361:
test performed after the mixture is incubated for 1 to 2 hours at 37°C will show significant prolongation over the clotting time obtained after immediate mixing. Nonspecific inhibitors like the lupus anticoagulant usually are not time dependent; the immediate mixture will show prolongation. Many specific factor inhibitors are time dependent, and the inhibitor will not be detected unless the test is repeated after incubation (factor VIII inhibitors are notorious for this).
74:
correction). Correction with mixing indicates factor deficiency. Failure to correct with mixing indicates an inhibitor. Performing a thrombin time on the test plasma can provide useful additional information for the interpretation of mixing tests, such as by demonstrating the presence of anticoagulants, hypofibrinogenemia or dysfibrinogenemia.
1156:
360:
Some inhibitors are time dependent. In other words, it takes time for the antibody to react with and inactivate the added clotting factor. The clotting test performed immediately after the specimens are mixed may show correction because the antibody has not had time to inactivate its target factor. A
385:. Provided that the abnormal result is reproduced on a fresh specimen and there is no obvious explanation from the history, a mixing study should be performed. If the mixing study shows correction and no prolongation with incubation, factor deficiency should be looked for, starting with VIII and IX.
82:
Factor deficient plasmas (Adsorbed Plasma and Aged Plasma, etc.) have been used historically in mixing studies. Plasma with known factor deficiencies are commercially available but are very expensive, so they have been prepared in the laboratory and used for mixing tests. Adsorbed plasma or plasma
73:
If the problem is a simple factor deficiency, mixing the patient plasma 1:1 with plasma that contains 100% of the normal factor level results in a level ≥50% in the mixture (say the patient has an activity of 0%; the average of 100% + 0% = 50%). The PT or PTT will be normal (the mixing study shows
1166:
A fourth method is known as
Estimated Factor Correction (EFC). This method involves four steps. First, determine the most likely factor suspected to be deficient, based on PT, aPTT, and clinical history. Next, choose the appropriate curve — single factor deficiency, vitamin K-dependent factor
1167:
deficient, or all factor-deficient. Use this curve to estimate the factor level in the patient sample. Then, predict the factor level and PT or aPTT that will occur after 1:1 mix in case of deficiency. Finally, compare the actual mix results with the predicted results for deficiency.
433:). These patients can have devastating bleeding. The thing to do is identify the specific factor involved and find out how high the titer is. If the patient has a low titer inhibitor, try to overwhelm it with high doses of the factor. If the patient has a high titer antibody against
757:
1277:
Mackie I, Casini A, Pieters M, Pruthi R, Reilly-Stitt C, Suzuki A (February 2024). "International council for standardisation in haematology recommendations on fibrinogen assays, thrombin clotting time and related tests in the investigation of bleeding disorders".
1616:
Rungjirajittranon T, Suwanawiboon B, Nakkinkun Y, Leelakanok N, Kaokunakorn T, Chinthammitr Y, Owattanapanich W, Ruchutrakool T (June 2024). "First-line immunosuppressive therapies for acquired hemophilia A: A 25-year cohort experience and network meta-analysis".
766:
473:
In order to provide specific cutoffs to distinguish an inhibitor defect from a factor deficiency, the "Rosner index" (index of circulating anticoagulant) and/or the "Chang percentage" (percent correction method) can be used:
479:
1888:
373:. It is possible that the blood sample was mistakenly drawn though a running line. Interference by heparin can be detected by absorbing the heparin with a resin (“Heparsorb”) or by using an
1835:
Chen J, Phillips B, Chandler WL (January 2016). "Evaluation of prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time mixing studies using an estimated factor correction method".
1652:
Favaloro EJ (January 2020). "Coagulation mixing studies: Utility, algorithmic strategies and limitations for lupus anticoagulant testing or follow up of abnormal coagulation tests".
1449:
1151:{\displaystyle Chang\;percentage={\frac {(aPTT\;of\;nonmixed\;patient\;plasma)-(aPTT\;of\;1:1\;mix)}{(aPTT\;of\;nonmixed\;patient\;plasma)-(aPTT\;of\;normal\;pooled\;plasma)}}x100}
418:
1881:
369:
A common problem is an unexplained increase in the PT and/or PTT. If this is observed, the test should be repeated with a fresh sample. Another consideration is
42:. Mixing studies are screening tests widely performed in coagulation laboratories. The basic purpose of these tests is to determine the cause of prolongation of
1569:"Current status and future prospects of activated recombinant coagulation factor VIIa, NovoSeven®, in the treatment of haemophilia and rare bleeding disorders"
1874:
1459:
1380:
1353:
1327:
1261:
1195:
1317:
401:
If the mixing study fails to correct, then an inhibitor should be suspected. The most common inhibitor is a nonspecific inhibitor such as a
1370:
1343:
2186:
752:{\displaystyle Rosner\;index={\frac {(aPTT\;of\;1:1\;mix)-(aPTT\;of\;normal\;pooled\;plasma)}{aPTT\;of\;nonmixed\;patient\;plasma}}x100}
87:
etc.) for a week or more is deficient in Factor II, Factor VII, Factor IX, and Factor X. Plasma from patients on oral anticoagulants (
389:-dependent and nonvitamin K–dependent factors should be considered to rule out vitamin K deficiency, or accidental or surreptitious
761:
Results are: ≤10 is classified as correction, ≥15 indicates presence of an inhibitor, and 11-15 is classified as "indeterminate".
1251:
1185:
2387:
2143:
414:
2079:
2041:
274:
59:
54:(TT). Mixing studies take advantage of the fact that factor levels that are 50 percent of normal should give a normal
47:
1475:
Franchini M, Castaman G, Coppola A, Santoro C, Zanon E, Di Minno G, Morfini M, Santagostino E, Rocino A (July 2015).
2420:
454:
1971:
2248:
2121:
1689:"Comparative analysis of chromogenic vs clot.based one stage APTT assay for determination of factor VIII level"
2116:
1984:
1949:
2382:
2236:
2074:
2036:
438:
2176:
2153:
2138:
2069:
409:
neutralization procedure. Spontaneous specific inhibitors against clotting factors occur (i.e. not in
2450:
2374:
2231:
2219:
2196:
2051:
1919:
1213:"Interpretation of normal plasma mixing studies in the laboratory diagnosis of lupus anticoagulants"
2212:
2207:
2104:
1944:
402:
154:
31:
1929:
1765:
1549:
457:
has been reported to also help but it does not seem to work for hemophiliacs with an inhibitor.
2314:
2293:
1961:
1956:
1852:
1814:
1806:
1757:
1749:
1710:
1669:
1634:
1598:
1541:
1506:
1455:
1423:
1396:
1376:
1349:
1323:
1295:
1257:
1232:
1191:
1163:
Alternatively, correction into the reference range can be used to define complete correction.
2404:
2061:
1844:
1796:
1741:
1700:
1661:
1626:
1588:
1580:
1533:
1496:
1488:
1477:"Acquired inhibitors of clotting factors: AICE recommendations for diagnosis and management"
1287:
1224:
462:
111:
55:
43:
442:
2397:
2392:
378:
1212:
1593:
1568:
2445:
2305:
2161:
1934:
1924:
1501:
1476:
1160:
Results are classified as follows: <58% as inhibitor and >70% as correction.>
2439:
2348:
2327:
2241:
2166:
2099:
382:
249:
51:
1866:
1769:
1728:
Rosner, Esther; Pauzner, Rachel; Lusky, Ayala; Modan, Michaela; Many, Amira (1987).
1553:
2353:
2322:
2225:
2126:
1914:
1730:"Detection and Quantitative Evaluation of Lupus Circulating Anticoagulant Activity"
1630:
1524:
Lusher JM (2000). "Inhibitor antibodies to factor VIII and factor IX: management".
1228:
23:
1848:
2171:
2131:
2111:
2046:
2008:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1906:
1801:
1784:
1250:
Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Silberstein LE, Heslop H, Anastasi J, Weitz J (2013-01-01).
434:
410:
100:
39:
27:
1584:
70:
Fresh normal plasma has all the blood coagulation factors with normal levels.
2091:
2031:
2018:
1939:
1898:
450:
430:
422:
211:
92:
1810:
1753:
1705:
1688:
405:. Perform a test to demonstrate a phospholipid-dependent antibody, such as a
2263:
2258:
2253:
2181:
1979:
1729:
458:
446:
426:
386:
1856:
1818:
1745:
1714:
1673:
1638:
1602:
1545:
1510:
1299:
1236:
1761:
2343:
2275:
2026:
1492:
406:
390:
230:
192:
173:
96:
88:
84:
35:
1537:
2283:
1291:
370:
1783:
Chang, Sheng-hsiung; Tillema, Veronica; Scherr, Doris (January 2002).
1665:
1451:
Henry's
Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods E-Book
1319:
PG Textbook of
Pediatrics: Volume 2: Infections and Systemic Disorders
2288:
374:
26:
of patients or test subjects to distinguish factor deficiencies from
413:), most often against factor VIII. This can occur in patients with
381:
should be checked, especially with regard to anticoagulant use or
1785:"A "Percent Correction" Formula for Evaluation of Mixing Studies"
1870:
377:
to digest the heparin (“Hepzyme”). Also, the patient's
769:
482:
103:C. Serum is deficient in factors I, V & VIIIC.
465:
or other immunosuppressive therapy may be required.
289:
2413:
2373:
2366:
2336:
2313:
2304:
2274:
2195:
2152:
2090:
2060:
2017:
1970:
1905:
1316:Gupta P, Menon PS, Ramji S, Lodha R (2015-08-31).
1150:
751:
1882:
445:(Factor Eight Inhibitor Bypassing Agent), or
8:
1372:Dacie and Lewis Practical Haematology E-Book
1311:
1309:
441:, activated prothrombin complex concentrate
1187:Manual of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology
2370:
2310:
1889:
1875:
1867:
1369:Bain BJ, Bates I, Laffan MA (2016-08-11).
1117:
1098:
1079:
1072:
1032:
1010:
985:
978:
948:
938:
931:
891:
869:
844:
837:
785:
721:
699:
674:
667:
631:
612:
593:
586:
555:
545:
538:
501:
1800:
1704:
1592:
1500:
1253:Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice
819:
768:
520:
481:
270:Correction of partial thromboplastin time
126:Prothrombin Time corrected by mixing with
34:, or specific factor inhibitors, such as
279:
116:
1830:
1828:
1176:
1789:American Journal of Clinical Pathology
1448:McPherson RA, Pincus MR (2011-09-06).
1418:
1416:
453:will often lower the titer over time.
91:etc.) for 48–72 hours is deficient in
83:from patients on oral anticoagulants (
1526:Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis
7:
1348:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. 2010.
469:Assessing correction of mixing study
2187:Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
277:(PTT) may be corrected as follows:
16:Type of blood plasma screening test
114:(PT) may be corrected as follows:
14:
365:Abnormal coagulation test results
1424:"Making Sense of Mixing Studies"
95:. Aged plasma is deficient in
78:Adsorbed Plasma and Aged Plasma
1631:10.1016/j.thromres.2024.109067
1229:10.1016/j.thromres.2006.03.012
1136:
1057:
1051:
963:
958:
916:
910:
822:
650:
571:
565:
523:
107:Correction of prothrombin time
1:
2144:Comprehensive metabolic panel
284:Factor Deficiency/Abnormality
121:Factor Deficiency/Abnormality
1849:10.1097/MBC.0000000000000375
1454:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
1428:George King Bio-Medical, Inc
1375:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
1256:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
429:and for no apparent reason (
415:systemic lupus erythematosus
2080:Thyroid-stimulating hormone
2042:Total iron-binding capacity
1802:10.1309/rrek-8l6m-d2kc-hwlh
1184:Lanzkowsky P (2005-06-06).
275:Partial thromboplastin time
60:Partial thromboplastin time
48:Partial Thromboplastin Time
2467:
2421:Elevated alpha-fetoprotein
1734:Thrombosis and Haemostasis
1687:Baig MA, Swamy KB (2021).
1585:10.1007/s00277-023-05287-2
455:Intravenous immunoglobulin
1837:Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis
1693:Indian J Pathol Microbiol
356:Time-dependent inhibitors
287:
282:
124:
119:
1706:10.4103/IJPM.IJPM_900_19
1401:www.clinlabnavigator.com
1397:"Heparin Neutralization"
1950:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
1567:Shima M (August 2024).
1345:Med Lab Tech Vol 1, 2/e
419:monoclonal gammopathies
22:are tests performed on
2383:Elevated transaminases
2075:Thyroid function tests
2037:Transferrin saturation
1897:Clinical biochemistry
1746:10.1055/s-0038-1651083
1152:
753:
449:to stop the bleeding.
2177:Lactate dehydrogenase
2139:Basic metabolic panel
2070:ACTH stimulation test
1153:
754:
2197:Liver function tests
2052:Transferrin receptor
1493:10.2450/2015.0141-15
1211:Devreese KM (2007).
767:
480:
2213:Serum total protein
2208:Human serum albumin
1538:10.1055/s-2000-9821
1217:Thrombosis Research
439:porcine factor VIII
403:lupus anticoagulant
32:lupus anticoagulant
1985:Arterial blood gas
1292:10.1111/ijlh.14201
1148:
749:
50:, or sometimes of
2433:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2362:
2361:
2315:Blood sugar level
2294:Pancreatic lipase
2132:Total cholesterol
1962:Serum osmolal gap
1957:Plasma osmolality
1666:10.1002/ajh.25669
1481:Blood Transfusion
1461:978-1-4557-2684-4
1382:978-0-7020-6925-3
1355:978-0-07-007659-4
1329:978-93-5152-955-2
1280:Int J Lab Hematol
1263:978-1-4377-2928-3
1197:978-0-08-049731-0
1140:
741:
353:
352:
267:
266:
38:directed against
28:factor inhibitors
2458:
2405:Hyperproteinemia
2371:
2311:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1804:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1708:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1504:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1420:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1181:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1141:
1139:
961:
820:
758:
756:
755:
750:
742:
740:
653:
521:
463:cyclophosphamide
280:
117:
112:Prothrombin time
62:(PTT) result.
56:Prothrombin time
44:Prothrombin Time
2466:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2425:
2409:
2398:Hypoalbuminemia
2393:Hypoproteinemia
2358:
2332:
2306:Small molecules
2300:
2270:
2191:
2148:
2086:
2056:
2013:
2003:
1966:
1901:
1895:
1865:
1864:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1433:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1405:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1173:
962:
821:
765:
764:
654:
522:
478:
477:
471:
399:
367:
358:
301:Adsorbed Plasma
272:
148:Coumarin Plasma
138:Adsorbed Plasma
109:
80:
68:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2464:
2462:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2201:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2162:Cardiac marker
2158:
2156:
2154:Cardiovascular
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2105:Hemoglobin A1c
2096:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1935:Renal function
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1862:
1824:
1775:
1720:
1679:
1660:(1): 117–128.
1644:
1608:
1579:(8): 2647–58.
1559:
1516:
1487:(3): 498–513.
1467:
1460:
1440:
1412:
1388:
1381:
1361:
1354:
1335:
1328:
1322:. JP Medical.
1305:
1269:
1262:
1242:
1203:
1196:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
984:
981:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
960:
957:
954:
951:
947:
944:
941:
937:
934:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
843:
840:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
748:
745:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
673:
670:
666:
663:
660:
657:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
592:
589:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
554:
551:
548:
544:
541:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
470:
467:
398:
395:
366:
363:
357:
354:
351:
350:
347:
344:
341:
337:
336:
333:
330:
327:
323:
322:
319:
316:
313:
309:
308:
303:
298:
292:
291:
286:
271:
268:
265:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
250:Anticoagulants
246:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
208:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
157:
151:
150:
145:
140:
135:
129:
128:
123:
108:
105:
79:
76:
67:
64:
20:Mixing studies
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2463:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:Hyperuricemia
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2328:Hyperglycemia
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2242:AST/ALT ratio
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2226:transaminases
2223:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2167:Troponin test
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2127:Triglycerides
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2100:Blood glucose
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1532:(2): 179–88.
1531:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1441:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1223:(3): 369–76.
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1177:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1145:
1142:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
982:
979:
975:
972:
969:
966:
955:
952:
949:
945:
942:
939:
935:
932:
928:
925:
922:
919:
913:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
841:
838:
834:
831:
828:
825:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
762:
759:
746:
743:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
671:
668:
664:
661:
658:
655:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
590:
587:
583:
580:
577:
574:
568:
562:
559:
556:
552:
549:
546:
542:
539:
535:
532:
529:
526:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
475:
468:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
396:
394:
392:
388:
384:
383:liver disease
380:
376:
372:
364:
362:
355:
348:
345:
342:
339:
338:
334:
331:
328:
325:
324:
320:
317:
314:
312:Factor VIIIC
311:
310:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
296:Normal Plasma
294:
293:
290:
285:
281:
278:
276:
269:
262:
259:
256:
253:
251:
248:
247:
243:
240:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
224:
221:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
205:
202:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
186:
183:
180:
177:
175:
172:
171:
167:
164:
161:
158:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
133:Normal Plasma
131:
130:
127:
122:
118:
115:
113:
106:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
77:
75:
71:
65:
63:
61:
57:
53:
52:thrombin time
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2388:Elevated ALP
2354:Hypouricemia
2323:Hypoglycemia
2259:Unconjugated
2224:
1907:Electrolytes
1840:
1836:
1795:(1): 62–73.
1792:
1788:
1778:
1740:(2): 144–7.
1737:
1733:
1723:
1699:(1): 123–7.
1696:
1692:
1682:
1657:
1654:Am J Hematol
1653:
1647:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1450:
1443:
1432:. Retrieved
1430:. 2016-01-07
1427:
1404:. Retrieved
1400:
1391:
1371:
1364:
1344:
1338:
1318:
1286:(1): 20–32.
1283:
1279:
1272:
1252:
1245:
1220:
1216:
1206:
1190:. Elsevier.
1186:
1179:
1165:
1162:
1159:
763:
760:
476:
472:
423:malignancies
411:hemophiliacs
400:
368:
359:
305:
300:
295:
288:
283:
273:
147:
142:
137:
132:
125:
120:
110:
81:
72:
69:
24:blood plasma
19:
18:
2451:Blood tests
2337:Nitrogenous
2172:CPK-MB test
2112:Lipid panel
2047:Transferrin
1995:Bicarbonate
1990:Base excess
1899:blood tests
1843:(1): 90–6.
1573:Ann Hematol
435:factor VIII
393:ingestion.
306:Aged Plasma
143:Aged Plasma
101:Factor VIII
66:Test method
40:factor VIII
2440:Categories
2264:Conjugated
2092:Metabolism
2032:Serum iron
2019:Iron tests
1940:Creatinine
1625:: 109067.
1619:Thromb Res
1434:2018-05-13
1406:2018-05-13
1171:References
451:Prednisone
431:idiopathic
340:Factor XI
326:Factor IX
212:Factor VII
93:Factor VII
36:antibodies
30:, such as
2254:Bilirubin
2204:Proteins
2182:Myoglobin
1980:Anion gap
1972:Acid-base
1920:Potassium
1811:0002-9173
1754:0340-6245
1055:−
914:−
569:−
459:Rituximab
447:NovoSeven
427:pregnancy
425:, during
397:Inhibitor
387:Vitamin K
174:Factor II
2367:Proteins
2344:Azotemia
2276:Pancreas
2062:Hormones
2027:Ferritin
1925:Chloride
1857:26397883
1819:11789732
1770:37633238
1715:33433421
1674:31674066
1639:38970991
1603:37391649
1594:11283401
1554:43124794
1546:10919411
1511:26192778
1300:37984807
1237:16704874
421:, other
407:platelet
391:warfarin
231:Factor X
193:Factor V
181:Partial
155:Factor I
97:Factor V
89:Warfarin
85:Warfarin
58:(PT) or
2284:Amylase
2009:Lactate
2004:content
1930:Calcium
1762:3110995
1502:4614303
379:history
371:heparin
2289:Lipase
1915:Sodium
1855:
1817:
1809:
1768:
1760:
1752:
1713:
1672:
1637:
1601:
1591:
1552:
1544:
1509:
1499:
1458:
1379:
1352:
1326:
1298:
1260:
1235:
1194:
437:, try
375:enzyme
99:&
46:(PT),
2446:Blood
2414:Other
1766:S2CID
1550:S2CID
443:FEIBA
1945:Urea
1853:PMID
1815:PMID
1807:ISSN
1758:PMID
1750:ISSN
1711:PMID
1670:PMID
1635:PMID
1599:PMID
1542:PMID
1507:PMID
1456:ISBN
1377:ISBN
1350:ISBN
1324:ISBN
1296:PMID
1258:ISBN
1233:PMID
1192:ISBN
349:Yes
346:Yes
343:Yes
335:Yes
329:Yes
318:Yes
315:Yes
244:Yes
241:Yes
235:Yes
222:Yes
216:Yes
206:Yes
200:Yes
197:Yes
187:Yes
184:Yes
178:Yes
168:Yes
165:Yes
162:Yes
159:Yes
2375:LFT
2249:GGT
2237:AST
2232:ALT
2220:ALP
2122:HDL
2117:LDL
1845:doi
1797:doi
1793:117
1742:doi
1701:doi
1662:doi
1627:doi
1623:241
1589:PMC
1581:doi
1577:103
1534:doi
1497:PMC
1489:doi
1288:doi
1225:doi
1221:119
1146:100
747:100
332:No
321:No
263:No
260:No
257:No
254:No
238:No
225:No
219:No
203:No
2442::
2000:CO
1851:.
1841:27
1839:.
1827:^
1813:.
1805:.
1791:.
1787:.
1764:.
1756:.
1748:.
1738:57
1736:.
1732:.
1709:.
1697:64
1695:.
1691:.
1668:.
1658:95
1656:.
1633:.
1621:.
1597:.
1587:.
1575:.
1571:.
1548:.
1540:.
1530:26
1528:.
1505:.
1495:.
1485:13
1483:.
1479:.
1426:.
1415:^
1399:.
1308:^
1294:.
1284:46
1282:.
1231:.
1219:.
1215:.
461:,
417:,
2002:2
1890:e
1883:t
1876:v
1859:.
1847::
1821:.
1799::
1772:.
1744::
1717:.
1703::
1676:.
1664::
1641:.
1629::
1605:.
1583::
1556:.
1536::
1513:.
1491::
1464:.
1437:.
1409:.
1385:.
1358:.
1332:.
1302:.
1290::
1266:.
1239:.
1227::
1200:.
1143:x
1137:)
1134:a
1131:m
1128:s
1125:a
1122:l
1119:p
1115:d
1112:e
1109:l
1106:o
1103:o
1100:p
1096:l
1093:a
1090:m
1087:r
1084:o
1081:n
1077:f
1074:o
1070:T
1067:T
1064:P
1061:a
1058:(
1052:)
1049:a
1046:m
1043:s
1040:a
1037:l
1034:p
1030:t
1027:n
1024:e
1021:i
1018:t
1015:a
1012:p
1008:d
1005:e
1002:x
999:i
996:m
993:n
990:o
987:n
983:f
980:o
976:T
973:T
970:P
967:a
964:(
959:)
956:x
953:i
950:m
946:1
943::
940:1
936:f
933:o
929:T
926:T
923:P
920:a
917:(
911:)
908:a
905:m
902:s
899:a
896:l
893:p
889:t
886:n
883:e
880:i
877:t
874:a
871:p
867:d
864:e
861:x
858:i
855:m
852:n
849:o
846:n
842:f
839:o
835:T
832:T
829:P
826:a
823:(
817:=
814:e
811:g
808:a
805:t
802:n
799:e
796:c
793:r
790:e
787:p
783:g
780:n
777:a
774:h
771:C
744:x
738:a
735:m
732:s
729:a
726:l
723:p
719:t
716:n
713:e
710:i
707:t
704:a
701:p
697:d
694:e
691:x
688:i
685:m
682:n
679:o
676:n
672:f
669:o
665:T
662:T
659:P
656:a
651:)
648:a
645:m
642:s
639:a
636:l
633:p
629:d
626:e
623:l
620:o
617:o
614:p
610:l
607:a
604:m
601:r
598:o
595:n
591:f
588:o
584:T
581:T
578:P
575:a
572:(
566:)
563:x
560:i
557:m
553:1
550::
547:1
543:f
540:o
536:T
533:T
530:P
527:a
524:(
518:=
515:x
512:e
509:d
506:n
503:i
499:r
496:e
493:n
490:s
487:o
484:R
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.