Moche culture - Knowledge (XXG)

1050:. The relative presence of these fabrics, as well as which patterns were used, varies chronologically throughout Moche culture. Too few relics exist from early Moche culture to draw conclusive findings. Textiles from around 450 AD uniquely include a male head cloth—which is not readily found elsewhere. Twill and gauze weaving is also common among samples from this period, though by the 500-800 AD range, these patterns become much less abundant. It is thought that elite members of Moche society had specialized artisans who manufactured their textiles, whereas lower-ranking typical members of society would manufacture their own clothing. Whorls and needles have proven quite common in excavation of Moche dwellings—pointing to a household level of production. However, more monochrome, homogenized relics suggest mass-production may have become more common by 500-800 AD. Variation in garments likely correlates with different social classes. Sophisticated weaving techniques and bright dyes are more common on elites' clothing, whereas commoners may have had garments that were less sophisticated and lacked dye—and they likely had fewer of them. Complex tapestries developed by artisans are another good associated with high social hierarchy. Several specific items also correlate to gender in Moche culture, such as a head cloth for men and a long tunic for women. Foreigners to the Moche Culture were commonly portrayed wearing Moche clothing that contained details pertaining to both genders or items that were not specific to either. Descendants of Moche people today continue to have strong weaving traditions. 1459: 4970: 1333: 1523: 1511: 1317: 1297: 1183: 1412: 1605:

ancestral renewal and agricultural fertility. Moche iconography features a figure which scholars have nicknamed the "Decapitator"; it is frequently depicted as a spider, but sometimes as a winged creature or a sea monster: together all three features symbolize land, water and air. When the body is included, the figure is usually shown with one arm holding a knife and another holding a severed head by the hair; it has also been depicted as "a human figure with a tiger's mouth and snarling fangs". The "Decapitator" is thought to have figured prominently in the beliefs surrounding the practice of sacrifice.

1381: 1397: 1147:, turquoise, spondylus shells, and others have all been found embedded in Moche metal works. It is worth noting that several of the materials are not found on the Moche coast. Lapis Lazuli was available only from modern Chile hundreds of miles to the south and Spondulus shells had to be acquired from modern Ecuador to the north. This makes it clear that the Moche must have had extensive trade networks, and likely contact with other cultures. Also notable in this context is the fact that many of the animals accurately depicted in Moche artwork are found only in the tropical Amazon. 1281: 236: 1090:

by drawing on information from excavations, art, iconography, Spanish documents, and modern traditions. The discovery of bronze and gold artifacts buried in the Warrior Priest tomb at the Huaca de la Cruz site one year later also encouraged further study. The same would happen when burial grounds at the site now known as Loma Negra in the Piura Valley were unearthed by looters finding a wealth of gold, silver, and copper objects along with ceramic vessels. An important discovery in the context of Moche metallurgy was the discovery of the Tombs of

1751: 1365: 1066:, which they used to cover copper crafts found at Loma Negra in thin layers of gold or silver. Modern attempts were able to recreate a similar chemical plating process using boiling water and salts found naturally in the area. It is the Moche ceramic tradition that had previously been given the most attention in Archaeology, though this is beginning to change as archaeologists continue to discover ties between iconography on ceramic and other parts of Moche art. Just as important to Moche craftsmanship and culture is 1487: 730: 1622:

possible funerary objects includes copper masks, silver, pottery, and gold goods. Presence of metal-worked goods is thought to be especially significant with respect to high status. Excavation of dwellings indicates that living conditions of Moche likely also differed based on social standing, but excavation data here remains skewed and not entirely complete so far. Excavated elite burials also illustrate that remains sexed both male and female held elite positions in Moche culture.

1236: 1714: 927: 1224: 1475: 1558: 994: 978: 1248: 1646:. These weather events could have disrupted the Moche way of life, political hierarchy, and jeopardized their faith in their religion. This super El Niño may have hindered Moche agriculture. Moche agriculture relied considerably on canal-based irrigation from Andes mountain runoff, which a severe drought would have jeopardized. Certain scholars attribute strain on the irrigation systems to sensitive tectonics in the region. 184: 1269: 1542: 57: 493: 969: 159: 1618:

of the elite, such as priests and priestesses, to use ceremonies to reinforce their standing (see the Religion section for more information on ceremonies). It may also be true that physical force was used. The Moche elite may have struggled to retain power at times, and inter-elite quarreling is speculated to have played into the culture's collapse.

1349: 1428: 1788:. It is the best preserved Moche mummy found to date; the elaborate tomb that housed her had unprecedented decoration. Archaeologists believe that the tomb had been undisturbed since approximately 450 AD. The tomb contained military and ornamental artifacts, including war clubs and spear throwers. The remains of a 1808:

In 2013 archaeologists unearthed the eighth of a series of finds of female skeleton that started with the Lady of Cao, together taken as evidence that the Moche were ruled by a succession of priestesses-queens. According to project director Luis Jaime Castillo, " find makes it clear that women didn't

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Other evidence demonstrates that these events did not cause a complete Moche demise. Moche polities survived beyond 650 AD in the Jequetepeque Valley and the Moche Valleys. For instance, in the Jequetepeque Valley, later settlements are characterized by fortifications and defensive works. While there

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to create a forced draft of air. It is probable that the Moche used a similar method. In fact, archaeologists are aware of several bowls from the Moche culture that depict this process. Many of the Moche metalworking techniques were invented or at least perfected by the Moche themselves, but they owe

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in 1986. These burials included a wealth of metal objects unparalleled with any previous discovery. Most of these objects remained in their original context, allowing researchers to prove beyond reasonable doubt that metal objects were closely intertwined with the power of the Moche elite. The rulers

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saw the development of the first interpretations of Moche culture, ranking the Moche as being "high on the list of advanced societies" as a civilization. He listed traits of the Moche culture such as "exquisite artworks" and the "creation of large scale facilities and public works" as a testament to

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Although religion seems to have been a centripetal force for the Moche, members of the elite class likely used it to reinforce their status. Other ideological, economic, political, and social factors may have also been leveraged to similar ends. A common approach to maintaining power was for members

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The northern region of Peru is one of the most arid areas in the world, where there is no rain throughout the year. That factor, far from discouraging the establishment of communities, was the trigger for the construction of an outstanding culture that developed engineering works that interconnected

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Researchers of the Moche culture agree that the emergence of the Moche culture is related to the intensification of the production of corn, cotton, beans and squash, among other agricultural products, which allowed the development of a regional Moche political economy in the Valley of Moche from the

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was the source of wealth and foundation of the empire, the Moche culture emphasized the importance of circulation and flow. Expanding upon this, Moche artwork frequently depicted the passage of fluids, particularly life fluids through vulnerable human orifices. There are countless images of defeated

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Excavated Moche burial sites constitute a large body of evidence for social stratification. Those lowest in the Moche hierarchy were buried in a simple hole near their household; platform mounds with an abundance of goods were awarded to the highest-ranking members of society. An incomplete list of

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Although it remains somewhat unclear how geographically divided Moche culture was, scholars are very confident that the Moche were a socially divided society. Beyond royalty, the Moche can be divided into a general upper and lower class, and each class can be further stratified into smaller groups.

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that preceded them. Like the artists of Chavín, they mostly used alloys that contained some combination of gold, silver, or copper that they had developed. While Moche art as a whole is very much independent of the Chavín style, many recurring motifs found across Moche art, including the metalwork,

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in 1945. Here, he mostly focused on describing the large flared headdresses and brilliantly decorated nose ornaments often found in connection with the Moche elite. Despite having no formal training in archaeology, Larco Hoyle was the first to truly attempt a systematic reconstruction of the Moche

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but wood molds were also used. Researchers Christopher B. Donnan and David A. Scott proved how delicate this process of shaping is when they used a cast of one of the copper alloy molds to recreate the process. They found one of the most important parts of the process is the thickness of the sheet

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uses a limited palette, relying primarily on red and white colors, fineline painting, fully modeled clay, veristic figures, and stirrup spouts. Moche ceramics created between 150 and 800 AD epitomize this style. Moche pots have been found not just at major north coast archaeological sites, such as

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Access to new farmland, gained from the desert, was the starting point of a civilization that, based on abundant harvests, became socially stratified. All this allowed certain members of the community to no longer dedicate themselves exclusively to food production, and a process of specialization

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When this was completed several other techniques could be used to finish the piece. Oftentimes other pieces were attached, sometimes with the intention of being moving parts of the work. More often than not this was done by crimping the metal or the use of interlocking tabs and slits in the two

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metal. Too thick and it will fail to capture the details of the mold and prove too difficult to shape, but too thin and the metal would winkle and tear. They found 0.4mm to be the ideal thickness although the repeated hammering thinned the sheet down to 0.25mm, in addition to hammering repeated

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figures as well as characters with prominent fangs, although the fangs are usually less pronounced than Chavín art and not present quite as often. That is not to say that the Moche did not leave their own mark on the Anden society. Many of the techniques developed by the Moche, especially their

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Extreme weather and fragility of garments mean that relatively few examples of Moche textiles exist. However, limited quantities have been found in tombs, especially of higher-status members of society. Many of the remaining garments are incomplete articles, partially broken down. Nevertheless,

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It appears that there was a lot of independent development among these various Moche centers (except in the eastern regions). They all likely had ruling dynasties of their own, related to each other. Centralized control of the whole Moche area may have taken place from time to time, but appears

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Arguably the most significant event which shaped Moche archaeological research was the Virú Valley Project, beginning in 1946 and led by Willian Duncan Strong and Wendell Bennett. Their stratigraphic excavations in Virú showed an earlier ceramic style known as Gallinazo, which appeared to have

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The Moche may have also held and tortured the victims for several weeks before sacrificing them, with the intent of deliberately drawing blood. Verano believes that some parts of the victim may have been eaten as well in ritual cannibalism. The sacrifices may have been associated with rites of

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and embodiment to younger generations through such portrayals. The sex pots could teach about procreation, sexual pleasure, cultural and social norms, a sort of immortality, the transfer of life and souls, transformation, and the relationship between the two cyclical views of nature and life.

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Moche society was agriculturally based, with a significant level of investment in the construction of a sophisticated network of irrigation canals for the diversion of river water to supply their crops. Their artifacts express their lives, with detailed scenes of hunting, fishing, fighting,

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Moche techniques in metalworking have proved to be an intriguing area of research. Their techniques were likely some of the most advanced in the world during the time of the Moche; restoration has proven difficult to many present-day metalworkers. Craftspeople perfected a wide variety of

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is another northern site in the Jequetepeque valley. It was prominent in the Middle and Late Moche Periods (400–850 AD). Numerous Moche tombs have been excavated here, including several burials containing high status female individuals. These women were depicted in Moche iconography as

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Many of the Moche agricultural systems are still in operation, such as the Ascope aqueduct, the La Cumbre Canal, in Chicama, or the San Jose dam, which continue to provide water, coming from the Andean region and groundwater, guaranteeing several harvests per year.

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Moche history may be broadly divided into three periods: the emergence of the Moche culture in Early Moche (100–300 AD), the expansion and flourishing during Middle Moche (300–600 AD), and the urban nucleation and subsequent collapse in Late Moche (500–750 AD).

775:, in the Lambayeque Valley, on the shore of the Chancay River, became one of the largest Moche sites anywhere, and occupied an area of more than 400 hectares. It was prominent in the Moche V period (600–700 AD), and features an abundance of Moche V ceramics. 563:. While this issue is the subject of some debate, many scholars contend that the Moche were not politically organized as a monolithic empire or state. Rather, they were likely a group of autonomous polities that shared a common culture, as seen in the rich 1458: 1014:

warriors losing life fluids through their nose, or helpless victims getting their eyes torn out by birds or captors. Images of captive sex-slaves with gaping orifices and leaking fluids portray extreme exposure, humiliation, and a loss of power.

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Intra-class movement was possible within these broad categories, but inter-class switches between them were less feasible. Many pre-contact cultures share a divided structure comparable to the Moche—but each may have unique development.

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played a significant part in Moche religious practices. These rites appear to have involved the elite as key actors in a spectacle of costumed participants, monumental settings and possibly the ritual consumption of blood. The

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was also required. Analysis of the items found at the tombs of Sipan has found that the Moche were able to maintain an almost completely uniform thickness between 1 and about 0.1 millimeters depending on the object.

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is evident, which would have enabled the mass production of certain forms. But Moche ceramics vary widely in shape and theme, with most important social activities documented in pottery, including war, agriculture,

944:, with scenes of vaginal penetration being very rare. Most pairs are heterosexual, with carefully carved genitalia to show that the anus, rather than the vagina, is being penetrated. Often, an infant is depicted 3308: 1118:

electroplating and gilding techniques used to make copper alloys appear to be almost internally gold or silver, would continue to be used up until the Inca conquest hundreds of years after the Moche's collapse.

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invasion) as many scholars have suggested in the past, the defensive works suggest social unrest, possibly the result of climatic changes, as factions fought for control over increasingly scarce resources.

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metalworking techniques. When they invaded in the sixteenth century, Spanish conquistadors took note of the highly skilled metalwork the Inca were able to produce. Unlike European metalworkers, the

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There are multiple theories as to what caused the demise of the Moche political structure. Some scholars have emphasized the role of environmental change. Studies of ice cores drilled from

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The coloration of Moche pottery is often simple, with yellowish cream and rich red used almost exclusively on elite pieces. White and black are rarely used. The Moche are known for their

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Bourget, Steve, and Kimberly L. Jones. The Art and Archaeology of the Moche: an Ancient Andean Society of the Peruvian North Coast. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2009.

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and Huaca de Luna during 1899 and 1900, but were largely ignored while Uhle focused on other aspects of the sites. Moche metal work gained attention after Peruvian researcher

370: 1396: 1021:. The pottery portraits created by the Moche appear to represent actual individuals. Many of the portraits are of individuals with physical disfigurements or genetic defects. 1143:

and edged-wielding were also used. Finishing touches could also be added with embossing, punching and chasing along with embedding other precious materials. Stones such as

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Two distinct regions of the Moche civilization have been identified, Southern and Northern Moche, with each area probably corresponding to a different political entity.

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Hörz, G.; Kallfass, M. (October 2000). "The treasure of gold and silver artifacts from the Royal Tombs of Sipán, Peru — a study on the Moche metalworking techniques".

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teenage girl, probably a servant, were also found in the tomb. News of the discovery was announced by Peruvian and U.S. archaeologists in collaboration with

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The Piura was fully part of the Moche phenomenon only for a short time—during its Early Moche, or Early Moche-Vicús phase—and then developed independently.

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is better preserved, with many of its interior walls still filled with many colorful murals and complex iconography. The site has been under professional

5013: 3224: 1805:. Experts believe that the artifact had been looted in the late 1980s from an elite tomb at the Moche site of La Mina. It was returned to Peru in 2006. 1801:

In 2005 an elaborate gold mask thought to depict a sea god, with curving rays radiating from a stone-inlaid feline face, was recovered in London by the

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The Southern Moche region, believed to be the heartland of the culture, originally comprised the Chicama and Moche valleys, and was first described by

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in northern Peru. Inside the tomb, which was carbon dated to about 300 AD, the archaeologists found the mummified remains of a high ranking male, the

1735:(Pyramids of Moche) is located in the Moche Valley. The name of this architectural complex is where the name of the Moche site and culture came from. 521: 3919: 3285: 2497:

Alva, Walter, and Christopher B. Donnan. Royal Tombs of Sipán. Los Angeles, CA: Fowler Museum of Cultural History, University of California, 1994.

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scholars have been able to gain cultural insights from the remaining Moche textiles. The Moche wove textiles, mostly using cotton and wool from

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just run rituals in this area but governed here and were queens of Moche society". This discovery was made at the large archaeological site of

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of the Moche were incredibly adept at portraying and perpetuating their power through art, which is well-exemplified by the Moche metallurgy.

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There are considerable parallels between Moche and Cupisnique iconography and ceramic designs, including the iconography of the 'Spider god'.

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was the first archaeologist to excavate a Moche site, Huaca de la Luna, which is where the architectural complex that is known as

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reigned on the north coast of Peru from 200 BC–200 AD. According to some scholars, this was a short transition period between the

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Sutter, Richard C.; Cortez, Rosa J. (August 2005). "The Nature of Moche Human Sacrifice: A BioArchaeological Perspective".

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and natural forces over the last 1,300 years. The surviving ones show that the coloring of their murals was quite vibrant.

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Clothing power: Hierarchies of gender difference and ambiguity in Moche ceramic representations of human dress, C.E. 1-850

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adobe structure on the Rio Moche, was the largest pre-Columbian structure in Peru. It was partly destroyed when Spanish

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sacrifice, sexual encounters, and elaborate ceremonies. The Moche are particularly noted for their elaborately painted

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Beyond Collapse: Archaeological Perspectives on Resilience, Revitalization, and Transformation in Complex Societies

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Butters, L. J. C.; Castillo, S. U. (2007). "The Moche of Northern Perú". In Silverman, H.; Isbell, W. (eds.).

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The site was laid out and built in a short period of time and has an enormous ceremonial complex. It includes

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in the south. They are thought to have had some limited contact with the Ica-Nazca because they later mined

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Weismantel, Mary (September 2004). "Moche Sex Pots: Reproduction and Temporality in Ancient South America".

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Huaca de la luna, Huaca del sol, and Sipan, but also at small villages and unrecorded burial sites as well.

290: 3052:"A Tale of Two Cities: Continuity and Change following the Moche Collapse in the Jequetepeque Valley, Peru" 1987: 1585:, argue that the sacrificial victims were the losers of ritual battles among local elites, others, such as 4998: 4187: 2197:"Activación neutrónica en el estudio de la producción local de la cerámica ritual en el sitio moche, Perú" 1862: 1852: 1209: 1131: 4690: 4539: 4172: 3926: 3897: 3696: 3671: 3636: 3438: 2856: 2250: 2093: 2061: 1847: 1578: 1188: 1018: 912: 729: 474: 3824: 4974: 4841: 4705: 4670: 4279: 4167: 3882: 3864: 3764: 3011: 2425: 1070:. The skill required to create these objects is perhaps some of the finest the world has ever known. 408: 285: 255: 3441:, website with links to National University of Trujillo, IBM, National Geographic and press reports. 1590: 4807: 4569: 3799: 3601: 3581: 3459:"The Ulluchu fruit: Blood Rituals and Sacrificial Practices Among the Moche People of Ancient Peru" 3199: 1810: 1802: 1754: 1029: 633: 413: 315: 270: 4826: 3177: 926: 4930: 4920: 4650: 4559: 4338: 4082: 4027: 4002: 3666: 3661: 3631: 3626: 3420: 3138: 3029: 2980: 2934: 2926: 2826: 2818: 2780: 2580: 2572: 2473: 2441: 2398: 2361: 2336:

The art and archaeology of the Moche : an ancient Andean society of the Peruvian north coast

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Beck, Roger B.; Black, Linda; Krieger, Larry S.; Naylor, Phillip C.; Shabaka, Dahia Ibo (1999).

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In 1987, archaeologists, alerted by the local police, discovered the first intact Moche tomb at

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The Moche cultural sphere is centered on several valleys on the north coast of Peru in regions

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the invention of some of their most-used techniques at least in part to the influences of the

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online resource linking to digitized roll-out drawings of Moche ceramic fineline iconography.

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Die Mochica an der Nordküste Perus Religion und Kunst einer vorinkaischen andinen Hochkultur

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The coastal Moche culture also co-existed (or overlapped in time) with the slightly earlier

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have found groups of people sacrificed together and the skeletons of young men deliberately

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Both iconography and the finds of human skeletons in ritual contexts seem to indicate that

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This article is about the ancient civilization. For the district in Trujillo Province, see

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in the highlands. Some Moche iconographic motifs can be traced to Recuay design elements.

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is absent. Some depict male skeletons masturbating, or being masturbated by living women.

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The lower Lambayeque Valley system, consisting of three rivers: La Leche, Reque and Zaña

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Map of the region of the Bishopric of Trujillo shows the two different Mochica cultures.

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also seem to have their roots in Chavín culture. Moche art continues the tradition of

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Bawden, Garth (1995). "The Structural Paradox: Moche Culture as Political Ideology".

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The first Moche metalworks entered into the archaeological record were unearthed by

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At least 500 Moche ceramics have sexual themes. The most frequently depicted act is

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was a crescent-shaped metal knife used in sacrifices. While some scholars, such as

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Alva, Walter (October 1988). "Discovering the New World's Richest Unlooted Tomb".

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Scher, Sarahh (2019). "Dressing the Other: Foreign Women in Moche Ceramic Art".

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Jones, Julie (2001). "Innovation and Resplendence: Metalwork for Moche Lords".

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The evolution of prehistoric political organizations in the Moche Valley, Peru

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Ancient Peruvian ceramics: the Nathan Cummings collection by Alan R. Sawyer

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Violence, Environmental Crisis, and Human Sacrifice Among the Moche Culture

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Chapdelaine, Claude (2011-06-01). "Recent Advances in Moche Archaeology".

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north coast of Peru during the Early Intermediate Period (400 BC–600 AD).

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Bawden, G. (2004). "The Art of Moche Politics". In Silverman, H. (ed.).

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various river valleys, with the aim of irrigating desert territories.

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Chapdelaine, Claude; Kennedy, Greg; Uceda Castillo, Santiago (1995).

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The realistic detail in Moche ceramics may have helped them serve as

714: 3089:

Floods, Famines, and Emperors: El Nino and the Fate of Civilizations

2922: 2814: 2713:

Undergraduate Research Scholars Program at Texas A&M University

2568: 2416:

Lechtman, Heather (June 1984). "Pre-Columbian Surface Metallurgy".

2394: 797:

Differences between the Northern Mochicas and the Southern Mochicas

4369: 4313: 4304: 4192: 3769: 1749: 1712: 1680: 1672: 1635: 1556: 1540: 1126: 1028:

models. Older generations could pass down general knowledge about

925: 898:

Moche pottery is some of the most varied in the world. The use of

590: 1705:. Eventually, by 700 CE, they established control over the Viru. 2959:"The Good Old Days Were Better: Agrarian Collapse and Tectonics" 1638:

reveal climatic events between 563 and 594 AD, possibly a super

1574: 1386:

Gold Moche whistle with turquoise depicting a warrior, 1–800 AD

1125:

sculptures have been discovered, most are made of a solid metal

1100: 657: 585: 552: 202: 3492: 547:; alternatively, the Moche culture or the Early, Pre- or Proto- 3225:"Photo in the News: Looted Peru Headdress Recovered in London" 1303: 1168:

began that led to the development of the Moche civilization.

4951:

Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

2141:"Pair of Earflares, Winged Messengers (Moche Culture, Peru)" 1671:, as well as the Cupisnique, and succeeded by the Huari and 2505: 2503: 1903:"Huacas del Sol y de la Luna – Capital de la Cultura-Moche" 677:

looted its graves for gold in the 16th century. The nearby

982:

Pair of Earflares, Winged Messengers (Moche Culture, Peru)

3346:

The Art of Precolumbian Gold: The Jan Mitchell Collection

2080:

Castillo Butters, L., Santiago, B., Castillo, U. (2008).

1923: 1103:

blew through long tubes to heat coals, rather than using

747:

The Northern Moche region includes three valley systems:

2878:"Tomb of a Powerful Moche Priestess-Queen Found in Peru" 2026:

Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction

3309:

Tomb of a Powerful Moche Priestess-Queen Found in Peru.

1817:, in the Sechura Desert of the Jequetepeque Valley, in 2537: 2535: 2533: 1683:

for fertilizer and may have traded with northerners.

1417:

Copper ceremonial knife (Tumi), 3rd – 7th century AD,

1338:

Copper knife with removable figural handle, 50–800 AD

4946:

Painting in the Americas before European colonization

3429:, transcript of BBC programme, includes bibliography. 3170:"Mummy of Tattooed Woman Discovered in Peru Pyramid" 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 1784:

archaeological site on the outskirts of present-day

782:, which is the tallest ceremonial platform in Peru. 4817: 4740: 4715: 4686: 4661: 4636: 4611: 4586: 4555: 4530: 4505: 4474: 4437: 4412: 4375: 4344: 4319: 4290: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4266: 3873: 3705: 3562: 3526: 1780:was discovered at the Huaca Cao Viejo, part of the 1549:depicting the Decapitator, gold with turquoise and 1354:Moche headdress with feline ornamentations, 400 AD 961: 198: 122: 112: 98: 90: 82: 74: 66: 39: 3349:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1985. 1945: 1229:Alpaca wool tapestry (600–900 AD), Lombards Museum 3117:Quilter, Jeffrey; Koons, Michele L. (June 2012). 2671:Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines 2317:Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings 2201:Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Études Andines 1701:The Moche also interacted with the neighbouring 1121:Several examples of the molds used to shape the 3403:Moche Civilization – World History Encyclopedia 3331:. Vol. 174, no. 4. pp. 510–555. 2998:Rubiños, Cathy; Anderies, John M. (July 2020). 2275:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 1402:Bronze and shell Moche mask depicting the hero 660:of desert coastline and up to 50 miles inland. 5034:8th-century disestablishments in South America 4926:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas 4911:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas 1776:In 2005, a mummified Moche woman known as the 3504: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 1650:is no evidence of a foreign invasion (i.e. a 515: 16:Culture that flourished 100 to 700 AD in Peru 8: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2273:Moche art and visual culture in ancient Peru 2098:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2023:James E. McClellan III; Harold Dorn (2006). 1901:Cardenas, Maritza, ed. (11 September 2009). 1833:, heavily influenced inheritors of the Moche 1241:Earplugs of gold inlaid with precious stones 3372:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2002:"Moche Politics in the Jequetepeque Valley" 559:, Peru from about 100 to 700 AD during the 4894: 3511: 3497: 3489: 702:complex, Mocollope, Cerro Mayal, Galindo, 522: 508: 209: 55: 36: 4916:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 3023: 2974: 2682: 2667:"Moche: Archaeology, Ethnicity, Identity" 2082:"The Mochicas of the North Coast of Peru" 3520:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures 3255:"Looted gold headdress returned to Peru" 2596: 2594: 803: 728: 3469:"Moche pottery and the practice of war" 2744:Symbolic Uses of Metal in Moche Burials 2601:Popson, Colleen P. (March–April 2002). 1896: 1894: 1890: 1370:Gold Moche necklace with feline faces, 1322:Copper alloy mask with shell, CE 1–600 1178: 223: 212: 3413:"A Peruvian Woman Warrior of A.D. 450" 3381:(in German). Hamburg: Diplomica-Verl. 3311:August 13, 2013 nationalgeographic.com 3223:Lovett, Richard A. (August 18, 2006). 3050:Zobler, Kari; Sutter, Richard (2016). 2904: 2902: 2359: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2266: 2264: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2091: 2063:Handbook of South American Archaeology 1948:World History: Patterns of Interaction 958: 70:Culturally united independent polities 3408:Map of current Moche city (Wikimapia) 3284:Sutherland, Scott (August 29, 2013). 3112: 3110: 3108: 3045: 3043: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2872: 2870: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2796: 2794: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2166:"Steven Zucker and Dr. Sarahh Scher, 1516:Sculpture depicting a seated prisoner 542: 121: 111: 107: 7: 3253:Vecchio, Rick (September 15, 2006). 761:The lower Jequetepeque Valley system 3944:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela 2551:Billman, Brian R. (December 2002). 1691:has been found in Moche territory. 1667:culture, which was preceded by the 1060:electrochemical replacement plating 751:The upper Piura Valley, around the 4936:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas 3915:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia 2765:Journal of Archaeological Research 2311:Jiménez Díaz, María (2002-01-01). 1952:. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell. 1663:Chronologically, the Moche was an 687:excavation since the early 1990s. 571:architecture that survives today. 555:with its capital near present-day 414:History of the Viceroyalty of Peru 14: 5014:Former countries in South America 3927:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador 3898:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia 2741:Szumilewicz, Amy (October 2011). 2438:10.1038/scientificamerican0684-56 918:Traditional north coast Peruvian 376:Return to democracy and terrorism 61:A map of Moche cultural influence 4968: 3920:Archaeological sites in Colombia 3893:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil 3204:Trafficking Culture Encyclopedia 3198:Yates, Donna. (April 18, 2014). 3054:. In Faulseit, Ronald K. (ed.). 2665:Quilter, Jeffrey (August 2010). 1924:"Las Huacas del Sol y de a Luna" 1738:Excavations in 1938 and 1939 by 1687:has been found near Ica, but no 1675:. The Moche co-existed with the 1553:inlays. Museo Oro del Peru, Lima 1521: 1509: 1497: 1485: 1473: 1457: 1445: 1426: 1410: 1395: 1379: 1363: 1347: 1331: 1315: 1295: 1279: 1267: 1246: 1234: 1222: 1201: 1181: 992: 976: 967: 801:The best known differences are: 690:Other major Moche sites include 588:work, monumental constructions ( 491: 234: 182: 157: 3903:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile 3439:El Brujo Archaeological project 3433:Gallery of Moche erotic pottery 3427:"The Lost Civilisation of Peru" 3058:. SIU Press. pp. 486–503. 2851:Billman, Brian Richard (1996). 1977:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 1813:, located close to the town of 1720:, Royal Tombs of Sipán museum, 1601:, perhaps for temple displays. 419:History of the Republic of Peru 3168:Norris, Scott (May 16, 2006). 3004:Environmental Research Letters 2000:Castillo Butters, Luis Jaime. 1302:Crescent-shaped ornament with 952:is sometimes represented, but 850:Larco 5-Phase Ceramic Sequence 717:have been mostly destroyed by 656:, and Nepena. It occupied 250 1: 4847:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala 3908:Archaeological sites in Chile 2976:10.1525/aa.1983.85.4.02a00030 2524:10.1016/S1044-5803(00)00093-0 2466:Studies in the History of Art 2271:Jackson, Margaret A. (2008). 1561:Moche "Decapitator" mural at 4941:Mesoamerican writing systems 3937:Archaeological sites in Peru 3091:. Basic Books. p. 156. 2957:Moseley, Michael E. (1983). 2884:. 2013-08-13. Archived from 1452:A ceramic depicting potatoes 23:. For its capital city, see 4837:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán 2707:Dally, Richard (May 2019). 2245:Scher, Sarahh E.M. (2010). 725:Southern and Northern Moche 694:, Loma Negra, Dos Cabezas, 296:Peru–Bolivian Confederation 5050: 5029:2nd-century establishments 4863:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 4766:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil 3135:10.7183/1045-6635.23.2.127 2512:Materials Characterization 2168:Moche Portrait Head Bottle 1709:Archaeological discoveries 1644:climate changes of 535–536 1419:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1274:Ceramic depicting anal sex 1058:The Moche discovered both 998:Moche Portrait Head Bottle 948:while the couple has sex. 561:Regional Development Epoch 409:History of the Inca Empire 29: 18: 4964: 4906: 4897: 4261: 4088:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia) 3475:video on YouTube channel. 3419:article (17 May 2006) by 2777:10.1007/s10814-010-9046-6 2715:(Thesis). pp. 1–44. 2603:"Grim Rites of the Moche" 2127:10.1525/aa.2004.106.3.495 1757:in the Peruvian beach of 1665:Early Intermediate Period 1659:Links with other cultures 991: 975: 966: 551:) flourished in northern 391:Peruvian political crisis 136: 132: 108: 54: 49: 4975:Civilizations portal 3932:Cultural periods of Peru 3451:article (March 1999) by 3364:Sawyer, Alan R. (1966). 3229:National Geographic News 3174:National Geographic News 3156:El Brujo and Lady of Cao 3123:Latin American Antiquity 3025:10.1088/1748-9326/ab7b9c 2803:Latin American Antiquity 2557:Latin American Antiquity 1837:Cultural periods of Peru 1151:Agricultural engineering 613:and the Moche cultures. 371:Revolutionary Government 30:Not to be confused with 4869:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 3715:Mesoamerican chronology 3377:Schmid, Martin (2007). 2963:American Anthropologist 2213:10.3406/bifea.1995.1178 2115:American Anthropologist 1504:Ceramic depicting a bat 1492:Gold headdress ornament 1215:Larco Museum Collection 356:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War 341:National Reconstruction 291:Supreme Governing Junta 5009:Pre-Columbian cultures 3572:Archaeological periods 2366:: CS1 maint: others ( 1863:Buenos Aires, Trujillo 1853:Vista Alegre, Trujillo 1762: 1724: 1565: 1554: 1433:A ceramic depicting a 937: 861:Great and wide valleys 734: 540:Spanish pronunciation: 447:Constitutional history 124:• Disestablished 4875:List of Conquistadors 4762:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal 4173:Quebrada de Humahuaca 3592:Caddoan Mississippian 3087:Fagan, Brian (2009). 1848:Moche Crawling Feline 1753: 1716: 1609:Social stratification 1579:Christopher B. Donnan 1560: 1544: 1189:Moche portrait vessel 929: 732: 620:Moche cultural sphere 366:Moderate civil reform 346:Aristocratic Republic 256:Ancient civilizations 83:Common languages 5004:Andean civilizations 4842:Francisco de Montejo 4770:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I 3883:Andean civilizations 3810:Shaft tomb tradition 3435:at the Larco Museum. 3261:. AP. Archived from 3074:chapter 1703333 2911:Current Anthropology 1464:Ceramic depicting a 1194:Musée du quai Branly 872:Archaeological heirs 286:Protectorate of Peru 5024:Archaeology of Peru 4808:Manco Inca Yupanqui 4113:Manteño-Huancavilca 3582:Ancestral Puebloans 3328:National Geographic 3016:2020ERL....15g5008R 2430:1984SciAm.250f..56L 2418:Scientific American 1988:The Salinar Culture 1844:(the Lord of Sipán) 1803:Metropolitan Police 1795:National Geographic 1755:Caballito de totora 1286:Moche warrior pot, 1019:portraiture pottery 839:Buildings with ramp 437:Demographic history 403:By political entity 336:Peruvian Resistance 316:Chincha Islands War 281:Foundational Period 114:• Established 5019:Prehistory of Peru 4931:Columbian exchange 4921:Portal:Mesoamerica 4073:La Tolita (Tumaco) 3888:Indigenous peoples 3627:Hopewell tradition 3554:Indigenous peoples 3463:Francesco Sammarco 3421:John Noble Wilford 3235:on August 20, 2006 2684:10.4000/bifea.1885 2636:About Peru History 2069:. Blackwell Press. 1975:Andean Archaeology 1819:La Libertad Region 1763: 1747:“abruptly ended”. 1740:Rafael Larco Hoyle 1727:In 1899 and 1900, 1725: 1566: 1555: 1340:Walters Art Museum 1324:Walters Art Museum 1253:Ceramic depicting 1083:Rafael Larco Hoyle 938: 742:Rafael Larco Hoyle 735: 536:Moche civilization 361:Odría Dictatorship 331:Occupation of Lima 326:Occupation of Peru 321:War of the Pacific 251:Pre-Columbian Peru 103:Early Intermediate 4986: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4956:Pre-Columbian art 4892: 4891: 4886:Francisco Pizarro 4852:Pedro de Alvarado 4168:Pucará de Tilcara 3479:Moche Iconography 3445:"Temples of Doom" 3388:978-3-83666-806-4 3070:Project MUSE 3065:978-0-8093-3399-8 2345:978-0-292-79386-6 2282:978-0-8263-4365-9 2035:978-0-8018-8360-6 1842:El Señor de Sipán 1718:The Lord of Sipán 1689:Ica-Nazca pottery 1677:Ica-Nazca culture 1064:depletion gilding 1007: 1006: 886: 885: 812:Southern mochica 532: 531: 386:Internal conflict 208: 207: 194: 193: 190: 189: 170: 169: 5041: 4973: 4972: 4971: 4895: 4881:Spanish Conquest 4858:Spanish Conquest 4833:Spanish Conquest 4822:Spanish Conquest 4264: 4263: 3513: 3506: 3499: 3490: 3392: 3373: 3360: 3340: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3296: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3265:on March 4, 2014 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3240: 3231:. 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442:Economic history 306:Military Anarchy 266:Spanish conquest 238: 228: 210: 186: 185: 174: 173: 161: 160: 154: 153: 138: 137: 59: 37: 32:Mochica language 5049: 5048: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5038: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4978: 4969: 4967: 4960: 4902: 4893: 4883: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4835: 4824: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4779:Quemuenchatocha 4777: 4768: 4764: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4708: 4577: 4486: 4460: 4449: 4396:Human Sacrifice 4393: 4385:Human Sacrifice 4382: 4356: 4329:Mayan Languages 4257: 3869: 3701: 3558: 3539:Genetic history 3522: 3517: 3473:Horniman Museum 3453:Heather Pringle 3399: 3389: 3376: 3363: 3357: 3343: 3324: 3321: 3319:Further reading 3316: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3294: 3292: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3268: 3266: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3238: 3236: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3208: 3206: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3183: 3181: 3180:on May 17, 2006 3167: 3166: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3116: 3115: 3106: 3099: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3066: 3049: 3048: 3041: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2956: 2955: 2946: 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News 2607:Archaeology 2472:: 206–221. 1778:Lady of Cao 1587:John Verano 1551:chrysocolla 1480:Burial Mask 1342:, Baltimore 1326:, Baltimore 1306:, CE 1–300 1139:parts, but 1030:reciprocity 954:cunnilingus 920:ceramic art 626:La Libertad 565:iconography 301:Restoration 271:Viceroyalty 261:Inca Empire 225:History of 142:Preceded by 4993:Categories 4783:Tisquesusa 4757:Cuauhtémoc 4753:Cuitláhuac 4083:Lauricocha 4053:Gran Chaco 4043:Cupisnique 4028:Chinchorro 4003:Chachapoya 3993:Caral–Supe 3835:Tlaxcaltec 3825:Teuchitlán 3740:Chupícuaro 3667:Plum Bayou 3662:Plaquemine 3632:Marksville 3597:Chichimeca 3295:2013-08-29 3239:2010-12-18 3209:2023-09-12 3184:2006-05-16 2892:2022-03-08 2855:(Thesis). 2646:2012-05-22 2617:2013-05-12 2249:(Thesis). 2010:2012-11-23 1909:2012-03-29 1885:References 1599:excarnated 1310:, Brooklyn 1123:low relief 1085:published 1068:metallurgy 1011:irrigation 630:Lambayeque 611:Cupisnique 596:irrigation 575:Background 569:monumental 94:Polytheist 4804:Atahualpa 4800:Pachacuti 4775:Nemequene 4641:Chinampas 4463:Astronomy 4452:Astronomy 4432:Mythology 4427:Mythology 4422:Mythology 4417:Mythology 4413:Mythology 4243:Wankarani 4233:Tuncahuán 4123:Marajoara 4078:Las Vegas 3964:Atacameño 3860:Xochipala 3800:Purépecha 3760:Epi-Olmec 3750:Cuicuilco 3692:Troyville 3682:St. Johns 3337:643483454 3200:"La Mina" 3143:155589796 3034:216331801 2882:Adventure 2861:304232703 2831:146951702 2785:154374945 2747:(Thesis). 2585:163942429 2403:213850774 2383:West 86th 2362:cite book 2354:309906176 2291:231724559 2255:759077089 2221:192931816 2150:April 30, 1929:29 August 1874:Viracocha 1759:Huanchaco 1547:Nariguera 1257:(300 AD), 1141:soldering 1132:annealing 1054:Metalwork 905:metalwork 708:Pañamarka 704:Huanchaco 696:Pacatnamu 671:pyramidal 598:systems. 311:Guano Era 91:Religion 4900:See also 4818:Conquest 4791:Zoratama 4458:Calendar 4447:Calendar 4442:Calendar 4438:Calendar 4407:Religion 4402:Religion 4391:Religion 4380:Religion 4376:Religion 4365:Numerals 4359:Numerals 4320:Language 4300:Multiple 4238:Valdivia 4223:Tiwanaku 4183:Saladoid 4178:Quimbaya 4068:Kuhikugu 4048:Diaguita 4038:Chorrera 3855:Veraguas 3850:Veracruz 3830:Tlatilco 3642:Mogollon 3549:Cultures 3527:Americas 3449:Discover 2939:51830592 2857:ProQuest 2478:42622322 2446:24969389 2251:ProQuest 2037:. p. 40. 1825:See also 1821:, Peru. 1790:garroted 1782:El Brujo 1729:Max Uhle 1632:glaciers 1626:Collapse 1537:Religion 1466:sea lion 1404:Ai Apaec 1290:, London 1255:fellatio 1208:Resting 1075:Max Uhle 1037:Textiles 1026:didactic 1009:Because 950:Fellatio 942:anal sex 935:Trujillo 894:Ceramics 700:El Brujo 582:ceramics 470:Timeline 464:See also 431:By topic 216:a series 214:Part of 4787:Tundama 4716:Peoples 4701:History 4696:History 4691:History 4687:History 4681:Cuisine 4676:Cuisine 4671:Cuisine 4666:Cuisine 4662:Cuisine 4520:Warfare 4515:Warfare 4510:Warfare 4506:Warfare 4500:Society 4495:Economy 4484:Society 4479:Society 4475:Society 4345:Writing 4339:Quechua 4324:Nahuatl 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