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251:(7.6–8.6 km/s). This increase of approximately 1 km/s corresponds to a distinct change in material as the waves pass through the Earth, and is commonly accepted as the lower limit of the Earth's crust. The Moho is characterized by a transition zone of up to 500 meters. Ancient Moho zones are exposed above-ground in numerous
308:
set of waves could only be caused by a sharp transition in density in the Earth's crust, which could account for such a dramatic change in wave velocity. Using velocity data from the earthquake, he was able to calculate the depth of the Moho to be approximately 54 km, which was supported by subsequent seismological studies.
1047:
We may not have made it to our goal of 1300 m, but we did drill the deepest ever single-leg hole into hard rock (789 m), which is currently the 5th deepest ever drilled into the hard ocean crust. We also obtained both the longest (2.85 m) and widest (18 cm) single pieces of hard rock ever recovered
307:
when he observed two distinct sets of P-waves and S-waves propagating out from the focus of the earthquake. Mohorovičić knew that waves caused by earthquakes travel at velocities proportional to the density of the material carrying them. As a result of this information, he theorized that the second
315:
and earth science for well over a century. By observing the Moho's refractive nature and how it affects the speed of P-waves, scientists were able to theorize about the earth's composition. These early studies gave rise to modern
327:
was an attempt to drill to the Moho from deep-ocean regions. After initial success in establishing deep-ocean drilling, the project suffered from political and scientific opposition, mismanagement, and
406:, to attempt to drill an initial bore hole to a depth of approximately 1.5 kilometres. The attempt did not even reach 1.3 km, but researchers hope to further their investigations at a later date.
797:
Braile, L. W.; Chiangl, C. S. (1986), Barazangi, Muawia; Brown, Larry (eds.), "The continental
Mohorovičič Discontinuity: Results from near-vertical and wide-angle seismic reflection studies",
348:
pursued the goal from 1970 until 1992. They reached a depth of 12,260 metres (40,220 ft), the world's deepest hole, before abandoning the project. One proposal considers a rock-melting
645:
Korenaga, Jun; Kelemen, Peter B. (1997-12-10). "Origin of gabbro sills in the Moho transition zone of the Oman ophiolite: Implications for magma transport in the oceanic lower crust".
281:
and may be up to 20 km thick. The Moho may lie well below the crust-mantle boundary and care must be used in interpreting the structure of the crust from seismic data alone.
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As shown in the figure, the Moho maintains a relatively stable average depth of 10 km under the ocean sea floor, but can vary by more than 70 km below continental land masses.
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boundary (the depth at which the mantle becomes significantly ductile). The
Mohorovičić discontinuity is 5 to 10 kilometres (3–6 mi) below the
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Godisnje
Izvjesce Zagrebackog Meteoroloskog Opservatorija za godinu 1909 - Jahrbuch des Meteorologischen Observatoriums in Zagreb für das Jahr 1909
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270:(lower crust and upper mantle rock brought to the surface by volcanic eruptions) and seismic-reflection data showed that, away from continental
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Beginning in the 1980s, geologists became aware that the Moho does not always coincide with the crust-mantle boundary defined by composition.
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by the
International Ocean Discovery Program and its predecessors! Our hopes are high to return to this site in the not too distant future.
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942:
Ozhovan, M.; F. Gibb; P. Poluektov & E. Emets (August 2005). "Probing of the
Interior Layers of the Earth with Self-Sinking Capsules".
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Minshull, T. A.; Muller, M. R.; Robinson, C. J.; White, R. S.; Bickle, M. J. (1998). "Is the oceanic Moho a serpentinization front?".
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The Moho marks the transition in composition between the Earth's crust and the lithospheric mantle. Immediately above the Moho, the
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from the underlying mantle. The
Mohorovičić discontinuity was first identified in 1909 by Mohorovičić, when he observed that
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Mohorovičić, A. (1910). "Potres od 8.x.1909; Das Beben vom 8.x.1909" [The earthquake of 8 October 1909].
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is credited with discovering and defining the Moho. In 1909, he was examining data from a local earthquake in
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O'Reilly, Suzanne Y.; Griffin, W.L. (December 2013). "Moho vs crust–mantle boundary: Evolution of an idea".
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Betty Shor, The
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, August 1978, 7 pp. Access date 25 June 2019.
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can also increase the depth to the Moho, since serpentinization lowers seismic wave velocities.
424: – Discontinuity where the bottom of the planet's mantle meets the outer layer of the core
23:
Earth's crust and mantle, Moho discontinuity between bottom of crust and solid uppermost mantle
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Exploring the Earth's Crust – History and
Results of Controlled-Source Seismology
364:("Earth Discovery") also aims to explore in this general area with the drilling ship,
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Reaching the discontinuity by drilling remains an important scientific objective.
430: – abrupt increase of P-wave and S-wave velocities at the depth of 220±30 km
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Two paths of a P-wave, one direct and one refracted as it crosses the Moho
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needle that can propel itself down to the Moho discontinuity and explore
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1404:
1374:
1143:"Hole Drilled to Bottom of Earth's Crust, Breakthrough to Mantle Looms"
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231:. This rock which formed the Ordovician Moho is exposed on the surface.
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137:(the hard outer layer of the Earth, including the crust). Only beneath
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1951:
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of primary seismic waves (P-waves) are consistent with those through
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978:
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1911:
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50 Years of Ocean
Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950–2000
257:
212:
123:
243:(6.7–7.2 km/s), and below they are similar to those through
1745:
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1191:
801:, vol. 13, American Geophysical Union, pp. 257–272,
760:"Serpentinization of abyssal peridotites at mid-ocean ridges"
73:
67:
58:
49:
43:
70:
64:
1161:"Digging a Hole in the Ocean: Project Mohole, 1958–1966"
1074:. Horsham: Artemis Press for the Open University Press.
1072:
Understanding the earth: a reader in the earth sciences
916:"How the Soviets Drilled the Deepest Hole in the World"
274:, the transition between crust and mantle is marked by
603:
RB Cathcart & MM Ćirković (2006). Viorel
Badescu;
360:
near it and in the upper mantle. The Japanese project
126:. It is defined by the distinct change in velocity of
496:, in Holland, Heinrich D.; Turekian, Karl K. (eds.),
82:
37:
432:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
61:
55:
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1975:
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Mohole, LOCO, CORE, and JOIDES: A brief chronology
545:
The changing Earth: exploring geology and evolution
52:
46:
40:
1065:
892:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press (US).
886:"Scientific Ocean Drilling, from AMSOC to COMPOST"
311:The Moho has played a large role in the fields of
2161:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
130:as they pass through changing densities of rock.
16:Boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle
717:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
2151:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
846:
844:
548:(5th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 216.
114: – is the boundary between the
2472:
1203:
979:"Quest to drill into Earth's mantle restarts"
634:D.P. McKenzie – The Mohorovičić Discontinuity
610:Macro-engineering: a challenge for the future
494:"3.01 – Composition of the Continental Crust"
8:
647:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
542:James Stewart Monroe; Reed Wicander (2008).
1183:Map of the Moho depth of the European plate
418: – Strongest part of the Earth's crust
398:, a promising location in the southwestern
2479:
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2457:
1210:
1196:
1188:
851:Prodehl, Claus; Mooney, Walter D. (2012).
487:
485:
1002:
567:
565:
133:The Moho lies almost entirely within the
204:
18:
448:
1482:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
1070:. In Gass, I. G.; et al. (eds.).
500:, vol. 3, Pergamon, p. 659,
287:of mantle rock below slowly spreading
102:) – usually called the
97:
7:
2429:
758:Mével, Catherine (September 2003).
2309:National Oceanographic Data Center
1736:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
1624:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
977:Witze, Alexandra (December 2015).
14:
2156:Global Sea Level Observing System
607:& Roelof D Schuiling (eds.).
394:in late 2015 and to head for the
372:Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
2640:
2639:
2584:D’’ discontinuity (lower mantle)
2579:660 discontinuity (upper mantle)
2574:410 discontinuity (upper mantle)
2439:
2428:
2419:
2418:
1614:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
1530:
1519:
1141:Britt, Robert Roy (2005-04-07).
1090:"Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary"
1028:"Looking Back on Expedition 360"
492:Rudnick, R. L.; Gao, S. (2003),
332:, and it was cancelled in 1966.
33:
2344:Ocean thermal energy conversion
2067:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
416:Brittle–ductile transition zone
153:of 35 kilometres (22 mi).
141:does it define the lithosphere–
1067:"The composition of the earth"
1026:Kavanagh, Lucas (2016-01-27).
514:10.1016/b0-08-043751-6/03016-4
166:, the Moho separates both the
1:
737:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.148.01.05
1604:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
1574:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
1330:Luke's variational principle
1165:National Academy of Sciences
884:Winterer, Edward L. (2000).
460:(in German) (6th ed.).
1117:Beginner's Guide to Geology
702:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.12.031
197:by a high-velocity medium.
156:Named after the pioneering
2697:
2569:Mohorovičić (crust–mantle)
1669:Ocean dynamical thermostat
1517:
1119:. New York: Bounty Books.
833:(in Croatian and German).
784:10.1016/j.crte.2003.08.006
2635:
2414:
2204:Ocean acoustic tomography
2017:Mohorovičić discontinuity
1609:General circulation model
1245:Benjamin–Feir instability
956:10.1007/s10512-005-0246-y
764:Comptes Rendus Geoscience
613:. Springer. p. 169.
29:Mohorovičić discontinuity
2622:Gutenberg (upper mantle)
2603:Regional discontinuities
2334:Ocean surface topography
1709:Thermohaline circulation
1699:Subsurface ocean current
1639:Hydrothermal circulation
1472:Wave–current interaction
1250:Boussinesq approximation
580:Thomas Nelson & Sons
498:Treatise on Geochemistry
225:Gros Morne National Park
99:[moxorôʋiːtʃitɕ]
2371:Sea surface temperature
2354:Outline of oceanography
1549:Atmospheric circulation
1487:shallow water equations
1477:Waves and shallow water
1370:Significant wave height
572:Andrew McLeish (1992).
437:Gutenberg discontinuity
346:Kola Superdeep Borehole
2671:Structure of the Earth
2627:Lehmann (upper mantle)
2562:Global discontinuities
2366:Sea surface microlayer
1731:Wind generated current
605:Richard Brook Cathcart
404:Southwest Indian Ridge
299:Croatian seismologist
263:
232:
210:
24:
2199:Deep scattering layer
2181:World Geodetic System
1689:Princeton Ocean Model
1569:Coriolis–Stokes force
1219:Physical oceanography
456:Mangold, Max (2005).
428:Lehmann discontinuity
377:Plans called for the
352:capsule with a heavy
261:
216:
208:
201:Nature and seismology
22:
2589:Core–mantle boundary
2219:Underwater acoustics
1779:Perigean spring tide
1644:Langmuir circulation
1355:Rossby-gravity waves
653:(B12): 27729–27749.
458:Aussprachewörterbuch
422:Core–mantle boundary
350:radionuclide-powered
323:In the early 1960s,
2676:Croatian inventions
2594:Inner-core boundary
2517:Lithospheric mantle
2381:Science On a Sphere
1987:Convergent boundary
1659:Modular Ocean Model
1619:Geostrophic current
1335:Mild-slope equation
1064:Harris, P. (1972).
995:2015Natur.528...16W
776:2003CRGeo.335..825M
729:1998GSLSP.148...71M
694:2013Tectp.609..535O
659:1997JGR...10227729K
506:2003TrGeo...3....1R
301:Andrija Mohorovičić
164:Andrija Mohorovičić
2488:Structure of Earth
2037:Seafloor spreading
2027:Outer trench swell
1992:Divergent boundary
1892:Continental margin
1877:Carbonate platform
1774:Lunitidal interval
807:10.1029/gd013p0257
799:Geodynamics Series
770:(10–11): 825–852.
575:Geological science
344:scientists at the
264:
255:around the world.
233:
211:
104:Moho discontinuity
25:
2653:
2652:
2615:continental crust
2454:
2453:
2446:Oceans portal
2406:World Ocean Atlas
2396:Underwater glider
2339:Ocean temperature
2002:Hydrothermal vent
1967:Submarine volcano
1902:Continental shelf
1882:Coastal geography
1872:Bathymetric chart
1754:Amphidromic point
1442:Wave nonlinearity
1300:Infragravity wave
1126:978-0-7537-0358-8
1081:978-0-85141-308-2
1032:JOIDES Resolution
816:978-0-87590-513-6
667:10.1029/97JB02604
620:978-1-4020-3739-9
589:978-0-17-448221-5
555:978-0-495-55480-6
523:978-0-08-043751-4
383:JOIDES Resolution
172:continental crust
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2361:Pelagic sediment
2299:Marine pollution
2093:Deep ocean water
1962:Submarine canyon
1897:Continental rise
1789:Rule of twelfths
1704:Sverdrup balance
1634:Humboldt Current
1559:Boundary current
1534:
1523:
1340:Radiation stress
1310:Iribarren number
1285:Equatorial waves
1240:Ballantine scale
1235:Airy wave theory
1212:
1205:
1198:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1167:. Archived from
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1096:. Archived from
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1034:. Archived from
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578:(2nd ed.).
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370:, built for the
358:Earth's interior
289:mid-ocean ridges
285:Serpentinization
185:had two sets of
139:mid-ocean ridges
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2666:Plate tectonics
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2166:Sea-level curve
2137:
2076:
2062:Transform fault
2012:Mid-ocean ridge
1978:
1971:
1937:Oceanic plateau
1843:
1829:Tidal resonance
1799:Theory of tides
1740:
1649:Longshore drift
1599:Ekman transport
1535:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1515:
1467:Wave turbulence
1400:Trochoidal wave
1325:Longshore drift
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1004:10.1038/528016a
989:(7580): 16–17.
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582:. p. 122.
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468:. p. 559.
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2386:Stratification
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2268:
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2255:
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2176:Sea level rise
2173:
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2168:
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1564:Coriolis force
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1397:
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1387:
1385:Stokes problem
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1320:Kinematic wave
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
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1135:External links
1133:
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1053:
1052:
1018:
969:
950:(2): 556–562.
934:
907:
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869:
861:10.1130/mem208
840:
821:
815:
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682:Tectonophysics
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325:Project Mohole
296:
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15:
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10:
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2:
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2259:
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2214:SOFAR channel
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2025:
2023:
2022:Oceanic crust
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1997:Fracture zone
1995:
1993:
1990:
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1985:
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1968:
1965:
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1932:Oceanic basin
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1862:Abyssal plain
1860:
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1769:Internal tide
1767:
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1664:Ocean current
1662:
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1657:
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1647:
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1479:
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1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1462:Wave shoaling
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1422:Ursell number
1420:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
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1348:
1346:
1343:
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1338:
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1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1305:Internal wave
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1255:Breaking wave
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1171:on 2015-11-02
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:Dixon, Dougal
1110:
1100:on 2008-07-17
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1038:on 2016-07-09
1037:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
973:
970:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
944:Atomic Energy
938:
935:
923:
922:
917:
911:
908:
904:
899:
896:
891:
887:
880:
877:
872:
870:9780813712086
866:
862:
858:
854:
847:
845:
841:
836:
832:
825:
822:
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812:
808:
804:
800:
793:
790:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
754:
751:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
711:
708:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
676:
673:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
641:
638:
635:
630:
627:
622:
616:
612:
611:
606:
599:
596:
591:
585:
581:
577:
576:
568:
566:
562:
557:
551:
547:
546:
538:
535:
525:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
488:
486:
482:
477:
475:9783411040667
471:
467:
463:
459:
452:
449:
442:
438:
435:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
413:
409:
407:
405:
401:
397:
396:Atlantis Bank
393:
389:
386:to sail from
385:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
368:
363:
362:Chikyu Hakken
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
335:
333:
331:
330:cost overruns
326:
321:
319:
314:
309:
306:
302:
294:
292:
290:
286:
282:
280:
277:
273:
269:
260:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
230:
226:
222:
219:
215:
207:
200:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
181:
180:shallow-focus
177:
173:
169:
168:oceanic crust
165:
162:
159:
154:
152:
148:
144:
143:asthenosphere
140:
136:
131:
129:
128:seismic waves
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
108:Moho boundary
105:
100:
92:
91:
78:
30:
21:
2568:
2529:Lower mantle
2512:Upper mantle
2401:Water column
2349:Oceanography
2324:Observations
2319:Explorations
2289:Marginal sea
2282:
2240:OSTM/Jason-2
2072:Volcanic arc
2047:Slab suction
2016:
1764:Head of tide
1654:Loop Current
1594:Ekman spiral
1380:Stokes drift
1290:Gravity wave
1265:Cnoidal wave
1173:. Retrieved
1169:the original
1150:. Retrieved
1116:
1102:. Retrieved
1098:the original
1094:Schlumberger
1071:
1046:
1040:. Retrieved
1036:the original
1031:
1021:
986:
982:
972:
947:
943:
937:
926:. Retrieved
924:. 2008-08-25
919:
910:
898:
889:
879:
852:
834:
830:
824:
798:
792:
767:
763:
753:
723:(1): 71–80.
720:
716:
710:
685:
681:
675:
650:
646:
640:
629:
609:
598:
574:
544:
537:
527:, retrieved
497:
457:
451:
400:Indian Ocean
381:
376:
365:
339:
322:
310:
298:
283:
265:
234:
229:Newfoundland
161:seismologist
155:
132:
111:
107:
103:
28:
26:
2391:Thermocline
2108:Mesopelagic
2081:Ocean zones
2052:Slab window
1917:Hydrography
1857:Abyssal fan
1824:Tidal range
1814:Tidal power
1809:Tidal force
1694:Rip current
1629:Gulf Stream
1589:Ekman layer
1579:Downwelling
1554:Baroclinity
1541:Circulation
1437:Wave height
1427:Wave action
1410:megatsunami
1390:Stokes wave
1350:Rossby wave
1315:Kelvin wave
1295:Green's law
983:Nature News
688:: 535–546.
466:Dudenverlag
336:Exploration
183:earthquakes
176:seismograms
147:ocean floor
135:lithosphere
90:-vih-chitch
2660:Categories
2551:Inner core
2546:Outer core
2533:Mesosphere
2329:Reanalysis
2228:Satellites
2209:Sofar bomb
2057:Subduction
2032:Ridge push
1927:Ocean bank
1907:Contourite
1834:Tide gauge
1819:Tidal race
1804:Tidal bore
1794:Slack tide
1759:Earth tide
1679:Ocean gyre
1499:Wind setup
1494:Wind fetch
1457:Wave setup
1452:Wave radar
1447:Wave power
1345:Rogue wave
1275:Dispersion
1175:2008-07-17
1152:2008-07-17
1104:2008-07-17
1058:References
1042:2016-09-21
928:2008-08-26
837:(4): 1–63.
529:2019-11-21
379:drill-ship
318:seismology
279:intrusions
253:ophiolites
245:peridotite
237:velocities
218:Ordovician
110:, or just
2191:Acoustics
2143:Sea level
2042:Slab pull
1979:tectonics
1887:Cold seep
1849:Landforms
1726:Whirlpool
1721:Upwelling
1504:Wind wave
1432:Wave base
1360:Sea state
1280:Edge wave
1270:Cross sea
1147:Imaginova
745:128410328
392:Sri Lanka
268:Xenoliths
221:ophiolite
195:refracted
95:Croatian:
2645:Category
2424:Category
2376:Seawater
2103:Littoral
2098:Deep sea
1957:Seamount
1839:Tideline
1784:Rip tide
1714:shutdown
1684:Overflow
1417:Undertow
1260:Clapotis
1115:(2000).
1013:26632566
462:Mannheim
410:See also
374:(IODP).
354:tungsten
276:basaltic
158:Croatian
118:and the
2434:Commons
2304:Mooring
2254:Related
2245:Jason-3
2235:Jason-1
2118:Pelagic
2113:Oceanic
2088:Benthic
1405:Tsunami
1375:Soliton
991:Bibcode
772:Bibcode
725:Bibcode
690:Bibcode
655:Bibcode
502:Bibcode
402:on the
388:Colombo
313:geology
295:History
272:cratons
191:S-waves
187:P-waves
151:average
2610:Conrad
2507:Mantle
2495:Shells
2123:Photic
1952:Seabed
1365:Seiche
1123:
1078:
1011:
964:918850
962:
867:
813:
743:
617:
586:
552:
520:
472:
367:Chikyū
342:Soviet
305:Zagreb
249:dunite
241:basalt
120:mantle
2531:(aka
2502:Crust
2314:Ocean
2283:Alvin
2133:Swash
1977:Plate
1922:Knoll
1912:Guyot
1867:Atoll
1746:Tides
1509:model
1395:Swell
1227:Waves
960:S2CID
921:Wired
741:S2CID
443:Notes
178:from
124:Earth
116:crust
2541:Core
2281:DSV
2266:Argo
2128:Surf
1584:Eddy
1121:ISBN
1076:ISBN
1009:PMID
865:ISBN
811:ISBN
615:ISBN
584:ISBN
550:ISBN
518:ISBN
470:ISBN
189:and
170:and
112:Moho
86:-hə-
27:The
999:doi
987:528
952:doi
857:doi
803:doi
780:doi
768:335
733:doi
721:148
698:doi
686:609
663:doi
651:102
510:doi
390:in
247:or
223:in
122:of
88:ROH
84:MOH
2662::
1163:.
1145:.
1092:.
1045:.
1030:.
1007:.
997:.
985:.
981:.
958:.
948:99
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918:.
888:.
863:.
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843:^
809:,
778:.
766:.
762:.
739:.
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661:.
649:.
564:^
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464::
320:.
227:,
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1107:.
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1001::
993::
966:.
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931:.
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859::
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782::
774::
747:.
735::
727::
704:.
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665::
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512::
504::
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65:ɪ
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56:r
53:ˈ
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47:h
41:m
38:ˌ
35:/
31:(
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