42:
603:
624:) was faced with a critical financial situation, and launched the process of "qaidization". Traditionally, the Makhzen had an understanding with the semi-autonomous rural tribes, whereby the tribal leaders agreed to hand over a portion of the taxes they collected and to supply tribesmen to the sultan's army in times of war, but otherwise were left to manage their own affairs. The new financial difficulties from the colonial encroachment prompted the Makhzen to demand ever-greater exactions of troops and taxes from the tribes. As the tribes balked and began to refuse the higher taxes, the sultan decided to circumvent the elected tribal leaders, refusing to ratify their credentials, and instead appointed
643:
41:
518:
The new sultan hardly looked the part of a modernizer with his flowing white robes and mane of curly black hair, but he was in fact immersed in the language of reform and fully aware of the technological transformations taking place elsewhere in the region. He had reportedly perused military manuals
630:
of his own choosing, imposing them upon the tribes. The qaids were rarely of the same tribal stock as the tribes they governed, but were instead ambitious men, chosen primarily for their ruthless ability to crush rebellion and force the tribes to cough up. Initially designed as a centralizing move,
590:
After the disappointment of defeat and the crushing financial burden of the
Spanish treaty, Muhammad IV gradually retired into passivity, dedicating himself to scholarly and intellectual interests in mathematics, geometry, astronomy, poetry and music, and leaving political affairs to be handled by
602:
485:, de Saulty defected after an amorous entanglement, and converted, taking up the name Abd al-Rahman al-Ali). Muhammad IV hired writers to translate various European textbooks on engineering and science. He was personally involved in the translation of the works of scientists such as
433:, enabling the Moroccans to replicate the tactics that had produced the concentrated firepower the French had displayed at Isly. The first adversary against whom they were deployed in the 1840s was the popular resistance hero
421:, were created in 1845. There was a totally new nomenclature for ranks and organization, often provided by Ottoman and Egyptian military manuals. The men wore European-style uniforms and carried flintlock rifles made in
573:
signed in April 1860 expanded the enclaves, but more worrisomely imposed a large indemnity payment on
Morocco of 100 million francs, twenty times the government's budget. Provisions allowed the Spanish to hold
631:
this eventually backfired, as the qaids, once esconsed in their tribal fiefs, proved even more ungovernable than the amghars had ever been. During
Muhammad IV's reign, Morocco began essentially careening into
678:. The 'Askar Nizami was subsequently reconstituted by Muhammad IV, who equipped the army with up-to-date weapons supplied by a munitions factory in Marrakesh. A military training school was built at
929:
204:
1486:
387:
After the defeat, with his father's permission, Mawlay
Muhammad used his capacity as army chief to launch a series of significant military reforms in 1845. Unlike the
1178:
441:
against the native hero dampened popular enthusiasm for the new army, and in the course of time, many soldiers deserted. He invited a group of officers from
1082:
422:
1481:
1608:
553:
to demand an expansion of the borders of its enclave around Ceuta. When this was refused by
Muhammad IV, Spain declared war. The Spanish navy bombarded
1815:
1501:
1491:
1024:
674:
was introduced to
Morocco in 1865. By 1868, over three thousand books, mostly religious instructions, were printed on the lithographic press in
1810:
964:
912:
534:
528:
1805:
1398:
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1423:
1408:
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1378:
1638:
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1536:
446:
1582:
1418:
1413:
1403:
1196:
519:
translated from
Turkish and European languages into Arabic, and he had a lively curiosity about technical innovations.
1800:
1658:
1428:
1368:
373:
334:
565:. A large Spanish expeditionary force landed in Ceuta, which subsequently went on to defeat the Moroccan army at the
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76:
1820:
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1282:
1170:
1035:
326:
246:
105:
47:
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to train the new army, rather than
Europeans. Muhammad IV's reforms were met with minimal opposition from the
1725:
1348:
985:
Laroui, A. (1989) "Morocco from the
Beginning of the Nineteenth century to 1880" in J.F. Ade Ajayi, editor,
666:
Well-equipped infantry were created, along with modern artillery. A steam engine was built in the palace in
1666:
618:
duties of all
Moroccan ports were designated to pay the Spanish debt, the Alawite sultan's government (the
1756:
1363:
1740:
1676:
1643:
1559:
1433:
486:
183:
55:
1689:
661:
220:
Muhammad bin Abd al-Rahman bin Hisham bin Muhammad bin Abdallah bin Ismail bin Sharif bin Ali al-'Alawi
702:
On 11 September 1873, Muhammad IV drowned during a boating activity on one of the water basins of the
478:
1785:
1780:
1748:
1720:
1628:
1358:
1303:
753:
679:
566:
538:
494:
474:
342:
1653:
777:
533:
Immediately upon ascension to throne in August 1859, Muhammad IV was faced with his first test, the
1735:
1712:
1648:
1438:
1234:
1117:
1052:
813:
801:
642:
636:
381:
346:
200:
115:
1694:
1577:
1554:
1531:
1526:
1383:
1162:
1138:
1125:
1109:
941:
728:
257:
1308:
596:
1633:
1328:
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1209:
990:
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908:
861:
733:
570:
322:
193:
72:
1730:
1684:
1471:
1298:
1259:
1130:
1000:
550:
337:
in 1830, leading to European nations entering military conflicts with Morocco, such as the
1549:
1353:
1313:
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1249:
1229:
1186:
1146:
1099:
442:
434:
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330:
298:
286:
135:
1597:
1587:
1564:
1443:
1373:
1290:
945:
933:
671:
659:
Following the military defeats at Isly and Tetuan, a new Moroccan army was introduced,
388:
377:
363:
338:
17:
1774:
1618:
1516:
1239:
1224:
703:
392:
236:
706:
in Marrakesh. He was buried in the Mausoleum of Moulay Ali Cherif (near present-day
1154:
675:
607:
502:
490:
376:, and Muhammad commanded the Moroccan army which was defeated by the French at the
306:
131:
63:
329:. His reign marked a series of reform to tackle European influence on Morocco, as
902:
403:
had to be crushed in order to clear the path, in Moroccon the core army units of
222:محمد بن عبد الرحمن بن هشام بن محمد بن عبد الله بن إسماعيل بن الشريف بن علي العلوي
271:
51:
562:
92:
667:
632:
579:
505:
to receive regular contingents of Moroccan soldiers for artillery training.
498:
396:
310:
154:
437:, hounded around western Algeria by Moroccan auxiliaries. This use of the
711:
426:
167:
997:
Morocco, journeys in the kingdom of Fez and to the court of Mulai Hassan
707:
683:
620:
615:
575:
554:
546:
482:
430:
318:
231:
171:
59:
592:
558:
400:
314:
268:
1060:
691:
687:
647:
601:
542:
405:
635:, a process that accelerated during the reign of his successor,
626:
1064:
682:
in Fes, and he searched for Muslim military instructors from
321:
from 28 August 1859 to 16 September 1873 as a ruler of the
541:. Raids by irregular tribesmen on the Spanish enclaves of
449:
to raise and train the first European-style regiment, the
325:. He was proclaimed sultan after the death of his father,
578:
until it was paid. The treaty also ceded the enclave of
477:
school in Fes, supervised by the renegade French Count
844:
842:
464:
458:
1617:
1596:
1515:
1470:
1452:
1327:
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1208:
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161:
141:
125:
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101:
91:
83:
71:
32:
614:As by the Treaty of Tangier in 1863, half of the
987:Africa in the Nineteenth Century until the 1880s
345:with Spain in 1860. He was succeeded by his son
453:, as a supplement to the usual palace guards ('
980:A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period
907:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–39.
1076:
8:
930:"sayyidī/sīdī Muḥammad IV b. 'Abd al-Raḥmān"
982:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
1083:
1069:
1061:
1029:
951:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
29:
641:
368:During his father's reign, neighbouring
745:
670:in 1863, and the first state-sponsored
848:
211:
417:, or battalion-strength units of the
7:
1016:New York: New York University Press.
959:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 392.
497:. He also struck deals with British
50:of Morocco, shown surrounded by the
1572:(Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik ibn Zidan)
901:Miller, Susan Gilson (2013-04-15).
302:
290:
166:Mausoleum of Mawlay Ali al-Sharif,
1544:(Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik al-Ghazi)
650:coin (1873). Minted by Mohammed IV
25:
606:Letter from Muhammad IV dated 25
1424:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim (al-Mustansir)
1409:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim (al-Mustansir)
1007:Historical Dictionary of Morocco
995:Martinière, H.M.P. de la (1889)
529:Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)
413:were left intact when the first
40:
1816:19th-century monarchs in Africa
1344:Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq
591:his palace slave and effective
395:, where ancient corps like the
1462:Muhammad ibn Ali Amrani-Joutey
1419:Muhammad ibn Ahmad (al-Wathiq)
1014:Morocco since 1830: a history.
1005:Park, T.K. and A. Boum (1996)
891:Park and Boum (1996: p.138-39)
549:in northwest Morocco prompted
429:, as ooposed to the old-style
1:
1583:Mohammed esh-Sheikh es-Seghir
1492:Ali ibn Muhammad (Abu Hassun)
182:Lalla Safiya bint Maimun bin
1811:19th-century Moroccan people
1707:(Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman)
1404:Muhammad III ibn Abd al-Aziz
341:with France in 1844 and the
152:September 16, 1873 (aged 70)
1369:Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman
904:A History of Modern Morocco
481:(an artillery officer from
469:). Muhammad IV set up the M
465:
459:
1837:
1726:Abd al-Hafid ibn al-Hassan
1173:(Yahya ibn Idris ibn Umar)
724:List of Sultans of Morocco
526:
380:in August 1844 during the
361:
283:Muhammad bin Abd al-Rahman
58:and British Delegation of
33:Muhammad bin Abd al-Rahman
1806:Royalty from Fez, Morocco
1721:Abd al-Aziz ibn al-Hassan
1609:Muhammad al-Haj ad-Dila'i
1339:Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq
1293:(Abd al-Wahid al-Makhluʿ)
1049:
1040:
1032:
374:invaded by France in 1830
219:
210:
39:
1791:19th-century Arab people
1759:(Muhammad ibn al-Hassan)
1715:(Al-Hassan ibn Muhammad)
1700:Abd al-Rahman ibn Hisham
1672:Zin al-Abidin ibn Ismail
471:adrasa of al-Muhandiseen
247:Abd al-Rahman bin Hisham
1679:(Muhammad ibn Abdallah)
1644:Abd al-Malik ibn Ismail
1349:Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr
1199:(al-Hasan ibn al-Qasim)
1192:Abu'l-Aysh ibn al-Qasim
1181:(al-Hasan ibn Muhammad)
1009:. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow
978:Abun-Nasr, J.M. (1987)
198:18 children, including:
62:at the royal palace in
1667:Al-Mustadi' ibn Ismail
1537:Muhammad al-Mutawakkil
1444:Abd al-Haqq ibn Uthman
1379:Abu Zayyan Muhammad II
1020:Morocco Alaoui dynasty
651:
611:
610:1281 (April 20, 1865).
569:in February 1860. The
445:who had served in the
188:Lalla Ahnya al-Arusiya
18:Mohammed IV of Morocco
1751:(Hassan ibn Muhammad)
1695:Suleiman ibn Muhammad
1685:Al-Yazid ibn Muhammad
1661:(Muhammad ibn Ismail)
1560:Abdallah al-Ghalib II
1487:Muhammad ibn Muhammad
1429:Abd al-Aziz ibn Ahmad
645:
605:
457:) and tribal troops (
425:. The new units were
56:John Hay Drummond Hay
1743:(Muhammad ibn Yusuf)
1359:Abu al-Rabi Sulayman
1285:(Yusuf al-Mustansir)
1187:Al-Qasim ibn Ibrahim
1165:(Yahya ibn al-Qasim)
1141:(Yahya ibn Muhammad)
1112:(Idris ibn Abdallah)
999:. London: Whittaker
928:Pellat, Ch. (1993).
882:Laroui (1989: p.482)
873:Laroui (1989: p.488)
836:Laroui (1989: p.487)
754:"Safiyyah Al Hassan"
539:Isabella II of Spain
535:Spanish-Moroccan War
523:Hispano-Moroccan War
475:military engineering
309:in 1803 and died in
1731:Yusuf ibn al-Hassan
1690:Hisham ibn Muhammad
1649:Abdallah ibn Ismail
1399:Abd al-Aziz ibn Ali
1364:Abu Sa'id Uthman II
1235:Ibrahim ibn Tashfin
1012:Pennell, C. (2000)
802:Mohammed bin 'Arafa
778:"Ahniya Al Arusiya"
382:Franco-Moroccan War
335:conquered by France
205:'Arafa bin Mohammed
201:Hassan bin Mohammed
1801:Sultans of Morocco
1736:Muhammad ibn Arafa
1578:Al-Walid ibn Zidan
1555:Abu Faris Abdallah
1532:Abdallah al-Ghalib
1527:Mohammed al-Shaykh
1507:Ahmad ibn Muhammad
1502:Muhammad ibn Ahmad
1497:Ahmad ibn Muhammad
1482:Muhammad ibn Yahya
1434:Abdallah ibn Ahmad
1384:Abu Bakr ibn Faris
1133:(Ali ibn Muhammad)
1126:Muhammad ibn Idris
1025:History of Morocco
860:Martinière (1889:
814:"Halima Al Hassan"
729:History of Morocco
652:
612:
358:Military commander
291:محمد بن عبد الرحمن
256:Lalla Halima bint
35:محمد بن عبد الرحمن
1768:
1767:
1629:Al-Rashid ibn Ali
1475:(1471–1549, 1554)
1453:Idrisid interlude
1304:Yahya al-Mu'tasim
1299:Abdallah al-ʿAdil
1278:Muhammad al-Nasir
1267:(Abu Yaqub Yusuf)
1220:Yusuf ibn Tashfin
1210:Almoravid dynasty
1149:(Yahya ibn Yahya)
1120:(Idris ibn Idris)
1092:Rulers of Morocco
1059:
1058:
1050:Succeeded by
1043:Sultan of Morocco
989:. Paris: UNESCO.
966:978-90-04-09419-2
914:978-0-521-81070-8
571:Treaty of Wad Ras
567:Battle of Tétouan
313:in 1873, was the
277:
276:
226:
225:
73:Sultan of Morocco
27:Sultan of Morocco
16:(Redirected from
1828:
1760:
1752:
1744:
1716:
1708:
1680:
1662:
1639:Ahmad ibn Ismail
1573:
1570:Abd al-Malik II
1545:
1472:Wattasid dynasty
1439:Uthman ibn Ahmad
1319:Said al-Muʿtadid
1294:
1286:
1268:
1200:
1182:
1174:
1166:
1158:
1150:
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1134:
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1113:
1085:
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1071:
1062:
1047:1859–1873
1033:Preceded by
1030:
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970:
942:Heinrichs, W. P.
925:
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818:geni_family_tree
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782:geni_family_tree
774:
768:
767:
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758:geni_family_tree
750:
479:Joseph de Saulty
468:
462:
343:Battle of Tetuan
304:
292:
212:
151:
149:
54:, receiving the
46:Muhammad IV ben
44:
30:
21:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1821:Sons of sultans
1771:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1750:
1742:
1714:
1706:
1678:
1660:
1621:
1613:
1601:
1592:
1571:
1550:Ahmad al-Mansur
1543:
1542:Abd al-Malik I
1519:
1511:
1474:
1466:
1454:
1448:
1394:Tashfin ibn Ali
1389:Ibrahim ibn Ali
1354:Abu Thabit Amir
1331:
1329:Marinid dynasty
1323:
1314:Abd al-Wahid II
1309:Idris al-Ma'mun
1292:
1291:Abd al-Wahid I
1284:
1273:Yaqub al-Mansur
1266:
1252:
1250:Almohad dynasty
1244:
1230:Tashfin ibn Ali
1212:
1204:
1198:
1180:
1172:
1164:
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1148:
1140:
1132:
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1111:
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1100:Idrisid dynasty
1094:
1089:
1055:
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1038:
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934:Bosworth, C. E.
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751:
747:
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531:
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443:Ottoman Tunisia
431:mounted cavalry
370:Ottoman Algeria
366:
360:
355:
331:Ottoman Algeria
221:
203:
199:
187:
174:
153:
147:
145:
130:
79:
67:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1834:
1832:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1796:'Alawi dynasty
1793:
1788:
1783:
1773:
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1746:
1738:
1733:
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1702:
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1674:
1669:
1664:
1656:
1654:Ali ibn Ismail
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1634:Ismail ibn Ali
1631:
1625:
1623:
1622:(1666–present)
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1594:
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1588:Ahmad al-Abbas
1585:
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1565:Zidan al-Nasir
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1414:Musa ibn Faris
1411:
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1401:
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1374:Abu Inan Faris
1371:
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1184:
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1157:(Ali ibn Umar)
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1123:
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993:
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938:van Donzel, E.
920:
913:
893:
884:
875:
866:
853:
838:
829:
805:
800:The father of
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744:
743:
741:
738:
737:
736:
734:'Alawi dynasty
731:
726:
719:
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699:
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680:Dar al-Makhzen
672:printing press
656:
653:
587:
584:
527:Main article:
524:
521:
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507:
389:Ottoman Empire
378:Battle of Isly
364:Battle of Isly
362:Main article:
359:
356:
354:
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339:Battle of Isly
333:had just been
323:'Alawi dynasty
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97:28 August 1859
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1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1677:Muhammad III
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1652:
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1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1619:Alawi dynasty
1616:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1589:
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1579:
1576:
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1546:
1540:
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1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1517:Saadi dynasty
1514:
1508:
1505:
1503:
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1498:
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1483:
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1469:
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1274:
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1269:
1263:
1261:
1260:Abd al-Mu'min
1258:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1240:Ishaq ibn Ali
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1225:Ali ibn Yusuf
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
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1079:
1074:
1072:
1067:
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1063:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1036:Abd al-Rahman
1031:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
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994:
992:
988:
984:
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876:
870:
867:
863:
857:
854:
851:, p. 38.
850:
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839:
833:
830:
819:
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749:
746:
739:
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732:
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727:
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721:
717:
715:
713:
709:
705:
704:Agdal Gardens
697:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
663:
662:'Askar Nizami
654:
649:
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629:
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623:
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467:
461:
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439:'askar nizami
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:'askar nizami
416:
412:
408:
407:
402:
398:
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390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
365:
357:
352:
350:
348:
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340:
336:
332:
328:
327:Abd al-Rahman
324:
320:
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308:
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288:
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273:
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263:
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144:
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137:
133:
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124:
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117:
114:
110:
107:
106:Abd al-Rahman
104:
100:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:Abd al-Rahman
43:
38:
31:
19:
1757:Muhammad VI
1705:Muhammad IV
1704:
1659:Muhammad II
1041:
1013:
1006:
996:
986:
979:
956:
949:
923:
903:
896:
887:
878:
869:
856:
832:
821:. Retrieved
817:
808:
796:
785:. Retrieved
781:
772:
761:. Retrieved
757:
748:
701:
660:
658:
625:
619:
613:
608:Dhu al-Qadah
589:
532:
517:
470:
454:
450:
447:Ottoman army
438:
435:Abd al-Kader
418:
414:
410:
404:
386:
367:
294:
293:), known as
282:
279:
278:
1786:1873 deaths
1781:1803 births
1741:Muhammad V
1602:(1659–1663)
1520:(1549–1659)
1455:(1465–1471)
1332:(1244–1465)
1253:(1121–1269)
1213:(1040–1147)
955:Volume VII:
946:Pellat, Ch.
849:Miller 2013
514:Early reign
397:janissaries
305:), born in
303:محمد الرابع
295:Muhammad IV
272:Sunni Islam
102:Predecessor
52:Black Guard
1775:Categories
1749:Hassan II
1163:Yahya III
823:2022-10-21
787:2022-10-21
763:2022-10-21
740:References
582:to Spain.
148:1873-09-16
93:Coronation
1713:Hassan I
1600:interlude
1283:Yusuf II
1197:Hasan II
1171:Yahya IV
1147:Yahya II
1118:Idris II
1103:(788–974)
991:pp.478-96
710:) in the
668:Marrakesh
633:feudalism
597:Si Moussa
586:Aftermath
580:Sidi Ifni
499:Gibraltar
353:Biography
311:Marrakesh
260:al-Alaoui
186:al-Alaoui
157:, Morocco
155:Marrakesh
112:Successor
87:1859–1873
77:(more...)
1265:Yusuf I
1179:Hasan I
1139:Yahya I
1110:Idris I
1053:Hassan I
948:(eds.).
718:See also
712:Tafilalt
637:Hassan I
487:Legendre
427:infantry
399:and the
347:Hassan I
265:Religion
258:Sulayman
184:Mohammed
168:Tafilalt
116:Hassan I
1155:Ali II
957:Mif–Naz
708:Rissani
684:Algiers
621:Makhzen
616:customs
576:Tetouan
555:Tangier
547:Melilla
495:Lalande
483:Algiers
423:England
401:Mamluks
319:Morocco
172:Morocco
136:Morocco
60:Tangier
1598:Dila'i
1131:Ali I
1001:online
963:
944:&
911:
655:Reform
593:vizier
563:Tetuan
559:Asilah
537:under
491:Newton
466:nu'aib
451:askari
415:tabors
411:na'iba
315:Sultan
299:Arabic
287:Arabic
280:Mawlay
269:Maliki
253:Mother
243:Father
237:'Alawi
179:Spouse
162:Burial
932:. In
862:p.320
698:Death
692:Ulama
688:Tunis
648:Falus
627:qaids
551:Spain
543:Ceuta
509:Reign
503:Egypt
460:ghish
393:Egypt
232:House
215:Names
194:Issue
84:Reign
961:ISBN
909:ISBN
686:and
646:A 4
561:and
545:and
501:and
493:and
473:, a
463:and
455:abid
409:and
406:gish
391:and
372:was
142:Died
129:1803
126:Born
676:Fes
317:of
307:Fes
132:Fes
64:Fes
1777::
953:.
940:;
936:;
841:^
816:.
780:.
756:.
714:.
694:.
639:.
595:,
557:,
489:,
384:.
349:.
301::
289::
170:,
134:,
1084:e
1077:t
1070:v
969:.
917:.
864:)
826:.
790:.
766:.
664:.
599:.
297:(
285:(
150:)
146:(
66:.
20:)
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