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the use of models as instruments for the exploration and development of theory and or for the design of better experiments. The third is their use to 'represent' beyond what a theory alone can offer. The fourth function is the capacity of the model to enhance learning - though this function is also present in the preceding three steps. Morrison and Morgan emphasize that models can thus be regarded as 'technologies for investigation' — one learns by manipulating and playing with them. Models
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We believe there is a significant connection between the autonomy of models and their ability to function as instruments. It is precisely because models are partially independent of both theories and the world that they have this autonomous component and so can be used as instrument of exploration in
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discusses the syntactic versus semantic view of theories and how these consider models. The second chapter by the same authors entitled 'Models as mediating instruments' — a key chapter in the economy of the volume, introduces the unifying theme of the work: the concept of models as mediators between
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The chapter also details what has been called a 'functionalist' articulation of the difference between models and theory, namely in four functions served by models: the first is how they are constructed deriving elements from one or more theories, other models, and the world. The second function is
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The 'functionalist' — rather than philosophical approach of the work, i.e. more about what a model does than what a model is, leaves several questions unanswered (or answered in different ways in different chapters). Furthermore, the examples are quite technical and detailed, not easy to read for
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Even the most simple-looking figure, i.e. absolute numbers, reflect an institutional structure, embody work of people (filling questionnaires) as consequence of which the actual figures represent a specific group of unemployed, namely those who found their job via the official employment offices.
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Chapter 3 by
Margaret Morrison, entitled 'Models as autonomous agents', elaborates on the autonomy of models with example from physics. Chapter 4 'Built in justification' is from Marcel Boumans. Using examples from economics Boumans shows that models 'integrate a broader range of ingredients than
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the non initiated. Important epistemological questions left open concerns for example why individual models are constructed with the particular degrees of independence from theory and experiment. Being focused on models in physics, chemistry and economics, the book leaves out biological models.
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empirical adequacy and logical consistency are not the only criteria of models acceptance. The story told by a model matters to its acceptability, and thus to its function and quality. The argument is developed in the final chapter of the volume entitled 'Models and stories in hadron physics'.
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One review notes that while the title appears to promise a unified theory of models the chapters point instead to a universe of possible ways to characterize the nature and use of models. Acting as mediators, models are partly independent from both theory and world, and this independence, that
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Adrienne van den
Boogard notes that 'the model is also a social and political device', and shows how institutions can be 'influenced (but were also conditioned by) the usage of different models and statistical techniques.' van den Boogard provides an illustration based on economic models and
142:. The book illustrate the concept of models as mediating between theory and the world and yet independent from both. It offers a historical and philosophical discussion of what models are and of what models do, with detailed examples written by the same editors and scholars such as
179:, to a new conception of theory as framed in therms of semantics, whereby models acquire a new prominence as 'fundamental unit of scientific theorizing, theories themselves being families of models'. Most of the examples in the book are quite articulated and pertinent to either
27:
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But the individual chapters make clear why Models as
Mediators cannot possibly offer such a theory: the models dealt with in the book are so diverse and disparate that they cannot really be covered by a general description.
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The book lays the basis for a research programme for studying models from the point of view of scientific practice providing 'a potential bridge between philosophical theorising and the more practice-oriented approach of
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theory and world. Models may represent 'some aspect of our theories about the world'.{rp|11}. While they may act as mediators between theory and world, they are situated outside the theory-world axis'.{rp|11}
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Models and theories are related, so that an evolution in the perception of what a scientific theory is also chances the perception of what models are. The concept of scientific theory has moved from the
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Guala, F., Psillos, S. (October 2001). "Models as
Mediators. Perspectives on Natural and Social Science, Mary S. Morgan and Margaret Morrison (eds.). Cambridge University Press, 1999, xi + 401 pages".
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discusses how an essential feature of models as mediators is to possibly replace the phenomenon itself in becoming the focus of scientific research, and illustrate this feature with an example from
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Chapter 5 from R.I.G. Hughes, discusses how the development of computers and simulation changed the relation between models and theory. It was the use of computer simulation that permitted the
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models, especially in fields such as quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics, classical mechanics and classical electromagnetic theory. For example, an abstract concept such as
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only theory and data': these are theoretical notions, mathematical concepts and techniques, stylized facts, empirical data, policy views, analogies, metaphors.
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that are accurate to the phenomena from more theory-internal models, models that bridge element of the theory with one another, and that are named
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ensures the versatility of 'models as autonomous agents', is also the reason why they resist an attempt to a unified 'theory of models'.
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263:'Models and the limit of theory: quantum Hamiltonians and the BCS model of superconductivity' distinguishes what she call
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McCoy, C. D., Massimi, M. (1 January 2018). "Simplified models: a different perspective on models as mediators".
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in 1813 are presented as 'paper tools' permitting representation and the construction of models. In
Chapter 6
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have the quality of a technology — the power of the model only becomes apparent in the context of its use.
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Models as epistemic artefacts: Toward a non-representationalist account of scientific representation
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Frigg, R. and
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Petersen, A. C. (1 October 2000). "Models as
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Models as
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Models as
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Models as Mediators: Perspectives on Natural and Social Science
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575:28 January
339:References
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299:Reception
196:Chemistry
185:economics
136:economics
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49:English
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