Remote sensing - Knowledge (XXG)

449: 4923: 855:

radiance value. For the same object, the pixel radiance value on the shady slope will be different from that on the sunny slope. Additionally, different objects may have similar radiance values. These ambiguities seriously affected remote sensing image information extraction accuracy in mountainous areas. It became the main obstacle to the further application of remote sensing images. The purpose of topographic correction is to eliminate this effect, recovering the true reflectivity or radiance of objects in horizontal conditions. It is the premise of

537: 997:

is much greater than the lower levels. Level 2 data sets tend to be less voluminous than Level 1 data because they have been reduced temporally, spatially, or spectrally. Level 3 data sets are generally smaller than lower level data sets and thus can be dealt with without incurring a great deal of data handling overhead. These data tend to be generally more useful for many applications. The regular spatial and temporal organization of Level 3 datasets makes it feasible to readily combine data from different sources.

370: 915:) which may be related to the object of interest through a calculation. The common analogy given to describe this is trying to determine the type of animal from its footprints. For example, while it is impossible to directly measure temperatures in the upper atmosphere, it is possible to measure the spectral emissions from a known chemical species (such as carbon dioxide) in that region. The frequency of the emissions may then be related via 1151: 1428: 4935: 517:(LIDAR) is used for weapon ranging, laser illuminated homing of projectiles, and to detect and measure the concentration of various chemicals in the atmosphere while airborne LIDAR can be used to measure the heights of objects and features on the ground more accurately than radar technology. LIDAR can be used to detect ground surface changes. Vegetation remote sensing is a principal application of LIDAR. 74: 173: 1139: 4947: 4670: 755:. The rotation and orientation are often provided within a degree or two with electronic compasses. Compasses can measure not just azimuth (i. e. degrees to magnetic north), but also altitude (degrees above the horizon), since the magnetic field curves into the Earth at different angles at different latitudes. More exact orientations require 1602:, at 36,000 km (22,000 mi), allows a satellite to hover over a constant spot on the earth since the orbital period at this altitude is 24 hours. This allows uninterrupted coverage of more than 1/3 of the Earth per satellite, so three satellites, spaced 120° apart, can cover the whole Earth. This type of orbit is mainly used for 1410:

porphyry copper deposits can be located. A high ratio of uranium to thorium has been found to be related to the presence of hydrothermal copper deposits. Radiation patterns have also been known to occur above oil and gas fields, but some of these patterns were thought to be due to surface soils instead of oil and gas.

898:, or as digitized half-tone images. Ultrafiches survive well in standard libraries, with lifetimes of several centuries. They can be created, copied, filed and retrieved by automated systems. They are about as compact as archival magnetic media, and yet can be read by human beings with minimal, standardized equipment. 832:

center of the image, with the distortion of measurements increasing the farther you get from the center. Another factor is that of the platen against which the film is pressed can cause severe errors when photographs are used to measure ground distances. The step in which this problem is resolved is called

1409:

There are applications of gamma rays to mineral exploration through remote sensing. In 1972 more than two million dollars were spent on remote sensing applications with gamma rays to mineral exploration. Gamma rays are used to search for deposits of uranium. By observing radioactivity from potassium,

877:

in both conventional single or stereographic coverage, added skills such as the use of photogrammetry, the use of photomosaics, repeat coverage, Making use of objects' known dimensions in order to detect modifications. Image Analysis is the recently developed automated computer-aided application that

854:

In rugged mountains, as a result of terrain, the effective illumination of pixels varies considerably. In a remote sensing image, the pixel on the shady slope receives weak illumination and has a low radiance value, in contrast, the pixel on the sunny slope receives strong illumination and has a high

831:

In order to create sensor-based maps, most remote sensing systems expect to extrapolate sensor data in relation to a reference point including distances between known points on the ground. This depends on the type of sensor used. For example, in conventional photographs, distances are accurate in the

821:

The frequency of flyovers by the satellite or plane, and is only relevant in time-series studies or those requiring an averaged or mosaic image as in deforesting monitoring. This was first used by the intelligence community where repeated coverage revealed changes in infrastructure, the deployment of

1354:

Many teachers have great interest in the subject "remote sensing", being motivated to integrate this topic into teaching, provided that the curriculum is considered. In many cases, this encouragement fails because of confusing information. In order to integrate remote sensing in a sustainable manner

1346:

between the application and the understanding of satellite images. Remote sensing only plays a tangential role in schools, regardless of the political claims to strengthen the support for teaching on the subject. A lot of the computer software explicitly developed for school lessons has not yet been

1092:

that is cheaper to collect. For agricultural statistics, field surveys are usually required, while photo-interpretation may better for land cover classes that can be reliably identified on aerial photographs or high resolution satellite images. Additional uncertainty can appear because of imperfect

1047:

or satellite images. It is relevant to highlight that probabilistic sampling is not critical for the selection of training pixels for image classification, but it is necessary for accuracy assessment of the classified images and area estimation. Additional care is recommended to ensure that training

507:

on satellites have provided a wide range of data. By measuring the bulges of water caused by gravity, they map features on the seafloor to a resolution of a mile or so. By measuring the height and wavelength of ocean waves, the altimeters measure wind speeds and direction, and surface ocean currents

4541:

KUENZER, C. ZHANG, J., TETZLAFF, A., and S. DECH, 2013: Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing of Surface and underground Coal Fires. In (eds.) Kuenzer, C. and S. Dech 2013: Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing – Sensors, Methods, Applications. Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing Series, Volume 17, 572

4028:

Ditter, R., Haspel, M., Jahn, M., Kollar, I., Siegmund, A., Viehrig, K., Volz, D., Siegmund, A. (2012) Geospatial technologies in school – theoretical concept and practical implementation in K-12 schools. In: International Journal of Data Mining, Modelling and Management (IJDMMM): FutureGIS: Riding

1289:

realized that advances in science meant that aerial photography was no longer an adequate term to describe the data streams being generated by new technologies. With assistance from her fellow staff member at the Office of Naval Research, Walter Bailey, she coined the term "remote sensing". Several

1229:

series both in overhead and stand-off collection. A more recent development is that of increasingly smaller sensor pods such as those used by law enforcement and the military, in both manned and unmanned platforms. The advantage of this approach is that this requires minimal modification to a given

1075:

The main strength of classified satellite images or other indicators computed on satellite images is providing cheap information on the whole target area or most of it. This information usually has a good correlation with the target variable (ground truth) that is usually expensive to observe in an

996:

A Level 1 data record is the most fundamental (i. e., highest reversible level) data record that has significant scientific utility, and is the foundation upon which all subsequent data sets are produced. Level 2 is the first level that is directly usable for most scientific applications; its value

847:

Allows avoidance of radiometric errors and distortions. The illumination of objects on the Earth's surface is uneven because of different properties of the relief. This factor is taken into account in the method of radiometric distortion correction. Radiometric correction gives a scale to the pixel

956:

Reconstructed, unprocessed instrument data at full resolution, time-referenced, and annotated with ancillary information, including radiometric and geometric calibration coefficients and georeferencing parameters (e. g., platform ephemeris) computed and appended but not applied to the Level 0 data

653:

Remotely sensed multi- and hyperspectral images can be used for assessing biodiversity at different scales. Since the spectral properties of different plants species are unique, it is possible to get information about properties that relates to biodiversity such as habitat heterogeneity, spectral

2297:

Levin, Noam; Kyba, Christopher C.M.; Zhang, Qingling; Sánchez de Miguel, Alejandro; Román, Miguel O.; Li, Xi; Portnov, Boris A.; Molthan, Andrew L.; Jechow, Andreas; Miller, Steven D.; Wang, Zhuosen; Shrestha, Ranjay M.; Elvidge, Christopher D. (February 2020). "Remote sensing of night lights: A

1945: 836:

and involves computer-aided matching of points in the image (typically 30 or more points per image) which is extrapolated with the use of an established benchmark, "warping" the image to produce accurate spatial data. As of the early 1990s, most satellite images are sold fully georeferenced.

305: 1055:

produced by visual photo-interpretation, with a legend of mapped classes that suits our purpose, taking again the example of wheat. The straightforward approach is counting the number of pixels classified as wheat and multiplying by the area of each pixel. Many authors have noticed that

1012:

provide very useful information to produce statistics on topics closely related to the territory, such as agriculture, forestry or land cover in general. The first large project to apply Landsata 1 images for statistics was LACIE (Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment), run by NASA,

1513:

In 2008, more than 150 Earth observation satellites were in orbit, recording data with both passive and active sensors and acquiring more than 10 terabits of data daily. By 2021, that total had grown to over 950, with the largest number of satellites operated by US-based company

1168:) made photographs of Paris from his balloon in 1858. Messenger pigeons, kites, rockets and unmanned balloons were also used for early images. With the exception of balloons, these first, individual images were not particularly useful for map making or for scientific purposes. 1347:

implemented due to its complexity. Thereby, the subject is either not at all integrated into the curriculum or does not pass the step of an interpretation of analogue images. In fact, the subject of remote sensing requires a consolidation of physics and mathematics as well as

808:

The number of different intensities of radiation the sensor is able to distinguish. Typically, this ranges from 8 to 14 bits, corresponding to 256 levels of the gray scale and up to 16,384 intensities or "shades" of colour, in each band. It also depends on the instrument

885:

Old data from remote sensing is often valuable because it may provide the only long-term data for a large extent of geography. At the same time, the data is often complex to interpret, and bulky to store. Modern systems tend to store the data digitally, often with

527:

are the most common instrument in use, collecting reflected and emitted radiation in a wide range of frequencies. The most common are visible and infrared sensors, followed by microwave, gamma-ray, and rarely, ultraviolet. They may also be used to detect the

1902: 867:

Elimination of atmospheric haze by rescaling each frequency band so that its minimum value (usually realised in water bodies) corresponds to a pixel value of 0. The digitizing of data also makes it possible to manipulate the data by changing gray-scale

296:). It may be split into "active" remote sensing (when a signal is emitted by a satellite or aircraft to the object and its reflection is detected by the sensor) and "passive" remote sensing (when the reflection of sunlight is detected by the sensor). 642:

produces an image where each pixel has full spectral information with imaging narrow spectral bands over a contiguous spectral range. Hyperspectral imagers are used in various applications including mineralogy, biology, defence, and environmental

1233:

The development of artificial satellites in the latter half of the 20th century allowed remote sensing to progress to a global scale as of the end of the Cold War. Instrumentation aboard various Earth observing and weather satellites such as

1183:"There is no longer any need to preach for aerial photography-not in the United States- for so widespread has become its use and so great its value that even the farmer who plants his fields in a remote corner of the country knows its value." 650:, remote sensing allows researchers to follow up and monitor risk areas in the long term, to determine desertification factors, to support decision-makers in defining relevant measures of environmental management, and to assess their impacts. 429:

The basis for multispectral collection and analysis is that of examined areas or objects that reflect or emit radiation that stand out from surrounding areas. For a summary of major remote sensing satellite systems see the overview table.

881:

Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) is a sub-discipline of GIScience devoted to partitioning remote sensing (RS) imagery into meaningful image-objects, and assessing their characteristics through spatial, spectral and temporal scale.

2736:

Rocchini, Duccio; Boyd, Doreen S.; Féret, Jean-Baptiste; Foody, Giles M.; He, Kate S.; Lausch, Angela; Nagendra, Harini; Wegmann, Martin; Pettorelli, Nathalie (February 2016). Skidmore, Andrew; Chauvenet, Alienor (eds.).

890:. The difficulty with this approach is that the data is fragile, the format may be archaic, and the data may be easy to falsify. One of the best systems for archiving data series is as computer-generated machine-readable 965:

Level 1a data that have been processed to sensor units (e. g., radar backscatter cross section, brightness temperature, etc.); not all instruments have Level 1b data; level 0 data is not recoverable from level 1b data.

599:

Simultaneous multi-spectral platforms such as Landsat have been in use since the 1970s. These thematic mappers take images in multiple wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation (multi-spectral) and are usually found on

1179:. After WWI, remote sensing technology was quickly adapted to civilian applications. This is demonstrated by the first line of a 1941 textbook titled "Aerophotography and Aerosurverying," which stated the following: 310: 307: 750:

To coordinate a series of large-scale observations, most sensing systems depend on the following: platform location and the orientation of the sensor. High-end instruments now often use positional information from

306: 397:

made use of stand-off collection of data about dangerous border areas. Remote sensing also replaces costly and slow data collection on the ground, ensuring in the process that areas or objects are not disturbed.

1000:

While these processing levels are particularly suitable for typical satellite data processing pipelines, other data level vocabularies have been defined and may be appropriate for more heterogeneous workflows.

4038:

Stork, E.J., Sakamoto, S.O., and Cowan, R.M. (1999) "The integration of science explorations through the use of earth images in middle school curriculum", Proc. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing 37, 1801–1817

872:

Interpretation is the critical process of making sense of the data. The first application was that of aerial photographic collection which used the following process; spatial measurement through the use of a

3670: 657:

Remote sensing has been used to detect rare plants to aid in conservation efforts. Prediction, detection, and the ability to record biophysical conditions were possible from medium to very high resolutions.

1623: 982:

Variables mapped on uniform spacetime grid scales, usually with some completeness and consistency (e. g., missing points interpolated, complete regions mosaicked together from multiple orbits, etc.).

1525:

observation satellites carry instruments that should be operated at a relatively low altitude. Most orbit at altitudes above 500 to 600 kilometers (310 to 370 mi). Lower orbits have significant

358:. Active collection, on the other hand, emits energy in order to scan objects and areas whereupon a sensor then detects and measures the radiation that is reflected or backscattered from the target. 1318:

Remote Sensing has a growing relevance in the modern information society. It represents a key technology as part of the aerospace industry and bears increasing economic relevance – new sensors e.g.

948:

Reconstructed, unprocessed instrument and payload data at full resolution, with any and all communications artifacts (e. g., synchronization frames, communications headers, duplicate data) removed.

800:

spectrum, ranging from a spectral resolution of 0.7 to 2.1 μm. The Hyperion sensor on Earth Observing-1 resolves 220 bands from 0.4 to 2.5 μm, with a spectral resolution of 0.10 to 0.11 μm per band.

4054:

IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120)

2277: 309: 1720: 2012: 620:

from thematic mapping can be used to prospect for minerals, detect or monitor land usage, detect invasive vegetation, deforestation, and examine the health of indigenous plants and crops (

2659: 1342:; in 2006 alone the software was downloaded 100 million times. But studies have shown that only a fraction of them know more about the data they are working with. There exists a huge 570:. They determined that manmade items possess polarimetric signatures that are not found in natural objects. These conclusions were drawn from the imaging of military trucks, like the 3355:

Zhen, Z (2013). "Impact of training and validation sample selection on classification accuracy and accuracy assessment when using reference polygons in object-based classification".

2656:"Begni G. Escadafal R. Fontannaz D. and Hong-Nga Nguyen A.-T. (2005). Remote sensing: a tool to monitor and assess desertification. Les dossiers thématiques du CSFD. Issue 2. 44 pp" 1628: 1040: 4579:

Lentile, Leigh B.; Holden, Zachary A.; Smith, Alistair M. S.; Falkowski, Michael J.; Hudak, Andrew T.; Morgan, Penelope; Lewis, Sarah A.; Gessler, Paul E.; Benson, Nate C. (2006).

1750: 632:. Landsat images are used by regulatory agencies such as KYDOW to indicate water quality parameters including Secchi depth, chlorophyll density, and total phosphorus content. 1310:

techniques leading to the first notable enhancement of imagery data. In 1999 the first commercial satellite (IKONOS) collecting very high resolution imagery was launched.

2034:

Howard, A.; et al. (19 August 2015). "Remote sensing and habitat mapping for bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus): landscapes for the use of stone tools".

4553:

Kuenzer, C. and S. Dech 2013: Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing – Sensors, Methods, Applications. Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing Series, Volume 17, 572 pp.,

990:

Model output or results from analyses of lower level data (i. e., variables that were not measured by the instruments but instead are derived from these measurements).

3894:

Why 'where' matters : understanding and profiting from GPS, GIS, and remote sensing : practical advice for individuals, communities, companies and countries

3251: 746:: Ultrasound sensors, that emit high-frequency pulses and listening for echoes, used for detecting water waves and water level, as in tide gauges or for towing tanks. 3686: 1014: 3919: 1326:

are developed constantly and the demand for skilled labour is increasing steadily. Furthermore, remote sensing exceedingly influences everyday life, ranging from

3734: 2802:

Schweiger, Anna K.; Cavender-Bares, Jeannine; Townsend, Philip A.; Hobbie, Sarah E.; Madritch, Michael D.; Wang, Ran; Tilman, David; Gamon, John A. (June 2018).

1588:

is used. A low orbit will have an orbital period of roughly 100 minutes and the Earth will rotate around its polar axis about 25° between successive orbits. The

366:

are examples of active remote sensing where the time delay between emission and return is measured, establishing the location, speed and direction of an object.

308: 405:, which in conjunction with larger scale aerial or ground-based sensing and analysis, provides researchers with enough information to monitor trends such as 1254:

to other planets have also provided the opportunity to conduct remote sensing studies in extraterrestrial environments, synthetic aperture radar aboard the

2274: 1565:

spacecraft of European Space Agency are observing the Earth from an altitude of about 700 km (430 mi). The Earth observation satellites of UAE,

822:

units or the modification/introduction of equipment. Cloud cover over a given area or object makes it necessary to repeat the collection of said location.

1700: 1562: 3764: 974:

Derived geophysical variables (e. g., ocean wave height, soil moisture, ice concentration) at the same resolution and location as Level 1 source data.

792:

The wavelength of the different frequency bands recorded – usually, this is related to the number of frequency bands recorded by the platform. Current

469:

such as wind speed and direction within weather systems in addition to precipitation location and intensity. Other types of active collection includes

1507: 1498:, for NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory on January 31, 1958. The information sent back from its radiation detector led to the discovery of the Earth's 596:

by imagery and terrain analysts in trafficability and highway departments for potential routes, in addition to modelling terrestrial habitat features.

3539:

Sannier, C (2014). "Using the regression estimator with landsat data to estimate proportion forest cover and net proportion deforestation in gabon".

3011:, Earth Observing System, Data and Information System, Data Panel Report, Vol. IIa., NASA Technical Memorandum 87777, June 1986, 62 pp. Available at 2953: 2179:

Hu, Liuru; Navarro-Hernández, María I.; Liu, Xiaojie; Tomás, Roberto; Tang, Xinming; Bru, Guadalupe; Ezquerro, Pablo; Zhang, Qingtao (October 2022).

4711: 3061: 693:

or geometric. Overhead gravity data collection was first used in aerial submarine detection. This data revealed minute perturbations in the Earth's

478: 2110:

C. Bayindir; J. D. Frost; C. F. Barnes (January 2018). "Assessment and enhancement of SAR noncoherent change detection of sea-surface oil spills".

1021:

in 1974–77. Many other application projects on crop area estimation have followed, including the Italian AGRIT project and the MARS project of the

3645: 1018: 557:

are a key signature of human activity. Applications include remote sensing of population, GDP, and damage to infrastructure from war or disasters.

2153: 2008: 1123: 567: 4652: 4633: 4572: 4558: 4547: 4523: 4426: 4217: 3902: 3875: 3269: 2655: 1985: 1873: 1830: 3038: 1029:. Forest area and deforestation estimation have also been a frequent target of remote sensing projects, the same as land cover and land use 1735: 927:

To facilitate the discussion of data processing in practice, several processing "levels" were first defined in 1986 by NASA as part of its

1879: 1638: 1247: 4287:

Kuznetsov, V.D.; Sinelnikov, V.M.; Alpert, S.N. (June 2015). "Yakov Alpert: Sputnik-1 and the first satellite ionospheric experiment".

1836: 3813: 1263: 697:

that may be used to determine changes in the mass distribution of the Earth, which in turn may be used for geophysical studies, as in

4567:

2012: Satellite Remote Sensing - A new tool for Archaeology. Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing Series, Volume 16, 364 pp.,

730:, emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes, used for detecting, ranging and measurements of underwater objects and terrain. 4069: 1971: 1910: 1760: 1745: 1534: 1432: 1088:

provides different methods to combine accurate information on a sample with less accurate, but exhaustive, data for a covariable or

377:

Remote sensing makes it possible to collect data of dangerous or inaccessible areas. Remote sensing applications include monitoring

157: 4007: 2181:"Analysis of regional large-gradient land subsidence in the Alto Guadalentín Basin (Spain) using open-access aerial LiDAR datasets" 448: 1658: 461:

Conventional radar is mostly associated with aerial traffic control, early warning, and certain large-scale meteorological data.

421:, oil spill detection and monitoring, and national security and overhead, ground-based and stand-off collection on border areas. 319: 3844: 91: 62: 323: 138: 95: 4438:"Best practice guidelines for pre-launch characterization and calibration of instruments for passive optical remote sensing" 2804:"Plant spectral diversity integrates functional and phylogenetic components of biodiversity and predicts ecosystem function" 2384:

Corradino, Claudia; Ganci, Gaetana; Cappello, Annalisa; Bilotta, Giuseppe; Hérault, Alexis; Del Negro, Ciro (January 2019).

1592:

moves towards the west 25° each orbit, allowing a different section of the globe to be scanned with each orbit. Most are in

511:

Ultrasound (acoustic) and radar tide gauges measure sea level, tides and wave direction in coastal and offshore tide gauges.

2351:

Corradino, Claudia; Ganci, Gaetana; Bilotta, Giuseppe; Cappello, Annalisa; Del Negro, Ciro; Fortuna, Luigi (January 2019).

110: 1780: 1730: 1668: 660: 443: 3015: 784:– typically pixels may correspond to square areas ranging in side length from 1 to 1,000 metres (3.3 to 3,280.8 ft). 4704: 4580: 1348: 3934: 30: 3726: 1440: 1420: 856: 752: 601: 514: 414: 117: 3786:

The Indian Society of International Law - Newsletter: VOL. 15, No. 4, October - December 2016 (Report). Brill. 2018.

2597: 536: 342:

is the most common source of radiation measured by passive sensors. Examples of passive remote sensors include film

265:). It also has military, intelligence, commercial, economic, planning, and humanitarian applications, among others. 1398: 1368: 1356: 756: 624:), including entire farming regions or forests. Prominent scientists using remote sensing for this purpose include 4362: 2865:

Cerrejón, Carlos; Valeria, Osvaldo; Marchand, Philippe; Caners, Richard T.; Fenton, Nicole J. (18 February 2021).

1164:

The modern discipline of remote sensing arose with the development of flight. The balloonist G. Tournachon (alias

84: 4674: 4388: 3092:

Allen, J.D. "A Look at the Remote Sensing Applications Program of the National Agricultural Statistics Service".

3032:

Earth Science Reference Handbook – A Guide to NASA's Earth Science Program and Earth Observing Satellite Missions

2238:"Utility of multitemporal lidar for forest and carbon monitoring: Tree growth, biomass dynamics, and carbon flux" 1689: 1295: 1230:

airframe. Later imaging technologies would include infrared, conventional, Doppler and synthetic aperture radar.

1065: 931:

and steadily adopted since then, both internally at NASA (e. g.,) and elsewhere (e. g.,); these definitions are:

621: 418: 293: 4108: 1490:, by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957. Sputnik 1 sent back radio signals, which scientists used to study the 124: 3461:"The effects of imperfect reference data on remote sensing-assisted estimators of land cover class proportions" 2386:"Mapping Recent Lava Flows at Mount Etna Using Multispectral Sentinel-2 Images and Machine Learning Techniques" 1499: 1486:

The first occurrence of satellite remote sensing can be dated to the launch of the first artificial satellite,

1460: 1343: 439: 402: 176: 4845: 4840: 3126:

Foody, G.M. (1994). "Estimation of tropical forest extent and regenerative stage using remotely sensed data".

3756: 4973: 4697: 1865: 1616: 1392: 1105: 767:

The quality of remote sensing data consists of its spatial, spectral, radiometric and temporal resolutions.

575: 482: 338:

Passive sensors gather radiation that is emitted or reflected by the object or surrounding areas. Reflected

1160:

used spectrometers and imagers to hunt for evidence of past or present water and volcanic activity on Mars.

106: 4092: 3215:

Ambrosio Flores, L (2000). "Land cover estimation in small areas using ground survey and remote sensing".

2949: 1755: 1633: 1480: 1101: 928: 862: 803: 351: 238: 3058: 2426:

Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Three-Dimensional Imaging Research at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory

1035:

or reference data to train and validate image classification require a field survey if we are targetting

1663: 1593: 1542: 1109: 1077: 1022: 911:) may not be directly measured, there exists some other variable that can be detected and measured (the 639: 4186: 4134: 3637: 2682: 2157: 4760: 4680: 4492: 4296: 3583: 3548: 3513: 3472: 3433: 3364: 3329: 3294: 3224: 3178: 3135: 2878: 2815: 2750: 2694: 2581: 2489:

Mills, J.P.; et al. (1997). "Photogrammetry from Archived Digital Imagery for Seal Monitoring".

2455: 2442:

Makki, Ihab; Younes, Rafic; Francis, Clovis; Bianchi, Tiziano; Zucchetti, Massimo (1 February 2017).

2397: 2307: 2249: 2192: 2119: 2082: 1919: 1165: 1061: 887: 1903:"Spatiotemporal analysis of urban environment based on the vegetation–impervious surface–soil model" 1510:(TIROS) program, sent back the first television footage of weather patterns to be taken from space. 1383:, or Spatial Discovery, to promote media and method qualifications as well as independent learning. 4951: 1785: 1725: 1599: 1401:. A large number of proprietary and open source applications exist to process remote sensing data. 1081: 1026: 816: 787: 759:, periodically realigned by different methods including navigation from stars or known benchmarks. 694: 668: 1351:

in the fields of media and methods apart from the mere visual interpretation of satellite images.

4777: 4739: 4734: 4600: 4436:

Datla, R.U.; Rice, J.P.; Lykke, K.R.; Johnson, B.C.; Butler, J.J.; Xiong, X. (March–April 2011).

4160: 4075: 3980: 3151: 3035: 2904: 2847: 2784: 2718: 2506: 2333: 2135: 2051: 1937: 1684: 1648: 1172: 1089: 1085: 1044: 771: 3169:

Achard, F (2002). "Determination of deforestation rates of the world's humid tropical forests".

2977:"Мethod of radiometric distortion correction of multispectral data for the earth remote sensing" 2236:

Zhao, Kaiguang; Suarez, Juan C; Garcia, Mariano; Hu, Tongxi; Wang, Cheng; Londo, Alexis (2018).

4648: 4629: 4568: 4554: 4543: 4519: 4467: 4422: 4269: 4213: 4065: 3972: 3898: 3871: 3678: 3265: 3194: 2896: 2839: 2831: 2776: 2710: 2471: 2218: 1981: 1869: 1826: 1674: 1603: 1578: 1476: 1448: 1335: 1327: 1307: 1282: 1156: 1009: 848:

values, e. g. the monochromatic scale of 0 to 255 will be converted to actual radiance values.

698: 680: 633: 589: 369: 1859: 4978: 4939: 4865: 4855: 4787: 4772: 4592: 4500: 4481:"How Can Remote Sensing Help Monitor Tropical Moist Forest Degradation?—A Systematic Review" 4457: 4449: 4304: 4259: 4251: 4057: 3964: 3787: 3618: 3591: 3556: 3521: 3480: 3441: 3372: 3337: 3302: 3257: 3232: 3186: 3143: 2988: 2931: 2886: 2823: 2766: 2758: 2702: 2635: 2589: 2541: 2498: 2463: 2405: 2364: 2323: 2315: 2257: 2208: 2200: 2127: 2090: 2043: 1927: 1816: 1710: 1278: 1069: 529: 470: 289: 131: 4322: 4050:"Mission Geography: Linking national geography standards, innovative technologies and NASA" 3113:

Regional Crop Inventories in Europe Assisted by Remote Sensing: 1988-1993. Synthesis Report

2069:

Innocenti, Fabrizio; Robinson, Rod; Gardiner, Tom; Finlayson, Andrew; Connor, Andy (2017).

409:

and other natural long and short term phenomena. Other uses include different areas of the

4860: 4830: 3805: 3065: 3042: 3019: 2281: 1977: 1715: 1574: 1472: 1235: 1119: 1097: 1052: 903: 781: 647: 605: 593: 554: 544: 501: 198: 3320:

Stehman, S. (2019). "Key issues in rigorous accuracy assessment of land cover products".

2993: 2976: 1494:. The United States Army Ballistic Missile Agency launched the first American satellite, 1250:

provided global measurements of various data for civil, research, and military purposes.

4496: 4300: 3587: 3552: 3517: 3476: 3437: 3368: 3333: 3298: 3228: 3182: 3139: 2882: 2819: 2754: 2698: 2585: 2459: 2401: 2311: 2253: 2196: 2123: 2086: 1923: 1150: 4927: 4835: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4581:"Remote sensing techniques to assess active fire characteristics and post-fire effects" 4462: 4437: 4264: 4239: 3999: 3968: 3791: 3622: 3253:

Assessing the Accuracy of Remotely Sensed Data: Principles and Practices, Third Edition

2935: 2546: 2525: 1822: 1740: 1679: 1526: 1427: 1331: 1291: 1255: 1239: 916: 625: 494: 390: 55: 3892: 3236: 560:

Radiometers and radar onboard of satellites can be used to monitor volcanic eruptions

280:

technologies to detect and classify objects on Earth. It includes the surface and the

4967: 4850: 4812: 4564: 2908: 2851: 2738: 2722: 2510: 2337: 2055: 1479:; some EO satellites may perform remote sensing without forming pictures, such as in 1456: 1360: 1286: 1222: 702: 579: 466: 462: 410: 378: 234: 4079: 3836: 3485: 3460: 3405:

Bauer, M.E. (1978). "Area estimation of crops by digital analysis of Landsat data".

2803: 2788: 2467: 2139: 1941: 1705: 1695: 1589: 1339: 1214: 1143: 1036: 1032: 957:(or if applied, in a manner that level 0 is fully recoverable from level 1a data). 833: 664: 629: 382: 254: 180: 4604: 3502:"Assessing the accuracy of land cover change with imperfect ground reference data" 3057:, GRAS Satellite Application Facility, Version 1.2.1, 31 March 2009. Available at 2981:

Scientific and Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics

2563:"Finescale ecological niche modeling provides evidence that lactating gray seals ( 1397:

Remote sensing data are processed and analyzed with computer software, known as a

1277:

Recent developments include, beginning in the 1960s and 1970s, the development of

840:

In addition, images may need to be radiometrically and atmospherically corrected.

566:

has been reported to be useful for target tracking purposes by researchers at the

532:

of various chemicals, providing data on chemical concentrations in the atmosphere.

3595: 3376: 2071:"Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) Measurements of Landfill Methane Emissions" 1175:

was developed for military surveillance and reconnaissance purposes beginning in

4901: 4765: 4755: 3285:

Stehman, S. (2013). "Estimating Area from an Accuracy Assessment Error Matrix".

1585: 1515: 1468: 1464: 1251: 1176: 1127: 874: 733: 585: 563: 355: 343: 250: 210: 194: 184: 73: 4061: 3034:, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D. C. Available at 2739:"Satellite remote sensing to monitor species diversity: potential and pitfalls" 2425: 172: 4896: 4792: 4308: 4049: 3560: 3525: 3445: 3341: 3306: 2827: 2706: 2319: 2261: 2204: 1795: 1790: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1653: 1570: 1566: 1495: 1491: 1364: 1319: 1271: 1115: 891: 743: 737: 690: 613: 524: 520: 490: 474: 465:

is used by local law enforcements' monitoring of speed limits and in enhanced

406: 281: 258: 222: 202: 4608: 3976: 3682: 2900: 2835: 2780: 2714: 2475: 2222: 2131: 1901:

Guo, Huadong; Huang, Qingni; Li, Xinwu; Sun, Zhongchang; Zhang, Ying (2013).

4886: 4782: 3190: 2502: 2180: 1487: 1444: 1138: 1057: 504: 453: 273: 242: 230: 226: 4479:

Dupuis, Chloé; Lejeune, Philippe; Michez, Adrien; Fayolle, Adeline (2020).

4471: 4348: 4273: 3198: 2843: 2047: 1932: 1122:, we may need different indicators to be computed from images, such as the 740:(after they occur) by comparing the relative intensity and precise timings. 726:, listening for the sound made by another object (a vessel, a whale etc.); 4669: 3422:"Good practices for estimating area and assessing accuracy of land change" 3261: 4453: 4442:

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology

3609:

Carfagna, E. (2005). "Using remote sensing for agricultural statistics".

3421: 3012: 2922:

Carfagna, E. (2005). "Using remote sensing for agricultural statistics".

2640: 2623: 2562: 1550: 1471:

and others. The most common type are Earth imaging satellites, that take

1323: 1303: 1243: 1194: 1193:

The development of remote sensing technology reached a climax during the

797: 617: 486: 394: 347: 339: 4349:"How many Earth observation satellites are orbiting the planet in 2021?" 4255: 3501: 2771: 2213: 401:

Orbital platforms collect and transmit data from different parts of the

4906: 4891: 4720: 4505: 4480: 3984: 3952: 3918:

Fussell, Jay; Rundquist, Donald; Harrington, John A. (September 1986).

3574:

Gallego, F.J. (2004). "Remote sensing and land cover area estimation".

3155: 2410: 2385: 2369: 2352: 2328: 1558: 1538: 1530: 1503: 793: 686: 386: 315: 262: 246: 206: 4392: 4366: 3059:

http://www.grassaf.org/general-documents/products/grassaf_pum_v121.pdf

2891: 2866: 2593: 2095: 2070: 1553:

are all operated at altitudes of about 800 km (500 mi). The

4684: 4104: 2275:

Just Sit Right Back and You'll Hear a Tale, a Tale of a Plankton Trip

1643: 1285:. The use of the term "remote sensing" began in the early 1960s when 609: 571: 285: 277: 218: 51:

Acquisition of information at a significant distance from the subject

4596: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4029:

the Wave of a Growing Geospatial Technology Literate Society; Vol. X

3147: 2430:

Proceedings of the International Conference on International Fusion

2762: 2443: 1554: 1546: 1522: 1452: 1426: 1259: 1218: 1206: 1149: 1137: 895: 810: 777: 719: 706: 535: 447: 368: 363: 359: 303: 214: 171: 901:

Generally speaking, remote sensing works on the principle of the

4870: 4516:

Remote sensing of the environment: an Earth resource perspective

1338:. As an example, 80% of the German students use the services of 1226: 1210: 1202: 1198: 213:. The term is applied especially to acquiring information about 205:

without making physical contact with the object, in contrast to

4693: 3077:

Houston, A.H. "Use of satellite data in agricultural surveys".

2867:"No place to hide: Rare plant detection through remote sensing" 1624:

Airborne Real-time Cueing Hyperspectral Enhanced Reconnaissance

1043:

if we look at wider classes that can be reliably identified on

3390:

Czaplewski, R.L. "Misclassification bias in areal estimates".

3036:

http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/ftp_docs/2006ReferenceHandbook.pdf

1299: 1267: 67: 4130: 2237: 1076:

unbiased and accurate way. Therefore it can be observed on a

701:. Geometric remote sensing includes position and deformation 4182: 3897:. Internet Archive. Manotick, ON : Kim Geomatics Corp. 2444:"A survey of landmine detection using hyperspectral imaging" 1213:, or specifically designed collection platforms such as the 796:

collection is that of seven bands, including several in the

393:

of coastal and ocean depths. Military collection during the

1721:

International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

417:, agricultural fields such as land usage and conservation, 4689: 3671:"A bird's-eye view of the battlefield: aerial photography" 2353:"Smart Decision Support Systems for Volcanic Applications" 4238:

Tatem, Andrew J.; Goetz, Scott J.; Hay, Simon I. (2008).

1506:

spacecraft, launched on April 1, 1960, as part of NASA's

330:

Remote sensing can be divided into two types of methods:

2624:"Land Use and Land Cover Mapping in the Era of Big Data" 1459:

and similar ones intended for non-military uses such as

1039:

or individual forest species, but may be substituted by

582:

and spectropolarimetric VNIR Spectropolarimetric Imager.

3866:

Campbell, James B.; Wynne, Randolph H. (21 June 2011).

1818:

Remote sensing: models and methods for image processing

851:

Topographic correction (also called terrain correction)

221:. Remote sensing is used in numerous fields, including 34: 4645:

Remote sensing digital image analysis: an introduction

4624:

Lillesand, T. M.; R. W. Kiefer; J. W. Chipman (2003).

4535:

Digital Image Processing: a Remote Sensing Perspective

4212:(1st ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 267. 4156: 3250:

Congalton, Russell G.; Green, Kass (25 January 2019).

1629:

American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

1533:

maneuvers necessary. The Earth observation satellites

1048:

and validation datasets are not spatially correlated.

3870:(5th ed.). New York London: The Guilford Press. 3757:"Military Imaging and Surveillance Technology (MIST)" 1973:

Essential Image Processing for GIS and Remote Sensing

1751:

National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

1197:

with the use of modified combat aircraft such as the

663:, usually combining classified satellite images with 736:

taken at different locations can locate and measure

4879: 4821: 4748: 4727: 2526:"Topographic spatial characterisation of grey seal 1051:We suppose now that we have classified images or a 98:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4391:. Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre. Archived from 4365:. Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre. Archived from 3715:(1st ed.). York, PA: The Maple Press Company. 3465:ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 2683:"Remote sensing of terrestrial plant biodiversity" 2530:breeding habitat at a sub-seal size spatial grain" 2448:ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 907:: while the object or phenomenon of interest (the 318:was used to identify areas of conservation in the 4210:Applications of Gamma Radiation in Remote Sensing 3957:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 2567:) prefer access to fresh water in order to drink" 2424:Goldberg, A.; Stann, B.; Gupta, N. (July 2003). " 1258:spacecraft provided detailed topographic maps of 322:, and how it was used to help map an area called 4389:"DubaiSat-1, Earth Observation Satellite of UAE" 4363:"DubaiSat-2, Earth Observation Satellite of UAE" 3115:. Luxembourg: Office for Publications of the EC. 3079:Communications in Statistics. Theory and Methods 1431:Six Earth observation satellites comprising the 541:Examples of remote sensing equipment deployed by 2681:Wang, Ran; Gamon, John A. (15 September 2019). 1970:Liu, Jian Guo & Mason, Philippa J. (2009). 1181: 3927:Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 3407:Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 3392:Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 2622:Zhang, Chuanrong; Li, Xinba (September 2022). 389:features in Arctic and Antarctic regions, and 4705: 4240:"Fifty Years of Earth-observation Satellites" 8: 4048:Bednarz, S.W.; Whisenant, S.E. (July 2000). 3953:"The Office of Naval Research and Geography" 3030:C. L. Parkinson, A. Ward, M. D. King (Eds.) 553:Radiometers are also used at night, because 3837:"SOHO - Solar and Heliospheric Observatory" 2154:"Science@nasa - Technology: Remote Sensing" 1584:To get global coverage with a low orbit, a 18: 4712: 4698: 4690: 3706: 3704: 2743:Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation 1701:IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society 1093:reference data (ground truth or similar). 667:data collected on a sample selected on an 4504: 4461: 4263: 4056:. Vol. 6. pp. 2780–2782 vol.6. 3484: 2992: 2890: 2770: 2639: 2545: 2409: 2368: 2327: 2212: 2094: 1931: 1508:Television Infrared Observation Satellite 661:Agricultural and environmental statistics 158:Learn how and when to remove this message 4105:"FIS – Remote Sensing in School Lessons" 1861:Remote sensing: the image chain approach 933: 636:are used in meteorology and climatology. 479:Interferometric synthetic aperture radar 24:This is an accepted version of this page 4626:Remote sensing and image interpretation 3669:Head of photographs at (4 April 2014). 3576:International Journal of Remote Sensing 3357:International Journal of Remote Sensing 2298:review and an outlook for the future". 1807: 1443:or Earth remote sensing satellite is a 1266:allowed studies to be performed on the 646:Within the scope of the combat against 20: 4585:International Journal of Wildland Fire 4010:from the original on 28 September 2021 3847:from the original on 18 September 2021 3810:Solar System Exploration: NASA Science 3013:http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19860021622 1373:FIS – Remote Sensing in School Lessons 1114:If we target other variables, such as 4189:from the original on 29 November 2014 3737:from the original on 19 February 2019 3256:(3 ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. 3210: 3208: 654:diversity and plant functional trait. 7: 4946: 4421:(3rd ed.). The Guilford Press. 4329:. New Mexico Museum of Space History 4111:from the original on 26 October 2012 3816:from the original on 19 October 2021 2994:10.17586/2226-1494-2015-15-4-595-602 2015:from the original on 4 February 2016 1736:List of Earth observation satellites 1146:reconnaissance/surveillance aircraft 425:Types of data acquisition techniques 96:adding citations to reliable sources 4163:from the original on 17 August 2018 3767:from the original on 18 August 2021 3648:from the original on 18 August 2021 2956:from the original on 2 October 2016 2561:Stewart, J.E.; et al. (2014). 1639:Asian Association on Remote Sensing 1435:satellite constellation as of 2014. 919:to the temperature in that region. 3969:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1979.tb01235.x 3792:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9920-2016004 3713:Aerophotography and Aerosurverying 3623:10.1111/j.1751-5823.2005.tb00155.x 2936:10.1111/j.1751-5823.2005.tb00155.x 2547:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2001.tb00198.x 1882:from the original on 24 April 2016 1696:Ground truth § Remote sensing 49: 2603:from the original on 13 July 2021 2524:Twiss, S.D.; et al. (2001). 2036:Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 1951:from the original on 19 July 2018 1911:Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 1761:Normalized difference water index 1746:Multispectral pattern recognition 1242:and more recent missions such as 543:or interfaced with oceanographic 4945: 4934: 4933: 4921: 4668: 4643:Richards, J. A.; X. Jia (2006). 3611:International Statistical Review 2924:International Statistical Review 2662:from the original on 26 May 2019 1815:Schowengerdt, Robert A. (2007). 1659:First images of Earth from space 1419:This section is an excerpt from 320:Democratic Republic of the Congo 72: 4518:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. 4137:from the original on 2 May 2018 4000:"Ames Research Center Overview" 3486:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.06.002 2468:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2016.12.009 1839:from the original on 1 May 2016 1581:of various parts of the Earth. 1274:, just to name a few examples. 894:, usually in typefonts such as 272:generally refers to the use of 83:needs additional citations for 63:Remote sensing (disambiguation) 4537:(3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. 4419:Introduction to remote sensing 3933:(9): 1507–1511. Archived from 3868:Introduction to Remote Sensing 3094:Journal of Official Statistics 2808:Nature Ecology & Evolution 1405:Remote Sensing with gamma rays 1072:do not compensate each other 1066:commission and omission errors 604:, including (for example) the 434:Applications of remote sensing 373:Illustration of remote sensing 1: 4183:"Landmap – Spatial Discovery" 3998:Colen, Jerry (8 April 2015). 3835:Garner, Rob (15 April 2015). 3541:Remote Sensing of Environment 3506:Remote Sensing of Environment 3426:Remote Sensing of Environment 3322:Remote Sensing of Environment 3287:Remote Sensing of Environment 3237:10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00114-0 3217:Remote Sensing of Environment 2687:Remote Sensing of Environment 2300:Remote Sensing of Environment 2242:Remote Sensing of Environment 2185:Remote Sensing of Environment 1781:Remote monitoring and control 1731:Liquid crystal tunable filter 1669:Geographic information system 1529:, which makes frequent orbit 1363:encourage the development of 592:have often been used to make 568:U.S. Army Research Laboratory 444:Remote sensing in archaeology 3920:"On defining remote sensing" 3596:10.1080/01431160310001619607 3377:10.1080/01431161.2013.810822 3009:Report of the EOS data panel 1858:Schott, John Robert (2007). 757:gyroscopic-aided orientation 753:satellite navigation systems 602:Earth observation satellites 576:acousto-optic tunable filter 485:of large scale terrain (See 4866:Precession of the equinoxes 3891:Ryerson, Robert A. (2010). 2871:Diversity and Distributions 1577:(LEO) orbits and providing 1441:Earth observation satellite 1421:Earth observation satellite 1262:, while instruments aboard 857:quantitative remote sensing 564:Spectropolarimetric Imaging 515:Light detection and ranging 481:is used to produce precise 415:natural resource management 268:In current usage, the term 4997: 4647:(4th ed.). Springer. 4289:Advances in Space Research 4062:10.1109/IGARSS.2000.859713 3951:Pruitt, Evelyn L. (1979). 2491:The Photogrammetric Record 1614: 1418: 1399:remote sensing application 1390: 714:Acoustic and near-acoustic 678: 574:, and trailers with their 555:artificial light emissions 437: 60: 53: 4915: 4309:10.1016/j.asr.2015.02.033 3561:10.1016/j.rse.2013.09.015 3526:10.1016/j.rse.2010.05.003 3446:10.1016/j.rse.2014.02.015 3342:10.1016/j.rse.2019.05.018 3307:10.1016/j.rse.2013.01.016 2828:10.1038/s41559-018-0551-1 2707:10.1016/j.rse.2019.111218 2320:10.1016/j.rse.2019.111443 2262:10.1016/j.rse.2017.09.007 2205:10.1016/j.rse.2022.113218 1690:Global Positioning System 1604:meteorological satellites 1500:Van Allen radiation belts 1296:NASA Ames Research Center 622:satellite crop monitoring 467:meteorological collection 419:greenhouse gas monitoring 294:electromagnetic radiation 4417:Campbell, J. B. (2002). 3642:Air & Space Magazine 2132:10.1109/JOE.2017.2714818 1461:environmental monitoring 1060:is that it is generally 483:digital elevation models 440:Remote sensing (geology) 403:electromagnetic spectrum 314:This video is about how 177:Synthetic aperture radar 54:Not to be confused with 31:latest accepted revision 4628:(5th ed.). Wiley. 3191:10.1126/science.1070656 3128:Journal of Biogeography 3018:27 October 2021 at the 2975:Grigoriev А.N. (2015). 2503:10.1111/0031-868X.00080 1866:Oxford University Press 1393:Remote sensing software 1355:organizations like the 4533:Jensen, J. R. (2005). 4514:Jensen, J. R. (2007). 3711:Bagley, James (1941). 2285:NASA Earth Expeditions 2280:10 August 2021 at the 2048:10.1117/1.JRS.9.096020 1933:10.1117/1.JRS.8.084597 1756:National LIDAR Dataset 1634:Archaeological imagery 1594:Sun-synchronous orbits 1481:GNSS radio occultation 1436: 1314:Training and education 1191: 1161: 1147: 1106:calibration estimators 929:Earth Observing System 923:Data processing levels 878:is in increasing use. 863:Atmospheric correction 844:Radiometric correction 804:Radiometric resolution 780:that is recorded in a 689:remote sensing can be 549: 457: 374: 352:charge-coupled devices 336:Active remote sensing. 332:Passive remote sensing 327: 239:exploration geophysics 193:is the acquisition of 187: 4846:Earth's gravity field 4841:Earth's energy budget 3806:"In Depth | Magellan" 3638:"Flight of the Giant" 3459:Mcroberts, R (2018). 3420:Olofsson, P. (2014). 3262:10.1201/9780429052729 3041:15 April 2010 at the 2574:Marine Mammal Science 2011:. SPIE Professional. 1664:Full spectral imaging 1543:European Space Agency 1447:used or designed for 1430: 1153: 1141: 1110:small area estimators 1023:Joint Research Centre 679:Further information: 640:Hyperspectral imaging 539: 451: 438:Further information: 381:in areas such as the 372: 313: 175: 4761:Computer cartography 4677:at Wikimedia Commons 4454:10.6028/jres.116.009 4323:"James A. Van Allen" 3727:"Air Force Magazine" 3500:Foody, G.M. (2010). 3064:26 July 2011 at the 2641:10.3390/land11101692 2160:on 29 September 2006 2009:"Saving the monkeys" 1371:. Examples include: 1102:regression estimator 1078:probabilistic sample 888:lossless compression 763:Data characteristics 276:- or aircraft-based 92:improve this article 61:For other uses, see 4880:Related disciplines 4563:Lasaponara, R. and 4497:2020RemS...12.1087D 4301:2015AdSpR..55.2833K 4256:10.1511/2008.74.390 3731:www.airforcemag.com 3675:The Daily Telegraph 3667:IWM, Alan Wakefield 3588:2004IJRS...25.3019G 3553:2014RSEnv.151..138S 3518:2010RSEnv.114.2271F 3477:2018JPRS..142..292M 3438:2014RSEnv.148...42O 3369:2013IJRS...34.6914Z 3334:2019RSEnv.23111199S 3299:2013RSEnv.132..202S 3229:2000RSEnv..74..240F 3183:2002Sci...297..999A 3140:1994JBiog..21..223F 3055:Product User Manual 2883:2021DivDi..27..948C 2820:2018NatEE...2..976S 2755:2016RSEC....2...25R 2699:2019RSEnv.23111218W 2586:2014MMamS..30.1456S 2460:2017JPRS..124...40M 2402:2019RemS...11.1916C 2312:2020RSEnv.23711443L 2254:2018RSEnv.204..883Z 2197:2022RSEnv.28013218H 2124:2018IJOE...43..211B 2087:2017RemS....9..953I 1924:2014JARS....8.4597G 1786:Technical geography 1726:Land change science 1600:geostationary orbit 1573:are also placed in 1290:research groups in 1082:area sampling frame 1041:photointerpretation 1027:European Commission 817:Temporal resolution 788:Spectral resolution 695:gravitational field 669:area sampling frame 612:satellite. Maps of 586:Stereographic pairs 21:Page version status 4928:Geodesy portal 4778:Geodetic astronomy 4550:, pp. 429–451 4506:10.3390/rs12071087 4369:on 17 January 2019 4244:American Scientist 4208:Grasty, R (1976). 3940:on 4 October 2021. 3177:(5583): 999–1002. 3111:Taylor, J (1997). 2950:"Geodetic Imaging" 2565:Halichoerus grypus 2528:Halichoerus grypus 2411:10.3390/rs11161916 2370:10.3390/en12071216 2112:IEEE J. Ocean. Eng 1685:Geophysical survey 1649:Coastal management 1477:aerial photographs 1437: 1173:aerial photography 1162: 1148: 1126:, a good proxy to 1096:Some options are: 1086:survey methodology 772:Spatial resolution 634:Weather satellites 590:aerial photographs 550: 458: 375: 328: 290:propagated signals 237:disciplines (e.g. 188: 27: 4961: 4960: 4673:Media related to 4654:978-3-540-25128-6 4635:978-0-471-15227-9 4611:on 12 August 2014 4573:978-90-481-8801-7 4559:978-94-007-6638-9 4548:978-94-007-6638-9 4525:978-0-13-188950-7 4428:978-1-57230-640-0 4351:. 18 August 2021. 4327:nmspacemuseum.org 4295:(12): 2833–2839. 4219:978-3-642-66238-6 3904:978-0-9866376-0-5 3877:978-1-60918-176-5 3636:Maksel, Rebecca. 3512:(10): 2271–2285. 3363:(19): 6914–6930. 3271:978-0-429-05272-9 3053:GRAS-SAF (2009), 2892:10.1111/ddi.13244 2594:10.1111/mms.12126 2287:, 15 August 2018. 2096:10.3390/rs9090953 1987:978-0-470-51032-2 1875:978-0-19-517817-3 1832:978-0-12-369407-2 1675:GIS and hydrology 1579:satellite imagery 1449:Earth observation 1336:natural disasters 1328:weather forecasts 1308:Fourier transform 1283:satellite imagery 1157:2001 Mars Odyssey 994: 993: 681:Satellite geodesy 311: 168: 167: 160: 142: 4986: 4949: 4948: 4937: 4936: 4926: 4925: 4924: 4856:Gravity of Earth 4788:Gravity of Earth 4714: 4707: 4700: 4691: 4672: 4658: 4639: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4607:. Archived from 4538: 4529: 4510: 4508: 4475: 4465: 4432: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4267: 4235: 4224: 4223: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4101: 4095: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4045: 4039: 4036: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4015: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3924: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3708: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3689:on 18 April 2014 3685:. Archived from 3664: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3582:(5): 3019–3047. 3571: 3565: 3564: 3547:(151): 138–148. 3536: 3530: 3529: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3471:(142): 292–300. 3456: 3450: 3449: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3409:(44): 1033–1043. 3402: 3396: 3395: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3293:(132): 202–211. 3282: 3276: 3275: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3212: 3203: 3202: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3081:(23): 2857–2880. 3074: 3068: 3051: 3045: 3028: 3022: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2894: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2774: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2602: 2580:(4): 1456–1472. 2571: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2439: 2433: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2372: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2331: 2294: 2288: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2216: 2176: 2170: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2156:. Archived from 2150: 2144: 2143: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1950: 1935: 1907: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1864:(2nd ed.). 1855: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1821:(3rd ed.). 1812: 1711:Imagery analysis 1575:Low Earth orbits 1473:satellite images 1369:learning portals 1365:learning modules 1279:image processing 1189: 1070:confusion matrix 1010:Satellite images 934: 594:topographic maps 545:research vessels 530:emission spectra 454:Aswan Dam, Egypt 312: 163: 156: 152: 149: 143: 141: 107:"Remote sensing" 100: 76: 68: 4996: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4922: 4920: 4911: 4875: 4861:Plate tectonics 4836:Coriolis effect 4831:Chandler wobble 4823: 4817: 4744: 4723: 4718: 4665: 4655: 4642: 4636: 4623: 4614: 4612: 4597:10.1071/WF05097 4591:(15): 319–345. 4578: 4532: 4526: 4513: 4478: 4435: 4429: 4416: 4413: 4411:Further reading 4408: 4398: 4396: 4395:on 4 March 2016 4387: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4237: 4236: 4227: 4220: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4192: 4190: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4166: 4164: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4140: 4138: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4114: 4112: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4087: 4072: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4023: 4013: 4011: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3937: 3922: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3850: 3848: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3740: 3738: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3710: 3709: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3668: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3651: 3649: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3214: 3213: 3206: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3148:10.2307/2845527 3125: 3124: 3120: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3066:Wayback Machine 3052: 3048: 3043:Wayback Machine 3029: 3025: 3020:Wayback Machine 3006: 3002: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2665: 2663: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2569: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2497:(89): 715–724. 2488: 2487: 2483: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2423: 2419: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2282:Wayback Machine 2273: 2269: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2178: 2177: 2173: 2163: 2161: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2018: 2016: 2007: 2006: 2002: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1978:Wiley-Blackwell 1969: 1968: 1964: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1905: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1885: 1883: 1876: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1842: 1840: 1833: 1814: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1716:Imaging science 1619: 1615:Main category: 1613: 1608: 1607: 1545:as well as the 1475:, analogous to 1424: 1416: 1407: 1395: 1389: 1316: 1190: 1187: 1136: 1098:ratio estimator 1080:selected on an 1007: 925: 904:inverse problem 829: 827:Data processing 765: 716: 683: 677: 648:desertification 606:Landsat program 548: 542: 508:and directions. 452:Radar image of 446: 436: 427: 304: 302: 164: 153: 147: 144: 101: 99: 89: 77: 66: 59: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 4994: 4993: 4990: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4974:Remote sensing 4966: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4943: 4931: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4827: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4808:Geopositioning 4805: 4803:Remote Sensing 4800: 4798:Photogrammetry 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4717: 4716: 4709: 4702: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4681:Remote Sensing 4678: 4675:Remote sensing 4664: 4663:External links 4661: 4660: 4659: 4653: 4640: 4634: 4621: 4576: 4561: 4551: 4539: 4530: 4524: 4511: 4485:Remote Sensing 4476: 4448:(2): 612–646. 4433: 4427: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4406: 4380: 4354: 4340: 4314: 4279: 4250:(5): 390–398. 4225: 4218: 4200: 4174: 4148: 4122: 4096: 4085: 4070: 4040: 4031: 4021: 3990: 3963:(1): 103–108. 3943: 3910: 3903: 3883: 3876: 3858: 3827: 3797: 3778: 3748: 3718: 3700: 3659: 3628: 3617:(3): 389–404. 3601: 3566: 3531: 3492: 3451: 3432:(148): 42–57. 3412: 3397: 3394:(39): 189–192. 3382: 3347: 3312: 3277: 3270: 3242: 3223:(2): 240–248. 3204: 3161: 3134:(3): 223–244. 3118: 3103: 3084: 3069: 3046: 3023: 3000: 2987:(4): 595–602. 2967: 2941: 2930:(3): 389–404. 2914: 2877:(6): 948–961. 2857: 2814:(6): 976–982. 2794: 2763:10.1002/rse2.9 2728: 2673: 2647: 2614: 2553: 2540:(3): 257–266. 2516: 2481: 2434: 2417: 2390:Remote Sensing 2376: 2343: 2289: 2267: 2228: 2171: 2145: 2118:(1): 211–220. 2102: 2075:Remote Sensing 2061: 2026: 2000: 1986: 1962: 1893: 1874: 1850: 1831: 1823:Academic Press 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1741:Mobile mapping 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1687: 1682: 1680:Geoinformatics 1677: 1672: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1620: 1617:Remote sensing 1612: 1609: 1549:spacecraft of 1457:spy satellites 1425: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1406: 1403: 1391:Main article: 1388: 1385: 1332:climate change 1330:to reports on 1315: 1312: 1292:Silicon Valley 1188:James Bagley, 1185: 1135: 1132: 1084:. Traditional 1053:land cover map 1006: 1003: 992: 991: 988: 984: 983: 980: 976: 975: 972: 968: 967: 963: 959: 958: 954: 950: 949: 946: 942: 941: 938: 924: 921: 917:thermodynamics 870: 869: 865: 860: 852: 849: 845: 834:georeferencing 828: 825: 824: 823: 819: 814: 806: 801: 790: 785: 776:The size of a 774: 764: 761: 748: 747: 741: 731: 715: 712: 711: 710: 676: 673: 672: 671: 658: 655: 651: 644: 637: 626:Janet Franklin 597: 583: 561: 558: 540: 534: 533: 518: 512: 509: 498: 456:taken by Umbra 435: 432: 426: 423: 411:earth sciences 391:depth sounding 301: 298: 270:remote sensing 191:Remote sensing 183:colored using 166: 165: 148:September 2023 80: 78: 71: 56:remote viewing 50: 48: 39:21 August 2024 28: 22: 19: 17: 16: 15: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4992: 4991: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4954: 4953: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4813:Virtual globe 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4773:Earth's orbit 4771: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4710: 4708: 4703: 4701: 4696: 4695: 4692: 4686: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4381: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4350: 4344: 4341: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4201: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4175: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4136: 4132: 4126: 4123: 4110: 4106: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4093:Digital Earth 4089: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4071:0-7803-6359-0 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4041: 4035: 4032: 4025: 4022: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3914: 3911: 3906: 3900: 3896: 3895: 3887: 3884: 3879: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3859: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3828: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3779: 3766: 3762: 3761:www.darpa.mil 3758: 3752: 3749: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3722: 3719: 3714: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3663: 3660: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3496: 3493: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3413: 3408: 3401: 3398: 3393: 3386: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3281: 3278: 3273: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3246: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3165: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3119: 3114: 3107: 3104: 3100:(4): 393–409. 3099: 3095: 3088: 3085: 3080: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3014: 3010: 3007:NASA (1986), 3004: 3001: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2968: 2955: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2918: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2861: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2798: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2674: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2615: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2568: 2566: 2557: 2554: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2529: 2520: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2485: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2438: 2435: 2432:. 1: 499–506. 2431: 2427: 2421: 2418: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2380: 2377: 2371: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2347: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2271: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2232: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2175: 2172: 2159: 2155: 2149: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2106: 2103: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2065: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2042:(1): 096020. 2041: 2037: 2030: 2027: 2014: 2010: 2004: 2001: 1989: 1983: 1980:. p. 4. 1979: 1975: 1974: 1966: 1963: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1918:(1): 084597. 1917: 1913: 1912: 1904: 1897: 1894: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1868:. p. 1. 1867: 1863: 1862: 1854: 1851: 1838: 1834: 1828: 1825:. p. 2. 1824: 1820: 1819: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1434: 1429: 1422: 1413: 1411: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1394: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1361:Digital Earth 1358: 1352: 1350: 1345: 1344:knowledge gap 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1287:Evelyn Pruitt 1284: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1184: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1159: 1158: 1152: 1145: 1140: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1046: 1045:aerial photos 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1028: 1025:(JRC) of the 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1004: 1002: 998: 989: 986: 985: 981: 978: 977: 973: 970: 969: 964: 961: 960: 955: 952: 951: 947: 944: 943: 939: 936: 935: 932: 930: 922: 920: 918: 914: 910: 906: 905: 899: 897: 893: 889: 883: 879: 876: 866: 864: 861: 858: 853: 850: 846: 843: 842: 841: 838: 835: 826: 820: 818: 815: 812: 807: 805: 802: 799: 795: 791: 789: 786: 783: 779: 775: 773: 770: 769: 768: 762: 760: 758: 754: 745: 742: 739: 735: 732: 729: 725: 724:passive sonar 721: 718: 717: 713: 709:, LIDAR, etc. 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 685: 684: 682: 674: 670: 666: 662: 659: 656: 652: 649: 645: 643:measurements. 641: 638: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 598: 595: 591: 587: 584: 581: 580:hyperspectral 577: 573: 569: 565: 562: 559: 556: 552: 551: 546: 538: 531: 526: 522: 519: 516: 513: 510: 506: 503: 499: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 463:Doppler radar 460: 459: 455: 450: 445: 441: 433: 431: 424: 422: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 399: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 379:deforestation 371: 367: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 326:in the north. 325: 321: 317: 299: 297: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 266: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 235:Earth science 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 162: 159: 151: 140: 137: 133: 130: 126: 123: 119: 116: 112: 109: – 108: 104: 103:Find sources: 97: 93: 87: 86: 81:This article 79: 75: 70: 69: 64: 57: 40: 36: 32: 25: 4950: 4938: 4919: 4644: 4625: 4613:. Retrieved 4609:the original 4588: 4584: 4534: 4515: 4488: 4484: 4445: 4441: 4418: 4397:. Retrieved 4393:the original 4383: 4371:. Retrieved 4367:the original 4357: 4343: 4331:. Retrieved 4326: 4317: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4247: 4243: 4209: 4203: 4191:. Retrieved 4177: 4165:. Retrieved 4151: 4139:. Retrieved 4131:"geospektiv" 4125: 4113:. Retrieved 4099: 4088: 4053: 4043: 4034: 4024: 4012:. Retrieved 4003: 3993: 3960: 3956: 3946: 3935:the original 3930: 3926: 3913: 3893: 3886: 3867: 3861: 3849:. Retrieved 3840: 3830: 3818:. Retrieved 3809: 3800: 3781: 3769:. Retrieved 3760: 3751: 3739:. Retrieved 3730: 3721: 3712: 3691:. Retrieved 3687:the original 3674: 3662: 3650:. Retrieved 3641: 3631: 3614: 3610: 3604: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3544: 3540: 3534: 3509: 3505: 3495: 3468: 3464: 3454: 3429: 3425: 3415: 3406: 3400: 3391: 3385: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3252: 3245: 3220: 3216: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3112: 3106: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3078: 3072: 3054: 3049: 3031: 3026: 3008: 3003: 2984: 2980: 2970: 2960:29 September 2958:. Retrieved 2944: 2927: 2923: 2917: 2874: 2870: 2860: 2811: 2807: 2797: 2772:11585/720672 2749:(1): 25–36. 2746: 2742: 2731: 2690: 2686: 2676: 2664:. Retrieved 2650: 2634:(10): 1692. 2631: 2627: 2617: 2605:. Retrieved 2577: 2573: 2564: 2556: 2537: 2533: 2527: 2519: 2494: 2490: 2484: 2451: 2447: 2437: 2429: 2420: 2396:(16): 1916. 2393: 2389: 2379: 2360: 2356: 2346: 2303: 2299: 2292: 2284: 2270: 2245: 2241: 2231: 2214:10045/126163 2188: 2184: 2174: 2162:. Retrieved 2158:the original 2148: 2115: 2111: 2105: 2078: 2074: 2064: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2017:. Retrieved 2003: 1991:. Retrieved 1972: 1965: 1953:. Retrieved 1915: 1909: 1896: 1884:. Retrieved 1860: 1853: 1841:. Retrieved 1817: 1810: 1706:Image mosaic 1590:ground track 1583: 1535:ERS-1, ERS-2 1520: 1512: 1485: 1455:, including 1438: 1408: 1396: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1353: 1340:Google Earth 1317: 1276: 1252:Space probes 1232: 1192: 1182: 1170: 1163: 1155: 1113: 1095: 1074: 1050: 1037:annual crops 1033:Ground truth 1031: 1008: 1005:Applications 999: 995: 940:Description 926: 912: 908: 902: 900: 884: 880: 871: 859:application. 839: 830: 782:raster image 766: 749: 728:active sonar 727: 723: 665:ground truth 630:Ruth DeFries 428: 400: 383:Amazon Basin 376: 335: 331: 329: 269: 267: 255:oceanography 190: 189: 181:Death Valley 169: 154: 145: 135: 128: 121: 114: 102: 90:Please help 85:verification 82: 38: 29:This is the 23: 4902:Mathematics 4766:Web mapping 4756:Cartography 4491:(7): 1087. 4014:19 February 3851:19 February 3820:19 February 3771:19 February 3741:19 February 3693:19 February 3652:19 February 2363:(7): 1216. 2329:10871/40052 2248:: 883–897. 2164:18 February 1886:15 November 1843:15 November 1586:polar orbit 1516:Planet Labs 1469:cartography 1465:meteorology 1349:competences 1177:World War I 1171:Systematic 1128:chlorophyll 913:observation 875:light table 738:earthquakes 734:Seismograms 691:gravimetric 525:photometers 521:Radiometers 356:radiometers 344:photography 288:, based on 251:meteorology 211:observation 209:or on-site 195:information 185:polarimetry 4968:Categories 4897:Geophysics 4793:Navigation 4740:Geodesists 4615:4 February 4193:27 October 4115:25 October 2693:: 111218. 2666:27 October 2607:27 October 2306:: 111443. 2191:: 113218. 2081:(9): 953. 1955:27 October 1803:References 1796:Vector Map 1791:TopoFlight 1776:Radiometry 1771:Pictometry 1766:Orthophoto 1654:Crateology 1571:DubaiSat-2 1567:DubaiSat-1 1496:Explorer 1 1492:ionosphere 1451:(EO) from 1414:Satellites 1377:Geospektiv 1320:TerraSAR-X 1306:developed 1294:including 1272:solar wind 1130:activity. 1116:crop yield 892:ultrafiche 744:Ultrasound 614:land cover 505:altimeters 500:Laser and 491:TerraSAR-X 475:ionosphere 282:atmosphere 259:glaciology 223:geophysics 217:and other 203:phenomenon 118:newspapers 4887:Astronomy 4851:Geodynamo 4824:phenomena 4822:Physical 4783:Geomatics 4749:Subfields 4565:Masini N. 4157:"YCHANGE" 3977:0004-5608 3683:0307-1235 2909:233886263 2901:1366-9516 2852:256718584 2836:2397-334X 2781:2056-3485 2723:197567301 2715:0034-4257 2534:Ecography 2511:140189982 2476:0924-2716 2454:: 40–53. 2428:" (PDF). 2338:214254543 2223:0034-4257 2056:120031016 2019:1 January 1488:Sputnik 1 1445:satellite 1120:leaf area 1058:estimator 274:satellite 243:hydrology 233:and most 231:surveying 227:geography 197:about an 179:image of 4940:Category 4728:Overview 4472:26989588 4274:19498953 4187:Archived 4161:Archived 4135:Archived 4109:Archived 4080:62414447 4008:Archived 3845:Archived 3814:Archived 3765:Archived 3735:Archived 3646:Archived 3199:12169731 3062:Archived 3039:Archived 3016:Archived 2954:Archived 2844:29760440 2789:59446258 2660:Archived 2598:Archived 2357:Energies 2278:Archived 2140:44706251 2013:Archived 1946:Archived 1942:28430037 1880:Archived 1837:Archived 1611:See also 1551:EUMETSAT 1527:air-drag 1387:Software 1324:RapidEye 1304:ESL Inc. 1270:and the 1256:Magellan 1244:RADARSAT 1225:and the 1209:and the 1195:Cold War 1186:— 1064:because 1017:and the 798:infrared 687:Geodetic 675:Geodetic 618:land use 495:Magellan 487:RADARSAT 413:such as 395:Cold War 348:infrared 340:sunlight 300:Overview 35:reviewed 4979:Geodesy 4952:Commons 4907:Physics 4892:Geology 4735:History 4721:Geodesy 4493:Bibcode 4463:4550341 4297:Bibcode 4265:2690060 3985:2569553 3584:Bibcode 3549:Bibcode 3514:Bibcode 3473:Bibcode 3434:Bibcode 3365:Bibcode 3330:Bibcode 3328:(231). 3295:Bibcode 3225:Bibcode 3179:Bibcode 3171:Science 3156:2845527 3136:Bibcode 2879:Bibcode 2816:Bibcode 2751:Bibcode 2695:Bibcode 2582:Bibcode 2456:Bibcode 2398:Bibcode 2308:Bibcode 2250:Bibcode 2193:Bibcode 2120:Bibcode 2083:Bibcode 1993:2 April 1920:Bibcode 1559:Proba-2 1555:Proba-1 1539:Envisat 1531:reboost 1504:TIROS-1 1433:A-train 1381:Ychange 1236:Landsat 1215:U2/TR-1 1134:History 868:values. 794:Landsat 703:imaging 608:or the 473:in the 471:plasmas 407:El Niño 387:glacial 316:Landsat 263:geology 247:ecology 229:, land 219:planets 207:in situ 132:scholar 4685:Curlie 4651: 4632: 4605:724358 4603: 4571: 4557: 4546: 4522: 4470: 4460: 4425: 4399:4 July 4373:4 July 4333:14 May 4272: 4262: 4216: 4167:1 June 4141:1 June 4078: 4068: 3983: 3975: 3901: 3874: 3681: 3268: 3197: 3154: 2907: 2899: 2850: 2842: 2834: 2787: 2779: 2721: 2713: 2509: 2474: 2336: 2221: 2138: 2054: 1984: 1940: 1872: 1829: 1644:CLidar 1569:& 1502:. The 1302:, and 1240:Nimbus 1238:, the 1062:biased 937:Level 705:using 610:IKONOS 572:Humvee 354:, and 292:(e.g. 286:oceans 278:sensor 199:object 134: 127: 120: 113: 105: 4601:S2CID 4542:pp., 4076:S2CID 3981:JSTOR 3938:(PDF) 3923:(PDF) 3152:JSTOR 2905:S2CID 2848:S2CID 2785:S2CID 2719:S2CID 2601:(PDF) 2570:(PDF) 2507:S2CID 2334:S2CID 2136:S2CID 2052:S2CID 1949:(PDF) 1938:S2CID 1906:(PDF) 1692:(GPS) 1671:(GIS) 1547:MetOp 1523:Earth 1521:Most 1453:orbit 1260:Venus 1219:SR-71 1207:RB-66 1166:Nadar 1090:proxy 1068:in a 909:state 896:OCR-B 811:noise 778:pixel 720:Sonar 707:InSAR 699:GRACE 578:dual 502:radar 364:LiDAR 360:RADAR 215:Earth 139:JSTOR 125:books 4871:Tide 4649:ISBN 4630:ISBN 4617:2010 4569:ISBN 4555:ISBN 4544:ISBN 4520:ISBN 4468:PMID 4423:ISBN 4401:2016 4375:2016 4335:2018 4270:PMID 4214:ISBN 4195:2021 4169:2018 4143:2018 4117:2012 4066:ISBN 4016:2019 4004:NASA 3973:ISSN 3899:ISBN 3872:ISBN 3853:2019 3841:NASA 3822:2019 3773:2019 3743:2019 3695:2019 3679:ISSN 3654:2019 3266:ISBN 3195:PMID 2962:2016 2897:ISSN 2840:PMID 2832:ISSN 2777:ISSN 2711:ISSN 2668:2021 2628:Land 2609:2021 2472:ISSN 2219:ISSN 2166:2009 2021:2016 1995:2023 1982:ISBN 1957:2021 1888:2015 1870:ISBN 1845:2015 1827:ISBN 1563:SMOS 1561:and 1537:and 1367:and 1322:and 1264:SOHO 1248:UARS 1246:and 1227:OV-1 1211:F-4C 1203:P-38 1199:P-51 1154:The 1144:TR-1 1142:The 1124:NDVI 1108:and 1019:USDA 1015:NOAA 628:and 616:and 523:and 442:and 362:and 334:and 284:and 111:news 4683:at 4593:doi 4501:doi 4458:PMC 4450:doi 4446:116 4305:doi 4260:PMC 4252:doi 4058:doi 3965:doi 3788:doi 3619:doi 3592:doi 3557:doi 3545:151 3522:doi 3510:114 3481:doi 3469:142 3442:doi 3430:148 3373:doi 3338:doi 3326:231 3303:doi 3291:132 3258:doi 3233:doi 3187:doi 3175:297 3144:doi 2989:doi 2932:doi 2887:doi 2824:doi 2767:hdl 2759:doi 2703:doi 2691:231 2636:doi 2590:doi 2542:doi 2499:doi 2464:doi 2452:124 2406:doi 2365:doi 2324:hdl 2316:doi 2304:237 2258:doi 2246:204 2209:hdl 2201:doi 2189:280 2128:doi 2091:doi 2044:doi 1928:doi 1541:of 1439:An 1359:or 1357:EGU 1334:or 1300:GTE 1281:of 1268:Sun 1223:A-5 1118:or 962:1b 953:1a 588:of 324:MLW 201:or 94:by 37:on 4970:: 4599:. 4587:. 4583:. 4499:. 4489:12 4487:. 4483:. 4466:. 4456:. 4444:. 4440:. 4325:. 4303:. 4293:55 4291:. 4268:. 4258:. 4248:96 4246:. 4242:. 4228:^ 4185:. 4159:. 4133:. 4107:. 4074:. 4064:. 4052:. 4006:. 4002:. 3979:. 3971:. 3961:69 3959:. 3955:. 3931:52 3929:. 3925:. 3843:. 3839:. 3812:. 3808:. 3763:. 3759:. 3733:. 3729:. 3703:^ 3677:. 3673:. 3644:. 3640:. 3615:73 3613:. 3590:. 3580:25 3578:. 3555:. 3543:. 3520:. 3508:. 3504:. 3479:. 3467:. 3463:. 3440:. 3428:. 3424:. 3371:. 3361:34 3359:. 3336:. 3324:. 3301:. 3289:. 3264:. 3231:. 3221:74 3219:. 3207:^ 3193:. 3185:. 3173:. 3150:. 3142:. 3132:21 3130:. 3096:. 2985:15 2983:. 2979:. 2952:. 2928:73 2926:. 2903:. 2895:. 2885:. 2875:27 2873:. 2869:. 2846:. 2838:. 2830:. 2822:. 2810:. 2806:. 2783:. 2775:. 2765:. 2757:. 2745:. 2741:. 2717:. 2709:. 2701:. 2689:. 2685:. 2658:. 2632:11 2630:. 2626:. 2596:. 2588:. 2578:30 2576:. 2572:. 2538:24 2536:. 2532:. 2505:. 2495:15 2493:. 2470:. 2462:. 2450:. 2446:. 2404:. 2394:11 2392:. 2388:. 2361:12 2359:. 2355:. 2332:. 2322:. 2314:. 2302:. 2256:. 2244:. 2240:. 2217:. 2207:. 2199:. 2187:. 2183:. 2134:. 2126:. 2116:43 2114:. 2089:. 2077:. 2073:. 2050:. 2038:. 1976:. 1944:. 1936:. 1926:. 1914:. 1908:. 1878:. 1835:. 1598:A 1596:. 1557:, 1518:. 1483:. 1467:, 1463:, 1379:, 1375:, 1298:, 1221:, 1217:, 1205:, 1201:, 1104:, 1100:, 987:4 979:3 971:2 945:0 722:: 497:). 493:, 489:, 477:. 385:, 350:, 346:, 261:, 257:, 253:, 249:, 245:, 241:, 225:, 33:, 4713:e 4706:t 4699:v 4657:. 4638:. 4619:. 4595:: 4589:3 4575:. 4528:. 4509:. 4503:: 4495:: 4474:. 4452:: 4431:. 4403:. 4377:. 4337:. 4311:. 4307:: 4299:: 4276:. 4254:: 4222:. 4197:. 4171:. 4145:. 4119:. 4082:. 4060:: 4018:. 3987:. 3967:: 3907:. 3880:. 3855:. 3824:. 3794:. 3790:: 3775:. 3745:. 3697:. 3656:. 3625:. 3621:: 3598:. 3594:: 3586:: 3563:. 3559:: 3551:: 3528:. 3524:: 3516:: 3489:. 3483:: 3475:: 3448:. 3444:: 3436:: 3379:. 3375:: 3367:: 3344:. 3340:: 3332:: 3309:. 3305:: 3297:: 3274:. 3260:: 3239:. 3235:: 3227:: 3201:. 3189:: 3181:: 3158:. 3146:: 3138:: 3098:6 2997:. 2991:: 2964:. 2938:. 2934:: 2911:. 2889:: 2881:: 2854:. 2826:: 2818:: 2812:2 2791:. 2769:: 2761:: 2753:: 2747:2 2725:. 2705:: 2697:: 2670:. 2644:. 2638:: 2611:. 2592:: 2584:: 2550:. 2544:: 2513:. 2501:: 2478:. 2466:: 2458:: 2414:. 2408:: 2400:: 2373:. 2367:: 2340:. 2326:: 2318:: 2310:: 2264:. 2260:: 2252:: 2225:. 2211:: 2203:: 2195:: 2168:. 2142:. 2130:: 2122:: 2099:. 2093:: 2085:: 2079:9 2058:. 2046:: 2040:9 2023:. 1997:. 1959:. 1930:: 1922:: 1916:8 1890:. 1847:. 1606:. 1423:. 813:. 547:. 161:) 155:( 150:) 146:( 136:· 129:· 122:· 115:· 88:. 65:. 58:. 41:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index