1379:(NPS), "Non-jurisdictional—means a structure which does not meet the minimum criteria, as listed in the Federal Guidelines for Dam Safety, to be included in dam safety programs. The non-jurisdictional structure does not receive a hazard classification and is not considered for any further requirements or activities under the NPS dam safety program." Small dams can be dangerous individually (i.e., they can fail), but also collectively, as an aggregation of small dams along a river or within a geographic area can multiply risks. Graham's 1999 study of US dam failures resulting in fatalities from 1960 to 1998 concluded that the failure of dams between 6.1 and 15 m high (typical height range of smaller dams) caused 86% of the deaths, and the failure of dams less than 6.1 m high caused 2% of the deaths. Non-jurisdictional dams may pose hazards because their design, construction, maintenance, and surveillance is unregulated. Scholars have noted that more research is needed to better understand the environmental impact of small dams (e.g., their potential to alter the flow, temperature, sediment and plant and animal diversity of a river).
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environmental conditions and beta diversity patterns of each biological group. Both replacement and richness differences contributed to high values of total beta diversity for fish (average = 0.77) and phytoplankton (average = 0.79), but their relative importance was more associated with the replacement component for both biological groups (average = 0.45 and 0.52, respectively). A study conducted by de
Almeida, R. A., Steiner, M.T.A and others found that, while some species declined in population by more than 30% after the building of the dam, others increased their population by 28%. Such changes may be explained by the fact that the fish obtained "different feeding habits, with almost all species being found in more than one group.
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259:. Initiated sometime between 1750 and 1700 BC, it was made of packed earth – triangular in cross-section, 580 m (1,900 ft) in length and originally 4 m (13 ft) high – running between two groups of rocks on either side, to which it was linked by substantial stonework. Repairs were carried out during various periods, most importantly around 750 BC, and 250 years later the dam height was increased to 7 m (23 ft). After the end of the
5128:"However, a reservoir, at worst, can only advance an earthquake which would have occurred otherwise too. The magnitude of forces associated with an earthquake is several orders bigger compared to the additional load of water in the reservoir. The change in stresses due to water load is too small to cause fracture in the Earth's crust (Srivastava, 1993). Therefore, the presence of a reservoir does not increase the severity of an earthquake."
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place by gravity, i.e., there is no tension in the upstream face of the dam holding the top of the dam down. The designer does this because it is usually more practical to make a dam of material essentially just piled up than to make the material stick together against vertical tension. The shape that prevents tension in the upstream face also eliminates a balancing compression stress in the downstream face, providing additional economy.
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1554:. Conventional water retention dams can serve this purpose, but due to cost, a tailings dam is more viable. Unlike water retention dams, a tailings dam is raised in succession throughout the life of the particular mine. Typically, a base or starter dam is constructed, and as it fills with a mixture of tailings and water, it is raised. Material used to raise the dam can include the tailings (depending on their size) along with soil.
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127:, dating to 3,000 BC. Egyptians also built dams, such as Sadd-el-Kafara Dam for flood control. In modern-day India, Dholavira had an intricate water-management system with 16 reservoirs and dams. The Great Dam of Marib in Yemen, built between 1750 and 1700 BC, was an engineering wonder, and Eflatun Pinar, a Hittite dam and spring temple in Turkey, dates to the 15th and 13th centuries BC. The
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2378:, due to changes in water load and/or the height of the water table. However, this is a mistaken assumption, because the relatively marginal stress attributed to the water load is orders of magnitude lesser than the force of an earthquake. The increased stress from the water load is insufficient to fracture the Earth's crust, and thus does not increase the severity of an earthquake.
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1055:, in the United States is an example of the type. This method of construction minimizes the amount of concrete necessary for construction but transmits large loads to the foundation and abutments. The appearance is similar to a single-arch dam but with a distinct vertical curvature to it as well lending it the vague appearance of a concave lens as viewed from downstream.
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267:(c. 115 BC) who undertook further improvements, creating a structure 14 m (46 ft) high, with five spillways, two masonry-reinforced sluices, a settling pond, and a 1,000 m (3,300 ft) canal to a distribution tank. These works were not finished until 325 AD when the dam permitted the irrigation of 25,000 acres (100 km).
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654:, artificial channels for conducting water, were kept open in the dam. The first was near the base of the dam on its east side. A second sluice was put in on the west side of the dam, about 20 ft (6.1 m) above the base. To make the switch from the lower to upper sluice, the outlet of Sand Lake was blocked off.
535:, a low-lying country, dams were often built to block rivers to regulate the water level and to prevent the sea from entering the marshlands. Such dams often marked the beginning of a town or city because it was easy to cross the river at such a place, and often influenced Dutch place names. The present Dutch capital,
1040:, in Canada, is a constant radius dam. In a constant-angle dam, also known as a variable radius dam, this subtended angle is kept constant and the variation in distance between the abutments at various levels is taken care of by varying the radii. Constant-radius dams are much less common than constant-angle dams.
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At the same time, however, some particular dams may contribute to the establishment of better conditions for some kinds of fish and other aquatic organisms. Studies have demonstrated the key role played by tributaries in the downstream direction from the main river impoundment, which influenced local
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Impact is assessed in several ways: the benefits to human society arising from the dam (agriculture, water, damage prevention and power), harm or benefit to nature and wildlife, impact on the geology of an area (whether the change to water flow and levels will increase or decrease stability), and the
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One of the best places for building a dam is a narrow part of a deep river valley; the valley sides can then act as natural walls. The primary function of the dam's structure is to fill the gap in the natural reservoir line left by the stream channel. The sites are usually those where the gap becomes
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dams were widely used in the early part of the industrial revolution and in frontier areas due to ease and speed of construction. Rarely built in modern times because of their relatively short lifespan and the limited height to which they can be built, timber dams must be kept constantly wet in order
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in the impoundment. The downstream design refers to the successive raising of the embankment that positions the fill and crest further downstream. A centerlined dam has sequential embankment dams constructed directly on top of another while fill is placed on the downstream side for support and slurry
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for areas with massive amounts of water flow but less material available for a pure gravity dam. The inward compression of the dam by the water reduces the lateral (horizontal) force acting on the dam. Thus, the gravitational force required by the dam is lessened, i.e., the dam does not need to be so
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or drainage route from an impervious layer (such as solid bedrock) up to just below the surface. They can be constructed of a variety of materials to include bricks, stones, concrete, steel or PVC. Once built, the water stored behind the dam raises the water table and is then extracted with wells. A
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production, flood protection, and water storage. Small dams can be particularly useful on farms to capture runoff for later use, for example, during the dry season. Small scale dams have the potential to generate benefits without displacing people as well, and small, decentralised hydroelectric dams
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For this type of dam, it is essential to have an impervious foundation with high bearing strength. Permeable foundations have a greater likelihood of generating uplift pressures under the dam. Uplift pressures are hydrostatic pressures caused by the water pressure of the reservoir pushing up against
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Two types of single-arch dams are in use, namely the constant-angle and the constant-radius dam. The constant-radius type employs the same face radius at all elevations of the dam, which means that as the channel grows narrower towards the bottom of the dam the central angle subtended by the face of
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and monitoring of seepage from drains in and around larger dams is useful to anticipate any problems and permit remedial action to be taken before structural failure occurs. Most dams incorporate mechanisms to permit the reservoir to be lowered or even drained in the event of such problems. Another
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designed to control the flow through the spillway. There are several types of spillway. A "service spillway" or "primary spillway" passes normal flow. An "auxiliary spillway" releases flow in excess of the capacity of the service spillway. An "emergency spillway" is designed for extreme conditions,
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is a type of dam briefly experimented with around the start of the 20th century which uses steel plating (at an angle) and load-bearing beams as the structure. Intended as permanent structures, steel dams were an (failed) experiment to determine if a construction technique could be devised that was
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of the forces of gravity acting on the dam and water pressure on the dam acts in a line that passes upstream of the toe of the dam. The designer tries to shape the dam so if one were to consider the part of the dam above any particular height to be a whole dam itself, that dam also would be held in
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Such a large concrete structure had never been built before, and some of the techniques were unproven. The torrid summer weather and the lack of facilities near the site also presented difficulties. Nevertheless, Six
Companies turned over the dam to the federal government on 1 March 1936, more than
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Some of these purposes are conflicting, and the dam operator needs to make dynamic tradeoffs. For example, power generation and water supply would keep the reservoir high, whereas flood prevention would keep it low. Many dams in areas where precipitation fluctuates in an annual cycle will also see
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spillway" is a low embankment designed to be overtopped and washed away in the event of a large flood. The elements of a fuse plug are independent free-standing blocks, set side by side which work without any remote control. They allow increasing the normal pool of the dam without compromising the
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create dams primarily out of mud and sticks to flood a particular habitable area. By flooding a parcel of land, beavers can navigate below or near the surface and remain relatively well hidden or protected from predators. The flooded region also allows beavers access to food, especially during the
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A saddle dam is an auxiliary dam constructed to confine the reservoir created by a primary dam either to permit a higher water elevation and storage or to limit the extent of a reservoir for increased efficiency. An auxiliary dam is constructed in a low spot or "saddle" through which the reservoir
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A barrage dam is a special kind of dam that consists of a line of large gates that can be opened or closed to control the amount of water passing the dam. The gates are set between flanking piers which are responsible for supporting the water load, and are often used to control and stabilize water
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During the Middle Ages, dams were built in the
Netherlands to regulate water levels and prevent sea intrusion. In the 19th century, large-scale arch dams were constructed around the British Empire, marking advances in dam engineering techniques. The era of large dams began with the construction of
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In the latter half of the nineteenth century, significant advances in the scientific theory of masonry dam design were made. This transformed dam design from an art based on empirical methodology to a profession based on a rigorously applied scientific theoretical framework. This new emphasis was
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Reservoirs held behind dams affect many ecological aspects of a river. Rivers topography and dynamics depend on a wide range of flows, whilst rivers below dams often experience long periods of very stable flow conditions or sawtooth flow patterns caused by releases followed by no releases. Water
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Countries worldwide consider small hydropower plants (SHPs) important for their energy strategies, and there has been a notable increase in interest in SHPs. Couto and Olden (2018) conducted a global study and found 82,891 small hydropower plants (SHPs) operating or under construction. Technical
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In a gravity dam, the force that holds the dam in place against the push from the water is Earth's gravity pulling down on the mass of the dam. The water presses laterally (downstream) on the dam, tending to overturn the dam by rotating about its toe (a point at the bottom downstream side of the
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side wall) are more important. The most desirable place for an arch dam is a narrow canyon with steep side walls composed of sound rock. The safety of an arch dam is dependent on the strength of the side wall abutments, hence not only should the arch be well seated on the side walls but also the
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Despite some positive effects, the construction of dams severely affects river ecosystems leading to degraded riverine ecosystems as part of the hydrological alteration. One of the main ways to reduce the negative impacts of reservoirs and dams is to implement the newest nature-based reservoir
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and store all or most of it below the surface for extended use in a localized area. In some cases, they are also built to prevent saltwater from intruding into a freshwater aquifer. Underground dams are typically constructed in areas where water resources are minimal and need to be efficiently
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defines a jurisdictional dam as 25 feet or greater in height and storing more than 15 acre-feet or a dam that stores 50 acre-feet or greater and is six feet or more in height (section 72-5-32 NMSA), suggesting that dams that do not meet these requirements are non-jurisdictional. Most US dams,
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Roman engineers built dams with advanced techniques and materials, such as hydraulic mortar and Roman concrete, which allowed for larger structures. They introduced reservoir dams, arch-gravity dams, arch dams, buttress dams, and multiple arch buttress dams. In Iran, bridge dams were used for
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and undiscovered species in the area, and the replacement of the original environment by a new inland lake. As a result, the construction of dams have been opposed in various countries with some, such as
Tasmania's Franklin Dam project, being cancelled following environmentalist campaigns.
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Common uses for cofferdams include the construction and repair of offshore oil platforms. In such cases, the cofferdam is fabricated from sheet steel and welded into place under water. Air is pumped into the space, displacing the water and allowing a dry work environment below the surface.
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A dam is non-jurisdictional when its size (usually "small") excludes it from being subject to certain legal regulations. The technical criteria for categorising a dam as "jurisdictional" or "non-jurisdictional" varies by location. In the United States, each state defines what constitutes a
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A fixed-crest dam is a concrete barrier across a river. Fixed-crest dams are designed to maintain depth in the channel for navigation. They pose risks to boaters who may travel over them, as they are hard to spot from the water and create induced currents that are difficult to escape.
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Small dams incur risks similar to large dams. However, the absence of regulation (unlike more regulated large dams) and of an inventory of small dams (i.e., those that are non-jurisdictional) can lead to significant risks for both humans and ecosystems. For example, according to the
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Tummers, J. S., Winter, E., Silva, S., O'Brien, P., Jang, M. H., & Lucas, M. C. (2016). Evaluating the effectiveness of a
Larinier super active baffle fish pass for European river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis before and after modification with wall-mounted studded tiles.
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A typically small dam used to divert water for irrigation, power generation, or other uses, with usually no other function. Occasionally, they are used to divert water to another drainage or reservoir to increase flow there and improve water use in that particular area. See:
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model and early warning system for levee/dike failures. As a part of the development effort, full-scale dikes are destroyed in the IJkdijk fieldlab. The destruction process is monitored by sensor networks from an international group of companies and scientific institutions.
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Recently, agricultural development has concentrated on soil and water conservation and resulted in the construction of a multitude of dams of various capacities which tend to stabilize water flow in rivers and provide a significant amount of permanent and stable bodies of
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Environmental issues and management of waste in energy and mineral production: Proceedings of the Sixth
International Conference on Environmental Issues and Management of Waste in Energy and Mineral Production: SWEMP 2000; Calgary, Alberta, Canada, May 30 – June 2,
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Roman engineers made routine use of ancient standard designs like embankment dams and masonry gravity dams. Apart from that, they displayed a high degree of inventiveness, introducing most of the other basic dam designs which had been unknown until then. These include
300:. The basic structure dates to the 2nd century AD and is considered one of the oldest water diversion or water regulating structures still in use. The purpose of the dam was to divert the waters of the Kaveri across the fertile delta region for irrigation via canals.
183:. This gravity dam featured an originally 9-metre-high (30 ft) and 1 m-wide (3.3 ft) stone wall, supported by a 50 m-wide (160 ft) earthen rampart. The structure is dated to 3000 BC. However, the oldest continuously operational dam is
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is often used in conjunction with dams to generate electricity. A dam can also be used to collect or store water which can be evenly distributed between locations. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water, while other structures such as
2484:, and are large-scale projects in comparison to carbon-based power generation. The number of sites that can be economically developed for hydroelectric production is limited; new sites tend to be far from population centers and usually require extensive
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at different elevations. At times of low electrical demand, excess generation capacity is used to pump water into the higher reservoir. When there is higher demand, water is released back into the lower reservoir through a turbine. (For example, see
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provided a good understanding of the principles behind dam design. In France, J. Augustin
Tortene de Sazilly explained the mechanics of vertically faced masonry gravity dams, and Zola's dam was the first to be built on the basis of these principles.
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the Aswan Low Dam in Egypt in 1902. The Hoover Dam, a massive concrete arch-gravity dam, was built between 1931 and 1936 on the
Colorado River. By 1997, there were an estimated 800,000 dams worldwide, with some 40,000 of them over 15 meters high.
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releases from a reservoir including that exiting a turbine usually contain very little suspended sediment, and this, in turn, can lead to scouring of river beds and loss of riverbanks; for example, the daily cyclic flow variation caused by the
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A dry dam, also known as a flood retarding structure, is designed to control flooding. It normally holds back no water and allows the channel to flow freely, except during periods of intense flow that would otherwise cause flooding downstream.
1277:(ICOLD) defines a "large dam" as "A dam with a height of 15 m (49 ft) or greater from lowest foundation to crest or a dam between 5 m (16 ft) metres and 15 metres impounding more than 3 million cubic metres (2,400
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dam). The dam's weight counteracts that force, tending to rotate the dam the other way about its toe. The designer ensures that the dam is heavy enough that the dam's weight wins that contest. In engineering terms, that is true whenever the
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During an armed conflict, a dam is to be considered as an "installation containing dangerous forces" due to the massive impact of possible destruction on the civilian population and the environment. As such, it is protected by the rules of
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Natural dams often pose significant hazards to human settlements and infrastructure. The resulting lakes often flood inhabited areas, while a catastrophic failure of the dam could cause even greater damage, such as the failure of western
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Silva, S., Vieira-Lanero, R., Barca, S., & Cobo, F. (2017). Densities and biomass of larval sea lamprey populations (Petromyzon marinus
Linnaeus, 1758) in north-western Spain and data comparisons with other European regions.
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and hydropower generation. Its construction required the loss of over a million people's homes and their mass relocation, the loss of many valuable archaeological and cultural sites, and significant ecological change. During the
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In the arch dam, stability is obtained by a combination of arch and gravity action. If the upstream face is vertical the entire weight of the dam must be carried to the foundation by gravity, while the distribution of the normal
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On a suitable site, a gravity dam can prove to be a better alternative to other types of dams. When built on a solid foundation, the gravity dam probably represents the best-developed example of dam building. Since the fear of
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A weir (sometimes called an "overflow dam") is a small dam that is often used in a river channel to create an impoundment lake for water abstraction purposes and which can also be used for flow measurement or retardation.
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Gravity dams are classified as "solid" or "hollow" and are generally made of either concrete or masonry. The solid form is the more widely used of the two, though the hollow dam is frequently more economical to construct.
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published a study of the cost of large dams – based on the largest existing dataset – documenting significant cost overruns for a majority of dams and questioning whether benefits typically offset costs for such dams.
2347:, which keeps many fish from moving upstream to their natural breeding grounds, causing failure of breeding cycles or blocking of migration paths. Even fish ladders do not prevent a reduction in fish reaching the
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A diversionary dam is designed to divert all or a portion of the flow of a river from its natural course. The water may be redirected into a canal or tunnel for irrigation and/or hydroelectric power production.
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Ashley, Jeffrey T. F.; Bushaw-Newton, Karen; Wilhelm, Matt; Boettner, Adam; Drames, Gregg; Velinsky, David J. (March 2006). "The
Effects of Small Dam Removal on the Distribution of Sedimentary Contaminants".
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embankments being constructed on top but toe to crest of another, moving the crest further upstream. This creates a relatively flat downstream side and a jagged upstream side which is supported by tailings
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component of the weight of the arch ring may be taken by the arch action, while the normal hydrostatic pressure will be distributed as described above. For this type of dam, firm reliable supports at the
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There are three raised tailings dam designs, the "upstream", "downstream", and "centerline", named according to the movement of the crest during raising. The specific design used is dependent upon
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to maintain their water retention properties and limit deterioration by rot, similar to a barrel. The locations where timber dams are most economical to build are those where timber is plentiful,
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of permanent dams, bridges, and similar structures. When the project is completed, the cofferdam will usually be demolished or removed unless the area requires continuous maintenance. (See also
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There is variability, both worldwide and within individual countries, such as in the United States, in how dams of different sizes are categorized. Dam size influences construction, repair, and
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with a capacity of 100 acre-feet or less and a surface area of 20 acres or less and with a height measured as defined in Rules 4.2.5.1. and 4.2.19 of 10 feet or less. In contrast, the state of
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C. J. Shiff (1972). M. Taghi Farvar; John P. Milton (eds.). "The Impact of Agricultural Development on Aquatic Systems and its Effect on the Epidemiology of Schistosomes in Rhodesia".
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of the water flowing over the spillway, leading to its failure. It was the inadequate design of the spillway and installation of fish screens that led to the 1889 over-topping of the
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West, but most have failed, been hidden under earth embankments, or been replaced with entirely new structures. Two common variations of timber dams were the "crib" and the "plank".
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also includes in the "large" category, dams which are between 5 and 15 m (16 and 49 ft) high with a reservoir capacity of more than 3 million cubic metres (2,400
5385:
Ritchie, A. C.; Warrick, J. A.; East, A. E.; Magirl, C. S.; Stevens, A. W.; Bountry, J. A.; Randle, T. J.; Curran, C. A.; Hilldale, R. C.; Duda, J. J.; Gelfenbaum, G. R. (2018).
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construction was characterized by "the Romans' ability to plan and organize engineering construction on a grand scale." Roman planners introduced the then-novel concept of large
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1062:, Québec, Canada. The multiple-arch dam does not require as many buttresses as the hollow gravity type but requires a good rock foundation because the buttress loads are heavy.
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was granted in 1844, the dam was constructed over the following decade. Its construction was carried out on the basis of the mathematical results of scientific stress analysis.
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Once completed, if it is well designed and maintained, a hydroelectric power source is usually comparatively cheap and reliable. It has no fuel and low escape risk, and as an
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Erosion rates are often monitored, and the risk is ordinarily minimized, by shaping the downstream face of the spillway into a curve that minimizes turbulent flow, such as an
2393:. While dams and the water behind them cover only a small portion of earth's surface, they harbour biological activity that can produce large quantities of greenhouse gases.
693:. The dam cost £17,000 and was completed in 1856 as the first engineered dam built in Australia, and the second arch dam in the world built to mathematical specifications.
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2.41 million of a total of 2.5 million dams, are not under the jurisdiction of any public agency (i.e., they are non-jurisdictional), nor are they listed on the
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security of the dam because they are designed to be gradually evacuated for exceptional events. They work as fixed weirs at times by allowing overflow in common floods.
1662:"Timber plank dams" were more elegant structures that employed a variety of construction methods using heavy timbers to support a water retaining arrangement of planks.
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is a major source of electricity in the world. Many countries have rivers with adequate water flow, that can be dammed for power generation purposes. For example, the
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in Middle Egypt. Two dams called Ha-Uar running east–west were built to retain water during the annual flood and then release it to surrounding lands. The lake called
4489:"How Big of an Effect Do Small Dams Have? Using Geomorphological Footprints to Quantify Spatial Impact of Low-Head Dams and Identify Patterns of Across-Dam Variation"
1513:. It must be strong, as floods will wash over its crest. Over time, sand accumulates in layers behind the dam, which helps store water and, most importantly, prevent
528:. It stands 60 meters tall, and in crest is a one meter width. Some historians believe the dam was built by Shāh Abbās I, whereas others believe that he repaired it.
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is costly or difficult to transport, and either a low head diversion dam is required or longevity is not an issue. Timber dams were once numerous, especially in the
811:. When initially constructed between 1899 and 1902, nothing of its scale had ever before been attempted; on completion, it was the largest masonry dam in the world.
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by altering the river's depth. Deeper water increases or creates freedom of movement for water vessels. Large dams can serve this purpose, but most often weirs and
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3787:
Atif Ansar; Bent Flyvbjerg; Alexander Budzier; Daniel Lunn (June 2014). "Should we build more large dams? The actual costs of hydropower megaproject development".
1812:. At 560 m (1,840 ft) high, it is the tallest dam in the world, including both natural and man-made dams. A more recent example would be the creation of
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can aid rural development in developing countries. In the United States alone, there are approximately 2,000,000 or more "small" dams that are not included in the
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source it is cheaper than both nuclear and wind power. It is more easily regulated to store water as needed and generate high power levels on demand compared to
600:, but it was only in the 19th century that the engineering skills and construction materials available were capable of building the first large-scale arch dams.
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2792:"), in which three German dams were selected to be breached in order to damage German infrastructure and manufacturing and power capabilities deriving from the
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is constructed of unhewn stone, over 300 m (980 ft) long, 4.5 m (15 ft) high and 20 m (66 ft) wide, across the main stream of the
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Lansac-Tôha, Fernando Miranda (2019). "A Differently dispersing organism groups show contrasting beta diversity patterns in a dammed subtropical river basin".
5469:"A case study on environmental sustainability: A study of the trophic changes in fish species as a result of the damming of rivers through clustering analysis"
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the reservoir fluctuate annually in an attempt to balance these different purposes. Dam management becomes a complex exercise amongst competing stakeholders.
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earth, and are of two main types: rock-fill and earth-fill. Like concrete gravity dams, embankment dams rely on their weight to hold back the force of water.
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1341:. Records of small dams are kept by state regulatory agencies and therefore information about small dams is dispersed and uneven in geographic coverage.
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Ren, Kang (2019). "A nature-based reservoir optimization model for resolving the conflict in human water demand and riverine ecosystem protection".
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The main causes of dam failure include inadequate spillway capacity, piping through the embankment, foundation or abutments, spillway design error (
2700:(IHL) and shall not be made the object of attack if that may cause severe losses among the civilian population. To facilitate the identification, a
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As of 2021, ICOLD's World Register of Dams contains 58,700 large dam records. The tallest dam in the world is the 305 m-high (1,001 ft)
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1741:, intercept the path of a stream or lake outlet, resulting in the creation of a natural impoundment. An example would be the eruptions of the
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Province that created an enormous irrigation reservoir (100 km (62 mi) in circumference), a reservoir that is still present today.
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By 1997, there were an estimated 800,000 dams worldwide, some 40,000 of them over 15 m (49 ft) high. In 2014, scholars from the
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In 2008, it was estimated that 40–80 million people worldwide have been displaced from their homes as a result of dam construction.
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The multiple-arch dam consists of a number of single-arch dams with concrete buttresses as the supporting abutments, as for example the
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2500:, and glacial melt, causing additional expenditure for the extra capacity to ensure sufficient power is available in low-water years.
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205:, was 102 m (335 ft) long at its base and 87 m (285 ft) wide. The structure was built around 2800 or 2600 BC as a
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during parts of the year. Turbine and power-plant designs that have a lower impact upon aquatic life are an active area of research.
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liner to prevent seepage. Water/slurry levels in the tailings pond must be managed for stability and environmental purposes as well.
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A spillway is a section of a dam designed to pass water from the upstream side of a dam to the downstream side. Many spillways have
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2115:. Others such as the Berg Strait Dam can help to stabilize or restore the water levels of inland lakes and seas, in this case, the
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is a strong motivator in many regions, gravity dams are built in some instances where an arch dam would have been more economical.
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3148:
5673:
Schnitter, Niklaus (1987a). "Verzeichnis geschichtlicher Talsperren bis Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts". In Garbrecht, Günther (ed.).
1098:
the bottom of the dam. If large enough uplift pressures are generated there is a risk of destabilizing the concrete gravity dam.
5934:
3876:
2481:
1931:
1397:
to prevent inundation of nearby land. Dikes are commonly used for reclamation of arable land from a shallow lake, similar to a
2192:
Dams create deep reservoirs and can also vary the flow of water downstream. This can in return affect upstream and downstream
1697:
is a barrier, usually temporary, constructed to exclude water from an area that is normally submerged. Made commonly of wood,
999:
of the dam in a vertical and horizontal direction. When the upstream face is sloped the distribution is more complicated. The
4909:
4769:
4302:
Graf, WL (1993). "Landscapes, commodities, and ecosystems: The relationship between policy and science for American rivers".
3056:
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1651:
and the interior filled with earth or rubble. The heavy crib structure supported the dam's face and the weight of the water.
1535:
894:
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through which it flowed into reservoirs of the city. Another one, the Band-i-Amir Dam, provided irrigation for 300 villages.
465:
2079:
Many urban areas of the world are supplied with water taken from rivers pent up behind low dams or weirs. Examples include
1438:
is a structure that only partly restricts a waterway, creating a faster channel that resists the accumulation of sediment.
685:
wall was designed by Lieutenant Percy Simpson who was influenced by the advances in dam engineering techniques made by the
6048:
5157:
3095:
842:. In 1928, Congress authorized the project to build a dam that would control floods, provide irrigation water and produce
732:
516:, is the thinnest arch dam in the world and one of the oldest arch dams in Asia. It was constructed some 700 years ago in
5856:
3912:
3596:
3082:
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2541:
flows can be re-established by removing dams from a river. Dam removal is considered appropriate when the dam is old and
823:
303:
5832:
4371:
1907:
uses small-scale hydro generation on a wide scale and is responsible for about 50% of world use of this type of power.
334:
2849:
2227:
a minimum for the required storage capacity. The most economical arrangement is often a composite structure such as a
727:
in 1880 with an overflow spillway and a special water outlet, it was eventually heightened to 10 m (33 ft).
4487:
Fencl, Jane S.; Mather, Martha E.; Costigan, Katie H.; Daniels, Melinda D. (5 November 2015). Deng, Z. Daniel (ed.).
4068:
A large dam is defined by the industry as one higher than 15 meters high and a major dam as higher than 150.5 meters.
3941:
1293:
dams can be classified as either "high-head" (greater than 30 m in height) or "low-head" (less than 30 m in height).
310:
system in China that included a dam that directed waterflow. It was finished in 251 BC. A large earthen dam, made by
1574:
Because tailings dams often store toxic chemicals from the mining process, modern designs incorporate an impervious
4393:
3657:
1498:
1368:
1345:
definitions of SHPs, such as their maximum generation capacity, dam height, reservoir area, etc., vary by country.
1338:
800:
619:(it is still in use today). It had a height of 12 m (39 ft) and consisted of 21 arches of variable span.
1504:
There are two types of underground dams: "sub-surface" and a "sand-storage". A sub-surface dam is built across an
883:
4877:
4801:
2747:
2167:
in this context) are used to prevent ingress of water to an area that would otherwise be submerged, allowing its
1899:
As of 2005, hydroelectric power, mostly from dams, supplies some 19% of the world's electricity, and over 63% of
796:
681:, was dammed in the 1850s, to cater to the demand for water from the growing population of the city. The masonry
5327:
Bellmore, J. R.; Duda, J. J.; Craig, L. S.; Greene, S. L.; Torgersen, C. E.; Collins, M. J.; Vittum, K. (2017).
4102:
4086:
756:
28:
5891:
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1710:
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210:
559:. The central square of Amsterdam, covering the original site of the 800-year-old dam, still carries the name
389:; its record height of 50 m (160 ft) remained unsurpassed until its accidental destruction in 1305.
4964:
Construction of a dam (Berg Strait) to stabilize and increase the level of the northern part of the Aral Sea.
3181:
2095:. Other major sources include deep upland reservoirs contained by high dams across deep valleys, such as the
248:
was built. The system included 16 reservoirs, dams and various channels for collecting water and storing it.
6038:
5692:
Schnitter, Niklaus (1987b). "Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pfeilerstaumauer". In Garbrecht, Günther (ed.).
3964:"Army Corps, waterways partners focus on fixed-crest dam safety > Pittsburgh District > News Releases"
3022:"overview of the hystory [sic] of water resources and irrigation management in the near east region"
2869:
2719:
2003:
1742:
1180:
1115:
493:
131:
in South India, built in the 2nd century AD, is one of the oldest water regulating structures still in use.
119:
Ancient dams were built in Mesopotamia and the Middle East for water control. The earliest known dam is the
5997:
5711:
Schnitter, Niklaus (1987c). "Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Bogenstaumauer". In Garbrecht, Günther (ed.).
4859:
2864:
2666:
2197:
1940:
1922:; to boost the power generation capabilities of a dam, the water may be run through a large pipe called a
929:. Man-made dams are typically classified according to their size (height), intended purpose or structure.
788:
378:
1757:. The largest such lake grew to about 800 km (500 mi) in length before the failure of its dam.
209:
for flood control, but was destroyed by heavy rain during construction or shortly afterwards. During the
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2707:
1833:
1774:
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1188:
1052:
736:
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492:
was more than 910 m (3,000 ft) long, and that it had many water-wheels raising the water into
5138:
Kosnik, Lea-Rachel (1 March 2008). "The Potential of Water Power in the Fight Against Global Warming".
4988:
4555:
3699:
2665:
Dam failures are generally catastrophic if the structure is breached or significantly damaged. Routine
2520:
optimization model for resolving the conflict in human water demand and riverine ecosystem protection.
3183:
Water Resources System Operation: Proceedings of the International Conference on Water and Environment
1401:, which is a wall or embankment built along a river or stream to protect adjacent land from flooding.
5786:
Vogel, Alexius (1987). "Die historische Entwicklung der Gewichtsmauer". In Garbrecht, Günther (ed.).
5632:
5587:
5500:
Hartung, Fritz; Kuros, Gh. R. (1987). "Historische Talsperren im Iran". In Garbrecht, Günther (ed.).
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4335:
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4193:
3806:
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2859:
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20:
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1517:. The stored water can be extracted with a well, through the dam body, or by means of a drain pipe.
925:
Dams can be formed by human agency, natural causes, or even by the intervention of wildlife such as
5884:
4025:
3662:
2763:
2759:
2473:
2239:
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dam flanked by earth embankments. The current use of the land to be flooded should be dispensable.
2044:
1786:
1490:
847:
843:
720:
657:
573:
448:, which often powered water-raising mechanisms. One of the first was the Roman-built dam bridge in
90:
2704:
consisting of three bright orange circles placed on the same axis is defined by the rules of IHL.
1020:
6012:
5870:
5755:
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5648:
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198:
5248:
3122:
804:
281:, Turkey. It is thought to date from the Hittite empire between the 15th and 13th centuries BC.
3627:
937:
Based on structure and material used, dams are classified as easily created without materials,
731:
centered around the engineering faculties of universities in France and in the United Kingdom.
480:. Water was conducted from the back of the dam through a large pipe to drive a water wheel and
5791:
5772:
5716:
5697:
5678:
5603:
5547:
5539:
5524:
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4135:
4107:
3834:
3830:
3769:
3499:
3474:
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3418:
3187:
2739:
2730:), geological instability caused by changes to water levels during filling or poor surveying (
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would otherwise escape. On occasion, a reservoir is contained by a similar structure called a
1090:
1000:
792:
521:
264:
172:
120:
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and built a series of curved masonry dams as part of the waterway system. In particular, the
5973:
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5595:
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5422:
5406:
5348:
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2425:, who threatened to "release the waters" and drown the villagers if they did not cooperate.
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2092:
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65:
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4134:. Hamilton, Canada: United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health.
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2136:
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2007:
1706:
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and an engineering marvel. In order to keep the water in control during construction, two
639:
608:
461:
5387:"Morphodynamic evolution following sediment release from the world's largest dam removal"
3632:
2052:
1561:, geology, climate, the type of tailings, and cost. An upstream tailings dam consists of
1265:
costs and affects the dams' potential range and magnitude of environmental disturbances.
361:
for urban settlements over the dry season. Their pioneering use of water-proof hydraulic
5636:
5591:
5455:
5402:
5344:
5086:"Tasmanian Wilderness Society blocks dam construction (Franklin River Campaign) 1981-83"
4624:
4504:
4434:
4339:
4270:
3810:
1934:
to produce electricity to match periods of high and low demand, by moving water between
5987:
5427:
5386:
4980:
4698:"Underground Dams—A Tool of Sustainable Development and Management of Ground Resources"
4531:
4488:
3764:
3739:
3155:
3096:
http://old.himalmag.com/component/content/article/1062-the-reservoirs-of-dholavira.html
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366:
315:
101:
61:
56:
created by dams not only suppress floods but also provide water for activities such as
5865:
5563:"Historical Development of Arch Dams. From Roman Arch Dams to Modern Concrete Designs"
5226:
4785:
4671:
2897:"Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more"
1957:
1885:
1179:
flow for irrigation systems. An example of this type of dam is the now-decommissioned
6043:
6032:
6007:
5992:
5759:
5652:
5615:
5492:
5468:
5368:
4985:
The principal objective of the dam and reservoir is to protect downstream communities
2827:
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2637:
2558:
2449:
2445:
2433:
2418:
2303:
2181:
2056:
1915:
1889:
1805:
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operations after separating the valuable fraction from the uneconomic fraction of an
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49:
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grounds upstream. In some areas, young fish ("smolt") are transported downstream by
2215:
1796:
in mountainous regions with unstable local geology. Historical examples include the
6002:
4209:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2751:
2477:
2193:
2084:
1962:
1813:
1526:
1482:
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402:
358:
339:
218:
128:
105:
73:
5644:
5546:. Technology and Change in History. Vol. 2. Leiden: Brill. pp. 331–339.
4697:
4419:"Little dams, big problems: The legal and policy issues of nonjurisdictional dams"
2691:
International special sign for works and installations containing dangerous forces
1647:
Timber crib dams were erected of heavy timbers or dressed logs in the manner of a
1616:
cheaper than masonry, concrete or earthworks, but sturdier than timber crib dams.
1597:
5562:
4513:
3551:
160:. Dams were used to control water levels, for Mesopotamia's weather affected the
6017:
5944:
5939:
3818:
2649:
2633:
2613:
2577:
2573:
2529:
2497:
2414:
2344:
2280:
2235:
2144:
2108:
1877:
1821:
1575:
1514:
1477:
1329:
As with large dams, small dams have multiple uses, such as, but not limited to,
1262:
1218:
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777:
765:
556:
532:
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237:
covered 1,700 km (660 sq mi) and is known today as Birket Qarun.
234:
157:
153:
69:
33:
5410:
2374:
Large reservoirs formed behind dams have been indicated in the contribution of
1781:
deposits left behind by glaciers can also dam rivers to form lakes, such as at
5949:
5907:
5484:
4840:
4632:
4087:"How Dams Vary and Why It Matters for the Emerging Science of Dam Removal;..."
3987:"Family of kayaker swept over Dashields Dam sues U.S. Army Corps of Engineers"
3916:
3604:
2904:
2755:
2731:
2625:
2597:
2508:
2441:
2410:
2375:
2252:
2220:
2140:
2112:
2048:
1995:
1991:
1849:
1809:
1801:
1686:
1652:
1624:
1558:
1363:
1330:
1290:
1131:
1041:
988:
967:
815:
784:
761:
674:
662:
561:
441:
307:
293:
77:
57:
5418:
5360:
4734:. Paris: International Council on Metals and the Environment. pp. 9–10.
4640:
4596:
4522:
4452:
4357:
4288:
4217:
4111:
2773:
A notable case of deliberate dam failure (prior to the above ruling) was the
1430:
A check dam is a small dam designed to reduce flow velocity and control soil
240:
By the mid-late third millennium BC, an intricate water-management system in
5456:"Dams from the Roman Era in Spain. Analysis of Design Forms (with Appendix)"
4808:
3470:
3414:
2735:
2658:
2621:
2589:
2550:
2421:, Interior Minister of India, in 1960 speaking to villagers upset about the
2258:
1979:
1974:
1935:
1694:
1676:
1648:
1612:
1592:
1562:
1425:
1359:
1286:
1278:
996:
739:
pioneered the theoretical understanding of dam structures in his 1857 paper
678:
616:
548:
536:
513:
481:
420:
354:
311:
252:
241:
165:
113:
109:
82:
53:
19:
This article is about structures for water impoundment. For other uses, see
5607:
5436:
4648:
4540:
2596:, were removed between 2011 and 2014 that together stored approximately 30
2320:
723:, Australia, was possibly the world's first concrete arch dam. Designed by
4944:
3773:
3755:
2962:
S.W. Helms: "Jawa Excavations 1975. Third Preliminary Report", Levant 1977
2488:
lines. Hydroelectric generation can be vulnerable to major changes in the
791:, the British began construction in 1898. The project was designed by Sir
413:). Roman workforces also were the first to build dam bridges, such as the
369:
allowed for much larger dam structures than previously built, such as the
16:
Barrier that stops or restricts the flow of surface or underground streams
3027:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from
2601:
2538:
2493:
2422:
2334:
2292:
Removal of toxic materials and buildings from the proposed reservoir area
2116:
2096:
2064:
1952:
1923:
1817:
1797:
1734:
1714:
1698:
1605:
1543:
1435:
1355:
1009:
1005:
975:
971:
958:
682:
589:
406:
398:
285:
274:
260:
4279:
4254:
3942:"The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Wants You To Enjoy The Rivers, Safely"
2448:). It creates a reservoir 600 km (370 mi) long to be used for
2417:, and that it often leads to abuses of the masses by planners. He cites
1745:
about 1.8 million–10,000 years ago, which created lava dams on the
846:. The winning bid to build the dam was submitted by a consortium called
5751:
3907:
3905:
2833:
2821:
2804:
2781:
2566:
2546:
2545:
exceed the expense of its removal. Some effects of dam removal include
2489:
2458:
2390:
2363:
2337:
2228:
2088:
1987:
1927:
1829:
1792:
Natural disasters such as earthquakes and landslides frequently create
1778:
1766:
1758:
1750:
1681:
1656:
1542:
A tailings dam is typically an earth-fill embankment dam used to store
1505:
1447:
1431:
963:
897: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
831:
623:
93:) are used to manage or prevent water flow into specific land regions.
5790:. Vol. 1. Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer. pp. 47–56 (50).
5352:
4443:
4418:
4324:"Global proliferation of small hydropower plants – science and policy"
2289:
Compensation for land being flooded as well as population resettlement
1194:
Barrages that are built at the mouths of rivers or lagoons to prevent
5058:
5056:
4348:
4323:
3218:
3149:"Water management: Historical maritime, riverine tradition of Bharat"
2681:
2080:
2068:
1854:
1738:
1637:
1632:
1567:
1547:
1494:
1028:
1013:
926:
835:
697:
651:
635:
631:
582:
544:
449:
289:
176:
161:
124:
5743:
4989:
http://www.nae.usace.army.mil/Missions/Recreation/BlackwaterDam.aspx
2632:. In total, renewed sediment delivery caused approximately 60 ha of
5504:. Vol. 1. Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer. pp. 221–274.
2107:
Dams are often used to control and stabilize water flow, often for
807:, was the main contractor. Capital and financing were furnished by
5292:
4895:
3801:
2715:
2706:
2686:
2671:
2653:
2629:
2609:
2534:
2437:
2352:
2319:
2214:
2164:
2160:
1966:
1956:
1904:
1884:
1876:
1702:
1680:
1623:
1596:
1530:
1398:
1394:
1311:
1301:
1281:)". "Major dams" are over 150 m (490 ft) in height. The
1213:
1166:
1156:
1125:
1103:
1075:
1019:
962:
795:
and involved several eminent engineers of the time, including Sir
755:
656:
503:
489:
473:
453:
419:
409:, all of which were known and employed by the 2nd century AD (see
343:
333:
323:
278:
256:
245:
202:
188:
180:
86:
37:
27:
5813:
Dams and Development: Transnational Struggles for Water and Power
5715:. Vol. 1. Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer. pp. 75–96.
5696:. Vol. 1. Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer. pp. 57–74.
772:
The era of large dams was initiated with the construction of the
476:, Iran, and many of these were later built in other parts of the
5677:. Vol. 1. Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer. pp. 9–20.
5329:"Status and trends of dam removal research in the United States"
4232:"Why small-scale hydroelectric plants benefit local communities"
2999:
Günther Garbrecht: "Wasserspeicher (Talsperren) in der Antike",
2945:
Günther Garbrecht: "Wasserspeicher (Talsperren) in der Antike",
2605:
2461:
and the huge reservoir rose by 4 m (13 ft) overnight.
2060:
2014:
1510:
1410:
1195:
1157:
525:
433:
386:
226:
5880:
4556:"A Procedure for Estimating Loss of Life Caused by Dam Failure"
4474:
United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service
4163:"The Jinping-I Double Curvature Arch Dam sets new world record"
2407:
Hungry World: America's Cold War Battle Against Poverty in Asia
5001:"Lake Diefenbaker Reservoir Operations Context and Objectives"
4937:
The careless technology: Ecology and international development
4011:
Guidelines for Retirement of Dams and Hydroelectric Facilities
3852:
1551:
1509:
sand-storage dam is a weir built in stages across a stream or
866:
5876:
4581:"How to manage the cumulative flood safety of catchment dams"
3121:. Law library – University of New Mexico. Archived from
596:
from the abutment stabilizes the structure from the external
4128:
Ageing Water Storage Infrastructure: An Emerging Global Risk
2800:
rivers. This raid later became the basis for several films.
251:
One of the engineering wonders of the ancient world was the
4103:
10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0659:HDVAWI]2.0.CO;2
3114:
Govindasamy Agoramoorthy; Sunitha Chaudhary; Minna J. Hsu.
2917:
1501:, Mexico, India, Germany, Italy, Greece, France and Japan.
704:, and it was built by François Zola in the municipality of
373:, possibly the largest water barrier to that date, and the
4008:
Carter, Edward F.; Hosko, Mary Ann; Austin, Roger (1997).
3439:
Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology
1978:
such as a serious malfunction of the service spillway. A "
1047:
A similar type is the double-curvature or thin-shell dam.
488:
described several dams in Persia. He reported that one in
201:
at Wadi Al-Garawi, about 25 km (16 mi) south of
4962:"Kazakhstan". Land and Water Development Division. 1998.
4467:"Director's Order #40: Dam Safety & Security Program"
3597:"Egyptian Irrigation Bond 1898 – Aswan Dam on Nile River"
3566:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
3116:"The Check-Dam Route to Mitigate India's Water Shortages"
1773:, which formed the 7,780 km (3,000 sq mi)
5070:
5068:
4306:. Washington DC: National Academy Press. pp. 11–42.
3496:
A history of engineering in classical and medieval times
3467:
A history of engineering in classical and medieval times
2995:
2993:
1358:
a non-jurisdictional dam is defined as a dam creating a
1149:
massive. This enables thinner dams and saves resources.
5820:
Silenced Rivers: The Ecology and Politics of Large Dams
5293:"Transparent Cost Database – Transparent Cost Database"
4846:(Report). ICOLD Committee on Tailings Dams. p. 91.
1761:
can also form natural dams, such as the damming of the
1733:
Dams can also be created by natural geological forces.
1144:
A gravity dam can be combined with an arch dam into an
512:
Shāh Abbās Arch (Persian: طاق شاه عباس), also known as
179:, 100 kilometres (62 mi) northeast of the capital
4563:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation
4412:
4410:
3564:
Rankine, W. (1857) "On the stability of loose earth".
2872: – Device for raising and lowering boats or ships
1659:
downstream in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
221:
dug a canal 16 km (9.9 mi) long linking the
5854:
5322:
5320:
5318:
4768:. NBK Institute of Mining Engineering. Archived from
2742:
dams), poor maintenance, especially of outlet pipes (
2561:, re-establishment of natural water temperatures and
1017:
character of the rock should be carefully inspected.
5380:
5378:
3081:. The Southasia Trust. December 2008. Archived from
1903:. Much of this is generated by large dams, although
1044:
on the Colorado River is a constant-angle arch dam.
108:, as seen in the names of many old cities, such as
5972:
5914:
5730:Smith, Norman (1970). "The Roman Dams of Subiaco".
5538:Hodge, A. Trevor (2000). "Reservoirs and Dams". In
5460:1st International Congress on Construction History
5110:Jain, Sharad K.; Singh, V. P. (12 September 2003).
4786:
http://mining.ubc.ca/files/2013/03/Dirk-van-Zyl.pdf
4317:
4315:
4313:
3398:
3396:
3215:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 3
2279:on river fisheries, forests and wildlife (see also
1709:, cofferdams are used to allow construction on the
1481:stored, such as in deserts and on islands like the
696:The first such dam was opened two years earlier in
213:in the 19th century BC, the Pharaohs Senosert III,
5660:Schnitter, Niklaus (1978). "Römische Talsperren".
5006:. Saskatchewan Watershed Authority. Archived from
4574:
4572:
3520:"Key Developments in the History of Buttress Dams"
2620:. Approximately 65% of the sediment stored in the
5930:List of conventional hydroelectric power stations
5308:
5306:
5158:"Water Reservoirs behind Rising Greenhouse Gases"
4417:Brewitt, Peter K.; Colwyn, Chelsea L. M. (2020).
4080:
4078:
4076:
3874:http://www.britishdams.org/about_dams/gravity.htm
3364:
3229:
3227:
3045:http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4357e/y4357e14.htm
2930:Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde
1538:installation on a mine tailings storage facility.
1325:Dam in Europe at Autumn as viewed from FPV drone.
603:Three pioneering arch dams were built around the
48:is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of
5084:Stobbe Reimer, Asha Miriam (30 September 2021).
4085:Poff, N. Leroy; Hart, David D. (1 August 2002).
2878: – Risk prevention of reservoir dam failure
2385:. The changing water levels in reservoirs are a
5113:Water Resources Systems Planning and Management
4401:Office of the State Engineer, Dam Safety Bureau
2302:disruption to human lives (relocation, loss of
607:in the early 19th century. Henry Russel of the
4696:Onder, H; M. Yilmaz (November–December 2005).
3727:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 79.
2824: – Retaining wall around pollution source
2569:that were previously unavailable due to dams.
2401:Dams' impact on human society is significant.
646:, was completed in 1832 as the largest dam in
472:. The first was built at Shustar on the River
428:dam, built by the Romans in the 3rd century AD
5892:
5454:Arenillas, Miguel; Castillo, Juan C. (2003).
4871:"RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 2006 Update"
4855:
4853:
3538:"John Redpath, the Whispering Dam, and Sugar"
3410:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science
2457:, the dam held back a what would have been a
669:, the first engineered dam built in Australia
8:
4979:. US Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from
4672:"Control of Groundwater by Underground Dams"
3721:Interior, United States Dept of the (1948).
3457:
3455:
3387:
3360:
3301:
3180:Singh, Vijay P.; Ram Narayan Yadava (2003).
2628:. The remaining ~90% was transported to the
2476:requires a long lead time for site studies,
2242:considerations when building a dam include:
5249:"China's Three Gorges dam faces flood test"
5186:"Dams the latest culprit in global warming"
4939:. Natural History Press. pp. 102–108.
4860:Renewables Global Status Report 2006 Update
4322:Couto, Thiago BA; Olden, Julian D. (2018).
4014:. Waterpower '97. ASCE. pp. 1248–1256.
3015:
3013:
2624:eroded, of which ~10% was deposited in the
2063:and supplied 93% of the energy consumed by
5899:
5885:
5877:
4839:McLeod, Harvey; Bjelkevik, Annika (2021).
4795:
4793:
3356:
3340:
3324:
3320:
2934:Magazine for Dutch Language and Literature
2600:of sediment. As a result, the delivery of
2324:Wood and garbage accumulation due to a dam
2029:
700:. It was the first French arch dam of the
322:, flooded a valley in modern-day northern
5850:Structurae: Dams and Retaining Structures
5567:Australian Civil Engineering Transactions
5426:
4530:
4512:
4442:
4347:
4278:
4101:
3800:
3763:
3352:
3316:
2362:A large dam can cause the loss of entire
1655:were timber crib dams used to help float
913:Learn how and when to remove this message
830:, on the border between the US states of
708:to improve the supply of water after the
622:In the 1820s and 30s, Lieutenant-Colonel
346:has been in use for almost two millennia.
135:hydropower and water-raising mechanisms.
5815:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press 2004.
5771:. London: Peter Davies. pp. 25–49.
5561:James, Patrick; Chanson, Hubert (2002).
4328:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
4234:. World Economic Forum. 3 September 2015
4028:. International Commission on Large Dams
3698:. University of Michigan. Archived from
2440:is more than five times the size of the
1910:Most hydroelectric power comes from the
1354:non-jurisdictional dam. In the state of
572:
263:, the dam fell under the control of the
5861:
4613:Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
4394:"Evaluation of Non-Jurisdictional Dams"
4372:"DWR Dam Safety Non-Jurisdictional Dam"
4198:Australasian Journal of Water Resources
4192:Nathan, R.; Lowe, L. (1 January 2012).
3633:The World's Work: A History of Our Time
3407:Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (1996).
2888:
2758:, and human, computer or design error (
2636:growth, and also resulted in increased
1840:resulting in the deaths of six people.
1685:A cofferdam during the construction of
615:in 1804 to supply water to the city of
5473:Computers & Industrial Engineering
4899:, published 2006, accessed 16 May 2007
4677:. The Middle East Technical University
2973:"The world's oldest dams still in use"
2845:International Commission on Large Dams
2836: – Accumulation of ice in a river
2557:downstream, increased river width and
2413:to displace people in the name of the
1930:. A variant on this simple model uses
1283:Report of the World Commission on Dams
1275:International Commission on Large Dams
5062:Lansac-Tôha, Fernando Miranda (2019).
4916:. Johnstown Area Heritage Association
4841:TAILINGS DAM DESIGN Technology Update
4194:"The Hydrologic Impacts of Farm Dams"
4125:Perera, Duminda; et al. (2021).
3552:"Historical Development of Arch Dams"
3375:
3328:
3312:
3297:
3285:
3273:
3261:
3249:
3245:
3233:
1836:in 1927, which wiped out the town of
1134:is an example of an arch-gravity dam.
1084:is an example of a solid gravity dam.
7:
5544:Handbook of Ancient Water Technology
3020:Mohamed Bazza (28–30 October 2006).
1689:at the Montgomery Point Lock and Dam
895:adding citations to reliable sources
357:dams which could secure a permanent
4732:Case studies on tailings management
4255:"Small Hydro for Rural Development"
3913:"Dams and Development: An Overview"
3626:Roberts, Chalmers (December 1902),
2316:Environmental impacts of reservoirs
1628:A timber crib dam in Michigan, 1978
626:supervised the construction of the
588:The Romans were the first to build
543:), started with a dam on the river
456:(c. 23 m) to supply the town. Also
5833:Basic Terms of Dam Characteristics
5521:Roman Aqueducts & Water Supply
5269:. 29 February 2008. Archived from
4374:. Colorado Information Marketplace
3966:. Lrp.usace.army.mil. 19 June 2017
3915:. 16 November 2000. Archived from
3405:(1996), "Engineering", p. 759, in
3186:. Allied Publishers. p. 508.
2807:foundation is developing, with an
2104:Stabilize water flow / irrigation
1881:Hydroelectric dam in cross section
1777:near the end of the last Ice Age.
1737:are formed when lava flows, often
1476:Underground dams are used to trap
1031:, is a multiple-arch buttress dam.
14:
5955:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
5263:"World Commission on Dams Report"
5227:"Three Gorges dam wall completed"
5090:The Commons Social Change Library
4048:"Methodology and Technical Notes"
3744:Environmental Health Perspectives
3390:, pp. 232, 238, fig. 13, 249
3147:Kalyanaraman, S (18 March 2003).
2381:Dams are also found to influence
2306:or cultural matters underwater).
1489:, Japan. They are most common in
838:between 1931 and 1936 during the
152:Early dam building took place in
5963:
5864:
5580:Science of the Total Environment
4259:Canadian Water Resources Journal
3685:, Vol. 57, No. 4 (February 1899)
2482:environmental impact assessments
1221:is an earthen embankment dam in
871:
789:invasion and occupation of Egypt
611:oversaw the construction of the
381:. The highest Roman dam was the
5935:Pumped-storage hydroelectricity
5600:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.236
5194:. 8 August 2012. Archived from
4728:"Construction of Tailings Dams"
4670:Yilmaz, Metin (November 2003).
2830: – Barrier in construction
2409:that dam construction requires
2249:of the surrounding rock or soil
2099:series of dams and reservoirs.
1932:pumped-storage hydroelectricity
882:needs additional citations for
741:On the Stability of Loose Earth
464:dams were introduced which the
5034:Marine and Freshwater Research
4554:Graham, W J (September 1999).
4304:Sustaining Our Water Resources
4210:10.7158/13241583.2012.11465405
3494:Donald Routledge Hill (1996).
2768:Taum Sauk pumped storage plant
2698:international humanitarian law
2586:Restoration of the Elwha River
2515:Reservoir and dam improvements
2147:protects the Netherlands from
551:began with a dam on the river
547:in the late 12th century, and
171:The earliest known dam is the
1:
5645:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.221
5625:Journal of Cleaner Production
4811:: Balkema. pp. 257–260.
4800:Singhal, Raj K., ed. (2000).
4763:"Properties of Tailings Dams"
3675:Frederic Courtland Penfield,
3365:Arenillas & Castillo 2003
3079:"The reservoirs of Dholavira"
2135:, Canada can store 8.76
2010:(the "great flood of 1889").
1497:while also being used in the
851:two years ahead of schedule.
733:William John Macquorn Rankine
673:Hunts Creek near the city of
452:, which could raise water 50
5229:. China Embassy. 20 May 2006
4726:Blight, Geoffrey E. (1998).
4579:Pisaniello, John D. (2009).
4514:10.1371/journal.pone.0141210
3359:, pp. 60, table 1, 62;
2286:Impacts on human habitations
2091:, with water taken from the
2067:and 20% of that consumed by
1986:A spillway can be gradually
1571:supports the upstream side.
1546:, which are produced during
1234:Embankment dams are made of
776:in Egypt in 1902, a gravity
4026:"Definition of a Large Dam"
3929:Box 1. What is a large dam?
3819:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.069
2850:List of dams and reservoirs
2387:source for greenhouse gases
1114:is a solid gravity dam and
712:devastated the area. After
555:, a minor tributary of the
508:14th c. Shāh Abbās arch dam
407:multiple arch buttress dams
277:dam and spring temple near
6065:
5411:10.1038/s41598-018-30817-8
3985:Bob Bauder (20 May 2017).
3738:Joyce, S. (October 1997).
2684:into weak fractured rock.
2647:
2527:
2492:, including variations in
2313:
1950:
1914:of dammed water driving a
1870:
1847:
1674:
1590:
1524:
1499:southwestern United States
1460:
1445:
1423:
1408:
1369:National Inventory of Dams
1339:National Inventory of dams
1245:
1227:
1198:or use the tidal flow for
1171:
1137:
1069:
956:
436:, bridge dams such as the
18:
5961:
5519:Hodge, A. Trevor (1992).
5485:10.1016/j.cie.2018.09.032
5467:Almeida, Ricardo (2018).
5251:. BBC News. 20 July 2010.
5116:. Elsevier. p. 408.
4633:10.1007/s10661-006-4781-3
4132:(Report Series, Issue 11)
3944:. 90.5 WESA. 23 June 2017
3498:. Routledge. p. 31.
2748:Val di Stava Dam collapse
2188:
2175:
2155:
2143:) of floodwater, and the
2123:
2103:
2075:
2040:
2035:
2032:
1990:by water flow, including
1118:is a hollow gravity dam.
1036:the dam becomes smaller.
949:, with several subtypes.
5838:30 November 2020 at the
5074:Almeida, Ricardo (2018).
3724:The Hoover Dam Documents
3388:Hartung & Kuros 1987
3361:James & Chanson 2002
3302:James & Chanson 2002
3213:Needham, Joseph (1986).
2977:www.water-technology.net
2918:http://www.bartleby.com/
2582:U.S. state of Washington
2343:Older dams often lack a
1377:US National Park Service
1116:Braddock Locks & Dam
306:is the oldest surviving
104:, and before that, from
52:or underground streams.
4253:Faruqui, N. I. (1994).
4052:Watersheds of the World
3583:Encyclopædia Britannica
3007:(1986), pp.51–64 (52f.)
3003:, 2nd special edition:
2949:, 2nd special edition:
2870:Lock (water navigation)
2722:in Pennsylvania in 1889
2004:Johnstown, Pennsylvania
1969:, soon after first fill
1785:, also in Montana (see
1743:Uinkaret volcanic field
1349:Non-jurisdictional dams
1336:Army Corps of Engineers
1181:Red Bluff Diversion Dam
787:. Following their 1882
484:. In the 10th century,
5998:Gorlov helical turbine
5788:Historische Talsperren
5767:Smith, Norman (1971).
5732:Technology and Culture
5713:Historische Talsperren
5694:Historische Talsperren
5675:Historische Talsperren
5502:Historische Talsperren
5048:Ecological Engineering
4914:Johnstown Flood Museum
4910:"The Club and the Dam"
3879:31 August 2011 at the
3101:21 August 2016 at the
2865:List of tidal barrages
2803:Since 2007, the Dutch
2723:
2714:failure and resulting
2692:
2667:deformation monitoring
2662:
2325:
2223:
2083:, with water from the
1970:
1941:Dinorwig Power Station
1896:
1882:
1867:Power generation plant
1690:
1629:
1608:
1539:
1536:Bituminous geomembrane
1493:and the arid areas of
1326:
1225:
1169:
1135:
1085:
1032:
979:
818:is a massive concrete
769:
719:The 75-miles dam near
670:
585:
509:
429:
347:
191:between 1319-1304 BC.
100:can be traced back to
41:
5523:. London: Duckworth.
4983:on 28 February 2013.
3756:10.1289/ehp.971051050
3696:"The First Aswan Dam"
3677:"Harnessing the Nile"
3463:Donald Routledge Hill
3403:Donald Routledge Hill
2953:(1986), pp.51–64 (52)
2840:Inflatable rubber dam
2750:), extreme rainfall (
2710:
2690:
2670:solution can be rock
2657:
2496:, ground and surface
2333:was a contributor to
2323:
2277:Environmental impacts
2218:
1960:
1888:
1880:
1862:Construction elements
1834:Gros Ventre landslide
1775:Glacial Lake Missoula
1771:Cordilleran Ice Sheet
1684:
1627:
1600:
1534:
1324:
1217:
1189:Red Bluff, California
1160:
1129:
1079:
1053:Mountain City, Nevada
1023:
995:will depend upon the
966:
822:, constructed in the
759:
737:University of Glasgow
725:Henry Charles Stanley
710:1832 cholera outbreak
660:
576:
569:Industrial revolution
507:
440:were used to provide
423:
340:Roman dam at Cornalvo
337:
31:
6049:Hydraulic structures
5845:Gravity Dam Analysis
5822:. London: Zed. 2001.
5273:on 13 September 2008
5267:International Rivers
4865:18 July 2011 at the
3872:British Dam Society
3740:"Is it worth a dam?"
3682:The Century Magazine
3417:. pp. 751–795.
3331:, p. 332, fn. 2
2860:List of tallest dams
2855:List of largest dams
2572:The world's largest
2310:Environmental impact
985:hydrostatic pressure
891:improve this article
856:University of Oxford
598:hydrostatic pressure
577:An engraving of the
21:Dam (disambiguation)
5637:2019JCPro.231..406R
5592:2019ScTEn.691.1271L
5403:2018NatSR...813279R
5345:2017WIRWa...4E1164R
4625:2006EMnAs.114..287A
4505:2015PLoSO..1041210F
4435:2020WIRWa...7E1393B
4340:2018FrEE...16...91C
4280:10.4296/cwrj1903227
4271:1994CaWRJ..19..227F
4173:on 17 November 2018
3811:2014EnPol..69...43A
3663:Jewish Encyclopedia
3628:"Subduing the Nile"
3437:Adam Lucas (2006),
3221:: Caves Books, Ltd.
2764:Dale Dike Reservoir
2760:Buffalo Creek Flood
2549:of sediment in the
2474:hydroelectric plant
2397:Human social impact
2240:engineering geology
2159:Dams (often called
2045:Hydroelectric power
2006:, resulting in the
1804:, which blocks the
1787:Moraine-dammed lake
1491:northeastern Africa
848:Six Companies, Inc.
844:hydroelectric power
805:John Aird & Co.
661:Masonry arch wall,
6013:Cross-flow turbine
5818:McCully, Patrick.
5811:Khagram, Sanjeev.
5391:Scientific Reports
5191:The Times of India
4403:. 7 December 2009.
3919:on 28 October 2010
3540:. 31 October 2014.
3315:, pp. 33–35;
3161:on 6 February 2007
3059:. Brown University
2790:Operation Chastise
2724:
2693:
2663:
2608:to the downstream
2594:Glynes Canyon dams
2486:power transmission
2472:Construction of a
2326:
2234:Significant other
2224:
1971:
1897:
1894:electric generator
1883:
1816:by a landslide on
1691:
1630:
1609:
1602:Redridge Steel Dam
1540:
1327:
1226:
1170:
1136:
1086:
1060:Daniel-Johnson Dam
1033:
1025:Daniel-Johnson Dam
980:
770:
671:
586:
510:
430:
415:Bridge of Valerian
411:List of Roman dams
348:
253:Great Dam of Marib
199:Sadd-el-Kafara Dam
42:
6026:
6025:
5797:978-3-87919-145-1
5778:978-0-432-15090-0
5769:A History of Dams
5722:978-3-87919-145-1
5703:978-3-87919-145-1
5684:978-3-87919-145-1
5553:978-90-04-11123-3
5530:978-0-7156-2194-3
5511:978-3-87919-145-1
5353:10.1002/wat2.1164
5312:Ren, Kang (2019).
5123:978-0-08-054369-7
5036:, 68(1), 116–122.
5013:on 6 October 2014
4818:978-90-5809-085-0
4775:on 1 October 2011
4741:978-1-895720-29-7
4444:10.1002/wat2.1393
4141:978-92-808-6105-1
3849:"Arch Dam Forces"
3750:(10): 1050–1055.
3585:. 13 August 2023.
3526:on 21 March 2012.
3505:978-0-415-15291-4
3480:978-0-415-15291-4
3473:. pp. 56–8.
3424:978-0-415-12410-2
3319:, pp. 31f.;
3193:978-81-7764-548-4
3005:Antiker Wasserbau
2951:Antiker Wasserbau
2740:Testalinden Creek
2588:). Two dams, the
2543:maintenance costs
2455:2010 China floods
2297:Impact assessment
2273:Reservoir silting
2219:The discharge of
2204:
2203:
2156:Land reclamation
2124:Flood prevention
2041:Power generation
1890:Hydraulic turbine
1322:
1122:Arch-gravity dams
987:between vertical
939:arch-gravity dams
923:
922:
915:
793:William Willcocks
522:Khorasan Province
395:arch-gravity dams
365:and particularly
330:Roman engineering
62:human consumption
6056:
5974:Hydroelectricity
5967:
5916:Hydroelectricity
5901:
5894:
5887:
5878:
5869:
5868:
5860:
5801:
5782:
5763:
5726:
5707:
5688:
5669:
5656:
5619:
5574:
5557:
5534:
5515:
5496:
5463:
5441:
5440:
5430:
5382:
5373:
5372:
5324:
5313:
5310:
5301:
5300:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5223:
5217:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5198:on 9 August 2012
5182:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5135:
5129:
5127:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5081:
5075:
5072:
5063:
5060:
5051:
5043:
5037:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5012:
5005:
4997:
4991:
4987:
4977:"Blackwater Dam"
4973:
4967:
4966:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4906:
4900:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4882:
4876:. Archived from
4875:
4857:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4797:
4788:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4774:
4767:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4702:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4676:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4619:(1–3): 287–312.
4607:
4601:
4600:
4576:
4567:
4566:
4560:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4534:
4516:
4499:(11): e0141210.
4484:
4478:
4477:
4471:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4446:
4414:
4405:
4404:
4398:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4351:
4349:10.1002/fee.1746
4319:
4308:
4307:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4282:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4169:. Archived from
4167:en.powerchina.cn
4159:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4133:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4105:
4082:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4063:
4054:. Archived from
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3924:
3909:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3889:
3883:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3804:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3767:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3692:
3686:
3673:
3667:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3603:. Archived from
3593:
3587:
3586:
3575:
3569:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3522:. Archived from
3516:
3510:
3509:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3459:
3450:
3441:, p. 62. Brill,
3435:
3429:
3428:
3400:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3350:
3344:
3343:, pp. 59–62
3338:
3332:
3310:
3304:
3295:
3289:
3288:, pp. 331f.
3283:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3222:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3160:
3154:. Archived from
3153:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3127:
3120:
3111:
3105:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3034:on 8 August 2007
3033:
3026:
3017:
3008:
2997:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2954:
2943:
2937:
2926:
2920:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2903:. Archived from
2893:
2876:Reservoir safety
2676:pressure pumping
2576:occurred on the
2459:disastrous flood
2430:Three Gorges Dam
2376:seismic activity
2270:Peak flood flows
2176:Water diversion
2149:coastal flooding
2030:
1912:potential energy
1901:renewable energy
1873:Hydroelectricity
1759:Glacial activity
1463:Diversionary dam
1457:Diversionary dam
1434:. Conversely, a
1323:
1242:Fixed-crest dams
1196:tidal incursions
1185:Sacramento River
1146:arch-gravity dam
1140:Arch-gravity dam
1112:Grand Coulee Dam
1082:Grand Coulee Dam
918:
911:
907:
904:
898:
875:
867:
840:Great Depression
820:arch-gravity dam
634:near modern-day
466:Muslim engineers
223:Fayum Depression
196:Ancient Egyptian
6064:
6063:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6054:
6053:
6029:
6028:
6027:
6022:
5983:Francis turbine
5968:
5959:
5910:
5905:
5875:
5863:
5855:
5840:Wayback Machine
5829:
5808:
5806:Further reading
5798:
5785:
5779:
5766:
5744:10.2307/3102810
5729:
5723:
5710:
5704:
5691:
5685:
5672:
5659:
5622:
5577:
5560:
5554:
5540:Wikander, Örjan
5537:
5531:
5518:
5512:
5499:
5466:
5453:
5450:
5445:
5444:
5384:
5383:
5376:
5326:
5325:
5316:
5311:
5304:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5276:
5274:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5232:
5230:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5216:Cullather, 110.
5215:
5211:
5201:
5199:
5184:
5183:
5179:
5169:
5167:
5166:. 9 August 2012
5156:
5155:
5151:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5124:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5094:
5092:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5073:
5066:
5061:
5054:
5044:
5040:
5030:
5026:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5003:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4919:
4917:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4873:
4869:
4867:Wayback Machine
4858:
4851:
4843:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4799:
4798:
4791:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4765:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4710:
4708:
4700:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4578:
4577:
4570:
4558:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4416:
4415:
4408:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4377:
4375:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4321:
4320:
4311:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4237:
4235:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4176:
4174:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4131:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4084:
4083:
4074:
4061:
4059:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4031:
4029:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3992:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3967:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3947:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3922:
3920:
3911:
3910:
3903:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3881:Wayback Machine
3871:
3867:
3857:
3855:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3705:
3703:
3702:on 15 June 1997
3694:
3693:
3689:
3674:
3670:
3656:
3652:
3643:
3641:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3610:
3608:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3563:
3559:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3461:
3460:
3453:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3406:
3401:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3374:
3370:
3357:Schnitter 1987b
3351:
3347:
3341:Schnitter 1987b
3339:
3335:
3325:Schnitter 1987c
3321:Schnitter 1987a
3311:
3307:
3300:, p. 332;
3296:
3292:
3284:
3280:
3272:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3252:, pp. 79f.
3244:
3240:
3232:
3225:
3212:
3208:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3128:on 20 July 2013
3125:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3103:Wayback Machine
3088:
3086:
3085:on 11 July 2011
3077:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3011:
2998:
2991:
2981:
2979:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2944:
2940:
2927:
2923:
2910:
2908:
2907:on 8 April 2009
2895:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2818:
2809:open innovation
2775:Royal Air Force
2718:that destroyed
2702:protective sign
2679:Portland cement
2652:
2646:
2555:sediment supply
2532:
2526:
2517:
2470:
2399:
2331:Glen Canyon Dam
2318:
2312:
2299:
2263:slope stability
2213:
2171:for human use.
2129:Keenleyside Dam
2028:
2026:Common purposes
2023:
2008:Johnstown Flood
1955:
1949:
1875:
1869:
1864:
1852:
1846:
1731:
1679:
1673:
1668:
1622:
1595:
1589:
1584:
1529:
1523:
1474:
1472:Underground dam
1465:
1459:
1450:
1444:
1428:
1422:
1413:
1407:
1390:
1385:
1351:
1312:
1310:
1271:
1259:
1250:
1244:
1232:
1212:
1210:Embankment dams
1176:
1155:
1142:
1124:
1074:
1068:
1038:Jones Falls Dam
961:
955:
943:embankment dams
935:
919:
908:
902:
899:
888:
876:
865:
754:
706:Aix-en-Provence
687:Royal Engineers
667:New South Wales
640:Jones Falls Dam
609:Royal Engineers
594:reaction forces
571:
502:
424:Remains of the
332:
261:Kingdom of Saba
211:Twelfth Dynasty
150:
145:
89:(also known as
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6062:
6060:
6052:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6039:Barrages (dam)
6031:
6030:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5988:Kaplan turbine
5985:
5979:
5977:
5970:
5969:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5921:
5919:
5912:
5911:
5906:
5904:
5903:
5896:
5889:
5881:
5874:
5873:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5828:
5827:External links
5825:
5824:
5823:
5816:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5802:
5796:
5783:
5777:
5764:
5727:
5721:
5708:
5702:
5689:
5683:
5670:
5657:
5620:
5575:
5558:
5552:
5535:
5529:
5516:
5510:
5497:
5464:
5449:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5374:
5314:
5302:
5284:
5254:
5240:
5218:
5209:
5177:
5163:French Tribune
5149:
5130:
5122:
5102:
5076:
5064:
5052:
5050:, 91, 183–194.
5038:
5024:
4992:
4968:
4954:
4927:
4901:
4883:on 14 May 2016
4849:
4831:
4817:
4789:
4754:
4740:
4718:
4705:European Water
4688:
4662:
4602:
4591:(4): 361–370.
4568:
4546:
4479:
4476:. 25 May 2010.
4458:
4406:
4385:
4363:
4309:
4294:
4265:(3): 227–235.
4245:
4223:
4184:
4154:
4140:
4117:
4096:(8): 659–668.
4072:
4058:on 4 July 2007
4039:
4017:
4000:
3977:
3955:
3933:
3901:
3893:"Gravity Dams"
3884:
3865:
3840:
3779:
3730:
3713:
3687:
3668:
3650:
3618:
3607:on 13 May 2005
3588:
3570:
3557:
3543:
3529:
3511:
3504:
3486:
3479:
3451:
3430:
3423:
3392:
3380:
3368:
3355:, p. 29;
3353:Schnitter 1978
3345:
3333:
3327:, p. 80;
3323:, p. 12;
3317:Schnitter 1978
3305:
3290:
3278:
3266:
3254:
3248:, p. 49;
3238:
3223:
3206:
3192:
3172:
3139:
3106:
3070:
3048:
3009:
2989:
2964:
2955:
2938:
2921:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2817:
2814:
2728:South Fork Dam
2712:South Fork Dam
2648:Main article:
2645:
2642:
2638:river braiding
2618:re-established
2563:recolonisation
2528:Main article:
2525:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2469:
2466:
2403:Nick Cullather
2398:
2395:
2383:global warming
2314:Main article:
2311:
2308:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2256:
2250:
2212:
2209:
2202:
2201:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2133:Columbia River
2125:
2121:
2120:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2000:South Fork Dam
1951:Main article:
1948:
1945:
1871:Main article:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1848:Main article:
1845:
1842:
1794:landslide dams
1747:Colorado River
1730:
1727:
1719:retaining wall
1675:Main article:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1642:North American
1621:
1618:
1604:, built 1905,
1591:Main article:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1525:Main article:
1522:
1519:
1473:
1470:
1461:Main article:
1458:
1455:
1446:Main article:
1443:
1440:
1424:Main article:
1421:
1418:
1409:Main article:
1406:
1403:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1350:
1347:
1309:
1306:
1270:
1267:
1258:
1255:
1243:
1240:
1230:Embankment dam
1228:Main article:
1223:North Carolina
1211:
1208:
1204:tidal barrages
1172:Main article:
1154:
1151:
1138:Main article:
1123:
1120:
1070:Main article:
1067:
1064:
957:Main article:
954:
951:
934:
931:
921:
920:
879:
877:
870:
864:
861:
828:Colorado River
803:, whose firm,
797:Benjamin Baker
753:
750:
745:Rankine theory
714:royal approval
702:industrial era
605:British Empire
570:
567:
501:
498:
458:diversion dams
367:Roman concrete
331:
328:
316:prime minister
244:in modern-day
149:
146:
144:
141:
102:Middle English
66:industrial use
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6061:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6008:Turgo turbine
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5993:Tyson turbine
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5971:
5966:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5902:
5897:
5895:
5890:
5888:
5883:
5882:
5879:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5858:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5837:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5826:
5821:
5817:
5814:
5810:
5809:
5805:
5799:
5793:
5789:
5784:
5780:
5774:
5770:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5728:
5724:
5718:
5714:
5709:
5705:
5699:
5695:
5690:
5686:
5680:
5676:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5586:: 1271–1281.
5585:
5581:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5559:
5555:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5536:
5532:
5526:
5522:
5517:
5513:
5507:
5503:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5479:: 1239–1252.
5478:
5474:
5470:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5452:
5451:
5447:
5438:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5381:
5379:
5375:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5298:
5297:en.openei.org
5294:
5288:
5285:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5258:
5255:
5250:
5244:
5241:
5228:
5222:
5219:
5213:
5210:
5197:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5181:
5178:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5153:
5150:
5145:
5141:
5134:
5131:
5125:
5119:
5115:
5114:
5106:
5103:
5091:
5087:
5080:
5077:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5042:
5039:
5035:
5028:
5025:
5009:
5002:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4958:
4955:
4951:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4931:
4928:
4915:
4911:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4897:
4879:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4842:
4835:
4832:
4820:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4771:
4764:
4758:
4755:
4743:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4722:
4719:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4689:
4673:
4666:
4663:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4606:
4603:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4547:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4483:
4480:
4475:
4468:
4462:
4459:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4402:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4373:
4367:
4364:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4334:(2): 91–100.
4333:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4298:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4249:
4246:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4188:
4185:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4143:
4137:
4130:
4129:
4121:
4118:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4040:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4013:
4012:
4004:
4001:
3988:
3981:
3978:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3789:Energy Policy
3783:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3734:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3717:
3714:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3651:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3622:
3619:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3539:
3533:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3501:
3497:
3490:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3447:90-04-14649-0
3444:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3426:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3195:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3176:
3173:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3140:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3058:
3057:"Lake Moeris"
3052:
3049:
3046:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2882:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2828:Grout curtain
2826:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2744:Lawn Lake Dam
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2523:
2521:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2480:studies, and
2479:
2475:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2450:flood control
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2434:Yangtze River
2431:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2419:Morarji Desai
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2317:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2304:archeological
2296:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2222:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2182:diversion dam
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2111:purposes and
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2076:Water supply
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2059:generates 14
2058:
2057:South America
2054:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1916:water turbine
1913:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1874:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1806:Murghab River
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1783:Flathead Lake
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1755:United States
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1626:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1471:
1469:
1464:
1456:
1454:
1449:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1298:Jinping-I Dam
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1231:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1202:are known as
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1164:
1163:Koshi Barrage
1159:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1133:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1049:Wildhorse Dam
1045:
1043:
1039:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
952:
950:
948:
944:
940:
932:
930:
928:
917:
914:
906:
896:
892:
886:
885:
880:This section
878:
874:
869:
868:
862:
860:
857:
852:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
810:
809:Ernest Cassel
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
779:
775:
774:Aswan Low Dam
767:
763:
758:
751:
749:
746:
742:
738:
734:
728:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
668:
664:
659:
655:
653:
649:
648:North America
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
591:
584:
580:
575:
568:
566:
564:
563:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
506:
499:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
478:Islamic world
475:
471:
470:Pul-i-Bulaiti
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:Band-e Kaisar
435:
427:
426:Band-e Kaisar
422:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:buttress dams
400:
396:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:Lake Homs Dam
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
345:
341:
336:
329:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
271:Eflatun Pınar
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:Amenemhat III
212:
208:
207:diversion dam
204:
200:
197:
192:
190:
186:
185:Lake Homs Dam
182:
178:
174:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
147:
142:
140:
136:
132:
130:
126:
122:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
92:
88:
84:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
50:surface water
47:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
6003:Pelton wheel
5924:
5819:
5812:
5787:
5768:
5738:(1): 58–68.
5735:
5731:
5712:
5693:
5674:
5665:
5661:
5628:
5624:
5583:
5579:
5570:
5566:
5543:
5520:
5501:
5476:
5472:
5459:
5397:(1): 13279.
5394:
5390:
5339:(2): e1164.
5336:
5332:
5296:
5287:
5275:. Retrieved
5271:the original
5266:
5257:
5243:
5231:. Retrieved
5221:
5212:
5200:. Retrieved
5196:the original
5189:
5180:
5168:. Retrieved
5161:
5152:
5133:
5112:
5105:
5093:. Retrieved
5089:
5079:
5047:
5041:
5033:
5027:
5015:. Retrieved
5008:the original
4995:
4984:
4981:the original
4971:
4963:
4957:
4948:
4936:
4930:
4918:. Retrieved
4913:
4904:
4894:
4885:. Retrieved
4878:the original
4834:
4822:. Retrieved
4802:
4777:. Retrieved
4770:the original
4757:
4745:. Retrieved
4731:
4721:
4709:. Retrieved
4704:
4691:
4679:. Retrieved
4665:
4616:
4612:
4605:
4588:
4584:
4562:
4549:
4496:
4492:
4482:
4473:
4461:
4429:(1): e1393.
4426:
4422:
4400:
4388:
4376:. Retrieved
4366:
4331:
4327:
4303:
4297:
4262:
4258:
4248:
4236:. Retrieved
4226:
4204:(1): 75–83.
4201:
4197:
4187:
4175:. Retrieved
4171:the original
4166:
4157:
4145:. Retrieved
4127:
4120:
4093:
4089:
4067:
4060:. Retrieved
4056:the original
4051:
4042:
4030:. Retrieved
4020:
4010:
4003:
3991:. Retrieved
3980:
3968:. Retrieved
3958:
3946:. Retrieved
3936:
3928:
3921:. Retrieved
3917:the original
3887:
3868:
3856:. Retrieved
3843:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3747:
3743:
3733:
3723:
3716:
3704:. Retrieved
3700:the original
3690:
3680:
3671:
3661:
3653:
3642:, retrieved
3637:
3631:
3621:
3609:. Retrieved
3605:the original
3600:
3591:
3582:
3573:
3565:
3560:
3546:
3532:
3524:the original
3514:
3495:
3489:
3466:
3438:
3433:
3409:
3383:
3378:, p. 50
3371:
3348:
3336:
3308:
3293:
3281:
3276:, p. 87
3269:
3264:, p. 42
3257:
3241:
3236:, p. 49
3214:
3209:
3197:. Retrieved
3182:
3175:
3163:. Retrieved
3156:the original
3142:
3130:. Retrieved
3123:the original
3109:
3087:. Retrieved
3083:the original
3073:
3061:. Retrieved
3051:
3036:. Retrieved
3029:the original
3004:
3000:
2980:. Retrieved
2976:
2967:
2958:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2909:. Retrieved
2905:the original
2901:bartleby.com
2900:
2891:
2802:
2788:(codenamed "
2786:World War II
2778:'Dambusters'
2772:
2752:Shakidor Dam
2725:
2694:
2664:
2571:
2553:, increased
2533:
2518:
2505:clean energy
2502:
2498:water levels
2478:hydrological
2471:
2463:
2427:
2406:
2400:
2380:
2373:
2366:, including
2361:
2357:
2342:
2327:
2300:
2247:Permeability
2233:
2225:
2205:
2109:agricultural
2085:River Thames
2071:as of 2005.
2053:Paraná River
2012:
1985:
1972:
1963:Llyn Brianne
1961:Spillway on
1909:
1898:
1853:
1826:
1814:Attabad Lake
1791:
1749:in northern
1732:
1729:Natural dams
1723:
1692:
1661:
1646:
1631:
1610:
1573:
1556:
1541:
1527:Tailings dam
1521:Tailings dam
1503:
1483:Fukuzato Dam
1475:
1466:
1451:
1429:
1414:
1391:
1373:
1352:
1343:
1328:
1295:
1282:
1272:
1260:
1251:
1248:Low head dam
1233:
1193:
1177:
1174:Barrage dams
1143:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1087:
1066:Gravity dams
1057:
1046:
1034:
981:
947:masonry dams
936:
933:By structure
924:
909:
900:
889:Please help
884:verification
881:
853:
824:Black Canyon
813:
781:buttress dam
771:
740:
729:
718:
695:
672:
644:John Redpath
628:Rideau Canal
621:
613:Mir Alam dam
602:
592:, where the
587:
579:Rideau Canal
560:
540:
530:
518:Tabas county
511:
486:Al-Muqaddasi
469:
460:were known.
446:water wheels
431:
391:
359:water supply
349:
304:Du Jiang Yan
302:
283:
269:
250:
239:
230:
219:Amenemhat IV
193:
170:
151:
148:Ancient dams
137:
133:
129:Kallanai Dam
118:
106:Middle Dutch
97:
95:
74:navigability
45:
43:
25:
6018:Water wheel
5945:Micro hydro
5940:Small hydro
5871:Engineering
5668:(2): 25–32.
5662:Antike Welt
5631:: 406–418.
5333:WIREs Water
4423:WIREs Water
4177:16 November
3640:: 2861–2870
3601:Scripophily
3568:, Vol. 147.
3089:27 February
3001:Antike Welt
2982:18 December
2947:Antike Welt
2756:earthquakes
2650:Dam failure
2578:Elwha river
2574:dam removal
2530:Dam removal
2524:Dam removal
2415:common good
2345:fish ladder
2281:fish ladder
2267:Water table
2236:engineering
2189:Navigation
2169:reclamation
2145:Delta Works
2139:(2.10
1926:before the
1844:Beaver dams
1822:Hunza River
1666:Other types
1653:Splash dams
1620:Timber dams
1582:By material
1576:geomembrane
1563:trapezoidal
1515:evaporation
1478:groundwater
1219:Chatuge Dam
1200:tidal power
1072:Gravity dam
993:arch action
766:Ansel Adams
642:, built by
557:Nieuwe Maas
541:Amstelredam
533:Netherlands
500:Middle Ages
468:called the
383:Subiaco Dam
379:Roman Syria
375:Harbaqa Dam
320:Chu (state)
298:South India
235:Lake Moeris
187:, built in
158:Middle East
154:Mesopotamia
70:aquaculture
34:Edersee Dam
6033:Categories
5950:Pico hydro
5918:generation
5908:Hydropower
4920:15 January
4887:9 November
4824:9 November
4147:23 January
4090:BioScience
4032:23 January
3989:. TribLIVE
3923:24 October
3611:9 November
3376:Vogel 1987
3329:Hodge 2000
3313:Smith 1971
3298:Hodge 2000
3286:Hodge 2000
3274:Hodge 1992
3262:Smith 1971
3250:Hodge 1992
3246:Smith 1971
3234:Smith 1971
3199:9 November
3165:23 January
3132:8 November
2911:9 November
2622:reservoirs
2509:wind power
2442:Hoover Dam
2405:argues in
2368:endangered
2364:ecospheres
2259:Landslides
2253:Earthquake
2221:Takato Dam
2200:are used.
2194:navigation
2141:cu mi
2113:irrigation
2049:Itaipu Dam
1996:turbulence
1992:cavitation
1975:floodgates
1936:reservoirs
1850:Beaver dam
1810:Sarez Lake
1808:to create
1802:Tajikistan
1763:Clark Fork
1711:foundation
1671:Cofferdams
1587:Steel dams
1559:topography
1388:Saddle dam
1364:New Mexico
1331:hydropower
1308:Small dams
1291:Hydropower
1269:Large dams
1246:See also:
1132:Hoover Dam
1042:Parker Dam
989:cantilever
968:Gordon Dam
816:Hoover Dam
785:Nile River
762:Hoover Dam
752:Modern era
675:Parramatta
663:Parramatta
562:Dam Square
539:(old name
442:hydropower
377:, both in
308:irrigation
294:Tamil Nadu
265:Ḥimyarites
83:floodgates
78:Hydropower
58:irrigation
54:Reservoirs
5976:equipment
5760:111915102
5653:182485278
5616:199071096
5493:115846219
5419:2045-2322
5369:114768364
5361:2049-1948
5277:16 August
4809:Rotterdam
4779:10 August
4747:10 August
4641:0167-6369
4597:1816-7950
4523:1932-6203
4453:2049-1948
4358:1540-9309
4289:0701-1784
4218:1324-1583
4112:0006-3568
3858:7 January
3802:1409.0002
3795:: 43–56.
3706:2 January
3471:Routledge
3415:Routledge
3063:14 August
2736:Malpasset
2720:Johnstown
2659:Teton Dam
2551:reservoir
2468:Economics
2411:the state
2093:River Dee
2033:Function
1980:fuse plug
1947:Spillways
1920:generator
1735:Lava dams
1695:cofferdam
1677:Cofferdam
1649:log house
1613:steel dam
1593:Steel dam
1426:Check dam
1420:Check dam
1360:reservoir
1236:compacted
1091:resultant
1006:abutments
997:stiffness
953:Arch dams
801:John Aird
679:Australia
617:Hyderabad
590:arch dams
581:locks at
549:Rotterdam
537:Amsterdam
514:Kurit Dam
494:aqueducts
482:watermill
417:in Iran.
399:arch dams
355:reservoir
351:Roman dam
312:Sunshu Ao
292:River in
242:Dholavira
166:Euphrates
114:Rotterdam
110:Amsterdam
96:The word
40:, Germany
5836:Archived
5608:31466207
5573:: 39–56.
5437:30185796
5202:9 August
5170:9 August
4863:Archived
4657:46471207
4649:16565804
4585:Water SA
4541:26540105
4493:PLOS ONE
4062:1 August
3877:Archived
3827:55722535
3666:, c.1906
3465:(1996).
3099:Archived
3038:1 August
2928:Source:
2816:See also
2780:raid on
2674: –
2672:grouting
2626:riverbed
2602:sediment
2567:habitats
2559:braiding
2539:sediment
2494:rainfall
2423:Pong Dam
2349:spawning
2335:sand bar
2211:Location
2117:Aral Sea
2097:Claerwen
2065:Paraguay
2036:Example
2021:Creation
1953:Spillway
1924:penstock
1858:winter.
1818:Pakistan
1798:Usoi Dam
1739:basaltic
1715:causeway
1699:concrete
1606:Michigan
1544:tailings
1436:wing dam
1356:Colorado
1153:Barrages
1010:buttress
1008:(either
976:arch dam
974:, is an
972:Tasmania
959:Arch dam
903:May 2014
799:and Sir
683:arch dam
520:, South
444:through
286:Kallanai
173:Jawa Dam
168:Rivers.
156:and the
121:Jawa Dam
5752:3102810
5633:Bibcode
5588:Bibcode
5542:(ed.).
5448:Sources
5428:6125403
5399:Bibcode
5341:Bibcode
5144:1108425
5017:27 June
4707:: 35–45
4621:Bibcode
4532:4634923
4501:Bibcode
4431:Bibcode
4336:Bibcode
4267:Bibcode
3993:18 July
3970:18 July
3948:18 July
3835:2406852
3807:Bibcode
3774:9349830
3765:1470397
3658:Finance
3644:10 July
2936:), 1947
2834:Ice dam
2822:Bunding
2805:IJkdijk
2782:Germany
2661:failure
2644:Failure
2580:in the
2547:erosion
2490:climate
2432:on the
2391:methane
2338:erosion
2229:masonry
2131:on the
2089:Chester
2051:on the
2017:curve.
1928:turbine
1855:Beavers
1830:Wyoming
1779:Moraine
1769:by the
1767:Montana
1753:in the
1751:Arizona
1506:aquifer
1487:Okinawa
1448:Dry dam
1442:Dry dam
1432:erosion
1371:(NID).
1287:acre⋅ft
1279:acre⋅ft
1263:removal
1257:By size
1183:on the
927:beavers
832:Arizona
826:of the
783:on the
778:masonry
735:at the
721:Warwick
652:sluices
624:John By
531:In the
462:Milling
275:Hittite
231:Mer-wer
225:to the
143:History
5857:Portal
5794:
5775:
5758:
5750:
5719:
5700:
5681:
5651:
5614:
5606:
5550:
5527:
5508:
5491:
5435:
5425:
5417:
5367:
5359:
5233:21 May
5142:
5120:
5095:7 July
4950:water.
4945:315029
4943:
4815:
4738:
4655:
4647:
4639:
4595:
4539:
4529:
4521:
4451:
4378:11 May
4356:
4287:
4238:11 May
4216:
4138:
4110:
3833:
3825:
3772:
3762:
3502:
3477:
3445:
3421:
3219:Taipei
3190:
2732:Vajont
2682:slurry
2255:faults
2165:levees
2087:, and
2081:London
2069:Brazil
1988:eroded
1707:piling
1705:sheet
1638:cement
1633:Timber
1568:slurry
1548:mining
1495:Brazil
1383:By use
1029:Quebec
1014:canyon
1001:normal
836:Nevada
768:, 1942
698:France
636:Ottawa
632:Canada
583:Bytown
545:Amstel
454:cubits
450:Dezful
363:mortar
314:, the
290:Kaveri
217:, and
177:Jordan
162:Tigris
125:Jordan
87:levees
72:, and
5756:S2CID
5748:JSTOR
5649:S2CID
5612:S2CID
5489:S2CID
5365:S2CID
5011:(PDF)
5004:(PDF)
4896:REN21
4881:(PDF)
4874:(PDF)
4844:(PDF)
4773:(PDF)
4766:(PDF)
4711:7 May
4701:(PDF)
4681:7 May
4675:(PDF)
4653:S2CID
4559:(PDF)
4470:(PDF)
4397:(PDF)
3896:(PDF)
3823:S2CID
3797:arXiv
3579:"dam"
3159:(PDF)
3152:(PDF)
3126:(PDF)
3119:(PDF)
3032:(PDF)
3025:(PDF)
2883:Notes
2716:flood
2634:delta
2630:coast
2616:were
2614:delta
2610:river
2590:Elwha
2584:(see
2535:Water
2438:China
2389:like
2353:barge
2198:locks
2161:dykes
1967:Wales
1965:dam,
1905:China
1838:Kelly
1703:steel
1701:, or
1687:locks
1399:levee
1302:China
1187:near
1167:Nepal
1104:flood
1051:near
863:Types
691:India
553:Rotte
490:Ahwaz
474:Karun
385:near
344:Spain
324:Anhui
279:Konya
273:is a
257:Yemen
246:India
203:Cairo
189:Syria
181:Amman
91:dikes
38:Hesse
6044:Dams
5792:ISBN
5773:ISBN
5717:ISBN
5698:ISBN
5679:ISBN
5604:PMID
5571:CE43
5548:ISBN
5525:ISBN
5506:ISBN
5433:PMID
5415:ISSN
5357:ISSN
5279:2012
5235:2006
5204:2012
5172:2012
5140:SSRN
5118:ISBN
5097:2023
5019:2013
4941:OCLC
4922:2018
4889:2015
4826:2015
4813:ISBN
4804:2000
4781:2011
4749:2011
4736:ISBN
4713:2012
4683:2012
4645:PMID
4637:ISSN
4593:ISSN
4537:PMID
4519:ISSN
4449:ISSN
4380:2020
4354:ISSN
4285:ISSN
4240:2020
4214:ISSN
4179:2018
4149:2021
4136:ISBN
4108:ISSN
4064:2007
4034:2021
3995:2018
3972:2018
3950:2018
3925:2010
3860:2007
3831:SSRN
3770:PMID
3708:2011
3646:2009
3613:2015
3500:ISBN
3475:ISBN
3443:ISBN
3419:ISBN
3201:2015
3188:ISBN
3167:2021
3134:2011
3091:2011
3065:2018
3040:2007
2984:2023
2913:2015
2798:Eder
2796:and
2794:Ruhr
2612:and
2606:wood
2604:and
2592:and
2537:and
2446:U.S.
2428:The
2261:and
2238:and
2127:The
2015:ogee
1918:and
1892:and
1717:and
1657:logs
1511:wadi
1411:Weir
1405:Weir
1395:dike
1273:The
1161:The
1130:The
1080:The
991:and
834:and
814:The
760:The
526:Iran
434:Iran
405:and
387:Rome
338:The
284:The
227:Nile
194:The
164:and
112:and
32:The
5925:Dam
5740:doi
5641:doi
5629:231
5596:doi
5584:691
5481:doi
5477:135
5423:PMC
5407:doi
5349:doi
4629:doi
4617:114
4527:PMC
4509:doi
4439:doi
4344:doi
4275:doi
4206:doi
4098:doi
3853:PBS
3815:doi
3760:PMC
3752:doi
3748:105
2784:in
2770:).
2754:),
2565:of
2436:in
2163:or
2055:in
2002:in
1994:or
1943:.)
1832:'s
1820:'s
1800:in
1789:).
1765:in
1721:.)
1552:ore
1485:in
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1289:).
1165:of
1012:or
945:or
893:by
764:by
689:in
630:in
432:In
342:in
318:of
255:in
233:or
175:in
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98:dam
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