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79:. The two constant themes in their attempts to improve archaeological excavation were first, to maintain strict stratigraphic control while excavating (for this purpose, the baulks between trenches served to retain a record of the strata that had been dug through), and second, to publish a record of the excavation promptly and in a form that would tell the story of the site to the intelligent reader.
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in 1949. Despite its many limitations (compared to later methods it is inaccurate; it can only be used on organic matter; it is reliant on a dataset to calibrate it; and it only works with remains from the last 10,000 years), the technique brought about a revolution in archaeological understanding.
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Archaeology increasingly became a professional activity during the first half of the 20th century. Although the bulk of an excavation's workforce would still consist of volunteers, it would normally be led by a professional. It was now possible to study archaeology as a subject in universities and
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Bomb damage during the Second World War and subsequent rebuilding gave archaeologists the opportunity to meaningfully examine inhabited cities for the first time. Bombed sites provided windows onto the development of
European cities whose pasts had been buried beneath working buildings.
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necessitated a new approach as centuries of human occupation had created deep layers of stratigraphy that could often only be seen through the keyholes of individual building plots. In
Britain, post-war archaeologists such as
152:, a technology that measures the height of the ground surface and other features in large areas of landscape with resolution and accuracy that was not previously available. Subsurface remote sensing techniques such as
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Damon, P. E.; Donahue, D. J.; Gore, B. H.; Hatheway, A. L.; Jull, A. J. T.; Linick, T. W.; Sercel, P. J.; Toolin, L. J.; Bronk, C. R.; Hall, E. T.; Hedges, R. E. M.; Housley, R.; Law, I. A.; Perry, C.; Bonani, G.;
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For the first time, it was possible to put reasonably accurate dates on discoveries such as bones. This in some cases led to a complete reassessment of the significance of past finds. Classic cases included the
198:, scholars were able to ascertain that Ötzi does not belong to any known human population. In the subsequent years, genetics has helped us reconstruct human migrations that occurred during prehistory.
168:, has been surveyed by these methods, though only a small portion has actually been excavated. The application of physical sciences to archaeology, known as archaeometry or
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Other developments, often spin-offs from wartime technology, led to other scientific advances. For field archaeologists, the most significant of these was the use of the
71:, whose highly disciplined approach to excavation and systematic coverage in the 1920s and 1930s brought the science into the modern era. Wheeler developed the
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took the initiative in studying this previously unexamined area and developed the archaeological methods now employed in much cultural resource management and
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other schools, and by the end of the 20th century nearly all professional archaeologists, at least in developed countries, were graduates of such programs.
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enable an advanced picture to be built up of what lies beneath the soil before excavation even commences. The entire Roman town of
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This article is about archaeological practices in the modern era. For the archaeological investigation of the historic past, see
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was one of the founders of scientific archaeology and first applied the categories of style on a large, systematic basis to the
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67:. He was "the prophet and founding hero of modern archaeology". The next major figure in the development of archaeology was
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Undoubtedly the major technological development in 20th century archaeology was the introduction of
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The father of official art history was a German named Johann
Joachim Winckelmann (1717–68).
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125:. It was not until 1989 that the Catholic Church allowed the technique to be used on the
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Creating
Prehistory: Druids, Ley Hunters and Archaeologists in Pre-War Britain
20:. For the archaeological investigation of 20th- and 21st-century remains, see
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Superfluous Things: Material
Culture and Social Status in Early Modern China
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being brought to bear on archaeological science. With the help of
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Tessa Verney
Wheeler: Women and Archaeology Before World War Two
354:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 149–151, 158–159.
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in the early 20th century. Pictured are his excavations at
116:, based on a theory first developed by American scientist
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Piggott, Stuart (1977). "Robert Eric
Mortimer Wheeler".
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447:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 192–194.
379:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 172–175.
402:
Biographical
Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
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468:Biddle, Martin; Hudson, Daphne M (1 April 1973).
217:"Modern archaeology 'much more than excavations'"
75:, which was further improved on by his student
8:
490:"Radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin"
445:Mortimer Wheeler: Adventurer in Archaeology
352:Mortimer Wheeler: Adventurer in Archaeology
255:. Random House Publishing Group. p.
292:. New York: Random House. p. 584.
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172:, is now a major part of archaeology.
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215:CNA News Service (3 October 2018).
150:light detection and ranging (LIDAR)
243:Robinson, Walter (February 1995).
186:of the prehistorical mummy dubbed
14:
175:Archaeology has also come to use
136:. This encompasses a number of
584:Archaeological sub-disciplines
571:, see there for edit history.
562:Attribution: text copied from
190:resulted in the techniques of
177:geographic information systems
1:
182:The discovery in 1991 in the
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545:University of Hawaii Press
443:Hawkes, Jacquetta (1982).
408:. The Royal Society: 635.
350:Hawkes, Jacquetta (1982).
61:Johann Joachim Winckelmann
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73:grid system of excavation
51:discipline of archaeology
158:ground-penetrating radar
22:Contemporary archaeology
470:Future of London's Past
375:Carr, Lydia C. (2012).
594:History of archaeology
567:History of archaeology
539:Clunas, Craig (2004).
414:10.1098/rsbm.1977.0023
170:archaeological science
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18:Historical archaeology
321:. Malden and Oxford:
53:which contributes to
40:Maiden Castle, Dorset
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313:Stout, Adam (2008).
140:techniques, such as
123:Red Lady of Paviland
36:system of excavation
506:1989Natur.337..611D
284:Boorstin, Daniel J.
252:Instant Art History
142:aerial photography
134:geophysical survey
114:radiocarbon dating
98:rescue archaeology
47:Modern archaeology
44:
42:, in October 1937.
500:(6208): 611–615.
454:978-0-297-78056-4
386:978-0-19-964022-5
361:978-0-297-78056-4
336:978-1-4051-5505-2
299:978-0-394-72625-0
146:satellite imagery
85:Urban archaeology
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226:. Retrieved
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127:Turin Shroud
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90:W. F. Grimes
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34:pioneered a
222:Cyprus Mail
55:excavations
578:Categories
325:. p.
202:References
162:Viroconium
589:Modernity
323:Blackwell
228:3 October
522:27686437
430:73835587
286:(1983).
192:genetics
166:Wroxeter
502:Bibcode
49:is the
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494:Nature
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518:S2CID
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418:JSTOR
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261:ISBN
230:2018
188:Ötzi
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