308:
53:
218:
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early-industrializing countries started at different stages of growth, they followed more or less a similar format of change that led to their transformation. Marked by the shift from a subsistence/agrarian economy to more industrialized/mechanized modes of production, hallmarks of industrialization include technological advance, widespread investments into industrial infrastructure, and a dynamic movement of labor from agriculture into manufacturing (Lewis, 1978; Todaro, 1989; Rapley, 1994).
411:
2226:
264:
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1989:
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3017:
69:
61:
331:, consisting of only parents and their growing children, predominates. Families and children reaching adulthood are more mobile and tend to relocate to where jobs exist. Extended family bonds become more tenuous. One of the most important criticisms of industrialization is that it caused children to stay away from home for many hours and to use them as cheap workers in factories.
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1978:
3005:
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22:
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may represent more visceral reactions to industrial growth. Nevertheless, repeated examples in history of apparently successful industrialisation (Britain, Soviet Union, South Korea, China, etc.) may make conventional industrialisation seem like an attractive or even natural path forward, especially
275:
As the
Industrial Revolution was a shift from the agrarian society, people migrated from villages in search of jobs to places where factories were established. This shifting of rural people led to urbanisation and an increase in the population of towns. The concentration of labour in factories has
244:
living apart becoming more common. The movement into more dense urban areas from less dense agricultural areas has consequently increased the transmission of diseases. The place of women in society has shifted from primary caregivers to breadwinners, thus reducing the number of children per
728:
Contemporary notions of industrialization can be traced back to the experience of Great
Britain, Western Europe and North America during the 19th and early 20th centuries (Nzau, 2010). The literature that reviews the experiences of these countries seems to agree that, although the
175:
and North
America. Characteristics of this early industrialisation were technological progress, a shift from rural work to industrial labour, and financial investments in new industrial structures. Later commentators have called this the First Industrial Revolution.
1512:
1221:
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by sector and labour force by occupation with the green, red, and blue components of the colours of the countries representing the percentages for the agriculture, industry, and services sectors, respectively
2865:
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Hugh
Cunningham; Pier Paolo Viazzo, eds. (1996). Child Labour in Historical Perspective: 1800-1985 (PDF). UNICEF. ISBN 978-88-85401-27-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2015
988:
141:
both economically and socially. As industrial workers' incomes rise, markets for consumer goods and services of all kinds tend to expand and provide a further stimulus to industrial
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was accompanied by significant changes in the social structure, the main change being a transition from farm work to factory-related activities. This has resulted in the concept of
1410:
645:
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and took place from the mid-18th to early 19th century. It began in Great
Britain, spreading to Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, and France and eventually to other areas in
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1207:
88:
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1425:
1420:
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Griffin, Emma, A Short
History of the British Industrial Revolution. In 1850 over 50 percent of the British lived and worked in cities. London: Palgrave (2010)
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Prügl, Elisabeth (1999). The Global
Construction of Gender - Home based work in Political Economy of 20th Century. Columbia University Press. pp. 25–31, 50–59
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Buchheim, Christoph: Industrielle
Revolutionen. Langfristige Wirtschaftsentwicklung in Großbritannien, Europa und in Übersee, München 1994, S. 11-104.
240:, i.e., hierarchical social status defined by an individual's economic power. It has changed the family system as most people moved into cities, with
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2002:
1997:
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1341:
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790:
1992:
1336:
1722:
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1415:
814:
784:
721:
609:
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637:
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Henning, Friedrich-Wilhelm: Die
Industrialisierung in Deutschland 1800 bis 1914, 9. Aufl., Paderborn/München/Wien/Zürich 1995, S. 15-279.
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2703:
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1685:
1331:
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615:
149:. Moreover, family structures tend to shift as extended families tend to no longer live together in one household, location or place.
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1782:
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1507:
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2825:
2007:
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Jones, Eric: The
European Miracle: Environments, Economics and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia, 3. ed. Cambridge 2003.
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structure spanning many generations who probably remained in the same location for generations. In industrialised societies the
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1981:
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to accommodate both increased productivity and employment opportunities; more than 40% of the world's employees are "
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The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present
209:
There is considerable literature on the factors facilitating industrial modernisation and enterprise development.
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893:(A Comprehensive Research on Forms, Causes and Consequences of Child Labour in Iran). Avaye Buf, Denmark. p 41
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Sampath, Padmashree Gehl (2016). "Sustainable Industrialization in Africa: Toward a New Development Agenda".
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gave this phase a boost. Coal mines, steelworks, and textile factories replaced homes as the place of work.
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Industrialisation also means the mechanisation of traditionally manual economic sectors such as agriculture.
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30:
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464:(Third World countries) or beneficial in the longer term, with the perception that they may only create
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1174:(Princeton Economic History of the Western World) by (Princeton University Press; New Ed edition, 2001)
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183:" labels the later changes that came about in the mid-19th century after the refinement of the
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The effect of industrialisation shown by rising income levels in the 19th century, including
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increased urbanisation and the size of settlements, to serve and house the factory workers.
99:
95:
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The effect of industrialisation on the family, Talcott Parsons, the isolated nuclear family
740:
Pollard, Sidney: Peaceful Conquest. The Industrialisation of Europe 1760–1970, Oxford 1981.
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2018:
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and the construction of canals, railways, and electric-power lines. The invention of the
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The first transformation from an agricultural to an industrial economy is known as the
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1077:(A Comprehensive Research on Forms, Causes and Consequences of Child Labour in Iran)
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Industry & Enterprise: A International Survey of Modernisation & Development
98:) is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an
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Jobs, growth and poverty: what do we know, what don't we know, what should we know?
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underwent rapid industrialisation and maintained exceptionally high growth rates.
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do not consider contemporary industrialisation policies as being adequate to the
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2627:
2606:
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2135:
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1742:
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516:", whose incomes fail to keep themselves and their families above the $ 2-a-day
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The effect of industrialisation is also shown by rising levels of CO2 emissions.
45:
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The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy
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33:
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1930:
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household. Furthermore, industrialisation contributed to increased cases of
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807:
Theories of Industrial Modernisation & Enterprise Development: A Review
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had become one of the most recently industrialised regions of the world.
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16:
Period of social and economic change from agrarian to industrial society
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2190:
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1707:
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1156:. Cambridge, New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
107:
1016:
666:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 472.
2719:
Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
2140:
1581:
445:
172:
872:
Diamond, Jared (2012). The World Until Yesterday. ISBN 9780670024810
21:
2536:
2180:
857:
409:
306:
262:
216:
67:
59:
51:
20:
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Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater
532:
is often the key sector in absorbing the resultant unemployment.
134:, with direct investment in more advanced, cleaner technologies.
44:, including Western Europe, United States, Canada and Japan, and
2155:
2125:
1098:
The Visible Hand: The Management Revolution in American Business
472:
dominated political order which industrialisation has fostered.
2780:
2022:
1203:
350:
432:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
319:
Family structure changes with industrialisation. Sociologist
2704:
History of the British canal system
917:
Black's Academy. Educational Database. Accessed April 2008.
485:
expectations rise and agricultural opportunities diminish.
448:, endorses development policies like water purification or
48:
nations of Europe, Southern Asia, Africa, and Latin America
2714:
List of United Kingdom-related topics
1146:
industrialisation and Development: A comparative analysis
830:
2638:
History of the cooperative Movement
225:
depicting agitated workers facing a factory owner in a
1041:
Claire Melamed, Renate Hartwig and Ursula Grant 2011.
2981:
2691:
2620:
2522:
2441:
2233:
2118:
1856:
1644:
1307:
1237:
1116:Hewitt, T., Johnson, H. and Wield, D. (Eds) (1992)
528:countries' transition to market economies, and the
323:noted that in pre-industrial societies there is an
130:practices, industrialisation increasingly includes
114:. Industrialisation is associated with increase of
1095:
490:economic growth, employment, and poverty reduction
106:. This involves an extensive reorganisation of an
1075:Traces of Exploitation in the World of Childhood
1027:. Un.org (20 May 2008). Retrieved on 2013-07-29.
891:Traces of Exploitation in the World of Childhood
809:, ISM/Google Books, revised 2nd edition, 2003.
601:Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes
2729:Timeline of materials technology
779:, ISM/Google Books, revised 2nd edition, 2003.
2514:Stockton and Darlington Railway
508:, whereby manufacturing is less able than the
2792:
2034:
1215:
1102:. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
8:
454:co-operation amongst third world communities
378:. There might be a discussion about this on
604:. University of Chicago Press. p. 95.
496:can sometimes lead to static or even lower
137:The reorganisation of the economy has many
2799:
2785:
2777:
2041:
2027:
2019:
1222:
1208:
1200:
1180:Industrialization as an Historical Process
468:local industries unable to compete in the
1733:Environmental issues in the United States
831:"social effects of industrial revolution"
398:Learn how and when to remove this message
2348:John Kay (spinning frame)
2343:John Kay (flying shuttle)
2278:Thomas and George Cranege
1718:Effects of climate change on agriculture
1132:Historical Patterns of Industrialisation
858:"social effect of industrial revolution"
2988:
1037:
1035:
1033:
706:Sustainable Industrialization in Africa
590:
339:Between the early 1960s and 1990s, the
2734:Timeline of steam power
1723:Effects of climate change on livestock
618:from the original on 27 September 2022
76:are all elements of industrialisation.
2449:Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet
883:
881:
7:
2759:
1977:
1833:Tropical cyclones and climate change
1191:, 2010, retrieved: 29 February 2011.
994:from the original on 17 January 2021
1866:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion
1017:https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
648:from the original on 31 March 2024.
434:, many United Nations departments,
1120:, Oxford University Press: Oxford.
837:from the original on 17 March 2012
249:and thereafter education systems.
72:Factories, refineries, mines, and
14:
2946:History of electrical engineering
2263:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
1513:pharmaceuticals and personal care
1118:industrialisation and Development
982:"development and the whole child"
294:Exploitation of natural resources
3015:
3003:
2991:
2758:
2747:
2746:
2499:Portsmouth Block Mills
2224:
1988:
1987:
1976:
1664:decline in amphibian populations
1369:Deforestation and climate change
1094:Chandler Jr., Alfred D. (1993).
520:. There is also a phenomenon of
504:). There are differences across
355:
202:By the end of the 20th century,
118:industries heavily dependent on
3063:Secondary sector of the economy
2724:Timeline of invention
2699:History of technology
2562:Newcomen steam engine
2338:Joseph Marie Jacquard
1798:Land surface effects on climate
1255:Environmental impact assessment
1231:Human impact on the environment
664:Economics: Principles in Action
122:. With the increasing focus on
2819:History of technology cultures
2484:Derwent Valley Mills
2353:Francis Cabot Lowell
1054:Overseas Development Institute
662:; Sheffrin, Steven M. (2003).
335:Industrialisation in East Asia
36:between 1750 and 1900 in 1990
1:
2966:History of nuclear technology
2941:History of computing hardware
2919:History of technology domains
1669:decline in insect populations
1189:Institute of European History
3058:Late modern economic history
2951:History of materials science
1014:Millennium Development Goals
578:Newly industrialised country
181:Second Industrial Revolution
159:History of industrialisation
2709:Industrial archaeology
2612:Watt steam engine
2298:Abraham Darby III
960:Corporate Finance Institute
714:10.1007/978-1-137-56112-1_1
303:Changes in family structure
3079:
2577:Reverberatory furnace
2504:Quarry Bank Mill
2293:Abraham Darby II
2206:Economies of agglomeration
1152:Landes, David. S. (1969).
283:
256:
189:internal combustion engine
156:
132:technological leapfrogging
2914:
2814:
2742:
2288:Abraham Darby I
2222:
2061:
1971:
1906:Environmental engineering
1753:Environmental degradation
1530:fishing down the food web
424:international development
2931:History of communication
2926:History of biotechnology
2602:Stephenson's Rocket
1911:Environmental mitigation
1768:Greenhouse gas emissions
1728:Environmental insecurity
913:20 November 2010 at the
492:are complex, and higher
488:The relationships among
298:Exploitation colonialism
2418:Richard Trevithick
1958:Sustainable consumption
1299:Social ecology (ethics)
1185:European History Online
1123:Hobsbawm, Eric (1962):
708:. Springer. p. 6.
187:, the invention of the
163:Proto-industrialization
139:unintended consequences
128:green industrial policy
124:sustainable development
31:purchasing power parity
2956:History of measurement
2826:Prehistoric technology
2673:Rochdale Pioneers
2658:Industrial unrest
2464:Bridgewater Canal
2408:Robert Stephenson
2403:George Stephenson
2378:William Radcliffe
2333:Benjamin Huntsman
2308:William Fairbairn
2268:Edmund Cartwright
2243:Richard Arkwright
2146:Industry/Manufacturing
1901:Ecological engineering
1681:runaway climate change
1125:The Age of Revolution.
1079:. Denmark: Avaye Buf.
638:"Annual CO₂ emissions"
598:Bairoch, Paul (1995).
456:. Some members of the
419:
316:
286:Exploitation of labour
272:
229:
77:
65:
57:
49:
27:gross national product
2901:Industrial Revolution
2808:History of technology
2643:Cottage industry
2328:Eaton Hodgkinson
2313:James Hargreaves
2248:Thomas Boulsover
1284:List of global issues
481:as populations grow,
413:
311:Child coal miners in
310:
266:
234:Industrial Revolution
220:
169:Industrial Revolution
157:Further information:
71:
63:
55:
24:
3043:Economic development
2971:History of transport
2936:History of computing
2582:Sheffield plate
2383:Richard Roberts
2363:Thomas Newcomen
2283:Samuel Crompton
2253:Matthew Boulton
2211:Economies of density
1886:Community resilience
1686:in the United States
1654:Biodiversity threats
1327:cannabis cultivation
1294:Planetary boundaries
1260:Environmental issues
1250:Ecological footprint
1170:Pomeranz, Ken (2001)
980:Child, development.
889:Ahmady, Kameel 2021:
856:revolution, social.
829:revolution, social.
458:economic communities
368:confusing or unclear
221:An 1886 portrait by
191:, the harnessing of
2961:History of medicine
2592:Spinning jenny
2587:Spinning frame
2557:Flying shuttle
2547:Crucible steel
2428:John Wilkinson
2413:Thomas Telford
2258:James Brindley
1948:Restoration ecology
1881:Climate engineering
1818:Ocean acidification
1808:Loss of green belts
1778:Holocene extinction
1773:Habitat destruction
1448:Environmental crime
1177:Tilly, Richard H.:
1148:, UCL Press:London.
1134:, Longman: London.
1048:20 May 2011 at the
956:"Four Asian Tigers"
793:11 May 2016 at the
548:Deindustrialization
524:, as in the former
522:deindustrialisation
376:clarify the article
315:, late 19th century
213:Social consequences
110:for the purpose of
3053:Industrial history
2683:Industrial warfare
2532:Blast furnace
2393:Samuel Slater
2388:Thomas Savery
2358:Lunar Society
2216:Economies of scale
1963:Waste minimization
1921:Mitigation banking
1916:Industrial ecology
1876:Cleaner production
1828:Resource depletion
1364:Corporate behavior
1322:animal agriculture
1023:4 May 2007 at the
660:O'Sullivan, Arthur
553:Division of labour
530:agriculture sector
420:
317:
273:
230:
104:industrial society
78:
66:
58:
50:
3038:Industrialisation
2979:
2978:
2774:
2773:
2648:Factory Acts
2633:Child labour
2597:Steam engine
2509:Soho Foundry
2398:John Smeaton
2323:Thomas Highs
2318:Hawks family
2016:
2015:
1838:Water degradation
1713:Ecological crisis
1659:biodiversity loss
1458:Industrialisation
1443:Genetic pollution
1289:Impact assessment
1130:Kemp, Tom (1993)
815:978-0-906321-26-3
805:Lewis F. Abbott,
785:978-0-906321-27-0
723:978-1-349-57360-8
642:Our World in Data
611:978-0-226-03463-8
450:primary education
408:
407:
400:
347:Current situation
341:Four Asian Tigers
92:industrialization
81:Industrialisation
3070:
3020:
3019:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2996:
2995:
2987:
2896:Great Divergence
2801:
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2762:
2761:
2750:
2749:
2653:Great Divergence
2607:Water frame
2542:Cotton mill
2368:Robert Owen
2228:
2196:Water power
2176:Steam power
2131:Coal mining
2109:Potential future
2043:
2036:
2029:
2020:
1991:
1990:
1980:
1979:
1813:Phosphorus cycle
1793:Land consumption
1788:Land degradation
1763:Freshwater cycle
1562:Overexploitation
1535:marine pollution
1342:cocoa production
1224:
1217:
1210:
1201:
1167:
1144:Kiely, R (1998)
1113:
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686:
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628:
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625:
623:
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563:Idea of Progress
558:Great Divergence
502:jobless recovery
474:Environmentalism
403:
396:
392:
389:
383:
359:
358:
351:
100:agrarian society
3078:
3077:
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3048:Economic growth
3028:
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2982:
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2975:
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1572:Particulates
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1743:Externality
1738:Coral reefs
1698:Defaunation
1567:Overgrazing
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1520:Marine life
1394:electricity
1317:Agriculture
483:consumerist
466:inefficient
426:community (
193:electricity
46:Third World
42:First World
3032:Categories
2525:technology
2523:Invention/
2489:Ironbridge
2186:Technology
2166:Metallurgy
2056:revolution
2050:Industrial
2008:mitigation
2003:assessment
1998:by country
1896:Decoupling
1858:Mitigation
1587:Reservoirs
1508:pesticides
1453:Explosives
1431:reservoirs
1332:irrigation
965:27 January
585:References
543:Automation
498:employment
470:free-trade
428:World Bank
388:March 2008
370:to readers
153:Background
143:investment
34:per capita
2871:Byzantine
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2692:Reference
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2454:Allentown
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2161:Machinery
2151:Invention
1931:Recycling
1597:Transport
1582:Quarrying
1577:Pollution
1436:transport
1426:petroleum
1421:oil shale
1384:biodiesel
269:Guangzhou
204:East Asia
116:polluting
2753:Category
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2469:Broseley
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1602:aviation
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536:See also
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2984:Portals
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2765:Commons
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2552:Factory
2234:People/
1982:Commons
1758:Erosion
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1646:Effects
1592:Tourism
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1483:fashion
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841:1 April
506:sectors
366:may be
313:Prussia
271:at dusk
108:economy
3022:Energy
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2119:Themes
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1503:paper
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678:OCLC
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526:USSR
476:and
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