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modular homes and should be considered as part of the decision-making process when exploring this type of home as a living and/or investment option. In the UK and
Australia, modular homes have become accepted in some regional areas; however, they are not commonly built in major cities. Modular homes are becoming increasingly common in Japanese urban areas, due to improvements in design and quality, speed and compactness of onsite assembly, as well as due to lowering costs and ease of repair after earthquakes. Recent innovations allow modular buildings to be indistinguishable from site-built structures. Surveys have shown that individuals can rarely tell the difference between a modular home and a site-built home.
188:
possible, for example, the Halley VI accommodation pods used for a BAS Antarctic expedition. Other uses have included churches, health care facilities, sales and retail offices, fast food restaurants and cruise ship construction. They can also be used in areas that have weather concerns, such as hurricanes. Modular buildings are often used to provide temporary facilities, including toilets and ablutions at events. The portability of the buildings makes them popular with hire companies and clients alike. The use of modular buildings enables events to be held at locations where existing facilities are unavailable, or unable to support the number of event attendees.
256:
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It has been noticed that given how easy it is to use these low-cost materials are (for example: plywood), it can help increase the permeation of these open buildings to areas or communities that lack the know-how or abilities of conventional architectural or construction firms. Ergo, it allows for a fundamentally more standardised way of constructing houses and buildings. The overarching idea behind it remains key - to allow for easy access to user-friendly layouts which anyone can use to build in a more sustainable and affordable way.
268:
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304:
439:
204:, using the same dimensions, structures, building and stacking/placing techniques, but with smooth (instead of corrugated) walls, glossy white paint, and provisions for windows, power, potable water, sewage lines, telecommunications and air conditioning. Permanent Modular Construction (PMC) buildings are manufactured in a controlled setting and can be constructed of wood, steel, or concrete. Modular components are typically constructed indoors on
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contractors to exploit the resources and advantages of each type of construction. Completed modules are transported to the building site and assembled by a crane. Placement of the modules may take from several hours to several days. Off-site construction running in parallel to site preparation providing a shorter time to project completion is one of the common selling points of modular construction.
364:
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468:(IBC), IRC, BOCA or the code that has been adopted by the local jurisdiction. In some states, such as California, mobile homes must still be registered yearly, like vehicles or standard trailers, with the Department of Motor Vehicles or other state agency. This is true even if the owners remove the axles and place it on a permanent foundation.
505:
to the integrity of the floor system. Modular buildings can be custom built to a client's specifications. Current designs include multi-story units, multi-family units and entire apartment complexes. The negative stereotype commonly associated with mobile homes has prompted some manufacturers to start using the term "off-site construction."
171:. The modules can be placed side-by-side, end-to-end, or stacked, allowing for a variety of configurations and styles. After placement, the modules are joined together using inter-module connections, also known as inter-connections. The inter-connections tie the individual modules together to form the overall building structure.
676:
internal dynamics of open source commons. People are thus provided with the tools to reconfigure the public sphere in the area where they live, especially in urban environments. There is a robust socializing element that is reminiscent of pre-industrial vernacular architecture and community-based building.
537:
Typically, modular dwellings are built to local, state or council code, resulting in dwellings from a given manufacturing facility having differing construction standards depending on the final destination of the modules. The most important zones that manufacturers have to take into consideration are
504:
Wood-frame floors, walls and roof are often utilized. Some modular homes include brick or stone exteriors, granite counters and steeply pitched roofs. Modulars can be designed to sit on a perimeter foundation or basement. In contrast, mobile homes are constructed with a steel chassis that is integral
463:
Differences include the building codes that govern the construction, types of material used and how they are appraised by banks for lending purposes. Modular homes are built to either local or state building codes as opposed to manufactured homes, which are also built in a factory but are governed by
425:
in
Yorkshire. The company incurred large losses as it invested in its factory before earning any revenues; by 2019, it had lost over £100m. Sales revenues from a Selby project, plus schemes in Kent and West Sussex, started to flow in 2022, by which time the business's total losses had grown to £174m.
679:
Some organisations already provide modular housing. Such organisations are relevant as they allow for the online sharing of construction plans and tools. These plans can be then assembled, through either digital fabrication like 3D printing or even sourcing low-cost materials from local communities.
215:
The buildings are 60% to 90% completed offsite in a factory-controlled environment, and transported and assembled at the final building site. This can comprise the entire building or be components or subassemblies of larger structures. In many cases, modular contractors work with traditional general
187:
Modular buildings may be used for long-term, temporary or permanent facilities, such as construction camps, schools and classrooms, civilian and military housing, and industrial facilities. Modular buildings are used in remote and rural areas where conventional construction may not be reasonable or
554:) be evaluated the same way as site-built dwellings of similar quality. In Australia, manufactured home parks are governed by additional legislation that does not apply to permanent modular homes. Possible developments in equivalence between modular and site-built housing types for the purposes of
454:
Some home buyers and some lending institutions resist consideration of modular homes as equivalent in value to site-built homes. While the homes themselves may be of equivalent quality, entrenched zoning regulations and psychological marketplace factors may create hurdles for buyers or builders of
708:
Modular construction is the subject of continued research and development worldwide as the technology is applied to taller and taller buildings. Research and development is carried out by modular building companies and also research institutes such as the
Modular Building Institute and the Steel
476:
A mobile home should have a small metal tag on the outside of each section. If a tag cannot be located, details about the home can be found in the electrical panel box. This tag should also reveal a manufacturing date. Modular homes do not have metal tags on the outside but will have a dataplate
675:
This commons-based activity is geared towards modularity. The construction of modular buildings enables a community to share designs and tools related to all the different parts of house construction. A socially-oriented endeavour that deals with the external architecture of buildings and the
598:
Modular homes are designed to be stronger than traditional homes by, for example, replacing nails with screws, adding glue to joints, and using 8–10% more lumber than conventional housing. This is to help the modules maintain their structural integrity as they are transported on trucks to the
499:
Concrete: Concrete offers a solid structure that is ideal for the structural reinforcement of permanent modular buildings. It is increasingly being used as a base material in this type of building, thanks to its various characteristics such as fire resistance, energy savings, greater acoustic
667:
The term
Modularity can be perceived in different ways. It can even be extended to building P2P (peer-to-peer) applications; where a tailored use of the P2P technology is with the aid of a modular paradigm. Here, well-understood components with clean interfaces can be combined to implement
166:
that consists of repeated sections called modules. Modularity involves constructing sections away from the building site, then delivering them to the intended site. Installation of the prefabricated sections is completed on site. Prefabricated sections are sometimes placed using a
570:(abbreviated and more commonly referred to as CLASP) was formed in England in 1957 to combine the resources of local authorities with the purpose of developing a prefabricated school building programme. Initially developed by Charles Herbert Aslin, the county architect for
538:
local wind, heat, and snow load zones. For example, homes built for final assembly in a hurricane-prone, earthquake or flooding area may include additional bracing to meet local building codes. Steel and/or wood framing are common options for building a modular home.
239:
are used to ensure that assembly tolerances are controlled throughout manufacture and assembly on site. It is vital that there is enough allowance in the design to allow the assembly to take up any "slack" or misalignment of components. The use of advanced
545:
restrictions applicable to mobile homes do not apply to modular homes since modular homes are designed to have a permanent foundation. Additionally, in the US, valuation differences between modular homes and site-built homes are often negligible in
395:, Modulous, TopHat and Lighthouse) were established to develop modular homes as an alternative to traditionally-built residences, but failed as they could not book revenues quickly enough to cover the costs of establishing manufacturing facilities.
653:, At any time, the producer has to be able to answer and provide all the information from each step of the production of a single unit, The EC certification guaranties standards in terms of durability, resistance against wind and earthquakes.
464:
a federal building code. The codes that govern the construction of modular homes are exactly the same codes that govern the construction of site-constructed homes. In the United States, all modular homes are constructed according to the
222:
Permanent modular buildings are built to meet or exceed the same building codes and standards as site-built structures and the same architect-specified materials used in conventionally constructed buildings are used in
477:
installed inside the home, usually under the kitchen sink or in a closet. The dataplate will provide information such as the manufacturer, third party inspection agency, appliance information, and manufacture date.
248:
and manufacturing control systems are important for modular construction to be successful. This is quite unlike on-site construction where the tradesman can often make the part to suit any particular installation.
599:
construction site. However, there are few studies on the response of modular buildings to transport and handling stresses. It is therefore presently difficult to predict transport induced damage.
1500:
406:
in 2018, and Homes
England invested £30m in November 2019, and a further £30m in September 2021. Despite a further fund-raising round, raising £100m in December 2022, Ilke Homes went into
227:
projects. PMC can have as many stories as building codes allow. Unlike relocatable buildings, PMC structures are intended to remain in one location for the duration of their useful life.
208:. Modules' construction may take as little as ten days but more often one to three months. PMC modules can be integrated into site built projects or stand alone and can be delivered with
668:
arbitrarily complex functions in the hopes of further proliferating self-organising P2P technology. Open modular buildings are an excellent example of this. Modular building can also be
485:
The materials used in modular buildings are of the same quality and durability as those used in traditional construction, preserving characteristics such as acoustic insulation and
379:
The development of factory facilities for modular homes requires significant upfront investment. To help address housing shortages in the 2010s, the United
Kingdom Government (via
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551:
1219:
1089:
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582:. CLASP's popularity in these coal mining areas was in part because the system permitted fairly straightforward replacement of subsidence-damaged sections of building.
645:
When a modular unit is finished, a whole set of tests are performed and if quality standards are met, a unique number and EC stamp is attached to and on the unit.
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Wood: Wood is an essential part of most modular buildings. Thanks to its lightness, it facilitates the work of assembling and moving the prefabricated modules.
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1323:
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279:
267:
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1504:
1501:"Prefabricated Housing Module Advances Wood Research at the University of British Columbia | 2017-05-15T00:00:00 | Perkins + Will News"
255:
1063:
1141:
901:
Lacey, Andrew
William; Chen, Wensu; Hao, Hong; Bi, Kaiming (2019). "Review of bolted inter-module connections in modular steel buildings".
209:
489:, as well as allowing for attractive and innovative designs thanks to their versatility. Most commonly used are steel, wood and concrete.
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1037:
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and green. Bauwens, Kostakis and
Pazaitis elaborate on this kind of modularity. They link modularity to the construction of houses.
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60:
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on 30 June 2023, with most of the company's 1,150 staff made redundant, and debts of £320m, including £68m owed to Homes
England.
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825:
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is a construction norm that guarantees the user of mechanical resistance and strength of the structure. It is a label given by
327:
107:
864:
Lacey, Andrew
William; Chen, Wensu; Hao, Hong; Bi, Kaiming (2018). "Structural Response of Modular Buildings – An Overview".
775:
79:
64:
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techniques to prefabricate single or multi-story buildings in deliverable module sections. Often, modules are based around
1778:
1763:
1653:
Bouwens, M., Kostakis, V., & Pazaitis, A. 2019. The Commons Manifesto. University of Westminster Press, London, pg. 25
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Bouwens, M., Kostakis, V., & Pazaitis, A. 2019. The Commons Manifesto. University of Westminster Press, London, pg. 24
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The entire process of modular construction places significance on the design stage. This is where practices such as
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Modularity in this sense is building a house from different standardised parts, like solving a jigsaw puzzle.
75:
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for its failure to grow its sales pipeline. The enterprise incurred total losses over seven years of £295m.
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31:
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224:
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https://www.aa.com.tr/en/corporate-news/volumetric-modular-construction-trend-gaining-ground/2357158
1116:"Modular house builder Ilke Homes enters administration with majority of staff to be made redundant"
697:
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438:
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735:
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practice; modular homes can, in some market areas, (depending on local appraisal practices per
1788:
785:
427:
418:
417:
launched a modular homes operation, L&G Modular Homes, opening a 550,000 sq ft factory in
100:
1446:
1090:"Ilke Homes sinks into administration with most of firm's 1,100 staff set to lose their jobs"
910:
881:
873:
830:
603:
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Steel: Because it is easily moldable, it allows for innovation in design and aesthetics.
1747:
790:
780:
755:
726:
693:
662:
205:
1394:"Factory-Built Construction and the American Homebuyer: Perceptions and Opportunities"
426:
Production was halted in May 2023, with L&G blaming local planning delays and the
139:
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669:
571:
450:, one of the first two residential buildings in Britain of this type. (December 2005)
399:
380:
143:
1627:
1194:"Homes England to lose most of £68.8m it is owed from Ilke Homes following collapse"
922:
392:
1220:"Head of Legal & General modular homes factory reveals plans for its future"
686:
245:
42:
1628:"FIA 22, Mitigation Assessment Team Report: Hurricane Andrew in Florida (1993)"
914:
877:
1324:"Legal & General halts new production at modular homes factory near Leeds"
886:
716:
579:
384:
383:) invested in modular housing initiatives. Several UK companies (for example,
760:
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on the other hand are financed as site built homes with a construction loan
403:
17:
574:, the system was used as a model for several other counties, most notably
558:, financing and zoning may increase the sales of modular homes over time.
179:
650:
626:
empowered authorities for end-to-end process mastering and traceability.
147:
636:
Raw materials and goods being sourced are to be recorded by batch used,
619:
607:
1603:"Disruptive Development: Modular Manufacturing In Multifamily Housing"
542:
447:
1664:"Thomas Lommée & Christiane Hoegner - Autarkytecture | z33"
1707:"The Steel Construction Institute (SCI) UK Global Steel Expertise"
840:
589:
437:
422:
178:
151:
138:
27:
Prefabricated building or house that consists of repeated sections
642:
Assembly quality is managed and assessed on a step by step basis,
508:
New modular offerings include other construction methods such as
639:
Elementary products are recorded and their quality is monitored,
236:
1421:
Solutions, Dryside Property – Jennifer Mitchell and Magic Web.
629:
All manufacturing operations are being monitored and recorded:
1488:
Construcción modular en hormigón: una tendencia al alza (PDF).
1476:
A guide to the latest modular building construction materials.
36:
1706:
1464:
Métodos modernos de construcción (MMC): Fabricación modular.
183:
Modular home prefab sections to be placed on the foundation
1688:
562:
CLASP (Consortium of Local Authorities Special Programme)
606:
in Dade County Florida, they concluded that modular and
1038:"Ilke Homes pulls off £100m record-breaking fund raise"
937:"Halley VI Research Station – British Antarctic Survey"
442:
Raines Court is a multi-story modular housing block in
1012:"Ilke Homes raises £60m for top 10 house builder plan"
1731:
1423:"Mobile homes vs Manufactured homes vs Modular homes"
1343:"L&G modular homes foray amassed £295m of losses"
1272:"L&G modular homes amassed loss deepens to £174m"
552:
Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice
1723:
Volumetric modular construction trend gaining groun
1298:"L&G halts production at modular homes factory"
859:
857:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
986:"Government pumps £30m into modular house builder"
610:homes fared best compared to other construction.
568:Consortium of Local Authorities Special Programme
1555:"Australian Government modular home regulations"
1478:Hydrodiseno.com. 2021-12-14 Retrieved 2022-09-05
649:This ID and all the details are recorded in a
602:When FEMA studied the destruction wrought by
8:
1526:"HUD Financing Manufactured (Mobile) Homes"
1246:"L&G modular homes losses exceed £100m"
1064:"ilke Homes announces new £100m investment"
237:Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA)
885:
633:Suppliers have to be known and certified,
472:Recognizing a mobile or manufactured home
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1738:
1490:Andece.org. p. 53. Retrieved 2022-07-06
1466:Upv.es. 2020-10-02 Retrieved 2022-09-08
853:
251:
1142:"Ilke Homes falls into administration"
7:
1192:Willmore, James (14 February 2024).
65:adding citations to reliable sources
1447:"HCD Manufactured and Mobile Homes"
1168:"Ilke Homes went under owing £320m"
533:Standards and zoning considerations
1579:"Building Codes for Modular Homes"
1010:Morby, Aaron (27 September 2021).
309:Roof shingled and siding installed
212:, fixtures and interior finishes.
25:
1244:Morby, Aaron (30 November 2020).
1062:O'Connor, Rob (6 December 2022).
369:Pratt Modular Home in Tyler Texas
345:Pratt Modular Home in Tyler Texas
1784:Buildings and structures by type
1741:
1341:Morby, Aaron (6 November 2023).
1036:Morby, Aaron (6 December 2022).
984:Morby, Aaron (4 November 2019).
719:
689:can be used to build the house.
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350:
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326:
314:
302:
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285:Ceiling drywalled in spray booth
278:
266:
254:
41:
1367:fab, ukporta (19 August 2020).
1270:Morby, Aaron (3 October 2022).
1166:Prior, Grant (25 August 2023).
1088:Gardiner, Joey (30 June 2023).
903:Journal of Building Engineering
866:Journal of Building Engineering
826:Shipping container architecture
746:Commercial modular construction
541:Some US courts have ruled that
523:often require special lenders.
398:IIke Homes opened a factory in
196:Construction is offsite, using
52:needs additional citations for
1114:Riding, James (30 June 2023).
776:Modern methods of construction
459:Modular homes vs. mobile homes
1:
1322:Kollewe, Julia (4 May 2023).
1140:Morby, Aaron (30 June 2023).
375:Upfront production investment
218:Modular construction timeline
1689:"Modular Building Institute"
1218:Dale, Sharon (11 May 2020).
231:Manufacturing considerations
1296:Prior, Grant (4 May 2023).
1068:Infrastructure Intelligence
500:insulation, and durability.
466:International Building Code
202:standard 20 foot containers
1810:
1369:"prefabricated structures"
915:10.1016/j.jobe.2019.01.035
878:10.1016/j.jobe.2017.12.008
660:
357:Pratt Modular Home kitchen
333:Two-story modular dwelling
321:Ready for delivery to site
29:
30:For the Lego series, see
1794:Buildings and structures
796:Open-source architecture
751:Construction 3D printing
709:Construction Institute.
704:Research and development
1769:Prefabricated buildings
1583:Modularhomesnetwork.com
594:Modular home in Vermont
273:Walls attached to floor
595:
556:real estate appraisals
510:cross-laminated timber
451:
184:
164:prefabricated building
155:
32:Lego Modular Buildings
1347:Construction Enquirer
1302:Construction Enquirer
1276:Construction Enquirer
1250:Construction Enquirer
1172:Construction Enquirer
1146:Construction Enquirer
1042:Construction Enquirer
1016:Construction Enquirer
990:Construction Enquirer
821:Recreational vehicles
816:Relocatable buildings
692:The main standard is
657:Open modular building
593:
548:real estate appraisal
441:
389:L&G Modular Homes
182:
142:
1779:Sustainable building
1764:Building engineering
961:"Why Build Modular?"
801:Open source hardware
771:Manufactured housing
225:modular construction
192:Construction process
61:improve this article
1427:Drysideproperty.com
836:Tiny house movement
741:Alternative housing
696:and its derivative
415:Legal & General
887:20.500.11937/60087
811:Prefabricated home
736:Affordable housing
624:European community
596:
452:
198:lean manufacturing
185:
156:
76:"Modular building"
786:Portable building
586:Building strength
487:energy efficiency
434:Market acceptance
428:COVID-19 pandemic
419:Sherburn-in-Elmet
297:Roof set in place
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1610:. Retrieved
1608:. p. 35
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59:Please help
54:verification
51:
18:Modular home
1729:06.09.2021
1693:Modular.org
1403:. p. 9
1401:Huduser.gov
1378:4 September
965:Modular.org
909:: 207–219.
687:3D printing
670:open source
391:, House by
246:3D printing
1774:Modularity
1758:Categories
1674:2015-01-01
1588:2010-08-06
1564:2007-10-21
1540:2016-05-03
1511:2019-03-31
1451:Hcd.ca.gov
1432:2018-03-09
1407:2017-09-10
970:2016-05-03
946:2016-05-03
848:References
661:See also:
614:CE marking
580:Derbyshire
385:Ilke Homes
87:newspapers
941:Bas.ac.uk
872:: 45–56.
761:Kit house
516:Financing
481:Materials
404:Yorkshire
244:systems,
146:house in
1789:Building
1632:Fema.gov
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1094:Building
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1021:14 March
995:14 March
923:86540434
713:See also
651:database
512:frames.
413:In 2015
148:Valencia
1748:housing
620:CE mark
608:masonry
421:, near
101:scholar
1734:Portal
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162:is a
152:Spain
108:JSTOR
94:books
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