351:, and may not be touched more than a certain number of times during a race, on penalty of a handicap. Racing measurements differ in the various clubs, but all are based upon length and sail-area. In Great Britain the regular Yacht Racing Association rule has been generally adopted, and handicaps deducted from it. In America models are divided into a single schooner with a maximum load water-line of 63 inches, and three classes of sloops, the first class including yachts with water-lines between 48 and 53 inches, the second class those between 42 and 48 inches and the third and smallest class those between 35 and 42 inches A yacht with a shorter water line than 35 inches must race in the third class. It was previously found that yachts of smaller dimensions possessed too little resistance to the wind. However, model development means that the tiny
212:. Models are often sailed without dynamic control of the rudder, but although a perfectly built boat will sail readily against the wind without steering gear, it is almost impossible to keep it on its course before the wind without some contrivance to check for divergence. The setting of the steering gear and sheet positions must be adapted to the wind conditions and this is a subtle art to master. These controls are the traditional methods, for more than 100 years before the advent of radio control and they continue to be used worldwide.
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formed from modern plastics, which may be purchased from a manufacturer as thermomoldings or fiberglass layups or fabricated by the modeler, by first making a positive model from clay or plaster (or using an existing model's hull) and then creating a negative mold from fiberglass or plaster. Models may be exaggerated cutters, so far as their underbodies are concerned, or, more often, are fitted with fin-keels weighted, after the manner of full-sized yachts. They may have any rig, but
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mechanism is responsive to the wind. This apparatus is particularly efficient in sailing before the wind. More modern, computer-based RC transmitters often have mixing circuitry integral to their design, that can "mix" the sheet-balancing, operated with a sail control servo, internally in the transmitter's computerized encoder unit, with the rudder control.
100:. For these reasons modern model yachts, which usually have fin keels, are of about 15% or 20% deeper draught than full-sized vessels, while rigging and fittings have been reduced to absolute simplicity. This applies to models built for racing and not to elaborate copies of steamers and ships, made only for show or for " toy cruising."
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A more accurate method is to use a separate rudder vane; this is made from a plank of light wood such as balsa. The vane is operated in two principal positions, one for upwind sailing, the other for downwind. While some modelers object that the model craft will not be a plausible representation of
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uses the main-sheet balance gear, in which the boom is connected with the tiller in such a manner that, when it swings out with a pressure of wind, the rudder is automatically pulled round sufficiently to keep the yacht in its course. This will usually involve some sort of return spring so that the
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together and then cut down to the exact lines of the design, templates being used to test the precision of the curves. In the planked, or built-up model, which is generally chosen by more expert builders, the planks are tacked to the frame, as in the construction of large vessels. Hulls may also be
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This is accomplished by the weighted rudder, which falls over when the vessel heels and tends to counteract the force of the breeze. There are two varieties of the weighted rudder, in the first of which the weight, usually lead, is fixed to the edge of the rudder, while in the second the weight,
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These occur within a specialized pond or rectangular pool, in which a pole–person will walk down each side of the basin carrying a pole, prepared to push the yachts into an opposite tack before collision with the edge. The operators will usually work one side and a single turner, called a
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With the advent of radio control it has become much more practical to operate motorized craft. While some are powered by water-cooled internal combustion engines and can be very powerful and fast, the noise and fast operation is discouraged in many park settings as too disturbing to patrons,
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models. Hollowing out from the solid block entails a great deal of labor and has therefore fallen into disfavor. In the bread-and-butter style a number of planks, which have been shaped to the horizontal sections of the model and from which the middle has been
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its full-sized prototype, real long-distance cruising boats are frequently steered with dedicated windvanes of varying complexity (mechanical or electronic), occasionally with a line attached to a sheet, and never using weighted rudders.
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Other radio controlled watercraft hobbies include the operation and battle engagement of scale model warships (with gas-operated guns intended to sink opponents), and various high speed racing craft driven by powerful engines.
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For uncontrolled sailing craft some form of steering control is required, since with a fixed rudder position the model will turn into the wind. Three kinds of steering-gear are used, the weighted swinging
331:"Liverpool boy" will work the opposite side. In some locations the yachts are adjusted so that they will change tack at some point and so allowing the craft to be operated from one side of a wide pond.
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They take place upon sufficiently large bodies of water to allow a course at least a quarter of a mile in length, which is generally sailed twice or three times over to windward and backward.
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Radio control may be used in many locations. Typically two controls are provided for sailing yacht models, a general–purpose small servo for rudder control and a specialized
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yachts, these models were often pitted against each other on small bodies of water, and hence arose the modern pastime. It was soon seen that elaborate fittings and complicated
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This article is about concerned with model vessels that are operated, either though programatic means or by remote control. For models intended for static display, see
225:, so that it can be placed further forward or aft, according to the force needed to overcome the influence of the wind. The weighted rudder is almost universal in the
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class - 12 " long and a boat in your briefcase - is now recognised by the Model
Yachting Association in Britain and the American Model Yachting Association in the
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courses are also sailed. Racing rules correspond generally to those controlling regattas of large boats, and there is full scope to exhibit all the proofs of good
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to draw in the mainsheet and jib. Motorized craft control rudder and throttle, and perhaps other functions such as reversing, lighting, and mechanical novelties.
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were a detriment to rapid handling, and that, on account of the comparatively stronger winds in which models were sailed, they needed a greater
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waterfowl and other wildlife. Electric power and low pressure steam engines are popular, with many amateur machinists building engines from
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in the so-called bread-and-butter style, or planked over a frame of keel and cross-sections. The first two methods are used in constructing
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Here the boats are raced in pairs on a special-purpose (but naturalistically shaped) pond, with four SF X-class on the water.
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38:. The parameters of this class lead to visually pleasing designs with long hulls and long bow and stern overhangs.
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as well as being sailed in such countries as New
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and at many specialized maritime museums worldwide. Many of these models are of exquisite workmanship, every
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of a model to build his own craft, but among model yachtsmen the designing and the construction of the
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herding and the simulated rescue of ships in distress by a team of operators controlling a pair of
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X class (1000 square inches, few other restrictions), beating upwind under vane rudder control on
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559:- The International Class Association for the International One Metre Class, affiliated to IRSA
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under construction, which is in every respect a copy of the original on a small scale, whether
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rigs are most common, the latter being the favorite for racing on account of its simplicity.
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kits. Specialized regattas for radio-controlled motorized craft are held that include
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constitute as important and interesting a part of the sport as the actual sailing.
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may either be hollowed out of a solid block of wood, or cut from layers of
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also known as ‘Balmain Bugs’ were model racing skiffs, typically raced on
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during each season. The rules do not generally require the owner or
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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usually a ball of lead, is made to run on the tiller above the
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Traditional models are constructed of some light, seasoned
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530:- Technical and theoretical aspects of RC yacht racing
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108:Model yacht clubs have existed for many years in
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88:being faithfully reproduced. In the case of
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440:"The Lure of the Australian Balmain Bug"
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363:Powered yachts and scale working craft
45:is the pastime of building and racing
461:"Model racing skiffs make a comeback"
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285:Radio-controlled model sailboats on
541:American Model Yachting Association
465:Australian National Maritime Museum
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580:The US Vintage Model Yacht Group
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395:Ship model
345:seamanship
341:Triangular
300:sail winch
155:white pine
149:, such as
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182:out, are
62:steamship
595:Yachting
572:British
545:British
384:See also
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311:Regattas
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163:mahogany
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116:and the
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370:casting
126:skipper
114:Ireland
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94:rigging
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557:IOMICA
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82:pulley
74:London
58:vessel
50:yachts
390:Hobby
353:Footy
193:sloop
184:glued
130:boats
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563:IRSA
472:2015
447:2013
223:deck
210:wind
191:and
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