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881:. Often, the artists' goal is to get additional value out of assets they have previously created for projects. By doing so, artists can earn more money out of their old content and companies can save money by buying pre-made models instead of paying an employee to create one from scratch. These marketplaces typically split the sale between themselves and the artist that created the asset, artists get 40% to 95% of the sales according to the marketplace. In most cases, the artist retains ownership of the 3d model while the customer only buys the right to use and present the model. Some artists sell their products directly in its own stores offering their products at a lower price by not using intermediaries.
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416: before computers could render them in real-time. The designer can then see the model in various directions and views, this can help the designer see if the object is created as intended to compared to their original vision. Seeing the design this way can help the designer or company figure out changes or improvements needed to the product.
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The term 3D printing or three-dimensional printing is a form of additive manufacturing technology where a three-dimensional object is created from successive layers material. Objects can be created without the need for complex expensive molds or assembly with multiple parts. 3D printing allows ideas
796:
software such as
Marvelous Designer, CLO3D and Optitex, has enabled artists and fashion designers to model dynamic 3D clothing on the computer. Dynamic 3D clothing is used for virtual fashion catalogs, as well as for dressing 3D characters for video games, 3D animation movies, for digital doubles in
884:
The architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry is the biggest market for 3D modeling, with an estimated value of $ 12.13 billion by 2028. This is due to the increasing adoption of 3D modeling in the AEC industry, which helps to improve design accuracy, reduce errors and omissions and
996:
in 3D models is becoming increasingly important in the AEC industry. LOD is a measure of the level of detail and accuracy included in a 3D model. The LOD levels range from 100 to 500, with LOD 100 representing a conceptual model that shows the basic massing and location of objects, and LOD 500
851:
Disadvantages compare to 2D photorealistic rendering may include a software learning curve and difficulty achieving certain photorealistic effects. Some photorealistic effects may be achieved with special rendering filters included in the 3D modeling software. For the best of both worlds, some
595:
to maintain a smooth surface and allow finer details. These methods allow for artistic exploration as the model has new topology created over it once the models form and possibly details have been sculpted. The new mesh usually has the original high resolution mesh information transferred into
525:(the surface described by each triangle is planar, so the projection is always convex). Polygon representations are not used in all rendering techniques, and in these cases the tessellation step is not included in the transition from abstract representation to rendered scene.
753:, applicable to additive or subtractive manufacturing machinery. G-code (computer numerical control) works with automated technology to form a real-world rendition of 3D models. This code is a specific set of instructions to carry out steps of a product's manufacturing.
860:
A large market for 3D models (as well as 3D-related content, such as textures, scripts, etc.) exists—either for individual models or large collections. Several online marketplaces for 3D content allow individual artists to sell content that they have created, including
1657:
464:
Solid and shell modeling can create functionally identical objects. Differences between them are mostly variations in the way they are created and edited and conventions of use in various fields and differences in types of approximations between the model and reality.
771:
web site. The human virtual models were created by the company My
Virtual Mode Inc. and enabled users to create a model of themselves and try on 3D clothing. There are several modern programs that allow for the creation of virtual human models
556:– Surfaces are defined by curves, which are influenced by weighted control points. The curve follows (but does not necessarily interpolate) the points. Increasing the weight for a point pulls the curve closer to that point. Curve types include
550:. The vast majority of 3D models today are built as textured polygonal models, because they are flexible, because computers can render them so quickly. However, polygons are planar and can only approximate curved surfaces using many polygons.
1591:
Latif Kamran, Adam, Anbia, Yusof Yusri, Kadir Aini, Zuhra Abdul.(2021)"A review of G code, STEP, STEP-NC, and open architecture control technologies based embedded CNC systems".The
International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology.
740:
There are a variety of 3D modeling programs that can be used in the industries of engineering, interior design, film and others. Each 3D modeling software has specific capabilities and can be utilized to fulfill demands for the industry.
472:(having no holes or cracks in the shell) to be meaningful as a real object. In a shell model of a cube, the bottom and top surface of the cube must have a uniform thickness with no holes or cracks in the first and last layer printed.
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3D models can be purchased from online marketplaces and printed by individuals or companies using commercially available 3D printers, enabling the home-production of objects such as spare parts and even medical equipment.
892:
are a combination of models sharing sites, with or without a built in e-com capability. Some of those platforms also offer 3D printing services on demand, software for model rendering and dynamic viewing of items.
699:, netfabb or MeshMixer. Photogrammetry creates models using algorithms to interpret the shape and texture of real-world objects and environments based on photographs taken from many angles of the subject.
460:– These models represent the surface, i.e., the boundary of the object, not its volume (like an infinitesimally thin eggshell). Almost all visual models used in games and film are shell models.
1096:
by features such as geometry, dimensions, material, texture, diffuse reflection, transmission spectra, transparency, reflectivity, opalescence, glazes, varnishes and enamels (as opposed to
664:). In some cases, there is no strict distinction between these phases; in such cases modeling is just part of the scene creation process (this is the case, for example, with Caligari
1936:
447:– These models define the volume of the object they represent (like a rock). Solid models are mostly used for engineering and medical simulations, and are usually built with
378:
2182:
Yu, D.; Hunter, J. (2014). "X3D Fragment
Identifiers—Extending the Open Annotation Model to Support Semantic Annotation of 3D Cultural Heritage Objects over the Web".
233:
1605:
587:, has similar capabilities as displacement but does not suffer from polygon stretching when there are not enough polygons in a region to achieve a deformation.
281:
using a collection of points in 3D space, connected by various geometric entities such as triangles, lines, curved surfaces, etc. Being a collection of data (
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A wide number of 3D software are also used in constructing digital representation of mechanical models or parts before they are actually manufactured. Using
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In video game development, 3D modeling is one stage in a longer development process. The source of the geometry for the shape of an object can be:
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329:
3D models may be created automatically or manually. The manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to
612:
The modeling stage consists of shaping individual objects that are later used in the scene. There are a number of modeling techniques, including:
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341:
devices that form 2D layers of the model with three-dimensional material, one layer at a time. Without a 3D model, a 3D print is not possible.
2166:
1920:
1888:"3D virtual reality models help yield better surgical outcomes: Innovative technology improves visualization of patient anatomy, study finds"
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of a polygon control mesh) and stores new locations for the vertex positions through use of an image map that stores the adjusted locations.
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1069:, wherein products are 3D modeled before representing them to the clients. In media and event industries, 3D modeling is used in
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The medical industry uses detailed models of organs; these may be created with multiple two-dimensional image slices from an
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Over the last several years numerous marketplaces specializing in 3D rendering and printing models have emerged. Some of the
504:
1471:
Synthetic
Landscapes: Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer-Aided Design in Architecture
1023:
The engineering community utilizes them as designs of new devices, vehicles and structures as well as a host of other uses.
315:
The product is called a 3D model, while someone who works with 3D models may be referred to as a 3D artist or a 3D modeler.
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The architecture industry uses 3D models to demonstrate proposed buildings and landscapes in lieu of traditional, physical
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can more effectively communicate design intent and make more informed decisions throughout the construction process.
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1124:, which enables intelligent 3D applications which, for example, can automatically compare two 3D models by volume.
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effects are often achieved without wire-frame modeling and are sometimes indistinguishable in the final form. Some
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representing an extremely detailed model that includes information about every aspect of the building, including
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artists use a combination of 3D modeling followed by editing the 2D computer-rendered images from the 3D model.
1962:
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503:. This step is used in polygon-based rendering, where objects are broken down from abstract representations ("
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1988:
Magnani, Matthew; Douglass, Matthew; Schroder, Whittaker; Reeves, Jonathan; Braun, David R. (October 2020).
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automatic calculation and rendering photorealistic effects rather than mentally visualizing or estimating;
575:, which is the most widely used among applications at this moment, uses a dense model (often generated by
136:
1707:"BIM Use by Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) Industry in Educational Facility Projects"
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software used to produce 3D models. Individual programs of this class are called modeling applications.
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660:) or an application component (Shaper, Lofter in 3ds Max), or some scene description language (as in
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The first widely available commercial application of human virtual models appeared in 1998 on the
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are a useful representation for deforming surfaces which undergo many topological changes such as
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Mathematical data stored in memory based on a numerical description or calculation of the object.
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The process of transforming representations of objects, such as the middle point coordinate of a
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955:. They are also used in the medical industry to create interactive representations of anatomy.
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less chance of human error in misplacing, overdoing, or forgetting to include a visual effect.
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This article is about computer modeling within an artistic medium. For scientific usage, see
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Modeling can be performed by means of a dedicated program (e.g., 3D modeling software by
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941:
2143:
Sikos, L. F. (2016). "Rich
Semantics for Interactive 3D Models of Cultural Artifacts".
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1438:"Facebook and Matterport collaborate on realistic virtual training environments for AI"
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436:(1975). The Utah teapot is one of the most common models used in 3D graphics education.
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106:
2037:"After the Revolution: A Review of 3D Modelling as a Tool for Stone Artefact Analysis"
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An existing object, reverse engineered or copied using a 3D shape digitizer or scanner
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A 3D model can also be displayed as a two-dimensional image through a process called
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966:. The movie industry uses them as characters and objects for animated and real-life
517:, which are nets of interconnected triangles. Meshes of triangles (instead of e.g.,
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1062:-related software, the operator can test the functionality of assemblies of parts.
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Complex materials such as blowing sand, clouds, and liquid sprays are modeled with
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Today, 3D modeling is used in various industries like film, animation and gaming,
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ability to change angles or animate images with quicker rendering of the changes;
385:
models are generated from 2D pictures taken at the
Fantasitron 3D photo booth at
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community has started to construct 3D geological models as a standard practice.
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to be prototyped and tested without having to go through a production process.
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brands, as well as for making clothes for avatars in virtual worlds such as
691:. Cleanup and further processing can be performed with applications such as
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1990:"The Digital Revolution to Come: Photogrammetry in Archaeological Practice"
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1462:
Tredinnick, Ross; Anderson, Lee; Ries, Brian; Interrante, Victoria (2006).
50:
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1759:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: PTR Prentice Hall. pp. 1–12, 75, 192–194.
1754:
1545:"What is Solid Modeling? 3D CAD Software. Applications of Solid Modeling"
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Advantages of wireframe 3D modeling over exclusively 2D methods include:
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2005:
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2149:. Communications in Computer and Information Science. Vol. 672.
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A 3D fantasy fish composed of organic surfaces generated using LAI4D.
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but their history predates the widespread use of 3D graphics on
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Automated fabrication : improving productivity in manufacturing
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3D models can be the basis for physical devices that are built with
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sector uses them as highly detailed models of chemical compounds.
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923:
783:
603:
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423:
377:
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includes filters that can be applied to 2D vector graphics or 2D
1101:
967:
1048:
A designer, industrial engineer or artist using a 3D-CAD system
1081:
2094:
254:
is the process of developing a mathematical coordinate-based
1606:"All About Virtual Fashion and the Creation of 3D Clothing"
285:
and other information), 3D models can be created manually,
1705:
Moreno, Cristina; Olbina, Svetlana; Issa, Raja R. (2019).
1864:"What is 3D Modeling and Design? A Beginners Guide to 3D"
1632:"3D Clothes made for The Hobbit using Marvelous Designer"
440:
Almost all 3D models can be divided into two categories:
1838:"New Trends in 3D Printing – Customized Medical Devices"
1016:
The archaeology community is now creating 3D models of
591:, which is similar to voxel, divides the surface using
1364:"What is 3D Modeling? | How 3D Modeling is Used Today"
1414:"How to 3D scan with a phone: Here are our best tips"
885:
facilitate collaboration among project stakeholders.
675:
3D models can also be created using the technique of
499:
into a polygon representation of a sphere, is called
2184:
International
Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era
1464:"A Tablet Based Immersive Architectural Design Tool"
788:
Dynamic 3D clothing model made in
Marvelous Designer
412: used pre-rendered images of 3D models as
1963:"Level of Detail (LOD): Understand and Utilization"
533:There are three popular ways to represent a model:
521:) are popular as they have proven to be easy to
2041:Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology
1315:"What is 3D Modeling & What's It Used For?"
749:Many programs include export options to form a
393:3D models are now widely used anywhere in
337:. The 3D model can be physically created using
571:– There are three types of digital sculpting:
1915:. London: Springer-Verlag. pp. 396–400.
480:) are by far the most common representation.
297:. Their surfaces may be further defined with
227:
8:
1789:"What is 3D Printing? The definitive guide"
546:, are connected by line segments to form a
1594:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-06741-z
277:Three-dimensional (3D) models represent a
234:
220:
49:
36:
2062:
2052:
1732:
1722:
1478:
1913:The History of Visual Magic in Computers
1680:"Building Information Modeling Overview"
1654:"3D Mapping and Modelling Market Worth"
1306:
144:
88:
57:
39:
1104:virtual museums and exhibitions using
258:of an object (inanimate or living) in
1943:from the original on 30 December 2022
1748:
1746:
1744:
1092:, which is suitable for indexing and
1001:and interior finishes. By using LOD,
266:by manipulating edges, vertices, and
7:
1065:3D modeling is used in the field of
1344:Siemens Digital Industries Software
2035:Wyatt-Spratt, Simon (2022-11-04).
1180:Additive manufacturing file format
27:Form of computer-aided engineering
25:
2151:Springer International Publishing
1969:from the original on 18 July 2022
1098:unstructured textual descriptions
2210:
1660:from the original on 18 Nov 2022
1145:List of file formats#3D graphics
1020:for research and visualization.
679:with dedicated programs such as
2146:Metadata and Semantics Research
1686:from the original on 7 Dec 2022
797:movies, as a creation tool for
560:(NURBS), splines, patches, and
930:forensic facial reconstruction
428:A modern render of the iconic
1:
1711:Advances in Civil Engineering
1480:10.52842/conf.acadia.2006.328
1185:Building information modeling
1155:3D computer graphics software
1140:List of common 3D test models
1076:The OWL 2 translation of the
940:by the Brazilian 3D designer
542:– Points in 3D space, called
363:Three-dimensional model of a
2159:10.1007/978-3-319-49157-8_14
2119:"3D Modeling for Businesses"
1862:Rector, Emily (2019-09-17).
1656:(Press release). June 2022.
1473:. ACADIA. pp. 328–341.
1388:Slick, Justin (2020-09-24).
1135:List of 3D modeling software
736:List of 3D modeling software
558:nonuniform rational B-spline
374:Rotating 3D video-game model
1520:"The Future of 3D Modeling"
1117:
1089:
992:. Additionally, the use of
697:GigaMesh Software Framework
617:Constructive solid geometry
449:constructive solid geometry
256:representation of a surface
153:Computer-generated imagery
2268:
2252:Computer-aided engineering
900:
809:Comparison with 2D methods
760:
733:
600:data if for a game engine.
308:
29:
2196:10.1260/2047-4970.3.3.579
1608:. CGElves. Archived from
1200:Computer facial animation
1110:Google Arts & Culture
1753:Burns, Marshall (1993).
976:computer and video games
974:uses them as assets for
890:3D printing marketplaces
476:(and to a lesser extent
2095:"3D Models for Clients"
1084:can be used to provide
825:on transparent layers.
706:, and are a mass of 3D
408:In the past, many
326:of physical phenomena.
1390:"What Is 3D Modeling?"
1260:Ray tracing (graphics)
1235:Industrial CT scanning
1094:retrieval of 3D models
1026:In recent decades the
944:
845:Accurate photorealism,
789:
609:
437:
390:
375:
367:
137:Virtual cinematography
41:Three-dimensional (3D)
18:Model (computer games)
2219:at Wikimedia Commons
1911:Peddie, John (2013).
1549:Brighthub Engineering
1495:"ERIS Project Starts"
1086:semantic descriptions
994:Level of Detail (LOD)
927:
787:
607:
596:displacement data or
468:Shell models must be
427:
381:
373:
362:
102:Computer-aided design
2232:3D computer graphics
2153:. pp. 169–180.
1724:10.1155/2019/1392684
1573:Anatomy of an MMORPG
1112:, for example). The
1071:stage and set design
990:architectural models
819:graphic art software
776:being one example).
730:3D modeling software
627:Subdivision surfaces
589:Dynamic tessellation
577:subdivision surfaces
562:geometric primitives
507:") such as spheres,
478:subdivision surfaces
349:3D computer graphics
345:3D modeling software
264:specialized software
248:3D computer graphics
2006:10.1017/aaq.2020.59
1225:Geological modeling
972:video game industry
792:The development of
583:, loosely based on
511:etc., to so-called
495:and a point on its
432:model developed by
324:computer simulation
291:procedural modeling
203:Global illumination
127:Virtual engineering
32:Computer simulation
1994:American Antiquity
1813:"3D Printing Toys"
1578:2009-12-13 at the
1551:. 17 December 2008
1319:Concept Art Empire
1265:Scaling (geometry)
1255:Polygonal modeling
1220:Environment artist
1116:representation of
1106:Google Street View
1011:General contractor
945:
839:Ease of rendering,
790:
726:assigned to them.
710:which have either
610:
539:Polygonal modeling
438:
403:personal computers
391:
376:
368:
311:Environment artist
2247:Video game design
2215:Media related to
2168:978-3-319-49156-1
2125:. 5 November 2020
1937:"Level of Detail"
1922:978-1-4471-4931-6
1612:on 5 January 2016
1582:, August 22, 2008
1067:industrial design
1018:cultural heritage
907:Rapid prototyping
622:Implicit surfaces
568:Digital sculpting
244:
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43:computer graphics
16:(Redirected from
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1610:the original
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1526:. 2017-05-28
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1370:. 2020-04-27
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1343:
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1323:. Retrieved
1321:. 2018-04-27
1318:
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1250:Polygon mesh
1245:Open CASCADE
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89:Primary uses
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58:Fundamentals
2217:3D modeling
1868:MarketScale
1842:Envisiontec
1616:25 December
1285:Utah teapot
1205:Cornell box
1175:3D scanning
1165:3D printing
1035:3D printers
999:MEP systems
903:3D printing
897:3D printing
780:3D clothing
708:coordinates
670:Realsoft 3D
430:Utah teapot
395:3D graphics
339:3D printing
252:3D modeling
112:Video games
2237:3D imaging
2226:Categories
2129:2020-11-05
2104:2023-04-09
2064:2123/30230
1897:2019-09-19
1873:2021-05-05
1847:25 January
1822:25 January
1798:2017-11-18
1634:. 3DArtist
1569:Jon Radoff
1555:2017-11-18
1530:2021-12-15
1524:GarageFarm
1448:2021-07-14
1442:TechCrunch
1423:2021-07-14
1399:2022-02-03
1374:2021-07-14
1349:2021-07-14
1325:2021-05-05
1302:References
1230:Holography
1170:3D scanner
1078:vocabulary
1003:architects
863:TurboSquid
803:SecondLife
769:Lands' End
689:3DF Zephyr
598:normal map
581:Volumetric
505:primitives
482:Level sets
309:See also:
178:3D display
2081:253353315
2073:2514-8362
2022:225390638
2014:0002-7316
1215:Edge loop
1190:CG artist
1160:3D figure
1122:reasoning
1118:3D models
1090:3D models
1007:engineers
928:Steps of
871:Sketchfab
685:Metashape
666:trueSpace
646:LightWave
642:Cinema 4D
523:rasterize
387:Madurodam
383:3D selfie
335:sculpting
293:), or by
161:Animation
97:3D models
76:Rendering
1967:Archived
1941:Archived
1775:27810960
1717:: 1–19.
1684:Archived
1658:Archived
1576:Archived
1418:Sculpteo
1394:Lifewire
1270:SIGGRAPH
1128:See also
936:made in
875:CGTrader
716:polygons
544:vertices
470:manifold
458:boundary
333:such as
295:scanning
272:3D space
268:polygons
171:skeletal
166:computer
81:Printing
71:Scanning
66:Modeling
1973:5 April
1947:28 June
1793:3D Hubs
1504:14 June
983:science
964:CT scan
938:Blender
724:sprites
693:MeshLab
662:POV-Ray
658:3ds Max
638:Blender
529:Process
519:squares
414:sprites
355:History
305:Outline
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2020:
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751:g-code
745:G-code
712:points
695:, the
585:voxels
514:meshes
493:sphere
486:fluids
283:points
2077:S2CID
2018:S2CID
1690:5 Mar
1664:1 Jun
1638:9 May
1467:(PDF)
1295:B-rep
1290:Voxel
934:mummy
932:of a
879:Cults
774:Poser
509:cones
454:Shell
445:Solid
155:(CGI)
2163:ISBN
2099:7CGI
2069:ISSN
2010:ISSN
1975:2022
1949:2022
1917:ISBN
1849:2015
1824:2015
1771:OCLC
1761:ISBN
1715:2019
1692:2012
1666:2022
1640:2013
1618:2015
1506:2013
1368:Tops
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1088:for
1009:and
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1100:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
