757:
236:
591:
799:
944:
929:
959:
655:
670:
725:
909:
872:
632:
142:
614:
838:
860:
573:
306:"They extend for some 16,000 kilometres in all, in a mosaic of more than 500 interconnected settlement boundaries. They cover 6,500 square kilometres and were all dug by the Edo people. In all, they are four times longer than the Great Wall of China, and consumed a hundred times more material than the Great Pyramid of Cheops. They took an estimated 150 million hours of digging to construct, and are perhaps the largest single archaeological phenomenon on the planet."
689:
773:
315:
818:
739:
3583:
707:
983:
887:
38:
1659:
98:
329:
often have very elaborate moats, with up to three moats laid out in concentric circles around the castle and a host of different patterns engineered around the landscape. The outer moat of a
Japanese castle typically protects other support buildings in addition to the castle.
132:
Evidence of early moats around settlements has been discovered in many archaeological sites throughout
Southeast Asia, including Noen U-Loke, Ban Non Khrua Chut, Ban Makham Thae and Ban Non Wat. The use of the moats could have been either for defensive or agriculture purposes.
299:
The Benin Walls were ravaged by the
British in 1897. Scattered pieces of the walls remain in Edo, with material being used by the locals for building purposes. The walls continue to be torn down for real-estate developments.
293:, also in Nigeria. It enclosed 6,500 km of community lands. Its length was over 16,000 km of earth boundaries. It was estimated that earliest construction began in 800 and continued into the mid-15th century.
1120:, which have excellent vision and adaptable tactics, built water-filled miniature moats, too wide for the spiders to jump across. Some specimens were rewarded for jumping then swimming and others for swimming only.
508:, Fort Lytton being the largest. Built between 1880 and 1881 in response to fear of a Russian invasion, it is a pentagonal fortress concealed behind grassy embankments and surrounded by a water-filled moat.
798:
590:
1136:
were set the same task, members of one population determined which method earned them a reward, whilst members of the other continued to use whichever method they tried first and did not try to adapt.
756:
1034:
Whilst moats are no longer a significant tool of warfare, modern architectural building design continues to use them as a defence against certain modern threats, such as terrorist attacks from
223:) and then came to be applied to the excavated ring, a 'dry moat'. The shared derivation implies that the two features were closely related and possibly constructed at the same time. The term
908:
2977:
1046:, opened in 2018, includes a moat among its security features - the first moat built in England for more than a century. Modern moats may also be used for aesthetic or ergonomic purposes.
333:
As many
Japanese castles have historically been a very central part of their cities, the moats have provided a vital waterway to the city. Even in modern times the moat system of the
958:
631:
654:
1633:
265:. The walls were further protected from infantry attack by wet or dry moats, sometimes in elaborate systems. When this style of fortification was superseded by lines of
1416:
1313:
1053:
has a concrete moat around some of the plant. (Other sides of the plant are bordering a lake.) The moat is a part of precautions added to such sites after the
669:
943:
1206:
928:
772:
613:
998:
dwellings, both as decorative designs and to provide discreet access for service. Excellent examples of these can be found in
Newport, Rhode Island at
289:
and the largest earthwork in the world. Recent work by
Patrick Darling has established it as the largest man-made structure in the world, larger than
1690:
1523:
296:
The walls are built of a ditch and dike structure, the ditch dug to form an inner moat with the excavated earth used to form the exterior rampart.
871:
859:
235:
68:. Moats can be dry or filled with water. In some places, moats evolved into more extensive water defences, including natural or artificial lakes,
2793:
1267:
520:
837:
549:
European colonists in the
Americas often built dry ditches surrounding forts built to protect important landmarks, harbours or cities (e.g.
1043:
1108:
planned to dig out a two-mile stretch of a 180-hectare (440-acre) wetland known as
Hunters Hole to control immigrants coming from Mexico.
1563:
Jackson, Robert R.; Chris M. Carter; Michael S. Tarsitano (2001). "Trial-and-error solving of a confinement problem by a jumping spider,
84:, although the function is similar. In later periods, moats or water defences may be largely ornamental. They could also act as a sewer.
3387:
3082:
1283:
724:
1500:
1431:
3202:
1293:
177:
have one dry section and one section filled with water. Dry moats that cut across the narrow part of a spur or peninsula are called
2987:
504:. As Brisbane was much more vulnerable to attack than either Sydney or Melbourne a series of coastal defences was built throughout
422:, was an outer wall made of earth dug out from a moat. Even today it is common for mountain Japanese castles to have dry moats. A
1003:
1360:
3412:
528:
1611:
1235:
1018:, Ontario, Canada. Additionally, a dry moat can allow light and fresh air to reach basement workspaces, as for example at the
817:
597:
403:
is a series of parallel trenches running up the sides of the excavated mountain, and the earthen wall, which was also called
161:. In suitable locations they might be filled with water. A moat made access to the walls difficult for siege weapons such as
1412:
227:
is also applied to natural formations reminiscent of the artificial structure and to similar modern architectural features.
572:
3608:
340:
Most modern
Japanese castles have moats filled with water, but castles in the feudal period more commonly had 'dry moats'
3613:
2635:
2173:
1683:
1320:
1081:, Germany. The structure, with a vertical outer retaining wall rising direct from the moat, is an extended usage of the
886:
2972:
2053:
1039:
1337:
688:
285:
in present-day Edo State of
Nigeria. It was considered the largest man-made structure lengthwise, second only to the
2568:
1248:
McGrath, R., & Boyd, W. (2001). The chronology of the Iron Age'moats' of Northeast Thailand. Antiquity, 75(288)
1054:
738:
3017:
2642:
1212:
337:
consists of a very active body of water, hosting everything from rental boats and fishing ponds to restaurants.
3514:
2592:
1439:
1130:
generally succeeded, for whichever method they were rewarded. When specimens from two different populations of
1019:
255:, a new style of fortification emerged in the 16th century using low walls and projecting strong points called
706:
527:
as the outer defence of some fortified villages. The remains of a 16th-century moat are still visible at the
3561:
3336:
3042:
3037:
2957:
2754:
2701:
2671:
2428:
2358:
2302:
1879:
1676:
1524:""Eight-legged cats" and how they see: a review of recent research on jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)"
1050:
1011:
995:
843:
173:- digging tunnels under the castles in order to effect a collapse of the defences - very difficult as well.
3586:
3402:
2992:
2889:
2774:
1958:
303:
The Walls of Benin City were the world's largest man-made structure. Fred Pearce wrote in New Scientist:
169:, which needed to be brought up against a wall to be effective. A water-filled moat made the practice of
3539:
3377:
3159:
2912:
2649:
2472:
1801:
1538:
524:
319:
141:
81:
31:
125:. Other evidence of ancient moats is found in the ruins of Babylon, and in reliefs from ancient Egypt,
3524:
3052:
2678:
2477:
2443:
1843:
1725:
786:
605:
3341:
3077:
2433:
1811:
730:
660:
286:
1465:
1227:
3463:
3072:
3047:
3032:
3027:
2877:
2857:
2654:
2215:
2082:
1826:
1592:
1386:
1170:
1074:
964:
65:
157:
and other fortifications as part of the defensive system as an obstacle immediately outside the
1663:
3519:
3478:
3453:
3326:
3007:
2847:
2694:
2280:
2158:
1836:
1779:
1612:"Geographic Variation in a Spider's Ability to Solve a Confinement Problem by Trial and Error"
1584:
1368:
1289:
1263:
999:
623:
601:
290:
170:
1299:
3618:
3493:
3468:
3397:
3321:
2922:
2917:
2852:
2403:
2207:
1786:
1623:
1576:
1122:
824:
619:
554:
220:
42:
1492:
314:
3382:
3234:
3207:
3147:
3117:
3002:
2967:
2947:
2932:
2487:
2482:
2450:
2211:
2153:
2141:
2123:
1990:
1971:
1897:
1874:
1398:
804:
558:
326:
261:
183:. Moats separating different elements of a castle, such as the inner and outer wards, are
3623:
3551:
3546:
3212:
3197:
3132:
3122:
2997:
2982:
2882:
2872:
2837:
2711:
2504:
2201:
2168:
2132:
1948:
1806:
1770:
1314:"Fortress Study Group: Simon Barrass, An Introduction to Artillery Fortification, 2011"
1132:
1117:
1070:
949:
778:
712:
675:
445:
281:
were a combination of ramparts and moats, called Iya, used as a defence of the capital
278:
266:
191:
158:
1443:
3602:
3556:
3509:
3417:
3407:
3361:
3331:
3316:
3285:
3266:
3127:
3067:
3022:
2937:
2896:
2706:
2339:
2334:
2067:
2030:
2015:
1966:
1911:
1890:
1699:
1105:
1023:
934:
641:
637:
517:
166:
114:
106:
57:
3534:
3392:
3356:
3311:
3295:
3223:
3176:
3152:
3142:
3137:
2952:
2769:
2630:
2597:
2462:
2398:
2373:
2285:
2259:
2227:
2221:
2163:
2102:
2072:
1920:
1231:
1186:
1093:
In 2004 plans were suggested for a two-mile moat across the southern border of the
982:
892:
847:
453:
37:
3433:
3290:
3259:
3241:
3229:
3171:
3166:
3107:
3102:
3062:
2962:
2927:
2823:
2726:
2497:
2467:
2457:
2363:
2252:
2060:
1869:
1816:
1628:
790:
645:
582:
539:
505:
497:
244:
219:) and was first applied to the central mound on which a castle was erected (see
162:
3458:
3438:
3278:
3250:
3181:
3057:
3012:
2942:
2862:
2759:
2664:
2604:
2563:
2541:
2492:
2438:
2388:
2383:
2368:
2327:
2275:
2233:
2178:
2020:
1983:
1936:
1580:
1181:
1152:
1127:
1094:
991:
896:
694:
578:
481:
465:
282:
195:
179:
1588:
1372:
2867:
2798:
2625:
2620:
2553:
2194:
2107:
2037:
1995:
1821:
1791:
1752:
1718:
1175:
1007:
808:
782:
748:
252:
146:
1143:, a moat may be used to restrict access of crawling insects to the bonsai.
1065:
Moats, rather than fences, separate animals from spectators in many modern
1658:
1345:
269:
in the mid-19th century, moats continued to be used for close protection.
3351:
3346:
3271:
3112:
2830:
2805:
2788:
2718:
2659:
2587:
2580:
2423:
2311:
2185:
2005:
2000:
1976:
1904:
1884:
1864:
1831:
1035:
744:
698:
550:
532:
501:
485:
473:
469:
449:
334:
77:
61:
3483:
3448:
3443:
2781:
2764:
2749:
2733:
2685:
2613:
2558:
2548:
2516:
2418:
2393:
2378:
2148:
2092:
2010:
1857:
1850:
1796:
1596:
1078:
1015:
919:
877:
851:
828:
716:
679:
477:
457:
256:
240:
126:
3488:
2842:
2408:
2346:
2290:
2268:
2245:
2238:
2114:
2097:
1929:
1761:
1743:
1713:
1158:
1140:
461:
360:
154:
73:
53:
17:
1097:
to prevent tunnelling from Egyptian territory to the border town of
3529:
3473:
3217:
2742:
2573:
2413:
1734:
1164:
1098:
1082:
981:
900:
543:
313:
234:
140:
122:
118:
102:
97:
96:
36:
1668:
113:
Some of the earliest evidence of moats has been uncovered around
64:, or town, historically to provide it with a preliminary line of
2511:
2320:
2295:
2087:
2077:
2046:
2025:
763:
1672:
198:
1066:
69:
1217:
article on Netherlands National Museum of Antiquities website
1610:
Jackson, Robert R.; Fiona R. Cross; Chris M. Carter (2006).
1359:
Architecture Correspondent, Jonathan Morrison (2017-12-14).
986:
Dry moat at the James Farley Post Office in New York City.
322:
and surrounding Gardens showing the elaborate moat system
1338:"Imperial Palace moats illegally occupied by businesses"
1285:
French Fortifications, 1715-1815: An Illustrated History
918:, a part of the moat that surrounds the city center of
1069:
installations. Moats were first used in this way by
3502:
3426:
3370:
3304:
3190:
3095:
2905:
2816:
2532:
2525:
1957:
1706:
1361:"US embassy: America shows off its Thames fortress"
865:
Moat with civic houses bordering on it in Steinfurt
27:
Defensive ditch surrounding a fortification or town
496:The only moated fort ever built in Australia was
1940:
1616:International Journal of Comparative Psychology
1415:. Nuclear Threat Initiative. October 13, 2004.
1010:, outside of San Francisco, California, and at
434:
415:
394:
375:
352:
247:, showing bastions projecting into the wet moat
2502:
2448:
2266:
2112:
1413:"Nuclear Power Plants to Continue MOX Program"
1282:Lepage, Jean-Denis G. G. (December 21, 2009).
428:
409:
388:
369:
346:
3157:
2887:
2716:
2692:
2309:
2300:
2257:
1981:
1777:
1768:
1684:
1466:"Two-mile Gaza moat to foil tunnels to Egypt"
967:with mid 15th-century dual moat construction
8:
3276:
3257:
3248:
3239:
2828:
2803:
2779:
2740:
2731:
2683:
2669:
2640:
2611:
2602:
2578:
2539:
2344:
2325:
2243:
2192:
2183:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2058:
2044:
2035:
1918:
1895:
1575:(10). Leiden: Koninklijke Brill: 1215–1234.
1302:on January 3, 2016 – via Google Books.
990:Dry moats were a key element used in French
663:, a 13th-century castle in southern Scotland
542:also used moats, for example in the city of
1927:
1909:
1855:
1841:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1723:
204:
2529:
1691:
1677:
1669:
1522:Harland, D.P. & Jackson, R.R. (2000).
1262:, Stroud: Sutton Publishing, p. 214,
1627:
1493:"US city plans moat to keep out migrants"
80:, they are usually referred to simply as
1234:. Almqvist & Wiksell International.
1419:from the original on September 1, 2009.
1198:
1042:. For example, the new location of the
568:
1503:from the original on September 2, 2013
1394:
1384:
1044:Embassy of the United States in London
516:Moats were developed independently by
1139:As a basic method of pest control in
807:a mid-19th-century polygonal fort in
7:
1208:Archaeology in Syria Tell Sabi Abyad
464:; and in Southeast Asia, such as at
129:, and other cultures in the region.
52:is a deep, broad ditch dug around a
3083:Weapons Storage and Security System
239:The 17th-century fortified town of
76:. In older fortifications, such as
1430:Rene S. Ebersole (November 2001).
762:Frozen moat of the walled city of
382:is a dry moat dug into a slope. A
25:
1636:from the original on 6 April 2012
1464:Urquhart, Conal (June 18, 2004).
1344:. August 25, 2006. Archived from
3582:
3581:
1657:
1491:Glaister, Dan (March 14, 2008).
1238:from the original on 2015-09-23.
1178:(sometimes written as Moat Hill)
1085:of English landscape gardening.
957:
942:
927:
907:
885:
870:
858:
836:
816:
797:
771:
755:
737:
723:
705:
687:
668:
653:
630:
612:
589:
571:
396:lit. "furrowed shape empty moat"
1260:The Sutton Companion to Castles
529:Parkin Archeological State Park
251:With the introduction of siege
598:Fort Pulaski National Monument
117:fortresses. One example is at
101:North view of the fortress of
1:
2978:British "hedgehog" road block
640:, a 14th-century castle near
441:is a moat filled with water.
1232:"Moats in Ancient Palestine"
1040:improvised fighting vehicles
444:Moats were also used in the
153:Moats were excavated around
121:, a settlement excavated in
3388:Cities with defensive walls
2973:Defensive fighting position
2888:
2693:
2503:
2449:
2310:
2301:
2267:
2258:
2113:
1629:10.46867/IJCP.2006.19.03.06
435:
416:
395:
376:
353:
231:Later western fortification
3640:
1104:In 2008 city officials in
1055:September 11, 2001 attacks
880:ancient city gate and moat
145:A medieval moat castle in
29:
3572:
3018:Hardened aircraft shelter
2993:Entry control point (ECP)
1581:10.1163/15685390152822184
1537:: 231–240. Archived from
429:
410:
389:
370:
347:
259:, which was known as the
3515:Continuity of government
1440:National Audubon Society
1020:James Farley Post Office
190:The word was adapted in
3337:Motte-and-bailey castle
3043:Missile launch facility
3038:Main line of resistance
1733:
1258:Friar, Stephen (2003),
1051:Catawba Nuclear Station
996:Beaux-Arts architecture
622:, a Japanese Castle in
380:, lit. "vertical moat")
199:
3413:Military installations
3277:
3258:
3249:
3240:
3158:
2829:
2804:
2780:
2770:Scarp and Counterscarp
2741:
2732:
2717:
2684:
2670:
2641:
2612:
2603:
2579:
2540:
2345:
2326:
2244:
2193:
2184:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2059:
2045:
2036:
1982:
1941:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1896:
1856:
1842:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1724:
987:
781:, a late 16th-century
323:
248:
150:
110:
45:
3182:Floating water castle
2913:Admiralty scaffolding
2206:Fortified buildings (
1666:at Wikimedia Commons
985:
682:: North-western angle
525:Mississippian culture
420:, lit. "earth mount")
335:Tokyo Imperial Palace
320:Tokyo Imperial Palace
317:
238:
144:
100:
41:The moat surrounding
40:
32:Moat (disambiguation)
3609:Engineering barrages
3525:Subterranean warfare
2478:Viking ring fortress
1544:on 28 September 2006
1348:on October 28, 2006.
1089:Border defence moats
1030:Anti-terrorist moats
439:, lit. "water moat")
357:, lit. "empty moat")
30:For other uses, see
3614:Castle architecture
3342:Quadrangular castle
3078:Weapon storage area
2434:Quadrangular castle
978:Architectural usage
731:Castle of Lissingen
661:Caerlaverock Castle
287:Great Wall of China
3073:Underground hangar
2858:Fire control tower
2655:Gunpowder magazine
2083:Butter-churn tower
1397:has generic name (
1171:Moated settlements
1112:Pest control moats
988:
965:Landskrona Citadel
676:The Forbidden City
324:
249:
151:
111:
46:
3596:
3595:
3520:Military urbanism
3454:Fortified gateway
3327:Concentric castle
3091:
3090:
3008:Fire support base
2848:Coastal artillery
2723:(Spanish America)
2317:
2159:Concentric castle
1662:Media related to
1326:on March 4, 2016.
1269:978-0-7509-3994-2
1230:(November 2000).
1215:on March 21, 2007
1000:Miramar (mansion)
624:Nagano Prefecture
596:Moat surrounding
521:indigenous people
16:(Redirected from
3631:
3585:
3584:
3578:
3469:National redoubt
3398:Fortified estate
3322:Circular rampart
3282:
3263:
3254:
3245:
3163:
2923:Anti-tank trench
2918:Air raid shelter
2893:
2853:Disappearing gun
2834:
2809:
2785:
2746:
2737:
2722:
2698:
2689:
2675:
2646:
2617:
2608:
2584:
2545:
2530:
2508:
2488:Bailey (or ward)
2454:
2359:Motte-and-bailey
2350:
2331:
2315:
2307:
2306:
2272:
2263:
2249:
2198:
2189:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2064:
2050:
2041:
1987:
1944:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1901:
1861:
1847:
1787:Circular rampart
1783:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1631:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1565:Portia fimbriata
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1543:
1528:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1442:. Archived from
1436:Audubon Magazine
1427:
1421:
1420:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1319:. Archived from
1318:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1298:. Archived from
1279:
1273:
1272:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1211:, archived from
1203:
1123:Portia fimbriata
1006:, as well as at
961:
946:
931:
911:
889:
874:
862:
840:
825:Castello Estense
820:
801:
775:
759:
741:
727:
709:
691:
672:
657:
634:
620:Matsumoto Castle
616:
593:
575:
555:Governors Island
440:
438:
432:
431:
421:
419:
413:
412:
402:
401:
398:
392:
391:
381:
379:
373:
372:
358:
356:
350:
349:
327:Japanese castles
221:Motte and bailey
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
202:
115:ancient Egyptian
43:Matsumoto Castle
21:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3576:
3568:
3498:
3422:
3366:
3300:
3235:Imperial castle
3208:Coercion castle
3203:Coastal defence
3186:
3148:Promontory fort
3118:Hillside castle
3087:
3003:Fallout shelter
2968:Concertina wire
2948:Border security
2901:
2812:
2521:
2154:Coercion castle
2142:Cheval de frise
2124:Chemin de ronde
1972:Albarrana tower
1953:
1898:Schwedenschanze
1875:Promontory fort
1702:
1697:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1449:
1447:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1393:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1296:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1149:
1118:jumping spiders
1116:Researchers of
1114:
1091:
1063:
1032:
980:
975:
968:
962:
953:
947:
938:
932:
923:
912:
903:
890:
881:
875:
866:
863:
854:
841:
832:
821:
812:
805:Fort Brockhurst
802:
793:
776:
767:
760:
751:
742:
733:
728:
719:
710:
701:
692:
683:
673:
664:
658:
649:
635:
626:
617:
608:
594:
585:
576:
567:
559:New York Harbor
514:
494:
426:
407:
399:
386:
367:
344:
312:
275:
267:polygonal forts
262:trace italienne
233:
216:
213:
210:
207:
175:Segmented moats
139:
95:
90:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3637:
3635:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3601:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3554:
3552:Trench warfare
3549:
3547:Tunnel warfare
3544:
3543:
3542:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3403:Fortifications
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3255:
3246:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3220:
3215:
3213:Counter-castle
3210:
3205:
3200:
3198:Border barrier
3194:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3133:Lowland castle
3130:
3125:
3123:Hilltop castle
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2998:Electric fence
2995:
2990:
2988:Dragon's teeth
2985:
2983:Czech hedgehog
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2897:Wire obstacles
2894:
2885:
2883:Polygonal fort
2880:
2875:
2873:Martello tower
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2838:Border outpost
2835:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2738:
2729:
2724:
2714:
2712:Polygonal fort
2709:
2704:
2699:
2690:
2681:
2676:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2609:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2536:
2534:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2323:
2318:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2264:
2255:
2250:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2224:
2219:
2204:
2202:Flanking tower
2199:
2190:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2169:Counter-castle
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2056:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1959:Post-classical
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1949:Vitrified fort
1946:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1902:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1853:
1848:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1807:Defensive wall
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1700:Fortifications
1698:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1673:
1654:
1653:External links
1651:
1648:
1647:
1622:(3): 282–296.
1602:
1555:
1514:
1483:
1456:
1422:
1404:
1351:
1329:
1305:
1294:
1274:
1268:
1250:
1241:
1219:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1133:Portia labiata
1113:
1110:
1090:
1087:
1071:Carl Hagenbeck
1062:
1059:
1031:
1028:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
969:
963:
956:
954:
950:Forbidden City
948:
941:
939:
933:
926:
924:
913:
906:
904:
891:
884:
882:
876:
869:
867:
864:
857:
855:
844:Fort Jefferson
842:
835:
833:
822:
815:
813:
803:
796:
794:
779:Fort Bourtange
777:
770:
768:
761:
754:
752:
743:
736:
734:
729:
722:
720:
713:Egeskov Castle
711:
704:
702:
693:
686:
684:
674:
667:
665:
659:
652:
650:
636:
629:
627:
618:
611:
609:
595:
588:
586:
577:
570:
566:
563:
518:North American
513:
510:
493:
490:
446:Forbidden City
384:unejo tatebori
311:
308:
291:Sungbo's Eredo
279:Walls of Benin
274:
271:
232:
229:
214:mound, hillock
192:Middle English
167:battering rams
138:
135:
94:
91:
89:
88:Historical use
86:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3636:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3589:
3588:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3557:Urban warfare
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3510:Civil defense
3508:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3378:Bastion forts
3376:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3362:Z-plan castle
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:L-plan castle
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3317:Bridge castle
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3286:Refuge castle
3284:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3267:Military base
3265:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3230:Hunting lodge
3228:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3143:Moated castle
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:Island castle
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:By topography
3094:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3068:Submarine pen
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3023:Hesco bastion
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2938:Blast shelter
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:Place-of-arms
2705:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2341:
2340:Machicolation
2338:
2336:
2335:L-plan castle
2333:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:Bridge castle
2066:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2031:Bent entrance
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2016:Battery tower
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1967:Advanced work
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1891:Refuge castle
1889:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1859:
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1525:
1518:
1515:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1484:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1446:on 2007-09-06
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:"The New Zoo"
1426:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1405:
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1370:
1366:
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1301:
1297:
1295:9780786458073
1291:
1288:. McFarland.
1287:
1286:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1261:
1254:
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3535:Siege engine
3503:Other topics
3427:Related word
3393:Defense line
3357:Tower castle
3312:Bastion fort
3296:Urban castle
3224:Ganerbenburg
3222:
3177:Water castle
3153:Ridge castle
3138:Marsh castle
2953:Bomb shelter
2933:Belgian gate
2906:20th century
2817:19th century
2755:Retrenchment
2727:Punji sticks
2636:Entrenchment
2631:Device Forts
2598:Counterguard
2533:Early modern
2463:Tower castle
2399:Powder tower
2374:Outer bailey
2353:
2286:Inner bailey
2260:Gulyay-gorod
2228:Ganerbenburg
2226:
2222:Fujian tulou
2164:Corner tower
2103:Chamber gate
2073:Bridge tower
1921:Trou de loup
1656:
1638:. Retrieved
1619:
1615:
1605:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1546:. Retrieved
1539:the original
1534:
1530:
1517:
1505:. Retrieved
1497:The Guardian
1496:
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1470:The Guardian
1469:
1459:
1448:. Retrieved
1444:the original
1435:
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1407:
1376:. Retrieved
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1061:Safety moats
1048:
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973:Modern usage
916:Daalsesingel
915:
893:Vellore Fort
848:Dry Tortugas
548:
537:
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163:siege towers
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49:
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3434:Castle town
3291:Toll castle
3260:Lustschloss
3242:Kaiserpfalz
3172:Spur castle
3167:Rock castle
3108:Hill castle
3103:Cave castle
3063:Spider hole
2963:Bremer wall
2928:Barbed tape
2824:Barbed wire
2498:Witch tower
2468:Tower house
2458:Toll castle
2444:Shield wall
2364:Murder hole
2253:Guard tower
1870:Pincer gate
1817:Faussebraye
1395:|last=
1342:Japan Today
791:Netherlands
646:East Sussex
583:Netherlands
540:Maya people
531:in eastern
506:Moreton Bay
498:Fort Lytton
318:Map of the
245:Netherlands
3603:Categories
3459:Gatekeeper
3279:Ordensburg
3251:Landesburg
3058:Sentry gun
3013:Flak tower
2943:Blast wall
2863:Gun turret
2760:Sally port
2665:Kotta mara
2605:Couvreface
2569:Breastwork
2564:Blockhouse
2542:Abwurfdach
2493:Watchtower
2483:Wall tower
2439:Shell keep
2389:Portcullis
2384:Peel tower
2369:Neck ditch
2328:Landesburg
2276:Half tower
2234:Gate tower
2179:Drawbridge
2021:Battlement
1937:Wagon fort
1780:Chengqiang
1531:Cimbebasia
1499:. London.
1450:2007-12-18
1378:2018-04-26
1193:References
1182:Neck ditch
1153:Drawbridge
1128:Queensland
1095:Gaza Strip
992:Classicism
897:Tamil Nadu
695:Angkor Wat
579:Muiderslot
482:Chiang Mai
466:Angkor Wat
456:in India;
283:Benin City
196:Old French
3562:Guerrilla
3305:By design
3053:Revetment
2868:Land mine
2799:Star fort
2626:Crownwork
2621:Covertway
2554:Barricade
2195:Embrasure
2108:Chartaque
2038:Bergfried
1996:Arrowslit
1822:Gatehouse
1792:City gate
1753:Castellum
1719:Acropolis
1589:0005-7959
1569:Behaviour
1387:cite news
1373:0140-0460
1365:The Times
1176:Moot hill
1036:car bombs
1008:Carolands
895:Moat, in
811:, England
809:Hampshire
787:Groningen
783:star fort
749:Sri Lanka
648:, England
492:Australia
253:artillery
194:from the
149:, Germany
147:Steinfurt
78:hillforts
3587:Category
3577:See also
3464:Loophole
3352:Ringwork
3347:Ringfort
3272:Obstacle
3113:Hillfort
3033:Loophole
2831:Barbette
2806:Tenaille
2789:Sea fort
2719:Presidio
2679:Magazine
2660:Hornwork
2593:Cavalier
2588:Casemate
2581:Caponier
2424:Ringwork
2312:Detinets
2281:Hoarding
2186:Enceinte
2061:Bretèche
2006:Bartizan
2001:Barbican
1977:Alcazaba
1905:Stockade
1885:Ringfort
1865:Palisade
1837:Landwehr
1832:Hillfort
1634:Archived
1501:Archived
1472:. London
1417:Archived
1236:Archived
1147:See also
1075:Tierpark
1004:The Elms
745:Sigiriya
699:Cambodia
602:Savannah
551:Fort Jay
533:Arkansas
502:Brisbane
486:Thailand
474:Mandalay
470:Cambodia
424:mizubori
365:tatebori
342:karabori
257:bastions
137:Medieval
62:building
3619:Masonry
3494:Vedette
3484:Schloss
3449:Festung
3444:Dungeon
3439:Château
3383:Castles
3191:By role
3048:Pillbox
2878:Outpost
2794:Station
2782:Schanze
2765:Sandbag
2750:Redoubt
2734:Ravelin
2702:Palanka
2686:Orillon
2672:Lunette
2614:Coupure
2559:Bastion
2549:Arsenal
2517:Zwinger
2429:Roundel
2419:Ricetto
2394:Postern
2379:Outwork
2303:Kremlin
2174:Curtain
2149:Citadel
2133:Chemise
2093:Caltrop
2011:Bastion
1984:Alcázar
1880:Rampart
1858:Oppidum
1851:Nuraghe
1797:Crannog
1771:Castros
1707:Ancient
1597:4535886
1507:May 12,
1476:May 12,
1079:Hamburg
1073:at his
1016:Toronto
920:Utrecht
878:Beijing
852:Florida
831:, Italy
829:Ferrara
766:, China
717:Denmark
680:Beijing
606:Georgia
523:of the
478:Myanmar
458:Hsinchu
241:Naarden
208:
155:castles
127:Assyria
93:Ancient
82:ditches
74:sluices
66:defence
3489:Trench
3479:Picket
2890:Sangar
2843:Bunker
2775:Sconce
2695:Ostrog
2643:Flèche
2526:Modern
2505:Yagura
2473:Turret
2409:Reduit
2347:Merlon
2291:Kasbah
2269:Gusuku
2246:Glacis
2239:Gabion
2208:church
2115:Chashi
2098:Castle
1942:Laager
1930:Vallum
1887:(Rath)
1762:Castra
1744:Burgus
1714:Abatis
1640:8 June
1595:
1587:
1371:
1292:
1266:
1159:Gracht
1141:bonsai
747:moat,
462:Taiwan
436:【みずぼり】
377:【たてぼり】
361:trench
354:【からぼり】
273:Africa
171:mining
54:castle
3624:Water
3530:Siege
3474:Palas
3418:Walls
3408:Forts
3371:Lists
3218:Fence
3160:Rocca
3028:Kabal
2743:Redan
2650:Gorge
2574:Canal
2451:Shiro
2414:Ribat
2404:Qalat
2216:Dzong
2212:house
1912:Sudis
1844:Limes
1802:Ditch
1735:Broch
1726:Agger
1664:Moats
1593:JSTOR
1548:5 May
1542:(PDF)
1527:(PDF)
1324:(PDF)
1317:(PDF)
1165:Ha-ha
1126:from
1099:Rafah
1083:ha-ha
901:India
600:near
544:Becan
450:Xi'an
200:motte
159:walls
123:Nubia
119:Buhen
103:Buhen
18:Moats
3540:list
2958:Buoy
2512:Yett
2354:Moat
2321:Ksar
2296:Keep
2088:Caer
2078:Burh
2054:Boom
2047:Berm
2026:Bawn
1991:Amba
1827:Gord
1642:2011
1585:ISSN
1550:2011
1509:2010
1478:2010
1399:help
1369:ISSN
1290:ISBN
1264:ISBN
1167:wall
1049:The
1038:and
1002:and
994:and
952:moat
937:moat
914:The
823:The
764:Qufu
538:The
480:and
448:and
417:【どい】
390:畝状竪堀
363:. A
359:, a
310:Asia
277:The
225:moat
205:lit.
165:and
72:and
70:dams
50:moat
1812:Dun
1624:doi
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1077:in
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430:水堀
414:,
411:土居
393:,
374:,
371:竪堀
351:,
348:空堀
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