j.uclim.2020.100682
657:, including the successful
197:zoning in the United States
195:The heyday of separate-use
57:, discuss the issue on the
3880:
3839:Sustainable urban planning
3555:Professional organizations
2912:Urban freight distribution
2887:Transportation forecasting
1324:10.1177/875697281704800607
1312:Project Management Journal
1114:Hirt, Sonia (2012-11-01).
1094:"Chicago Zoning Ordinance"
677:In the United States, the
592:Sydney Region Outline Plan
582:Mixed-use developments in
184:In the United States, the
3791:List of planning journals
3755:
2760:History of urban planning
2643:
2587:
1213:10.1080/09654310500242048
1201:European Planning Studies
854:, Grant Ian Thrall, p.216
699:Metropolitan Area Express
594:, a plan that identified
326:Atlanta metropolitan area
289:St. Louis Park, Minnesota
3727:Marine spatial planning
3239:Healthy community design
2817:Village design statement
2807:Preservation development
2802:Conservation development
2058:Real estate developments
1757:. 2017-03-17. p. 26
1412:The Town Planning Review
1178:10.1177/0885412212451029
1132:10.1177/0885412212451029
1018:10.1177/0885412212451029
659:Woodward's Redevelopment
534:Retail district retrofit
528:Shopping mall conversion
275:East Liberty, Pittsburgh
3834:Residential real estate
3742:Real estate development
3473:List of urban theorists
2969:City Beautiful movement
2897:Rational planning model
2879:Transportation planning
2869:Sustainable development
2267:Multifamily residential
1998:What is functional mix?
1785:. 2019-07-15. p. 6
1263:. Brookings Institution
801:Sustainable development
734:tax increment financing
546:Studio/light industrial
494:Neighborhood commercial
322:Forsyth County, Georgia
298:greenfield developments
3859:Shopping malls by type
3829:Commercial real estate
3824:Mixed-use developments
3786:List of planned cities
3722:Landscape architecture
3478:List of urban planners
3200:Conservation community
3037:Collaborative planning
2846:Environmental planning
2754:Comprehensive planning
2217:Conservation community
2021:Mixed-use developments
1235:"This is Smart Growth"
674:
587:
456:
397:
250:
139:
124:
101:
3844:Sustainable transport
3697:Development economics
3548:Real estate education
3508:James Howard Kunstler
3433:Konstantinos Doxiadis
3314:Urban growth boundary
3254:Mixed-use development
3149:Intentional community
2312:Single-room occupancy
2257:Mixed-use development
2242:Intentional community
2227:Golf course community
2089:Mixed-use development
1988:, 1997, Andy Coupland
1306:Harris, Mike (2017).
756:Automobile dependency
714:New York City Council
672:
581:
461:Class A office spaces
446:
395:
362:historic preservation
324:, at the edge of the
291:, an inner suburb of
241:
130:
107:
96:
3249:Leapfrog development
3195:Complete Communities
3052:Intelligent urbanism
2979:Garden city movement
2922:Economic development
2854:Environmental design
2381:Garden city movement
2297:Retirement community
2023:at Wikimedia Commons
1776:"By-law No 569-2013"
169:, or a combination.
99:Kirkland, Washington
63:create a new article
55:improve this article
45:may not represent a
3655:Communist countries
3279:Planning Permission
3216:Filtering (housing)
3190:Cluster development
2999:Settlement movement
2984:Indigenous planning
2544:Planning permission
2287:Residential airpark
2272:Penthouse apartment
2159:Industrial district
1986:Reclaiming the City
1632:planning.nsw.gov.au
1499:2020UrbCl..3400682Z
906:2019LUPol..8804102R
314:Alpharetta, Georgia
281:traditional suburbs
258:planning strategies
113:Arlington, Virginia
3538:Planning education
3498:Elizabeth Farrelly
3342:High-rise urbanism
3180:Affordable housing
2719:World Urbanism Day
2597:Housing portal
2169:Technology centers
1862:The Globe and Mail
1837:The Globe and Mail
1809:The Globe and Mail
776:Pedestrian village
675:
588:
522:Office/residential
516:Office convenience
498:convenience stores
457:
398:
285:Bethesda, Maryland
251:
140:
125:
102:
3811:
3810:
3768:Cities portal
3692:Civil engineering
3673:
3672:
3526:
3525:
3355:
3354:
3323:Peri-urbanisation
3143:Planned community
2974:Dark-sky movement
2964:Car-free movement
2938:
2937:
2892:Trip distribution
2828:Regional planning
2781:Urban green space
2749:Land-use planning
2724:Labor market area
2714:Growth management
2689:Metropolitan area
2603:
2602:
2559:Regional planning
2519:Land-use planning
2401:Urban green space
2396:Planned community
2331:Science/education
2277:Private community
2019:Media related to
1594:Gentin, Michael.
791:Single-use zoning
727:Oxford Properties
723:Related Companies
705:Hudson Yards, NYC
683:consumer spending
635:Gregory Henriquez
629:One example of a
425:. Pedestrian and
411:COVID-19 pandemic
334:retail apocalypse
225:Eastern Docklands
179:industrialization
147:urban development
91:
90:
83:
65:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
3871:
3799:
3798:
3777:
3776:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3717:Land development
3568:
3403:Donald Appleyard
3364:
3114:Mining community
3067:Radical planning
3014:Transition towns
2949:
2765:Spatial planning
2739:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2607:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2348:Satellite campus
2292:Residential area
2247:Luxury apartment
2207:Closed community
2154:Business cluster
2051:
2044:
2037:
2028:
2018:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1928:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1903:
1894:Arrington, G.B.
1892:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1872:
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1686:
1684:
1682:
1676:The Conversation
1667:
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1658:
1657:
1651:The Conversation
1642:
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1610:
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1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1384:. Archived from
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1037:
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983:
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946:
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933:
889:
883:
882:
880:
873:
865:
856:
848:
695:Portland, Oregon
655:British Columbia
584:Fortitude Valley
419:Guangzhou, China
348:—for example in
271:Washington, D.C.
247:Washington, D.C.
109:Ballston Quarter
86:
79:
75:
72:
66:
38:
37:
30:
21:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
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3814:
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3812:
3807:
3762:
3760:
3751:
3747:Social sciences
3707:Urban economics
3679:
3669:
3638:
3612:
3559:
3522:
3486:
3453:Peter Calthorpe
3408:Ebenezer Howard
3369:
3351:
3338:Verticalization
3168:
3076:
3062:Market urbanism
3057:Livable streets
3023:
2944:
2934:
2916:
2873:
2840:
2822:
2790:
2734:
2728:
2667:
2639:
2634:
2604:
2599:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2504:Greenfield land
2474:Brownfield land
2462:
2412:
2357:
2326:
2232:Gated community
2173:
2164:Industrial park
2140:
2126:Shopping center
2094:Office building
2084:Commercial area
2060:
2055:
2011:
1981:
1979:Further reading
1976:
1975:
1966:
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1755:City of Toronto
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1470:
1468:
1461:Financial Times
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987:
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941:
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894:Land Use Policy
891:
890:
886:
878:
871:
867:
866:
859:
849:
845:
840:
835:
751:Activity centre
746:
707:
691:
667:
643:Bathurst Street
620:
576:
571:
552:Hotel/residence
487:
475:
441:
436:
407:
390:
377:
372:
233:
175:
167:brownfield site
137:North Macedonia
87:
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52:
39:
35:
28:
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22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3608:United Kingdom
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3595:
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3588:Czech Republic
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3551:
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3527:
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3523:
3521:
3520:
3518:Randal O'Toole
3515:
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3494:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3458:Patrick Geddes
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3438:Kevin A. Lynch
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3418:Guy Benveniste
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3398:Daniel Burnham
3395:
3393:Colin Buchanan
3390:
3388:Clarence Stein
3385:
3383:Clarence Perry
3380:
3374:
3372:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3335:
3330:
3328:Urban vitality
3325:
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3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3235:Healthy cities
3232:
3227:
3225:Brusselization
3221:Gentrification
3218:
3213:
3210:Eminent domain
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3202:
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3134:
3133:
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3096:
3086:
3084:
3082:Cities by type
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3042:Context theory
3039:
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3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
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2961:
2959:Athens Charter
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2640:
2637:Urban planning
2635:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2610:
2601:
2600:
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2585:
2584:
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2569:Urban planning
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2509:Greyfield land
2506:
2501:
2499:Eminent domain
2496:
2494:Context theory
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2468:
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2237:Housing estate
2234:
2229:
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2222:Executive home
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2192:Boarding house
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2009:External links
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1936:The Beck Group
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1714:
1703:. 15 June 2022
1701:www.abs.gov.au
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1418:(3): 279–296.
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1207:(7): 967–983.
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1172:(4): 375–393.
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1126:(4): 375–393.
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1012:(4): 375–393.
985:
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884:
881:on 2011-11-28.
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826:Urban vitality
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3702:Urban ecology
3700:
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3665:Ancient Egypt
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3463:Raymond Unwin
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3299:Tract housing
3297:
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3289:Temporary use
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3205:Creative city
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3159:Urban village
3157:
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3147:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:Model village
3136:
3132:
3129:
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3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
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3112:
3110:
3107:
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3099:Commuter town
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3088:
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3079:
3073:
3072:Urban renewal
3070:
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3017:
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3009:Structuralism
3007:
3005:
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2812:Rural housing
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2800:
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2777:
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2771:Redevelopment
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2554:Redevelopment
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2514:Groundscraper
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2467:Miscellaneous
2465:
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2386:Model village
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2360:
2354:
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2343:Research park
2341:
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2336:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2322:Tract housing
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
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2307:Rooming house
2305:
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2302:Revenue house
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2130:Shopping mall
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2079:Business park
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2017:
2013:
2012:
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1999:
1996:
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1991:
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1961:Bloomberg.com
1958:
1952:
1949:
1937:
1933:
1927:
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1884:. 2013-04-28.
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1487:Urban Climate
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1388:on 2013-02-07
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1071:
1070:"Jane Jacobs"
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665:United States
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648:
644:
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637:. Located at
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428:
427:bike-friendly
424:
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405:Environmental
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382:single-family
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145:is a type of
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95:
85:
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74:
71:February 2021
64:
60:
56:
50:
48:
41:
32:
31:
19:
3864:New Urbanism
3849:Urban design
3801:
3778:
3759:
3687:Architecture
3660:Nazi Germany
3468:Thomas Adams
3448:Loretta Lees
3443:Le Corbusier
3413:Edmund Bacon
3378:Andrés Duany
3333:Urbanization
3319:Urban sprawl
3284:Rural flight
3264:Permeability
3259:Model cities
3253:
3131:Logging camp
3090:Company town
3004:Smart growth
2994:New Urbanism
2776:Urban design
2564:Urban design
2489:Construction
2376:Civic center
2353:Science park
2256:
2212:Company town
2111:Power center
2088:
2001:
1985:
1965:. Retrieved
1963:. 2019-04-12
1960:
1951:
1940:. Retrieved
1938:. 2021-04-30
1935:
1907:
1899:
1890:
1876:
1865:. Retrieved
1861:
1851:
1840:. Retrieved
1836:
1812:. Retrieved
1808:
1798:
1787:. Retrieved
1782:
1770:
1759:. Retrieved
1754:
1742:
1731:. Retrieved
1727:
1717:
1705:. Retrieved
1700:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1675:
1665:
1654:. Retrieved
1650:
1640:
1631:
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1605:. p. 29
1602:
1589:
1576:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1469:. Retrieved
1460:
1448:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1390:. Retrieved
1386:the original
1360:. Retrieved
1356:
1318:(6): 76–92.
1315:
1311:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1265:. Retrieved
1254:
1242:. Retrieved
1229:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1169:
1165:
1156:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1100:
1088:
1077:. Retrieved
1073:
1064:
1009:
1005:
971:
967:
938:
897:
893:
887:
876:the original
851:
846:
821:Urban sprawl
816:Urban design
796:Smart growth
786:Public space
771:New Urbanism
731:
710:Hudson Yards
708:
692:
676:
628:
621:
608:
604:Campbelltown
589:
586:, Queensland
562:
557:
551:
545:
539:
533:
527:
521:
515:
509:
503:
493:
488:
479:Hudson Yards
476:
458:
453:Hudson Yards
416:
408:
399:
378:
360:
343:
338:
297:
280:
267:Barracks Row
262:
256:smart growth
243:Barracks Row
234:
221:
217:
213:urban sprawl
205:Robert Moses
194:
183:
176:
151:urban design
142:
141:
77:
68:
44:
3680:disciplines
3503:Jane Jacobs
3428:James Rouse
3309:Urban decay
3294:Third place
3269:Placemaking
3119:Pit village
3109:Global city
2524:Nonbuilding
2453:Tower block
2317:Subdivision
2179:Residential
2116:Retail park
1603:unsw.edu.au
1290:(1–3): 492.
1162:Hirt, Sonia
1074:www.pps.org
806:Third Place
766:Main Street
350:Los Angeles
293:Minneapolis
254:as part of
209:Jane Jacobs
3818:Categories
3423:Ian McHarg
3368:Theorists/
3145:(New town)
3104:Ghost town
2943:Concepts/
2679:Urban area
2549:Playground
2448:Skyscraper
2202:City block
2146:Industrial
2121:Riverfront
2066:Commercial
1967:2023-11-09
1942:2021-11-11
1867:2019-11-25
1842:2019-11-25
1814:2019-11-25
1789:2019-11-25
1761:2019-11-25
1733:2019-11-25
1656:2024-06-19
1579:. Sydney:
1493:: 100682.
1471:2021-11-23
1392:2012-11-01
1362:2023-11-09
1079:2021-10-12
900:: 104102.
600:Parramatta
455:, New York
414:visitors.
3712:Geography
3624:Barcelona
3603:Singapore
3578:Australia
3571:Countries
3185:Cityscape
2952:Movements
2431:Apartment
2418:Buildings
2363:Municipal
2252:McMansion
1898:" (PDF).
1515:224862707
1432:0041-0020
1332:117672467
1221:154169103
1186:154219333
1148:154219333
1140:0885-4122
1034:154219333
1026:0885-4122
974:: 25–57.
930:201338748
922:0264-8377
761:Edge city
738:EB-5 Visa
651:Vancouver
647:Henriquez
574:Australia
540:Live/work
473:Financing
434:Drawbacks
354:San Diego
306:edge city
157:and/or a
143:Mixed use
121:edge city
59:talk page
18:Mixed use
3780:Category
3629:Shanghai
3531:Training
3173:Concepts
3164:Boomtown
3154:Arcology
3126:Man camp
3094:Monotown
3047:Ekistics
3029:Theories
2945:theories
2786:Urbanism
2735:branches
2704:Planning
2699:Land use
2653:Theories
2479:Cemetery
2371:Arcology
2187:Agrihood
1728:The Star
1465:Archived
1440:40113842
744:See also
689:Portland
375:Economic
370:Benefits
231:Contexts
53:You may
3802:Commons
3678:Related
3491:Critics
3244:LEED-ND
2742:General
2672:General
2663:Outline
2648:History
2539:Parking
2074:Airport
1707:19 June
1681:19 June
1609:20 June
1495:Bibcode
1103:. 2007.
902:Bibcode
719:Equinox
631:Toronto
624:Toronto
318:Halcyon
3854:Zoning
3650:Africa
3634:Sydney
3617:Cities
3598:Serbia
3593:Russia
3564:Places
3360:People
3347:Zoning
3230:Infill
2694:Suburb
2579:Zoning
2338:Campus
2104:inland
1513:
1438:
1430:
1330:
1219:
1184:
1146:
1138:
1032:
1024:
928:
920:
831:Zoning
618:Canada
596:Sydney
449:Vessel
439:Equity
388:Social
316:, and
310:Avalon
302:exurbs
273:, and
159:zoning
133:Bitola
3643:Other
3583:China
3019:YIMBY
2989:NIMBY
2795:Rural
2767:(Eur)
2733:Major
2658:Index
2574:YIMBY
2529:NIMBY
2458:Villa
2441:types
2436:House
2422:types
2406:parks
1779:(PDF)
1751:(PDF)
1628:(PDF)
1599:(PDF)
1537:(PDF)
1511:S2CID
1436:JSTOR
1328:S2CID
1238:(PDF)
1217:S2CID
1182:S2CID
1144:S2CID
1097:(PDF)
1030:S2CID
926:S2CID
879:(PDF)
872:(PDF)
838:Notes
639:Bloor
61:, or
3212:(US)
2819:(UK)
2756:(US)
2684:City
2534:Park
2099:Port
1709:2024
1683:2024
1611:2024
1428:ISSN
1269:2019
1246:2019
1136:ISSN
1022:ISSN
918:ISSN
725:and
641:and
352:and
163:uses
1503:doi
1420:doi
1320:doi
1209:doi
1174:doi
1128:doi
1054:doi
1014:doi
976:doi
910:doi
602:or
320:in
312:in
279:in
269:in
261:in
245:in
111:in
3820::
3340:/
3321:/
3237:/
3223:/
3092:/
2000:,
1959:.
1934:.
1921:^
1860:.
1835:.
1823:^
1807:.
1781:.
1753:.
1726:.
1699:.
1674:.
1649:.
1630:.
1601:.
1567:^
1545:^
1523:^
1509:.
1501:.
1491:34
1489:.
1463:.
1459:.
1434:.
1426:.
1416:63
1414:.
1410:.
1371:^
1355:.
1340:^
1326:.
1316:48
1314:.
1310:.
1296:^
1288:40
1286:.
1215:.
1205:13
1203:.
1180:.
1170:27
1168:.
1142:.
1134:.
1124:27
1122:.
1118:.
1099:.
1072:.
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