1179: "caller" > "telephone"). Structural influence from foreign languages or from the vernaculars has also affected Modern Standard Arabic: for example, MSA texts sometimes use the format "A, B, C and D" when listing things, whereas Classical Arabic prefers "A and B and C and D", and subject-initial sentences may be more common in MSA than in Classical Arabic. For these reasons, Modern Standard Arabic is generally treated separately in non-Arab sources. Speakers of Modern Standard Arabic do not always observe the intricate rules of Classical Arabic grammar. Modern Standard Arabic principally differs from Classical Arabic in three areas: lexicon, stylistics, and certain innovations on the periphery that are not strictly regulated by the classical authorities. On the whole, Modern Standard Arabic is not homogeneous; there are authors who write in a style very close to the classical models and others who try to create new stylistic patterns. Add to this regional differences in vocabulary depending upon the influence of the local Arabic varieties and the influences of foreign languages, such as French in Africa and Lebanon or English in Egypt, Jordan, and other countries.
2637:
2640:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2638:
3721:…there is no chronological point at which CLA turned into MSA, still less any agreed set of linguistic criteria that could differentiate the two. MSA is merely a handy label used in western scholarship to denote the written language from about the middle of the nineteenth century, when concerted efforts began to modernize it lexically and phraseologically. Most western scholars refer to the formal written language before that date, and par excellence before the eclipse of Arab political power in the fifteenth century, as "Classical Arabic".
2645:
2642:
3165:
3151:
3525:
161:
673:
2651:
5869:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2646:
3179:
38:
2641:
2457:
Because MSA speech occurs in fields with novel concepts, including technical literature and scientific domains, the need for terms that did not exist in the time of CA has led to coining new terms. Arabic
Language Academies had attempted to fulfill this role during the second half of the 20th century
832:) – the written language prior to the mid-19th century – although there is no agreed moment at which CA turned into MSA. There are also no agreed set of linguistic criteria which distinguish CA from MSA; however, MSA differs most markedly in that it either synthesizes words from Arabic roots (such as
1138:
if they speak other languages native to a country as their first language and colloquial Arabic dialects as their second language. Modern
Standard Arabic is also spoken by people of Arab descent outside the Arab world when people of Arab descent speaking different dialects communicate to each other.
2448:
MSA tends to use simplified sentence structures and drop more complicated ones commonly used in
Classical Arabic. Some examples include reliance on verb sentences (sentences that begin with a verb) instead of noun phrases and semi-sentences, as well as avoiding phrasal adjectives and accommodating
1204:
Pronunciation of native words, loanwords, and foreign names in MSA is loose. Names can be pronounced or even spelled differently in different regions and by different speakers. Pronunciation also depends on the person's education, linguistic knowledge, and abilities. There may be sounds used which
2536:
and the exact value of vowels and the pronunciation of other consonants. People who speak MSA also mix vernacular and
Classical in pronunciation, words, and grammatical forms. Classical/vernacular mixing in formal writing can also be found (e.g., in some Egyptian newspaper editorials); others are
2493:
MSA is loosely uniform across the Middle East as it is based on the convention of Arabic speakers rather than being a regulated language which rules are followed (that is despite the number of academies regulating Arabic). It can be thought of as being in a continuum between CA (the regulated
959:
times (7th to 9th centuries). Many
Muslims study Classical Arabic in order to read the Quran in its original language. Written Classical Arabic underwent fundamental changes during the early Islamic era, adding dots to distinguish similarly written letters and adding the
3642:
3213:
336:
1005:(1798–1801) is generally considered to be the starting point of the modern period of the Arabic language, when the intensity of contacts between the Western world and Arabic culture increased. Napoleon introduced a
1115:. Translated versions of the Bible which are used in Arabic-speaking countries are mostly written in MSA, aside from Classical Arabic. Muslims recite prayers in it; revised editions of numerous literary texts from
1261:(both short and long). There are no special letters in Arabic to distinguish between and pairs but the sounds o and e (short and long) exist in the colloquial varieties of Arabic and some foreign words in MSA.
1103:
if people speak other languages native to their particular country. They are not normally written, although a certain amount of literature (particularly plays and poetry, including songs) exists in many of them.
1142:
Classical Arabic is considered normative; a few contemporary authors attempt (with varying degrees of success) to follow the syntactic and grammatical norms laid down by classical grammarians (such as
1201:
is omitted, making it closer to spoken varieties of Arabic. It depends on the speaker's knowledge and attitude to the grammar of
Classical Arabic, as well as the region and the intended audience.
1182:
As MSA is a revised and simplified form of
Classical Arabic, MSA in terms of lexicon omitted the obsolete words used in Classical Arabic. As diglossia is involved, various Arabic dialects freely
2092:
are perceived as separate phonemes in most of modern Arabic dialects and they are used when speaking Modern
Standard Arabic as part of foreign words or when speaking it with a colloquial tone.
2394:
While there are differences between Modern
Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic, Arabic speakers tend to find these differences unimportant, and generally refer to both by the same name:
1161:
However, the exigencies of modernity have led to the adoption of numerous terms which would have been mysterious to a classical author, whether taken from other languages (e. g.
810:
that are commonly spoken as mother tongues in the area; these are only partially mutually intelligible with both MSA and with each other depending on their proximity in the
1111:
countries and is the only form of Arabic taught in schools at all stages. Additionally, some members of religious minorities recite prayers in it, as it is considered the
2570:
568:
897:), meaning "the most eloquent Arabic". They consider the two forms to be two historical periods of one language. When the distinction is made, they do refer to MSA as
7158:
4029:
606:
1139:
As there is a prestige or standard dialect of vernacular Arabic, speakers of standard colloquial dialects code-switch between these particular dialects and MSA.
1051:(1889). The Western–Arabic contacts and technological developments in especially the newspaper industry indirectly caused the revival of Arabic literature, or
879:
Native speakers of Arabic generally do not distinguish between "Modern
Standard Arabic" and "Classical Arabic" as separate languages; they refer to both as
5905:
4114:
4071:
2599:, 24% of respondents (young urban Arabs aged 18 to 24) agreed with the statement: "On a daily basis, I use English more than Arabic." They were 56% in
4274:
2559:. It is compulsory in schools of most of the Arab League to learn Modern Standard Arabic. People who are literate in the language are usually more so
2509:, are ordered to give up national or ethnic pronunciations by changing their pronunciation of certain phonemes (e.g. the realization of the Classical
1194:(most literate Romance speakers were also literate in Latin); educated speakers of standard colloquial dialects speak in this kind of communication.
1130: – the use of two distinct varieties of the same language, usually in different social contexts. This diglossic situation facilitates
6468:
1134:
in which a speaker switches back and forth between the two dialects of the language, sometimes even within the same sentence. People speak MSA as a
583:
6419:
6394:
596:
573:
55:
6458:
6437:
4325:
3478:
1899:
1055:, in the late 19th and early 20th century. Another important development was the establishment of Arabic-only schools in reaction against the
6453:
4247:
3762:
3714:
3616:
3218:
2254:
4180:
Variation in Modern Standard Arabic in Radio News Broadcasts: A Synchronic Descriptive Investigation Into the Use of Complementary Particles
3849:, ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing (TALIP), the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 8(4)1-22, December 2009.
3794:
Variation in Modern Standard Arabic in Radio News Broadcasts: A Synchronic Descriptive Investigation Into the Use of Complementary Particles
3545:
2553:
speakers in the world. They add that: "In most Arab countries, only the well-educated have adequate proficiency in Modern Standard Arabic."
1013:, who also sent students to Italy, France and England to study military and applied sciences in 1809, reintroduced it a few years later in
1924:
6488:
6483:
1883:
1626:
1091:—including most books, newspapers, magazines, official documents, and reading primers for small children—is written in MSA.
974:
to preserve the correct form and pronunciation of the Quran and to defend the Arabic language against linguistic corruption. It was the
511:
4868:
3579:
2309:
1002:
4088:
102:
4206:
4188:
3802:
121:
3902:
74:
1197:
Reading out loud in MSA for various reasons is becoming increasingly simpler, using less strict rules compared to CA, notably the
6409:
2610:
1755:
1658:
1240:
1224:
3686:
6414:
6404:
5898:
5515:
2668:
2577:
2239:
2231:
2149:
1594:
1256:
971:
702:
81:
6743:
5042:
4308:
2614:
2349:
2317:
2286:
2119:
1698:
59:
6399:
6311:
5490:
4267:
3437:
3409:
2262:
1560:
3538:
2588:
of commerce, media, and education. Content in Modern Standard Arabic is also under-represented online and in literature.
6478:
6463:
4807:
4358:
3982:
2477:
2325:
2157:
1248:
1208:
202:
88:
1035:
7143:
7077:
6473:
6187:
2357:
2294:
2127:
2022:
1813:
1714:
553:
3223:
2576:
Several reports mentioned that the use of Modern Standard Arabic was on the decline in the Arab world, especially in
6332:
6325:
5891:
5451:
4930:
2560:
2469:
2069:
1908:
1682:
1610:
1232:
1216:
1095:
refers to the many regional dialects derived from Classical Arabic spoken daily across the region and learned as a
492:
70:
48:
7148:
6991:
6754:
6282:
6260:
6244:
5993:
5973:
5938:
5204:
5194:
5171:
2207:
2199:
1676:
1303:
1126:
The sociolinguistic situation of Arabic in modern times provides a prime example of the linguistic phenomenon of
967:
578:
243:
4104:
Sabbah, Sabah. (2015). Is Standard Arabic Dying?. Arab World English Journal. 6. 54-65. 10.24093/awej/vol6no2.4.
647:
6377:
5872:
5780:
5262:
4260:
3350:
3344:
2600:
2506:
2458:
with neologisms with Arab roots, but MSA typically borrows terms from other languages to coin new terminology.
2333:
2270:
2215:
2103:
2029:
1469:
1417:
1298:
712:
601:
588:
4121:
6796:
6733:
6557:
5943:
5329:
5027:
4970:
4373:
4160:
2139:
can also have different realizations, i.e. . Sometimes with one value for each vowel in both short and long
1797:
1739:
1510:
1453:
873:
6514:
5956:
5933:
5928:
5135:
5095:
5020:
5015:
4315:
4243:
Yamli Editor - The Smart Arabic Keyboard (with automatic conversions and dictionary for better selections)
3524:
3489:
3127:
3101:
3075:
3049:
3023:
2997:
2971:
2945:
2919:
2893:
2867:
2841:
2815:
2787:
2761:
2732:
2697:
2673:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2303:
2248:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2136:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2063:
2050:
2043:
2016:
2011:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1791:
238:
185:
7121:
6693:
6366:
6046:
6032:
6018:
5861:
5694:
5646:
5456:
5438:
5431:
5421:
5416:
5408:
5228:
4963:
4935:
4925:
4729:
4353:
3243:
2341:
2278:
2223:
2111:
1842:
1528:
1371:
1353:
1010:
796:
228:
6759:
4049:
7048:
6097:
5597:
5357:
5277:
4757:
3476:
3449:
3447:
3435:
3407:
2581:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2475:
2467:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2307:
2292:
2284:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2155:
2147:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2101:
1325:
1254:
1246:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1214:
1206:
467:
287:
95:
7062:
6700:
6643:
6571:
6532:
6508:
6353:
6168:
6129:
5656:
5466:
5339:
5162:
4713:
4627:
3198:
2502:
2495:
1953:
Modern Standard Arabic, like Classical Arabic before it, has three pairs of long and short vowels:
1092:
1033:
in 1702). The first Arabic printed newspaper was established in 1828: the bilingual Turkish-Arabic
807:
3709:. Georgetown classics in Arabic language and linguistics. Georgetown University Press. p. 5.
3150:
7153:
5824:
5510:
5426:
5223:
5148:
3876:
3667:
1340:
1047:
869:
792:
420:
6886:
6764:
3596:
2584:
where foreign workers make up more than 80% of the population and where English has become the
1205:
are missing in Classical Arabic but exist in colloquial varieties. For example, the consonants
7034:
6828:
6707:
6580:
6341:
6299:
6173:
5966:
5914:
5571:
5324:
5244:
5184:
4947:
4854:
4839:
4750:
4412:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4202:
4184:
3798:
3758:
3710:
3612:
3575:
3415:
3203:
1771:
1731:
1642:
1544:
1504:
1433:
1330:
1310:
1187:
1112:
961:
811:
749:
745:
233:
3752:
3739:
Understanding Arabic: Essays in Contemporary Arabic Linguistics in Honor of El-Said M. Badawi
2412:), meaning "the most eloquent Arabic". When the distinction is made, they do refer to MSA as
7114:
7069:
7055:
6865:
6816:
6779:
6684:
6670:
6636:
6606:
6587:
6552:
6318:
6292:
6266:
6226:
6219:
6159:
6142:
6114:
6090:
5982:
5734:
5592:
5390:
5371:
5334:
5213:
5143:
5086:
5071:
4998:
4844:
4829:
4774:
4736:
4440:
4383:
4343:
4075:
3868:
3704:
3657:
3604:
3233:
3184:
2566:
1320:
1293:
1288:
1270:
944:
939:
818:
800:
430:
292:
20:
4030:
Remplacer le français par l’anglais à l’université ? Polémique linguistique en Algérie
160:
7082:
6986:
6960:
6909:
6774:
6714:
6622:
6615:
6599:
6593:
6520:
6271:
6147:
6137:
5775:
5704:
5641:
5635:
5504:
5379:
5319:
5179:
5123:
5108:
5103:
5076:
5066:
5010:
4983:
4958:
4893:
4887:
4873:
4859:
4816:
4798:
4398:
4388:
4368:
4303:
3846:
3392:
3386:
3378:
3372:
3364:
3358:
3336:
3330:
3322:
3311:
3305:
3265:
3238:
3132:
3106:
3080:
3054:
3028:
3002:
2976:
2950:
2924:
2898:
2872:
2846:
2820:
2792:
2766:
2740:
2702:
2555:
People who are literate in Modern Standard Arabic are primarily found in countries of the
2550:
2511:
2428:
2414:
2400:
1832:
1347:
1315:
1191:
1151:
1100:
913:
899:
885:
827:
315:
220:
166:
149:
3915:
3894:
3595:
Giolfo and, Manuela E.B.; Sinatora, Francesco L. (27 April 2018), Keskin, Tugrul (ed.),
7042:
6996:
6966:
6943:
6937:
6821:
6769:
6650:
6424:
6253:
5855:
5785:
5719:
5624:
5398:
5287:
5282:
5267:
5252:
5218:
5003:
4378:
4320:
2626:
2605:
1402:
1135:
1131:
1096:
1084:
1080:
1060:
1006:
788:
516:
308:
173:
4602:
4512:
4485:
672:
663:
7137:
6976:
6971:
6881:
6628:
6153:
5817:
5812:
5798:
5744:
5679:
5661:
5547:
5532:
5526:
5495:
5314:
5309:
5294:
5257:
5118:
5113:
5037:
4993:
4849:
4823:
4564:
4555:
4348:
4335:
3942:
3671:
3170:
2585:
1056:
975:
760:
640:
501:
3271:
differs in Egypt, Sudan and sometimes other regions as Yemen. It is always undotted
6902:
5790:
5749:
5689:
5669:
5629:
5542:
5537:
5304:
5299:
5189:
4912:
4898:
4690:
4672:
4465:
2596:
2592:
2549:
there are no native speakers of Modern Standard Arabic, but a total of 273,989,700
2140:
1487:
1076:
1039:
had great influence in the formation of Modern Standard Arabic. It was followed by
983:
436:
277:
5614:
4237:
3859:
Alan S. Kaye (1991). "The Hamzat al-Waṣl in Contemporary Modern Standard Arabic".
759:
in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and in some usages also the variety of
4178:
3792:
3597:"Orientalism and Neo-Orientalism: Arabic Representations and the Study of Arabic"
1009:
in Egypt in 1798; it briefly disappeared after the French departure in 1801, but
6527:
6212:
5684:
5576:
5520:
5272:
4681:
4433:
3208:
3156:
2556:
2006:
1994:
1984:
1873:
1108:
1088:
1072:
979:
784:
772:
506:
37:
4584:
4530:
3178:
6074:
6025:
4834:
4743:
4092:
4016:
3608:
3517:
3146:
2546:
2532:
by Egyptians), though other traits may show the speaker's region, such as the
2058:
1999:
1989:
987:
804:
776:
764:
756:
446:
405:
282:
197:
6039:
5739:
4149:
3662:
3228:
2537:
written in Modern Standard/vernacular mixing, including entertainment news.
2037:
1588:
1583:
1407:
1198:
1127:
656:
624:
1146:) and to use the vocabulary defined in classical dictionaries (such as the
5615:
4700:
4691:
4682:
4673:
4664:
4655:
4646:
4637:
4628:
4619:
4610:
4600:
4592:
4582:
4574:
4565:
4556:
4547:
4538:
4528:
4520:
4510:
4502:
4493:
4483:
4475:
4466:
4457:
4012:
3512:
2563:, as they mostly use the language in reading and writing, not in speaking.
631:
6811:
6677:
6081:
6067:
6053:
5724:
5714:
5607:
4417:
4054:
3990:
1183:
1143:
1041:
998:
768:
720:
708:
481:
477:
365:
4145:
2498:
while leaning much more to CA in its written form than its spoken form.
1245:) (which may or may not be written with special letters) and the vowels
6860:
6233:
6196:
6060:
5759:
4423:
3443:
3427:
2146:
In Egypt, close vowels have different values; short initial or medial:
1120:
1116:
1022:
956:
952:
716:
462:
441:
410:
390:
360:
350:
345:
3880:
3826:"2023 Best Academy To Learn Quran And Arabic Online - Surah Institute"
3214:
List of countries and territories where Arabic is an official language
1021:. (Previously, Arabic-language presses had been introduced locally in
7088:
6002:
5674:
5602:
4654:
4298:
4283:
4089:
The uncertain future of Modern Standard Arabic: A language in decline
3419:
3300:
3193:
2677:
1026:
1014:
763:
that approximates this written standard. MSA is the language used in
752:
542:
385:
380:
248:
24:
5883:
4072:
Standard Arabic is on the decline: Here's what's worrying about that
966:(diacritical markings that guide pronunciation) by scholars such as
3872:
3733:
3731:
3729:
2617:
did not have "professional proficiency" in Modern Standard Arabic.
5754:
5709:
5699:
4618:
4573:
4546:
4519:
4492:
4456:
4428:
4252:
3463:
3455:
3431:
3317:
2635:
2100:
may be realized as before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and
1052:
1030:
1018:
948:
472:
457:
452:
425:
395:
370:
19:"Standard Arabic" redirects here. For the classical language, see
4232:
1071:
Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) is the literary standard across the
5729:
4699:
4645:
4636:
4609:
4591:
4537:
4501:
3459:
3423:
3275:
2519:
2426:), meaning "Contemporary Fuṣḥā" or "Modern Fuṣḥā", and to CA as
911:), meaning "Contemporary Fuṣḥā" or "Modern Fuṣḥā", and to CA as
415:
400:
375:
355:
5887:
4256:
4242:
2390:
Differences between Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic
4663:
4474:
3825:
780:
31:
3296:
Pronunciation varies regionally. The following are examples:
4248:
Rule-based analysis and generation of Modern Standard Arabic
3847:
Arabic Natural Language Processing: Challenges and Solutions
3570:
Gully, Adrian; Carter, Mike; Badawi, Elsaid (29 July 2015).
2565:
In Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, French is the language of
947:, also known as Quranic Arabic, is the language used in the
3539:"Basic Law: Israel - The Nation State of the Jewish People"
3406:
The standard consonant varies regionally, most prominently
2084:
although not part of Standard Arabic phonology, the vowels
4227:
719:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4066:
4064:
2505:. TV hosts who read prepared MSA scripts, for example in
2655:"What does the Wikimedia Foundation do" narrated in MSA
2466:
MSA includes two sounds not present in CA, particularly
2143:
or two different values for each short and long lengths.
1170:) or coined from existing lexical resources (e. g.
3650:
Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics
1190:, wherein scores of words were borrowed directly from
1107:
Literary Arabic (MSA) is the official language of all
799:
standard language taught throughout the Arab world in
3916:
https://asianabsolute.co.uk/arabic-language-dialects/
3282:
3273:
2440:), meaning "Hereditary Fuṣḥā" or "Historical Fuṣḥā".
2421:
925:), meaning "Hereditary Fuṣḥā" or "Historical Fuṣḥā".
906:
860:
851:
142:
4161:
Battling to Preserve Arabic From English's Onslaught
7033:
6952:
6929:
6922:
6874:
6853:
6844:
6837:
6804:
6795:
6788:
6741:
6732:
6662:
6570:
6545:
6501:
6446:
6387:
6376:
6365:
6280:
6243:
6204:
6195:
6186:
6128:
6107:
6010:
6001:
5992:
5954:
5921:
5833:
5768:
5655:
5585:
5564:
5489:
5407:
5389:
5350:
5243:
5203:
5170:
5161:
5134:
5094:
5085:
5059:
4946:
4806:
4797:
4788:
4767:
4721:
4712:
4449:
4334:
4291:
4199:
Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties
4146:
Education in the Arab world needs more Arab culture
3706:
Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties
654:
638:
622:
617:
552:
525:
326:
321:
305:
270:
217:
209:
192:
181:
136:
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1083:, and is one of the six official languages of the
850:) or adapts words from foreign languages (such as
4163:, D. D. Guttenplan, June 11, 2012, New York Times
2571:science, technology, engineering, and mathematics
569:Supreme Council of the Arabic language in Algeria
3927:Wolfdietrich Fischer. 1997. "Classical Arabic,"
2573:(STEM), while in the Gulf region it is English.
2501:Regional variations exist due to influence from
817:Many linguists consider MSA to be distinct from
4044:
4042:
3950:(in Arabic). University of New York. p. 80
693: Co-official language, minority Arabophone
687: Co-official language, majority Arabophone
3797:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 25–27.
3572:Modern Written Arabic: A Comprehensive Grammar
2330:before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and
2267:before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and
2212:before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and
5899:
4268:
2494:language described in grammar books) and the
829:al-Lughah al-ʻArabīyah al-Fuṣḥā at-Turāthīyah
8:
3643:"The Arabic Language: A Latin of Modernity?"
3484:
3116:
3090:
3064:
3038:
3012:
2986:
2960:
2934:
2908:
2882:
2856:
2830:
2802:
2776:
2750:
2718:
2712:
2686:
2517:
2435:
2407:
1930:
1914:
1889:
1848:
1819:
1803:
1777:
1761:
1745:
1720:
1704:
1688:
1664:
1648:
1632:
1616:
1600:
1566:
1550:
1534:
1516:
1493:
1475:
1459:
1439:
1423:
1377:
1359:
1171:
1162:
920:
892:
842:
833:
822:
951:as well as in numerous literary texts from
6926:
6850:
6841:
6801:
6792:
6738:
6384:
6373:
6201:
6192:
6007:
5998:
5906:
5892:
5884:
5167:
5091:
4803:
4794:
4718:
4275:
4261:
4253:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
1281:Modern Standard Arabic consonant phonemes
671:
159:
133:
3941:al Nassir, Abdulmunʿim Abdulamir (1985).
3661:
2096:Across North Africa and West Asia, short
787:, though it is generally not spoken as a
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
3861:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2658:
2449:feminine forms of ranks and job titles.
1967:
1279:
584:Academy of the Arabic Language in Israel
3698:
3696:
3505:
3256:
1186:from MSA. This situation is similar to
713:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
597:Academy of the Arabic Language in Rabat
593:Academy of the Arabic Language in Libya
574:Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo
564:
540:
499:
343:
4214:The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic
3968:
3601:Middle East Studies after September 11
3492:('The God') and words derived from it.
3349:
3343:
1969:Modern Standard Arabic vowel phonemes
4148:, RYM TINA GHAZAL, October 05, 2019,
3905:from the original on 13 October 2023.
3737:Alaa Elgibali and El-Said M. Badawi.
3391:
3385:
3377:
3371:
3363:
3357:
3335:
3329:
3321:
3310:
3304:
3219:A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic
2369:are most often shortened or reduced:
1285:
7:
3757:. Taylor & Francis. p. 51.
3636:
3634:
3574:(2 ed.). Routledge. p. 2.
3283:
3274:
2609:reported that most Arab students of
2422:
907:
861:
852:
803:, differing significantly from many
143:
60:adding citations to reliable sources
4216:, New York: Oxford University Press
3485:
3117:
3091:
3065:
3039:
3013:
2987:
2961:
2935:
2909:
2883:
2857:
2831:
2803:
2777:
2751:
2719:
2713:
2687:
2518:
2436:
2408:
2169:In some other particular dialects,
1931:
1915:
1890:
1849:
1820:
1804:
1778:
1762:
1746:
1721:
1705:
1689:
1665:
1649:
1633:
1617:
1601:
1567:
1551:
1535:
1517:
1494:
1476:
1460:
1440:
1424:
1378:
1360:
1172:
1163:
1155:
994:Emergence of Modern Standard Arabic
921:
893:
843:
834:
823:
512:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
7120:Languages between parentheses are
5860:Languages between parentheses are
3551:from the original on 10 April 2021
14:
4074:", 21 May 2018, Hossam Abouzahr,
2068:
2028:
2021:
1923:
1907:
1898:
1882:
1841:
1812:
1796:
1790:
1770:
1754:
1738:
1713:
1697:
1681:
1675:
1657:
1641:
1625:
1609:
1593:
1559:
1543:
1527:
1509:
1486:
1468:
1452:
1432:
1416:
1370:
1352:
16:Formal literary variety of Arabic
5868:
5867:
3523:
3177:
3163:
3149:
2611:Northwestern University in Qatar
1271:Modern Standard Arabic phonology
151:al-ʻArabīyah al-Fuṣḥā al-Ḥadītha
36:
4201:. Georgetown University Press.
4091:", Sawsan Khalaf, 22 May 2018,
3690:. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011, p. 24.
3373:[ælʕɑrˤɑˈbeːjælˈfʊsˤħæ]
3359:[ælʕɑrˤɑˈbijjælˈfusˤħæ]
2784:Peace with you (lit. upon you)
1123:times are also written in MSA.
1087:. Most printed material in the
1059:of Arabic-majority areas under
972:Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi
47:needs additional citations for
23:. For the general article, see
7124:of the language on their left.
5864:of the language on their left.
4233:Online Classical Arabic Reader
4183:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers.
3345:[ælʕɑɾɑˈbejjɑlˈfosˤħɑ]
3331:[ælʢɑrɑˈbɪjjɐlˈfʊsˤʜɐ]
3323:[alʕaraˈbijjalˈfusˤħa]
3306:[alʕaraˈbɪjjalˈfʊsˤħa]
3263:Spelling for the final letter
2615:Georgetown University in Qatar
1:
7159:Verb–subject–object languages
4052:", Tom Hundley, 24 Feb 2010,
3931:. London: Routledge. Pg 189.
3703:Holes, C.; Allen, R. (2004).
3387:[ælʕɑrˤɑbijjælfusˤħæ]
2482:, which occur in loanwords.
824:اللغة العربية الفصحى التراثية
4359:Ancient South Arabian script
4326:Influence on other languages
4212:Watson, Janet C. E. (2002),
3266:
2462:Differences in pronunciation
2415:
986:during classic times and in
900:
681: Sole official language
203:Middle East and North Africa
150:
5616:
4701:
4692:
4683:
4674:
4665:
4656:
4647:
4638:
4629:
4620:
4611:
4601:
4593:
4583:
4575:
4566:
4557:
4548:
4539:
4529:
4521:
4511:
4503:
4494:
4484:
4476:
4467:
4458:
4399:
4050:Is Arabic a dying language?
3754:The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia
3133:
3114:
3107:
3088:
3081:
3062:
3055:
3036:
3029:
3010:
3003:
2984:
2977:
2958:
2951:
2932:
2925:
2906:
2899:
2880:
2873:
2854:
2847:
2828:
2821:
2800:
2793:
2774:
2767:
2748:
2741:
2710:
2703:
2684:
2512:
2429:
2401:
1003:campaign in Egypt and Syria
914:
886:
828:
493:International Organizations
167:
7175:
3845:Farghaly, A., Shaalan, K.
3641:Kamusella, Tomasz (2017).
2672:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2624:
2453:Differences in terminology
1268:
937:
18:
7106:
5847:
5840:Islam and Arabic language
3609:10.1163/9789004359901_005
3603:, BRILL, pp. 81–99,
3544:. Knesset. 19 July 2018.
2067:
2062:
2015:
2010:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1872:
1831:
1789:
1674:
1582:
1558:
1401:
1346:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
699:
670:
579:Iraqi Academy of Sciences
328:Official language in
158:
141:
7117:or historical languages.
5781:Arabic script in Unicode
5516:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
4876:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
4115:"Arab Youth Survey 2017"
3944:Sibawayh the Phonologist
3918:Arabic Language Dialects
3895:"Modern Standard Arabic"
3483:only occurs in the word
2132:depending on the accent.
812:Arabic dialect continuum
607:Bayt al-Hikma Foundation
602:Arab Academy of Damascus
589:Jordan Academy of Arabic
71:"Modern Standard Arabic"
5043:Western Egyptian Bedawi
3751:Leaman, Oliver (2006).
3663:10.1515/jnmlp-2017-0006
2733:/alʔing(i)li(ː)ˈzij.ja/
449:(partially recognised)
433:(partially recognised)
213:330 million (2023)
186:/alʕaraˈbijjalˈfusˤħaː/
4228:Modern Standard Arabic
4177:van Mol, Mark (2003).
3791:van Mol, Mark (2003).
3687:Modern Standard Arabic
3513:Modern Standard Arabic
3224:Arabic–English Lexicon
2656:
2591:According to the 2017
2503:the spoken vernaculars
2367:/aː, iː, uː/
2365:Unstressed final long
1036:Al-Waqa'i' al-Misriyya
990:before classic times.
968:Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali
755:that developed in the
730:Modern Standard Arabic
701:This article contains
254:Modern Standard Arabic
144:العربية الفصحى الحديثة
137:Modern Standard Arabic
6312:Christian Palestinian
6033:Ancient North Arabian
5647:Quranic Arabic Corpus
4354:Ancient North Arabian
4238:Learn Arabic WikiBook
4197:Holes, Clive (2004).
3929:The Semitic Languages
3899:London Arabic Tuition
3475:The marginal phoneme
3328:East central Arabia:
3244:Pluricentric language
2842:/ˈkajfaˈħaːluk,-luki/
2788:/assaˈlaːmuʕaˈlajkum/
2654:
2595:done by polling firm
2444:Differences in syntax
2402:al-ʻArabīyah al-Fuṣḥā
887:al-ʻArabīyah al-Fuṣḥā
738:Modern Written Arabic
6410:Koy Sanjaq Christian
6098:Pre-classical Arabic
5598:Sun and moon letters
4758:Pre-classical Arabic
4032:", Madjid Zerrouky,
3684:Alhawary, Mohammad.
2665:English translation
2582:United Arab Emirates
744:) is the variety of
468:United Arab Emirates
288:Pre-classical Arabic
56:improve this article
6254:Ashurian and Hatran
5452:Judeo-Tripolitanian
4931:Judeo-Tripolitanian
3993:on 23 February 2018
3199:Varieties of Arabic
2848:kayfa ḥāluk, ḥāluki
1970:
1282:
1229:(often realized as
1093:"Colloquial" Arabic
808:varieties of Arabic
527:Recognised minority
172:written in Arabic (
7144:Standard languages
6875:Harari–East Gurage
6326:Jewish Palestinian
5825:MacArabic encoding
3384:Algeria, Morocco:
3046:How much/How many?
2810:What is your name?
2794:as-salāmu ʻalaykum
2657:
2496:spoken vernaculars
2177:completely become
1968:
1280:
1011:Muhammad Ali Pasha
793:Contemporary Latin
7131:
7130:
7102:
7101:
7098:
7097:
7029:
7028:
7025:
7024:
7021:
7020:
6918:
6917:
6728:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6566:
6565:
6541:
6540:
6497:
6496:
6469:Koy Sanjaq Jewish
6261:Jewish Babylonian
6182:
6181:
5915:Semitic languages
5881:
5880:
5856:extinct languages
5795:MS-DOS codepages
5560:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5239:
5238:
5157:
5156:
5055:
5054:
4751:Old Hijazi Arabic
4015:", 24th Edition,
3764:978-0-415-32639-1
3741:, 1996. Page 105.
3716:978-1-58901-022-2
3618:978-90-04-28153-0
3521:(27th ed., 2024)
3416:Arabian Peninsula
3204:Arabic literature
3140:
3139:
2814:
2742:al-ing(i)līziyyah
2739:
2731:
2652:
2593:Arab Youth Survey
2489:Regional variants
2076:
2075:
1946:
1945:
1188:Romance languages
1113:literary language
1067:Current situation
727:
726:
709:rendering support
705:phonetic symbols.
554:Regulated by
132:
131:
124:
106:
7166:
7149:Arabic languages
6927:
6851:
6842:
6802:
6793:
6739:
6607:northern dialect
6385:
6374:
6227:Biblical Aramaic
6220:Imperial Aramaic
6202:
6193:
6091:Nabataean Arabic
6008:
5999:
5974:Canaano-Akkadian
5908:
5901:
5894:
5885:
5871:
5870:
5619:
5168:
5092:
5028:Western Algerian
4975:Eastern Algerian
4971:Algerian Saharan
4901:(Lesser Kabylia)
4804:
4795:
4737:Nabataean Arabic
4719:
4704:
4695:
4686:
4677:
4668:
4659:
4650:
4641:
4632:
4623:
4614:
4606:
4596:
4588:
4578:
4569:
4560:
4551:
4542:
4534:
4524:
4516:
4506:
4497:
4489:
4479:
4470:
4461:
4441:Maltese alphabet
4404:
4384:Algerian Braille
4374:Eastern numerals
4344:Nabataean script
4277:
4270:
4263:
4254:
4217:
4194:
4164:
4158:
4152:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4126:
4120:. Archived from
4119:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4096:
4085:
4079:
4076:Atlantic Council
4068:
4059:
4046:
4037:
4026:
4020:
4013:Arabic, Standard
4009:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3989:. Archived from
3978:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3949:
3938:
3932:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3856:
3850:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3788:
3769:
3768:
3748:
3742:
3735:
3724:
3723:
3700:
3691:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3665:
3647:
3638:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3550:
3543:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3510:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3473:
3467:
3453:
3446:and the Levant,
3444:Northwest Africa
3441:
3413:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3390:, colloquially:
3389:
3381:
3376:, colloquially:
3375:
3367:
3362:, colloquially:
3361:
3353:
3348:, colloquially:
3347:
3339:
3334:, colloquially:
3333:
3325:
3314:
3309:, colloquially:
3308:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3269:
3261:
3234:Arabic phonology
3187:
3185:Languages portal
3182:
3181:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3159:
3154:
3153:
3136:
3129:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3110:
3103:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3084:
3077:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3058:
3051:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3032:
3025:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3006:
2999:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2980:
2973:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2954:
2947:
2946:/maʕas.saˈlaːma/
2939:
2938:
2937:
2928:
2921:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2902:
2895:
2894:/ʔahlanwasahlan/
2887:
2886:
2885:
2876:
2869:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2850:
2843:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2824:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2770:
2763:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2744:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2659:
2653:
2567:higher education
2564:
2531:
2523:
2522:
2515:
2481:
2473:
2439:
2438:
2432:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2298:
2290:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2250:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2161:
2153:
2138:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2072:
2065:
2052:
2045:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2013:
1971:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1911:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1701:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1472:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1283:
1260:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1220:
1212:
1175:
1174:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1025:in 1610, and in
945:Classical Arabic
940:Classical Arabic
934:Classical Arabic
924:
923:
917:
910:
909:
903:
896:
895:
889:
864:
863:
855:
854:
846:
845:
837:
836:
831:
826:
825:
819:Classical Arabic
801:formal education
692:
686:
680:
675:
666:
650:
634:
627:
529:language in
431:Sahrawi Republic
311:
293:Classical Arabic
223:
188:, see variations
187:
170:
163:
153:
146:
145:
134:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:Classical Arabic
7174:
7173:
7169:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7164:
7163:
7134:
7133:
7132:
7127:
7094:
7017:
6948:
6914:
6870:
6854:Amharic–Argobba
6846:
6833:
6784:
6745:
6720:
6658:
6562:
6537:
6493:
6442:
6438:Urmia Christian
6379:
6368:
6361:
6276:
6239:
6178:
6138:Egyptian Arabic
6124:
6120:Modern Standard
6103:
5988:
5950:
5917:
5912:
5882:
5877:
5843:
5829:
5776:Arabic keyboard
5764:
5659:
5651:
5636:Mater lectionis
5630:Triliteral root
5581:
5552:
5493:
5485:
5403:
5385:
5346:
5235:
5199:
5153:
5130:
5081:
5051:
4942:
4922:Judeo-Maghrebi
4790:
4784:
4780:Modern Standard
4763:
4708:
4445:
4389:Maltese Braille
4369:Arabic numerals
4330:
4287:
4281:
4224:
4211:
4191:
4176:
4173:
4171:Further reading
4168:
4167:
4159:
4155:
4144:
4140:
4130:
4128:
4127:on 10 July 2021
4124:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4099:
4086:
4082:
4069:
4062:
4047:
4040:
4036:, 30 July 2019.
4027:
4023:
4010:
4006:
3996:
3994:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3926:
3922:
3914:
3910:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3844:
3840:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3790:
3789:
3772:
3765:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3736:
3727:
3717:
3702:
3701:
3694:
3683:
3679:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3632:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3522:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3474:
3470:
3426:, and northern
3418:, parts of the
3405:
3401:
3312:[(e)l-]
3295:
3291:
3280:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3239:Help:IPA/Arabic
3183:
3176:
3169:
3164:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3145:
3115:
3089:
3063:
3037:
3011:
2985:
2959:
2952:maʻa as-salāmah
2933:
2907:
2900:ahlan wa-sahlan
2881:
2855:
2829:
2801:
2775:
2749:
2711:
2698:/alʕaraˈbij.ja/
2685:
2636:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2554:
2551:second language
2543:
2491:
2485:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2430:Fuṣḥā at-Turāth
2392:
2373: → ,
1951:
1928:
1912:
1887:
1846:
1817:
1801:
1775:
1759:
1743:
1718:
1702:
1686:
1662:
1646:
1630:
1614:
1598:
1564:
1548:
1532:
1514:
1491:
1473:
1457:
1437:
1421:
1375:
1357:
1305:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1156:لِسَان الْعَرَب
1101:second language
1069:
996:
942:
936:
931:
915:Fuṣḥā at-Turāth
874:post-industrial
707:Without proper
695:
694:
690:
688:
684:
682:
678:
662:
646:
643:
630:
623:
613:
563:
562:
548:
547:
539:
538:
530:
528:
521:
498:
497:
487:
342:
341:
329:
322:Official status
316:Arabic alphabet
312:
307:
301:
273:
266:
244:Central Semitic
224:
221:Language family
219:
205:
201:
177:
147:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7172:
7170:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7136:
7135:
7129:
7128:
7126:
7125:
7118:
7107:
7104:
7103:
7100:
7099:
7096:
7095:
7093:
7092:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7074:
7073:
7059:
7052:
7045:
7039:
7037:
7031:
7030:
7027:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7015:
7014:
7013:
7012:
7011:
7008:
7005:
7002:
6999:
6989:
6984:
6983:
6982:
6969:
6964:
6956:
6954:
6950:
6949:
6947:
6946:
6941:
6933:
6931:
6924:
6920:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6912:
6907:
6906:
6905:
6900:
6899:
6898:
6895:
6892:
6878:
6876:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6863:
6857:
6855:
6848:
6839:
6835:
6834:
6832:
6831:
6826:
6825:
6824:
6819:
6808:
6806:
6799:
6790:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6751:
6749:
6736:
6730:
6729:
6726:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6719:
6718:
6711:
6704:
6697:
6690:
6689:
6688:
6681:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6656:
6655:
6654:
6640:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6626:
6619:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6591:
6584:
6576:
6574:
6568:
6567:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6555:
6549:
6547:
6543:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6518:
6505:
6503:
6499:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6440:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6430:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6391:
6389:
6382:
6371:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6359:
6358:
6357:
6345:
6338:
6337:
6336:
6329:
6322:
6315:
6303:
6296:
6288:
6286:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6257:
6249:
6247:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6234:Middle Aramaic
6230:
6223:
6216:
6208:
6206:
6199:
6190:
6184:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6145:
6140:
6134:
6132:
6130:Dialect groups
6126:
6125:
6123:
6122:
6117:
6111:
6109:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6101:
6094:
6087:
6086:
6085:
6078:
6071:
6064:
6057:
6050:
6043:
6029:
6022:
6014:
6012:
6005:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5986:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5962:
5960:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5931:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5911:
5910:
5903:
5896:
5888:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5865:
5858:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5801:
5793:
5788:
5786:ISO/IEC 8859-6
5783:
5778:
5772:
5770:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5720:Naskh (script)
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5666:
5664:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5568:
5566:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5500:
5498:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5457:Judeo-Tunisian
5454:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5444:
5439:Judeo-Moroccan
5436:
5435:
5434:
5424:
5422:Judeo-Egyptian
5419:
5417:Judeo-Algerian
5413:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5399:Bedouin Arabic
5395:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5366:
5363:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5249:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5221:
5216:
5210:
5208:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5176:
5174:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5140:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5111:
5106:
5100:
5098:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5011:Moroccan koiné
5008:
5007:
5006:
4996:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4984:Tunisian koiné
4980:Eastern Hilal
4978:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4964:Judeo-Algerian
4959:Algerian koiné
4955:Central Hilal
4952:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4936:Judeo-Tunisian
4933:
4928:
4926:Judeo-Moroccan
4920:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4896:
4891:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4820:
4812:
4810:
4801:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4725:
4723:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4697:
4688:
4679:
4670:
4661:
4652:
4643:
4634:
4625:
4616:
4607:
4598:
4589:
4580:
4571:
4562:
4553:
4544:
4535:
4526:
4517:
4508:
4499:
4490:
4481:
4472:
4463:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4379:Arabic Braille
4376:
4371:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4340:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4301:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4288:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4223:
4222:External links
4220:
4219:
4218:
4209:
4195:
4189:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4153:
4138:
4106:
4097:
4080:
4060:
4038:
4021:
4004:
3973:
3961:
3933:
3920:
3908:
3886:
3873:10.2307/604273
3867:(3): 572–574.
3851:
3838:
3817:
3803:
3770:
3763:
3743:
3725:
3715:
3692:
3677:
3656:(2): 117–145.
3630:
3617:
3587:
3581:978-0415667494
3580:
3562:
3530:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3468:
3462:, and coastal
3399:
3397:
3396:
3382:
3368:
3354:
3340:
3326:
3315:
3289:
3272:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3174:
3160:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3130:
3125:
3122:
3112:
3111:
3104:
3099:
3096:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3073:
3070:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3034:
3033:
3026:
3021:
3018:
3008:
3007:
3000:
2995:
2992:
2982:
2981:
2974:
2969:
2966:
2956:
2955:
2948:
2943:
2940:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2920:/ʔilal.liqaːʔ/
2917:
2914:
2904:
2903:
2896:
2891:
2888:
2878:
2877:
2870:
2865:
2862:
2852:
2851:
2844:
2839:
2836:
2826:
2825:
2822:masmuka / -ki?
2818:
2811:
2808:
2798:
2797:
2790:
2785:
2782:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2759:
2756:
2746:
2745:
2735:
2727:
2724:
2708:
2707:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2666:
2663:
2633:
2630:
2627:Arabic grammar
2625:Main article:
2622:
2619:
2606:New York Times
2578:Gulf countries
2542:
2539:
2490:
2487:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2409:العربية الفصحى
2391:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2385: → .
2363:
2302:Allophones of
2300:
2247:Allophones of
2245:
2188:Allophones of
2186:
2167:
2144:
2133:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1921:
1905:
1903:
1896:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1810:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1768:
1752:
1736:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1711:
1695:
1673:
1671:
1655:
1639:
1623:
1607:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1557:
1541:
1525:
1523:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1484:
1482:
1466:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1430:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1368:
1366:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1299:Denti-alveolar
1296:
1291:
1286:
1277:
1274:
1269:Main article:
1266:
1263:
1136:third language
1132:code-switching
1097:first language
1085:United Nations
1081:Horn of Africa
1068:
1065:
1007:printing press
995:
992:
938:Main article:
935:
932:
930:
927:
894:العربية الفصحى
868:) to describe
789:first language
725:
724:
711:, you may see
697:
696:
689:
683:
677:
676:
668:
667:
660:
652:
651:
644:
639:
636:
635:
628:
620:
619:
618:Language codes
615:
614:
612:
611:
610:
609:
604:
599:
594:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
560:
559:
558:
556:
550:
549:
546:
545:
536:
535:
534:
533:
531:
526:
523:
522:
520:
519:
517:United Nations
514:
509:
504:
490:
489:
488:
486:
485:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
444:
439:
434:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
334:
333:
332:
330:
327:
324:
323:
319:
318:
313:
309:Writing system
306:
303:
302:
300:
299:
298:
297:
296:
295:
276:
274:
271:
268:
267:
265:
264:
263:
262:
261:
260:
259:
258:
257:
256:
227:
225:
218:
215:
214:
211:
207:
206:
194:
190:
189:
183:
179:
178:
164:
156:
155:
139:
138:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7171:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7141:
7139:
7123:
7119:
7116:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7105:
7091:
7090:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7072:
7071:
7067:
7066:
7065:
7064:
7060:
7058:
7057:
7053:
7051:
7050:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7040:
7038:
7036:
7032:
7009:
7006:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6980:
6979:
6978:
6975:
6974:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6962:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6951:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6939:
6935:
6934:
6932:
6928:
6925:
6921:
6911:
6908:
6904:
6901:
6896:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6885:
6884:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6873:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6852:
6849:
6843:
6840:
6836:
6830:
6827:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6797:Ethio-Semitic
6794:
6791:
6787:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6731:
6717:
6716:
6712:
6710:
6709:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6698:
6696:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6686:
6682:
6680:
6679:
6675:
6674:
6673:
6672:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6661:
6653:
6652:
6648:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6641:
6639:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6624:
6620:
6618:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6608:
6604:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6597:
6596:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6589:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6569:
6559:
6558:Judeo-Aramaic
6556:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6544:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6512:
6511:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6500:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6445:
6439:
6436:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6364:
6356:
6355:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6334:
6330:
6328:
6327:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6316:
6314:
6313:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6285:
6284:
6279:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6262:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6236:
6235:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6224:
6222:
6221:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6185:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6156:
6155:
6154:Siculo-Arabic
6151:
6150:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6131:
6127:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6083:
6079:
6077:
6076:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6049:
6048:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6037:
6036:
6035:
6034:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5953:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5909:
5904:
5902:
5897:
5895:
5890:
5889:
5886:
5874:
5866:
5863:
5859:
5857:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5846:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5826:
5823:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5745:Sini (script)
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5735:Ruqʿah script
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5680:Hijazi script
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5658:
5654:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5563:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5492:
5488:
5479:
5476:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5465:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5406:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5367:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5358:Central Asian
5356:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5330:Taʽizzi-Adeni
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5202:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5005:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4914:
4911:
4909:Traras-Msirda
4908:
4907:
4905:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4867:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4787:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4703:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4349:Arabic script
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4278:
4273:
4271:
4266:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4210:
4208:
4207:1-58901-022-1
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4190:9789042911581
4186:
4182:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4162:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4142:
4139:
4123:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4005:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3983:"White Paper"
3977:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3962:
3946:
3945:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3839:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3806:
3804:9789042911581
3800:
3796:
3795:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3681:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3620:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3588:
3583:
3577:
3573:
3566:
3563:
3547:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3506:
3499:
3480:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3403:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3383:
3380:
3379:[el-]
3374:
3369:
3366:
3365:[əl-]
3360:
3355:
3352:
3351:[el-]
3346:
3341:
3338:
3337:[el-]
3332:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3277:
3270:
3268:
3260:
3257:
3250:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3175:
3172:
3171:Africa portal
3161:
3158:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3123:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3097:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3071:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3045:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3019:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2993:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2972:/minˈfadˤlik/
2970:
2967:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2941:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2915:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2889:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2863:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2837:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2809:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2783:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2757:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2728:
2725:
2709:
2705:
2704:al-ʻArabiyyah
2701:
2696:
2693:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2660:
2631:
2628:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2601:GCC countries
2598:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2586:lingua franca
2583:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2545:According to
2540:
2538:
2535:
2529:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2452:
2450:
2443:
2441:
2433:
2431:
2419:
2417:
2416:Fuṣḥā al-ʻAṣr
2405:
2403:
2397:
2389:
2377: →
2364:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2301:
2296:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2246:
2241:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2201:
2187:
2185:respectively.
2168:
2162:← instead of
2159:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2134:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2105:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2083:
2080:
2071:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1966:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1926:
1922:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1815:
1811:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1773:
1769:
1757:
1753:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1716:
1712:
1700:
1696:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1660:
1656:
1644:
1640:
1628:
1624:
1612:
1608:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1562:
1546:
1542:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1471:
1467:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1435:
1431:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1275:
1272:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1169:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1148:Lisan al-Arab
1145:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1057:Turkification
1054:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
976:lingua franca
973:
969:
965:
964:
958:
954:
950:
946:
941:
933:
928:
926:
918:
916:
904:
902:
901:Fuṣḥā al-ʻAṣr
890:
888:
882:
877:
875:
871:
867:
858:
849:
840:
830:
820:
815:
813:
809:
806:
802:
798:
794:
791:, similar to
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:spoken Arabic
758:
754:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
704:
698:
674:
669:
665:
661:
659:
658:
653:
649:
645:
642:
641:Linguist List
637:
633:
629:
626:
621:
616:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
565:
557:
555:
551:
544:
541:
532:
524:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
502:African Union
500:
496:
494:
483:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
340:
338:
331:
325:
320:
317:
314:
310:
304:
294:
291:
290:
289:
286:
285:
284:
281:
280:
279:
275:
269:
255:
252:
251:
250:
247:
246:
245:
242:
241:
240:
237:
236:
235:
232:
231:
230:
226:
222:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:
195:
191:
184:
182:Pronunciation
180:
175:
171:
169:
162:
157:
154:
152:
140:
135:
126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
26:
22:
7110:
7087:
7068:
7061:
7054:
7047:
6959:
6936:
6713:
6706:
6699:
6692:
6683:
6676:
6669:
6649:
6642:
6635:
6621:
6614:
6605:
6598:
6586:
6579:
6513:
6484:Urmia Jewish
6352:
6347:
6340:
6331:
6324:
6317:
6310:
6305:
6298:
6291:
6281:
6259:
6252:
6232:
6225:
6218:
6211:
6169:Mesopotamian
6152:
6119:
6096:
6089:
6080:
6073:
6066:
6059:
6052:
6045:
6038:
6031:
6024:
6019:Proto-Arabic
6017:
5981:
5972:
5965:
5955:
5851:
5791:Windows-1256
5750:Taliq script
5690:Jeli Thuluth
5670:Ajami script
5634:
5538:Pidgin madam
5525:
5503:
5467:Judeo-Yemeni
5409:Judeo-Arabic
5391:Sociological
5378:
5340:Judeo-Yemeni
5163:Mesopotamian
5038:Libyan koiné
4822:
4815:
4808:Pre-Hilalian
4779:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4730:Proto-Arabic
4728:
4363:Zabūr script
4316:Romanization
4213:
4198:
4179:
4156:
4141:
4129:. Retrieved
4122:the original
4109:
4100:
4083:
4053:
4033:
4024:
4007:
3995:. Retrieved
3991:the original
3987:msarabic.com
3986:
3981:Arabic, AL.
3976:
3969:Watson (2002
3964:
3952:. Retrieved
3943:
3936:
3928:
3923:
3911:
3898:
3889:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3841:
3829:. Retrieved
3820:
3808:. Retrieved
3793:
3753:
3746:
3738:
3720:
3705:
3685:
3680:
3653:
3649:
3622:, retrieved
3600:
3590:
3571:
3565:
3553:. Retrieved
3533:
3516:
3508:
3471:
3402:
3393:[l-]
3292:
3264:
3259:
2998:/laːˈʔaʕrif/
2994:I don't know
2926:ila al-liqāʼ
2884:أهلاً وسهلاً
2838:How are you?
2816:/masmuk,-ki/
2778:السلام عليكم
2674:Romanization
2604:
2597:PSB Insights
2590:
2580:such as the
2575:
2544:
2510:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2465:
2456:
2447:
2427:
2413:
2399:
2396:Fuṣḥā Arabic
2395:
2393:
2081:
2078:
2077:
1952:
1203:
1196:
1192:formal Latin
1184:borrow words
1181:
1176:
1167:
1160:
1147:
1141:
1125:
1106:
1077:North Africa
1070:
1061:Ottoman rule
1046:
1040:
1034:
997:
984:North Africa
962:
943:
912:
898:
884:
881:Fuṣḥā Arabic
880:
878:
865:
856:
847:
838:
816:
797:pluricentric
746:standardized
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:
700:
655:
491:
437:Saudi Arabia
335:
278:Proto-Arabic
253:
239:West Semitic
229:Afro-Asiatic
196:
168:al-ʻArabīyah
165:
148:
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
7049:Hadramautic
7035:Old Arabian
6972:West Gurage
6882:East Gurage
6528:Neo-Mandaic
6306:Palestinian
6213:Old Aramaic
5685:Jawi script
5657:Calligraphy
5586:Linguistics
5511:Gulf Pidgin
5427:Judeo-Iraqi
5368:Kashkadarya
5224:Judeo-Iraqi
5149:Palestinian
5060:Nile Valley
4722:Pre-Islamic
4434:Dagger alif
3442:in most of
3209:Arab League
3157:Asia portal
2557:Arab League
2437:فصحى التراث
2164:/i, u/
1874:Approximant
1109:Arab League
1089:Arab League
1073:Middle East
1048:al-Muqattam
1045:(1875) and
980:Middle East
978:across the
922:فصحى التراث
785:legislation
715:instead of
507:Arab League
272:Early forms
7138:Categories
7078:Rijal Alma
7063:Qatabanian
6701:Himyaritic
6644:Phoenician
6205:Historical
6174:Peninsular
6075:Taymanitic
6026:Old Arabic
6011:Historical
5572:Literature
5245:Peninsular
5185:Khuzestani
4915:(Mountain)
4835:Australian
4744:Old Arabic
4394:Diacritics
4321:Numerology
4093:Qantara.de
4017:Ethnologue
3555:13 January
3518:Ethnologue
3500:References
3020:That (one)
2978:min faḍlik
2936:مع السلامة
2910:إلى اللقاء
2762:/marħaban/
2738:(may vary)
2720:الإنكليزية
2714:الإنجليزية
2547:Ethnologue
2507:Al Jazeera
2423:فصحى العصر
2244:elsewhere.
1326:Pharyngeal
1276:Consonants
1199:inflection
988:Al-Andalus
908:فصحى العصر
870:industrial
805:vernacular
795:. It is a
777:mass media
765:literature
757:Arab world
447:Somaliland
406:Mauritania
283:Old Arabic
198:Arab world
82:newspapers
7154:Diglossia
7122:varieties
7113:indicate
6992:Sebat Bet
6742:Eastern (
6694:Deir Alla
6572:Canaanite
6479:Trans-Zab
6464:Inter-Zab
6388:Christian
6342:Palmyrene
6333:Samaritan
6300:Nabataean
6188:Northwest
6143:Levantine
6115:Classical
6040:Dadanitic
5862:varieties
5854:indicate
5769:Technical
5740:Shahmukhi
5695:Kairouani
5593:Phonology
5372:Khorasani
5362:Bakhtiari
5214:Anatolian
5144:Jordanian
5124:Damascene
5087:Levantine
4999:Hassaniya
4840:Cottenera
4775:Classical
4714:Varieties
4292:Overviews
4150:Arab News
3997:22 August
3672:158624482
3490:/aɫ.ɫaːh/
3370:Tunisia:
3284:عربى فصيح
3229:Diglossia
3076:/maː.ðaː/
3024:/ˈðaːlik/
2868:/ˈʃukran/
2832:كيف حالك؟
2561:passively
2082:Footnote:
1589:voiceless
1584:Fricative
1408:voiceless
1265:Phonology
1128:diglossia
1099:, and as
848:steamship
657:Glottolog
625:ISO 639-3
421:Palestine
337:27 states
112:July 2020
7070:Awsanian
6953:Tt-group
6829:Tigrinya
6708:Samalian
6685:Galilean
6678:Ugaritic
6623:Medieval
6616:Mishnaic
6600:Biblical
6581:Ammonite
6474:Sanandaj
6459:Betanure
6432:Chaldean
6429:Assyrian
6415:Qaraqosh
6405:Hértevin
6319:Galilean
6293:Lebanese
6148:Maghrebi
6108:Literary
6082:Thamudic
6068:Safaitic
6054:Hasaitic
6047:Dumaitic
5967:Akkadian
5922:Branches
5873:Category
5725:Nastaliq
5715:Muhaqqaq
5705:Maghrebi
5565:Academic
5505:Bimbashi
5461:Tunisene
5432:Baghdadi
5380:Shirvani
5320:Hadhrami
5278:Bahraini
5229:Baghdadi
5180:Baghdadi
5119:Aleppine
5109:Lebanese
5104:Cilician
5077:Sudanese
5067:Egyptian
4948:Hilalian
4906:Western
4884:Eastern
4881:Village
4860:Żurrieqi
4824:Sicilian
4817:Andalusi
4799:Maghrebi
4768:Literary
4420:(tanwin)
4418:Nunation
4304:Alphabet
4299:Language
4286:language
4055:MinnPost
4034:Le Monde
3954:23 April
3903:Archived
3546:Archived
3281:, hence
3143:See also
3102:/na.ʕam/
3004:lā aʻrif
2804:ما اسمك؟
2768:marḥaban
2730:(varies)
2541:Speakers
2306:include
2251:include
2196:include
1935:⟩
1929:⟨
1919:⟩
1913:⟨
1894:⟩
1888:⟨
1853:⟩
1847:⟨
1824:⟩
1818:⟨
1808:⟩
1802:⟨
1782:⟩
1776:⟨
1766:⟩
1760:⟨
1750:⟩
1744:⟨
1725:⟩
1719:⟨
1709:⟩
1703:⟨
1693:⟩
1687:⟨
1669:⟩
1663:⟨
1653:⟩
1647:⟨
1637:⟩
1631:⟨
1621:⟩
1615:⟨
1605:⟩
1599:⟨
1571:⟩
1565:⟨
1555:⟩
1549:⟨
1539:⟩
1533:⟨
1521:⟩
1515:⟨
1498:⟩
1492:⟨
1480:⟩
1474:⟨
1464:⟩
1458:⟨
1444:⟩
1438:⟨
1428:⟩
1422:⟨
1382:⟩
1376:⟨
1364:⟩
1358:⟨
1341:emphatic
1306:alveolar
1144:Sibawayh
1042:Al-Ahram
999:Napoleon
866:Internet
857:workshop
769:academia
750:literary
721:Help:IPA
664:stan1318
482:Tanzania
478:Zanzibar
366:Djibouti
7115:extinct
7111:Italics
7056:Minaean
6981:Endegen
6930:N-group
6891:Inneqor
6866:Argobba
6861:Amharic
6817:Dahalik
6789:Western
6780:Soqotri
6760:Ḥarsusi
6755:Baṭḥari
6746:Arabian
6671:Amorite
6637:Moabite
6588:Edomite
6553:Armazic
6533:Western
6509:Central
6454:Barzani
6380:eastern
6369:Aramaic
6283:Western
6267:Mandaic
6245:Eastern
6197:Aramaic
6160:Maltese
6061:Hismaic
5994:Central
5983:Eblaite
5939:Central
5852:Italics
5760:Thuluth
5625:Grammar
5496:pidgins
5491:Creoles
5480:Sanʽani
5365:Bukhara
5325:Sanʽani
5288:Kuwaiti
5283:Emirati
5268:Dhofari
5253:Bahrani
5219:Cypriot
5207:(Qeltu)
5034:Sulaym
5021:Western
5016:Eastern
4894:Sfaxian
4890:(Sahel)
4845:Gozitan
4830:Maltese
4450:Letters
4424:Shaddah
4413:Harakat
4408:Tashkil
4336:Scripts
4309:History
4131:10 July
3831:27 June
3624:14 June
3428:Algeria
3414:in the
3356:Libya:
3342:Egypt:
2988:لا أعرف
2962:من فضلك
2942:Goodbye
2916:See you
2890:Welcome
2874:shukran
2726:English
2688:العربية
2662:Phrase
2621:Grammar
2154:,
2141:lengths
1331:Glottal
1311:Palatal
1304:Palato-
1121:Abbasid
1117:Umayyad
1023:Lebanon
963:tashkīl
957:Abbasid
953:Umayyad
929:History
717:Unicode
648:arb-mod
463:Tunisia
442:Somalia
411:Morocco
391:Lebanon
361:Comoros
351:Bahrain
346:Algeria
234:Semitic
176:script)
96:scholar
7089:Sabaic
7083:Razihi
6987:Mesqan
6961:Mesmes
6910:Harari
6897:Wolane
6894:Ulbare
6887:Siltʼe
6847:versal
6845:Trans-
6775:Shehri
6765:Hobyot
6744:Modern
6715:Sutean
6663:Others
6629:Modern
6594:Hebrew
6546:Others
6521:Turoyo
6515:Mlaḥsô
6502:Others
6447:Jewish
6420:Senaya
6400:Bohtan
6395:Barwar
6378:North-
6354:Siryon
6348:Syrian
6272:Syriac
6003:Arabic
5675:Diwani
5662:Script
5620:(case)
5617:ʾIʿrāb
5603:Tajwid
5548:Bongor
5527:Maridi
5477:Habban
5351:Others
5335:Tihami
5315:Yemeni
5310:Shihhi
5295:Hejazi
5263:Bedawi
5258:Bareqi
5114:Syrian
5072:Saʽidi
5004:Nemadi
4990:Maqil
4888:Sahili
4855:Żejtun
4791:spoken
4789:Modern
4284:Arabic
4205:
4187:
3881:604273
3879:
3810:9 July
3801:
3761:
3713:
3670:
3615:
3578:
3420:Levant
3301:Levant
3194:Arabic
3030:dhālik
2968:Please
2864:Thanks
2752:مرحباً
2694:Arabic
2678:ALA-LC
2632:Sample
2603:. The
2534:stress
2228:; and
2135:Short
1976:Short
1961:, and
1949:Vowels
1732:voiced
1505:voiced
1337:plain
1321:Uvular
1294:Dental
1289:Labial
1152:Arabic
1027:Aleppo
1015:Boulaq
876:life.
862:إنترنت
753:Arabic
691:
685:
679:
543:Israel
386:Kuwait
381:Jordan
249:Arabic
193:Region
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
25:Arabic
7043:Faifi
7010:Gyeto
7004:Gumer
6997:Chaha
6967:Muher
6944:Soddo
6938:Gafat
6923:Outer
6838:South
6822:Tigre
6812:Geʽez
6805:North
6770:Mehri
6734:South
6651:Punic
6489:Zakho
6425:Suret
5944:South
5834:Other
5755:Tawqi
5710:Mashq
5700:Kufic
5608:Imāla
5577:Names
5543:Turku
5471:Adeni
5305:Omani
5300:Najdi
5205:North
5195:South
5190:Shawi
5172:Gilit
5136:South
5096:North
4994:Fessi
4913:Jebli
4899:Jijel
4874:Tunis
4869:Urban
4850:Qormi
4459:ʾAlif
4429:Hamza
4401:i‘jām
4125:(PDF)
4118:(PDF)
3948:(PDF)
3877:JSTOR
3668:S2CID
3646:(PDF)
3549:(PDF)
3542:(PDF)
3464:Yemen
3456:Egypt
3452:]
3448:[
3440:]
3436:[
3432:Sudan
3412:]
3408:[
3318:Hejaz
3251:Notes
3128:/laː/
3108:naʿam
3082:māḏā?
3072:What?
3066:ماذا؟
3050:/kam/
2858:شكراً
2758:Hello
2530:]
2526:[
2360:]
2356:[
2352:]
2348:[
2344:]
2340:[
2336:]
2332:[
2328:]
2324:[
2320:]
2316:[
2312:]
2308:[
2297:]
2293:[
2289:]
2285:[
2281:]
2277:[
2273:]
2269:[
2265:]
2261:[
2257:]
2253:[
2242:]
2238:[
2234:]
2230:[
2226:]
2222:[
2218:]
2214:[
2210:]
2206:[
2202:]
2198:[
2175:/u~ʊ/
2171:/i~ɪ/
2160:]
2156:[
2152:]
2148:[
2130:]
2126:[
2122:]
2118:[
2114:]
2110:[
2106:]
2102:[
2007:Close
1995:Front
1985:Front
1979:Long
1833:Trill
1348:Nasal
1316:Velar
1259:]
1255:[
1251:]
1247:[
1243:]
1239:[
1235:]
1231:[
1177:hātif
1053:Nahda
1031:Syria
1019:Cairo
949:Quran
844:باخرة
835:سيارة
821:(CA;
773:print
736:) or
473:Yemen
458:Syria
453:Sudan
426:Qatar
396:Libya
371:Egypt
210:Users
174:Naskh
103:JSTOR
89:books
7007:Gura
7001:Ezha
6977:Inor
6367:Neo-
5957:East
5934:West
5929:East
5730:Rasm
5533:Nubi
5521:Juba
5494:and
5474:Beda
5446:Wqal
5443:Kjal
5273:Gulf
4621:Ġayn
4612:ʿAyn
4203:ISBN
4185:ISBN
4133:2021
3999:2016
3971::16)
3956:2024
3833:2023
3812:2020
3799:ISBN
3759:ISBN
3711:ISBN
3626:2023
3613:ISBN
3576:ISBN
3557:2021
3486:الله
3460:Oman
3430:and
3424:Iraq
3299:The
3056:kam?
2613:and
2474:and
2383:/uː/
2375:/iː/
2371:/aː/
2304:/uː/
2249:/iː/
2236:and
2204:and
2194:/aː/
2192:and
2181:and
2173:and
2090:/oː/
2088:and
2086:/eː/
2059:Open
2000:Back
1990:Back
1403:Stop
1173:هاتف
1168:film
1164:فيلم
1119:and
1079:and
982:and
970:and
955:and
872:and
853:ورشة
783:and
775:and
561:List
537:List
416:Oman
401:Mali
376:Iraq
356:Chad
75:news
6903:Zay
5818:864
5813:720
5809:711
5806:710
5803:709
5799:708
5642:IPA
4702:Yāʾ
4693:Wāw
4684:Hāʾ
4675:Nūn
4666:Mīm
4657:Lām
4648:Kāf
4639:Qāf
4630:Fāʾ
4603:Ẓāʾ
4594:Ṭāʾ
4585:Ḍād
4576:Ṣād
4567:Šīn
4558:Sīn
4549:Zāy
4540:Rāʾ
4531:Ḏāl
4522:Dāl
4513:Ḫāʾ
4504:Ḥāʾ
4495:Ǧīm
4486:Ṯāʾ
4477:Tāʾ
4468:Bāʾ
3869:doi
3865:111
3658:doi
3605:doi
3515:at
3454:in
3410:d͡ʒ
3267:yāʼ
3098:Yes
3092:نعم
3040:كم؟
3014:ذلك
2669:IPA
2569:in
2524:as
2513:jīm
2398:or
2379:/i/
2190:/a/
2183:/o/
2179:/e/
2137:/u/
2098:/i/
2053:)*
2046:)*
2038:Mid
1963:/u/
1959:/i/
1955:/a/
1561:d͡ʒ
1225:t͡ʃ
1158:).
1001:'s
883:or
859:or
841:or
839:car
781:law
742:MWA
734:MSA
703:IPA
632:arb
58:by
7140::
5660:·
4063:^
4041:^
3985:.
3901:.
3897:.
3875:.
3863:.
3773:^
3728:^
3719:.
3695:^
3666:.
3654:11
3652:.
3648:.
3633:^
3611:,
3599:,
3458:,
3434:,
3422:,
3320::
3303::
3134:lā
3124:No
3118:لا
2680:)
2381:,
2354:,
2346:,
2338:,
2326:oː
2318:ɤː
2310:ʊː
2291:,
2283:,
2275:,
2263:ɨː
2255:ɪː
2240:æː
2220:,
2208:ɑː
2124:,
2116:,
2108:,
2070:aː
2051:oː
2044:eː
2030:uː
2023:iː
1965::
1957:,
1795:~
1772:ðˤ
1680:~
1643:sˤ
1545:dˤ
1434:tˤ
1253:,
1221:,
1213:,
1154::
1150:,
1075:,
1063:.
1029:,
1017:,
814:.
779:,
771:,
767:,
748:,
484:)
6748:)
5907:e
5900:t
5893:v
4276:e
4269:t
4262:v
4193:.
4135:.
4095:.
4087:"
4078:.
4070:"
4058:.
4048:"
4028:"
4019:.
4011:"
4001:.
3958:.
3883:.
3871::
3835:.
3814:.
3767:.
3674:.
3660::
3607::
3584:.
3559:.
3481:/
3479:ɫ
3477:/
3466:.
3450:g
3438:ʒ
3287:.
3276:ى
2717:/
2676:(
2528:ɡ
2520:ج
2480:/
2478:v
2476:/
2472:/
2470:p
2468:/
2434:(
2420:(
2406:(
2362:.
2358:ʕ
2350:ħ
2342:r
2334:q
2322:~
2314:~
2299:.
2295:ʕ
2287:ħ
2279:r
2271:q
2259:~
2232:æ
2224:r
2216:q
2200:ɑ
2166:.
2158:o
2150:e
2128:ʕ
2120:ħ
2112:r
2104:q
2079:*
2064:a
2049:(
2042:(
2017:u
2012:i
1932:و
1925:w
1916:ي
1909:j
1900:ɫ
1891:ل
1884:l
1850:ر
1843:r
1821:ع
1814:ʕ
1805:غ
1798:ʁ
1792:ɣ
1779:ظ
1763:ز
1756:z
1747:ذ
1740:ð
1722:ه
1715:h
1706:ح
1699:ħ
1690:خ
1683:χ
1677:x
1666:ش
1659:ʃ
1650:ص
1634:س
1627:s
1618:ث
1611:θ
1602:ف
1595:f
1568:ج
1552:ض
1536:د
1529:d
1518:ب
1511:b
1495:ء
1488:ʔ
1477:ق
1470:q
1461:ك
1454:k
1441:ط
1425:ت
1418:t
1379:ن
1372:n
1361:م
1354:m
1257:e
1249:o
1241:ʃ
1237:+
1233:t
1227:/
1223:/
1219:/
1217:p
1215:/
1211:/
1209:v
1207:/
919:(
905:(
891:(
740:(
732:(
723:.
495::
480:(
339::
125:)
119:(
114:)
110:(
100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
52:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
