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262:(7.6–8.6 km/s). This increase of approximately 1 km/s corresponds to a distinct change in material as the waves pass through the Earth, and is commonly accepted as the lower limit of the Earth's crust. The Moho is characterized by a transition zone of up to 500 meters. Ancient Moho zones are exposed above-ground in numerous
319:
set of waves could only be caused by a sharp transition in density in the Earth's crust, which could account for such a dramatic change in wave velocity. Using velocity data from the earthquake, he was able to calculate the depth of the Moho to be approximately 54 km, which was supported by subsequent seismological studies.
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We may not have made it to our goal of 1300 m, but we did drill the deepest ever single-leg hole into hard rock (789 m), which is currently the 5th deepest ever drilled into the hard ocean crust. We also obtained both the longest (2.85 m) and widest (18 cm) single pieces of hard rock ever recovered
318:
when he observed two distinct sets of P-waves and S-waves propagating out from the focus of the earthquake. Mohorovičić knew that waves caused by earthquakes travel at velocities proportional to the density of the material carrying them. As a result of this information, he theorized that the second
326:
and earth science for well over a century. By observing the Moho's refractive nature and how it affects the speed of P-waves, scientists were able to theorize about the earth's composition. These early studies gave rise to modern
338:
was an attempt to drill to the Moho from deep-ocean regions. After initial success in establishing deep-ocean drilling, the project suffered from political and scientific opposition, mismanagement, and
417:, to attempt to drill an initial bore hole to a depth of approximately 1.5 kilometres. The attempt did not even reach 1.3 km, but researchers hope to further their investigations at a later date.
808:
Braile, L. W.; Chiangl, C. S. (1986), Barazangi, Muawia; Brown, Larry (eds.), "The continental
Mohorovičič Discontinuity: Results from near-vertical and wide-angle seismic reflection studies",
359:
pursued the goal from 1970 until 1992. They reached a depth of 12,260 metres (40,220 ft), the world's deepest hole, before abandoning the project. One proposal considers a rock-melting
656:
Korenaga, Jun; Kelemen, Peter B. (1997-12-10). "Origin of gabbro sills in the Moho transition zone of the Oman ophiolite: Implications for magma transport in the oceanic lower crust".
292:
and may be up to 20 km thick. The Moho may lie well below the crust-mantle boundary and care must be used in interpreting the structure of the crust from seismic data alone.
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As shown in the figure, the Moho maintains a relatively stable average depth of 10 km under the ocean sea floor, but can vary by more than 70 km below continental land masses.
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boundary (the depth at which the mantle becomes significantly ductile). The
Mohorovičić discontinuity is 5 to 10 kilometres (3–6 mi) below the
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Godisnje
Izvjesce Zagrebackog Meteoroloskog Opservatorija za godinu 1909 - Jahrbuch des Meteorologischen Observatoriums in Zagreb für das Jahr 1909
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281:(lower crust and upper mantle rock brought to the surface by volcanic eruptions) and seismic-reflection data showed that, away from continental
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Beginning in the 1980s, geologists became aware that the Moho does not always coincide with the crust-mantle boundary defined by composition.
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by the
International Ocean Discovery Program and its predecessors! Our hopes are high to return to this site in the not too distant future.
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953:
Ozhovan, M.; F. Gibb; P. Poluektov & E. Emets (August 2005). "Probing of the
Interior Layers of the Earth with Self-Sinking Capsules".
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Minshull, T. A.; Muller, M. R.; Robinson, C. J.; White, R. S.; Bickle, M. J. (1998). "Is the oceanic Moho a serpentinization front?".
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The Moho marks the transition in composition between the Earth's crust and the lithospheric mantle. Immediately above the Moho, the
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from the underlying mantle. The
Mohorovičić discontinuity was first identified in 1909 by Mohorovičić, when he observed that
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Mohorovičić, A. (1910). "Potres od 8.x.1909; Das Beben vom 8.x.1909" [The earthquake of 8 October 1909].
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is credited with discovering and defining the Moho. In 1909, he was examining data from a local earthquake in
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O'Reilly, Suzanne Y.; Griffin, W.L. (December 2013). "Moho vs crust–mantle boundary: Evolution of an idea".
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Betty Shor, The
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, August 1978, 7 pp. Access date 25 June 2019.
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can also increase the depth to the Moho, since serpentinization lowers seismic wave velocities.
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Earth's crust and mantle, Moho discontinuity between bottom of crust and solid uppermost mantle
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Exploring the Earth's Crust – History and
Results of Controlled-Source Seismology
375:("Earth Discovery") also aims to explore in this general area with the drilling ship,
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Reaching the discontinuity by drilling remains an important scientific objective.
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441: – abrupt increase of P-wave and S-wave velocities at the depth of 220±30 km
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Two paths of a P-wave, one direct and one refracted as it crosses the Moho
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needle that can propel itself down to the Moho discontinuity and explore
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1154:"Hole Drilled to Bottom of Earth's Crust, Breakthrough to Mantle Looms"
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242:. This rock which formed the Ordovician Moho is exposed on the surface.
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148:(the hard outer layer of the Earth, including the crust). Only beneath
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of primary seismic waves (P-waves) are consistent with those through
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50 Years of Ocean
Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950–2000
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254:(6.7–7.2 km/s), and below they are similar to those through
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1202:
812:, vol. 13, American Geophysical Union, pp. 257–272,
771:"Serpentinization of abyssal peridotites at mid-ocean ridges"
84:
78:
69:
60:
54:
81:
75:
1172:"Digging a Hole in the Ocean: Project Mohole, 1958–1966"
1085:. Horsham: Artemis Press for the Open University Press.
1083:
Understanding the earth: a reader in the earth sciences
927:"How the Soviets Drilled the Deepest Hole in the World"
285:, the transition between crust and mantle is marked by
614:
RB Cathcart & MM Ćirković (2006). Viorel
Badescu;
371:
near it and in the upper mantle. The Japanese project
137:. It is defined by the distinct change in velocity of
507:, in Holland, Heinrich D.; Turekian, Karl K. (eds.),
93:
48:
443:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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Mohole, LOCO, CORE, and JOIDES: A brief chronology
556:
The changing Earth: exploring geology and evolution
63:
57:
51:
1076:
903:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press (US).
897:"Scientific Ocean Drilling, from AMSOC to COMPOST"
322:The Moho has played a large role in the fields of
2172:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
141:as they pass through changing densities of rock.
27:Boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle
728:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
2162:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
857:
855:
559:(5th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 216.
125: – is the boundary between the
2483:
1214:
990:"Quest to drill into Earth's mantle restarts"
645:D.P. McKenzie – The Mohorovičić Discontinuity
621:Macro-engineering: a challenge for the future
505:"3.01 – Composition of the Continental Crust"
8:
658:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
553:James Stewart Monroe; Reed Wicander (2008).
1194:Map of the Moho depth of the European plate
429: – Strongest part of the Earth's crust
409:, a promising location in the southwestern
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1221:
1207:
1199:
862:Prodehl, Claus; Mooney, Walter D. (2012).
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144:The Moho lies almost entirely within the
215:
29:
459:
1493:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
1081:. In Gass, I. G.; et al. (eds.).
511:, vol. 3, Pergamon, p. 659,
298:of mantle rock below slowly spreading
113:) – usually called the
108:
7:
2440:
769:Mével, Catherine (September 2003).
2320:National Oceanographic Data Center
1747:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
1635:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
988:Witze, Alexandra (December 2015).
25:
2167:Global Sea Level Observing System
618:& Roelof D Schuiling (eds.).
405:in late 2015 and to head for the
383:Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
2651:
2650:
2595:D’’ discontinuity (lower mantle)
2590:660 discontinuity (upper mantle)
2585:410 discontinuity (upper mantle)
2450:
2439:
2430:
2429:
1625:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
1541:
1530:
1152:Britt, Robert Roy (2005-04-07).
1101:"Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary"
1039:"Looking Back on Expedition 360"
503:Rudnick, R. L.; Gao, S. (2003),
343:, and it was cancelled in 1966.
44:
2355:Ocean thermal energy conversion
2078:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
427:Brittle–ductile transition zone
164:of 35 kilometres (22 mi).
152:does it define the lithosphere–
1078:"The composition of the earth"
1037:Kavanagh, Lucas (2016-01-27).
525:10.1016/b0-08-043751-6/03016-4
177:, the Moho separates both the
1:
748:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.148.01.05
1615:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
1585:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
1341:Luke's variational principle
1176:National Academy of Sciences
895:Winterer, Edward L. (2000).
471:(in German) (6th ed.).
1128:Beginner's Guide to Geology
713:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.12.031
208:by a high-velocity medium.
167:Named after the pioneering
2708:
2580:Mohorovičić (crust–mantle)
1680:Ocean dynamical thermostat
1528:
1130:. New York: Bounty Books.
844:(in Croatian and German).
795:10.1016/j.crte.2003.08.006
2646:
2425:
2215:Ocean acoustic tomography
2028:Mohorovičić discontinuity
1620:General circulation model
1256:Benjamin–Feir instability
967:10.1007/s10512-005-0246-y
775:Comptes Rendus Geoscience
624:. Springer. p. 169.
40:Mohorovičić discontinuity
2633:Gutenberg (upper mantle)
2614:Regional discontinuities
2345:Ocean surface topography
1720:Thermohaline circulation
1710:Subsurface ocean current
1650:Hydrothermal circulation
1483:Wave–current interaction
1261:Boussinesq approximation
591:Thomas Nelson & Sons
509:Treatise on Geochemistry
236:Gros Morne National Park
110:[moxorôʋiːtʃitɕ]
2382:Sea surface temperature
2365:Outline of oceanography
1560:Atmospheric circulation
1498:shallow water equations
1488:Waves and shallow water
1381:Significant wave height
583:Andrew McLeish (1992).
448:Gutenberg discontinuity
357:Kola Superdeep Borehole
2682:Structure of the Earth
2638:Lehmann (upper mantle)
2573:Global discontinuities
2377:Sea surface microlayer
1742:Wind generated current
616:Richard Brook Cathcart
415:Southwest Indian Ridge
310:Croatian seismologist
274:
243:
221:
35:
2210:Deep scattering layer
2192:World Geodetic System
1700:Princeton Ocean Model
1580:Coriolis–Stokes force
1230:Physical oceanography
467:Mangold, Max (2005).
439:Lehmann discontinuity
388:Plans called for the
363:capsule with a heavy
272:
227:
219:
212:Nature and seismology
33:
2600:Core–mantle boundary
2230:Underwater acoustics
1790:Perigean spring tide
1655:Langmuir circulation
1366:Rossby-gravity waves
664:(B12): 27729–27749.
469:Aussprachewörterbuch
433:Core–mantle boundary
361:radionuclide-powered
334:In the early 1960s,
2687:Croatian inventions
2605:Inner-core boundary
2528:Lithospheric mantle
2392:Science On a Sphere
1998:Convergent boundary
1670:Modular Ocean Model
1630:Geostrophic current
1346:Mild-slope equation
1075:Harris, P. (1972).
1006:2015Natur.528...16W
787:2003CRGeo.335..825M
740:1998GSLSP.148...71M
705:2013Tectp.609..535O
670:1997JGR...10227729K
517:2003TrGeo...3....1R
312:Andrija Mohorovičić
175:Andrija Mohorovičić
2499:Structure of Earth
2048:Seafloor spreading
2038:Outer trench swell
2003:Divergent boundary
1903:Continental margin
1888:Carbonate platform
1785:Lunitidal interval
818:10.1029/gd013p0257
810:Geodynamics Series
781:(10–11): 825–852.
586:Geological science
355:scientists at the
275:
266:around the world.
244:
222:
115:Moho discontinuity
36:
18:Moho discontinuity
2664:
2663:
2626:continental crust
2465:
2464:
2457:Oceans portal
2417:World Ocean Atlas
2407:Underwater glider
2350:Ocean temperature
2013:Hydrothermal vent
1978:Submarine volcano
1913:Continental shelf
1893:Coastal geography
1883:Bathymetric chart
1765:Amphidromic point
1453:Wave nonlinearity
1311:Infragravity wave
1137:978-0-7537-0358-8
1092:978-0-85141-308-2
1043:JOIDES Resolution
827:978-0-87590-513-6
678:10.1029/97JB02604
631:978-1-4020-3739-9
600:978-0-17-448221-5
566:978-0-495-55480-6
534:978-0-08-043751-4
394:JOIDES Resolution
183:continental crust
16:(Redirected from
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2372:Pelagic sediment
2310:Marine pollution
2104:Deep ocean water
1973:Submarine canyon
1908:Continental rise
1800:Rule of twelfths
1715:Sverdrup balance
1645:Humboldt Current
1570:Boundary current
1545:
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1351:Radiation stress
1321:Iribarren number
1296:Equatorial waves
1251:Ballantine scale
1246:Airy wave theory
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1188:
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1178:. Archived from
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1107:. Archived from
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1045:. Archived from
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589:(2nd ed.).
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381:, built for the
369:Earth's interior
300:mid-ocean ridges
296:Serpentinization
196:had two sets of
150:mid-ocean ridges
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2177:Sea-level curve
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2073:Transform fault
2023:Mid-ocean ridge
1989:
1982:
1948:Oceanic plateau
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1840:Tidal resonance
1810:Theory of tides
1751:
1660:Longshore drift
1610:Ekman transport
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1478:Wave turbulence
1411:Trochoidal wave
1336:Longshore drift
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1000:(7580): 16–17.
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593:. p. 122.
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479:. p. 559.
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2397:Stratification
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
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2367:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
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2327:
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2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2289:
2287:Color of water
2284:
2282:Benthic lander
2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2236:
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2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2187:Sea level rise
2184:
2182:Sea level drop
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2018:Marine geology
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1958:Passive margin
1955:
1953:Oceanic trench
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1847:
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1837:
1832:
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1797:
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1777:
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1734:
1729:
1728:
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1707:
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1697:
1692:
1687:
1685:Ocean dynamics
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1575:Coriolis force
1572:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1512:
1507:
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1500:
1495:
1485:
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1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1396:Stokes problem
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1331:Kinematic wave
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1168:
1147:
1146:External links
1144:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1120:
1097:
1091:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1029:
980:
961:(2): 556–562.
945:
918:
906:
887:
880:
872:10.1130/mem208
851:
832:
826:
800:
761:
718:
693:Tectonophysics
683:
648:
637:
630:
606:
599:
572:
565:
545:
533:
492:
485:
458:
457:
455:
452:
451:
450:
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436:
430:
422:
419:
348:
345:
336:Project Mohole
307:
304:
213:
210:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2704:
2693:
2692:Earth's crust
2690:
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2538:
2534:
2533:Asthenosphere
2531:
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2516:
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2318:
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2308:
2306:
2305:Marine energy
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:Acidification
2270:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2225:SOFAR channel
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2193:
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2185:
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2178:
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2168:
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2163:
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2159:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
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2137:
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2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
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2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2033:Oceanic crust
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:Fracture zone
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1943:Oceanic basin
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1873:Abyssal plain
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1780:Internal tide
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1675:Ocean current
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
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1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1533:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1473:Wave shoaling
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1433:Ursell number
1431:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1316:Internal wave
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1266:Breaking wave
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1182:on 2015-11-02
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:Dixon, Dougal
1121:
1111:on 2008-07-17
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1049:on 2016-07-09
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:
981:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
955:Atomic Energy
949:
946:
934:
933:
928:
922:
919:
915:
910:
907:
902:
898:
891:
888:
883:
881:9780813712086
877:
873:
869:
865:
858:
856:
852:
847:
843:
836:
833:
829:
823:
819:
815:
811:
804:
801:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
765:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
722:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
687:
684:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
652:
649:
646:
641:
638:
633:
627:
623:
622:
617:
610:
607:
602:
596:
592:
588:
587:
579:
577:
573:
568:
562:
558:
557:
549:
546:
536:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
499:
497:
493:
488:
486:9783411040667
482:
478:
474:
470:
463:
460:
453:
449:
446:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
424:
420:
418:
416:
412:
408:
407:Atlantis Bank
404:
400:
397:to sail from
396:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
379:
374:
373:Chikyu Hakken
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
346:
344:
342:
341:cost overruns
337:
332:
330:
325:
320:
317:
313:
305:
303:
301:
297:
293:
291:
288:
284:
280:
271:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
241:
237:
233:
230:
226:
218:
211:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
192:
191:shallow-focus
188:
184:
180:
179:oceanic crust
176:
173:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
154:asthenosphere
151:
147:
142:
140:
139:seismic waves
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:Moho boundary
116:
111:
103:
102:
89:
41:
32:
19:
2579:
2540:Lower mantle
2523:Upper mantle
2412:Water column
2360:Oceanography
2335:Observations
2330:Explorations
2300:Marginal sea
2293:
2251:OSTM/Jason-2
2083:Volcanic arc
2058:Slab suction
2027:
1775:Head of tide
1665:Loop Current
1605:Ekman spiral
1391:Stokes drift
1301:Gravity wave
1276:Cnoidal wave
1184:. Retrieved
1180:the original
1161:. Retrieved
1127:
1113:. Retrieved
1109:the original
1105:Schlumberger
1082:
1057:
1051:. Retrieved
1047:the original
1042:
1032:
997:
993:
983:
958:
954:
948:
937:. Retrieved
935:. 2008-08-25
930:
921:
909:
900:
890:
863:
845:
841:
835:
809:
803:
778:
774:
764:
734:(1): 71–80.
731:
727:
721:
696:
692:
686:
661:
657:
651:
640:
620:
609:
585:
555:
548:
538:, retrieved
508:
468:
462:
411:Indian Ocean
392:
387:
376:
350:
333:
321:
309:
294:
276:
245:
240:Newfoundland
172:seismologist
166:
143:
122:
118:
114:
39:
37:
2402:Thermocline
2119:Mesopelagic
2092:Ocean zones
2063:Slab window
1928:Hydrography
1868:Abyssal fan
1835:Tidal range
1825:Tidal power
1820:Tidal force
1705:Rip current
1640:Gulf Stream
1600:Ekman layer
1590:Downwelling
1565:Baroclinity
1552:Circulation
1448:Wave height
1438:Wave action
1421:megatsunami
1401:Stokes wave
1361:Rossby wave
1326:Kelvin wave
1306:Green's law
994:Nature News
699:: 535–546.
477:Dudenverlag
347:Exploration
194:earthquakes
187:seismograms
158:ocean floor
146:lithosphere
101:-vih-chitch
2671:Categories
2562:Inner core
2557:Outer core
2544:Mesosphere
2340:Reanalysis
2239:Satellites
2220:Sofar bomb
2068:Subduction
2043:Ridge push
1938:Ocean bank
1918:Contourite
1845:Tide gauge
1830:Tidal race
1815:Tidal bore
1805:Slack tide
1770:Earth tide
1690:Ocean gyre
1510:Wind setup
1505:Wind fetch
1468:Wave setup
1463:Wave radar
1458:Wave power
1356:Rogue wave
1286:Dispersion
1186:2008-07-17
1163:2008-07-17
1115:2008-07-17
1069:References
1053:2016-09-21
939:2008-08-26
848:(4): 1–63.
540:2019-11-21
390:drill-ship
329:seismology
290:intrusions
264:ophiolites
256:peridotite
248:velocities
229:Ordovician
121:, or just
2202:Acoustics
2154:Sea level
2053:Slab pull
1990:tectonics
1898:Cold seep
1860:Landforms
1737:Whirlpool
1732:Upwelling
1515:Wind wave
1443:Wave base
1371:Sea state
1291:Edge wave
1281:Cross sea
1158:Imaginova
756:128410328
403:Sri Lanka
279:Xenoliths
232:ophiolite
206:refracted
106:Croatian:
2656:Category
2435:Category
2387:Seawater
2114:Littoral
2109:Deep sea
1968:Seamount
1850:Tideline
1795:Rip tide
1725:shutdown
1695:Overflow
1428:Undertow
1271:Clapotis
1126:(2000).
1024:26632566
473:Mannheim
421:See also
385:(IODP).
365:tungsten
287:basaltic
169:Croatian
129:and the
2445:Commons
2315:Mooring
2265:Related
2256:Jason-3
2246:Jason-1
2129:Pelagic
2124:Oceanic
2099:Benthic
1416:Tsunami
1386:Soliton
1002:Bibcode
783:Bibcode
736:Bibcode
701:Bibcode
666:Bibcode
513:Bibcode
413:on the
399:Colombo
324:geology
306:History
283:cratons
202:S-waves
198:P-waves
162:average
2621:Conrad
2518:Mantle
2506:Shells
2134:Photic
1963:Seabed
1376:Seiche
1134:
1089:
1022:
975:918850
973:
878:
824:
754:
628:
597:
563:
531:
483:
378:Chikyū
353:Soviet
316:Zagreb
260:dunite
252:basalt
131:mantle
2542:(aka
2513:Crust
2325:Ocean
2294:Alvin
2144:Swash
1988:Plate
1933:Knoll
1923:Guyot
1878:Atoll
1757:Tides
1520:model
1406:Swell
1238:Waves
971:S2CID
932:Wired
752:S2CID
454:Notes
189:from
135:Earth
127:crust
2552:Core
2292:DSV
2277:Argo
2139:Surf
1595:Eddy
1132:ISBN
1087:ISBN
1020:PMID
876:ISBN
822:ISBN
626:ISBN
595:ISBN
561:ISBN
529:ISBN
481:ISBN
200:and
181:and
123:Moho
97:-hə-
38:The
1010:doi
998:528
963:doi
868:doi
814:doi
791:doi
779:335
744:doi
732:148
709:doi
697:609
674:doi
662:102
521:doi
401:in
258:or
234:in
133:of
99:ROH
95:MOH
2673::
1174:.
1156:.
1103:.
1056:.
1041:.
1018:.
1008:.
996:.
992:.
969:.
959:99
957:.
929:.
899:.
874:.
866:.
854:^
820:,
789:.
777:.
773:.
750:.
742:.
730:.
707:.
695:.
672:.
660:.
575:^
527:,
519:,
495:^
475::
331:.
238:,
117:,
104:;
85:tʃ
79:tʃ
70:oʊ
55:oʊ
2546:)
2491:e
2484:t
2477:v
1222:e
1215:t
1208:v
1189:.
1166:.
1140:.
1118:.
1095:.
1026:.
1012::
1004::
977:.
965::
942:.
884:.
870::
846:9
816::
797:.
793::
785::
758:.
746::
738::
715:.
711::
703::
680:.
676::
668::
634:.
603:.
569:.
523::
515::
489:.
88:/
82:ɪ
76:ɪ
73:v
67:r
64:ˈ
61:ə
58:h
52:m
49:ˌ
46:/
42:(
20:)
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