2336:
2603:(royal government) remained underdeveloped and urgent reforms were needed to resolve problems arising from decades of colonial rule. Political friction existed between the nationalist Istiqlal Party, which pushed for more democratic institutions, and the king, Mohammed V, who now hesitated on endorsing radical political changes. By the end of the decade in 1960, the Istiqlal Party was weakened by splinter factions and the growing number of political parties were unable to act together as an effective counterbalance to the king. A formal constitution also remained lacking. As a result, the monarch emerged as the main pillar of political stability in the state and there was a revival of
2575:
2424:(Mohammed ben Youssef or Mohammed V), was acclaimed as the new sultan, at the age of 18. By the guidance of the French regime, he had spent most of his life growing up in relative isolation inside the royal palace in Meknes and Rabat. These restrictions on his interactions with the outside world continued in large part even after he ascended to the throne. However, over the course of his reign he became increasingly associated with the Moroccan nationalist movement, eventually becoming a strong symbol in the cause for independence. The nationalists, for their part, and in contrast with other anti-colonial movements like the
2823:
2811:
2552:, the French agreed to negotiate Morocco's independence at a conference on August 23, 1955. By October 1 Mohammed Ben 'Arafa had abdicated and later that month even Thami el-Glaoui supported Mohammed V's return. The sultan landed at Rabat-Salé Airport at 11:42 am on November 16, greeted by cheering crowds. The French-Moroccan Declaration of Independence was formally signed on March 2, 1956, and Tangier was reintegrated to Morocco later that year. In 1957 Mohammed V adopted the official title of "King", which has since been used by his successors,
2140:
4496:
4294:
4109:
4041:
4024:
4012:
4000:
3893:
3801:
3743:
3687:
3670:
3588:
3534:
3524:
3514:
3504:
3492:
3480:
3468:
3320:
3308:
3296:
3214:
2070:
148:
2190:
which he was mortally wounded. After his death, he was succeeded by his brother
Suleyman (or Mawlay Slimane), though the latter had to defeat two more brothers who contested the throne: Maslama in the north and Hisham in Marrakesh to the south. Suleyman brought trade with Europe nearly to a halt. Although less violent and bigoted than Yazid, was still portrayed by European sources as xenophobic. After 1811, Suleyman also pushed a fundamentalist
6294:
1487:
2514:, a generally anti-colonial ideology, and an expression of gratitude for American support of Moroccan aspirations while omitting the usual statements of support for the French Protectorate. In the following years the tensions increased, with French officials slowly acknowledging the need for Moroccan independence but stressing for slower reforms rather than rapid sovereignty. The French enlisted many powerful collaborators such
1928:(descendants of Muhammad) was part of the reason for their success, as in this era many communities in Morocco increasingly saw sharifian status as the best claim to political legitimacy. The Saadian dynasty, which ruled Morocco in the 16th century and early 17th century prior to the rise of the 'Alawis, was also a sharifian dynasty and played an important role in establishing this model of political-religious legitimacy.
2253:
5060:
government, it does effectively place all powers under the iron grip of the monarch. Article 1 of the constitution promulgating a constitutional monarchy in
Morocco is misleading, insofar as the king is not a figurehead acting as a symbol of unity for Moroccans. In fact the constitution, amended five times since the independence, has largely served to the traditional prerogatives of the monarchy.
2750:
2532:, a little-known member of the 'Alawi family, as sultan. On August 20 the French resident-general, Auguste Guillaume, presented demands to the sultan for his abdication and his agreement to go into exile. The sultan refused to abdicate, and that afternoon he and his sons were escorted at gunpoint from the palace and onto a plane. He and his family were eventually exiled to
2432:
2618:. The constitution had been written by officials appointed by the king and in practice it cemented the monarchy's rule by granting it far-reaching executive powers. Hassan II worked to improve relations with France and position Morocco as an ally of the West, but relations with neighboring Algeria deteriorated over border issues and resulted in the
5094:
independence of the judiciary, moving at least in spirit toward a separation of powers. What it did not do was to unequivocally limit the king's preponderant influence over public affairs, or move
Morocco closer to becoming a parliamentary monarchy; in other words, it stopped short of remaking Muhammad VI into "a king who reigns but does not rule."
1973:. Mawlay al-Sharif led an attack against Abu Hassun's garrison at Tabu'samt in 1635 or 1636 (1045 AH) but failed to expel them. Abu Hassun forced him to go into exile to the Sous valley, but also treated him well; among other things, Abu Hassun gifted him a slave concubine who later gave birth to one of his sons,
2450:
where he apparently expressed that he had been misled by the French residency when signing it and vowed to cede no further rights of his country. The sultan refrained from openly associating with the nationalist movement in the 1930s, but nonetheless resisted French attempts to shift the terms of the
2189:
Sidi
Mohammed's opening of Morocco to international trade was not welcomed by some, however. After his death in 1790, his son and successor Mawlay Yazid ruled with more xenophobia and violence, punished Jewish communities, and launched an ill-fated attack against the Spanish city of Ceuta in 1792, in
2011:
Al-Rashid was left in control of the 'Alawi forces and in less than a decade he managed to extend 'Alawi control over almost all of
Morocco, reuniting the country under a new sharifian dynasty. After much campaigning in northern Morocco, Al-Rashid secured the surrender of Fez in June 1666. He made it
2622:
in 1963. Tensions also rose internally during the 1960s and 1970s, with leftist opposition mounting against the conservative monarchy. This in turn was met with increased political repression and Hassan II largely relied on the army and police as instruments of power. The period from roughly 1975 to
1988:
in place of his father who relinquished the throne to him. The Dala'iyya invaded the region again in 1646 and following their victory at Al Qa'a forced him to acknowledge their control over all the territory west and south of
Sijilmasa. Unable to oppose them, Sidi Mohammed instead decided to attempt
5124:
Recent reforms, including constitutional reform and the appointment of the PJD government in 2011, have only perpetuated the lack of meaningful political participation and supported authoritarianism. Ironically, reforms have multiplied the resources available to
Morocco's monarchical institution to
2539:
The exile of the sultan did not alleviate French difficulties in
Morocco, and an insurgency broke out which targeted both the regime and its collaborators with boycott campaigns as well as acts of violence. Several assassination attempts were made against the new puppet sultan, Mohammed Ben 'Arafa,
2227:
delivered a fatwa for a supporting jihad in 1837. On the other hand, Abd al-Rahman was reluctant to provide the French with a clear reason to attack
Morocco if he ever intervened. He managed to maintain the appearance of neutrality until 1844, when he was compelled to provide refuge to Abd al-Qadir
2105:
on his construction projects. All of these activities and policies gave him a reputation for ruthlessness and cruelty among
European writers and a mixed reputation among Moroccan historians as well, though he is credited with unifying Morocco under strong (but brutal) leadership. He also moved the
1892:
Little is known of 'Alawi history prior to the 17th century. In the early 15th century they appear to have had a reputation as holy warriors, but did not yet have a political status. This was the example of one family member, Ali al-Sharif (not to be confused with the later 'Alawi by the same name
2084:
He continuously led military campaigns against rebels, rivals, and European positions along the Moroccan coast. In practice, he still had to rely on various groups to control outlying areas, but he nonetheless succeeded in retaking many coastal cities occupied by England and Spain and managed to
2044:
Upon Al-Rashid's death, his younger half-brother Mawlay Isma'il became sultan. As sultan, Isma'il's 55-year reign was one of longest in Moroccan history. He distinguished himself as a ruler who wished to establish a unified Moroccan state as the absolute authority in the land, independent of any
2122:
After Mawlay Isma'il's death, Morocco was plunged into one of its greatest periods of turmoil between 1727 and 1757, with Isma'il's sons fighting for control of the sultanate and never holding onto power for long. Isma'il had left hundreds of sons who were theoretically eligible for the throne.
5093:
The most important innovations, however, were the limitations on the king's ability to intervene in day-to-day politics. While the king's role as "supreme arbiter" of political life remained unquestioned, the new constitution enhanced the legislative powers of the parliament and increased the
5059:
The dominance of the monarchy in the sociopolitical arena is further institutionalized in the Moroccan constitution, which effectively diffuses makhzenite authority into three separate branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. While this separation of powers is informed by western style
1869:. According to the dynasty's official historians, the family migrated from the Hijaz to the Tafilalt during the 12th or 13th century at the request of the locals who hoped that the presence of a sharifian family would benefit the region. It is possible that the 'Alawis were merely one of many
2483:, who expressed support for Moroccan independence after the war. The encounter was the sultan's first face-to-face interaction with another head of state without the mediating presence of the French officials. In the fall of the same year, the sultan encouraged the formation of the official
2008:. The power of the Dala'iyya was in decline, and both brothers sought to take advantage of this, but both stood in each other's way. When Sidi Mohammed attacked Angad to force his rebellious brother's submission on August 2, 1664, he was instead unexpectedly killed and his armies defeated.
2707:
Hassan II died in 1999 and was succeeded by his son, Mohammed VI, the current reigning king. The new monarch's reign began with promises of further liberalization and reform; however, the extent of political reforms has been limited and popular engagement with electoral politics has been
2163:
in 1757 after a decade as viceroy in Marrakesh. Sidi Mohammed ibn Abdallah maintained the peace in part through a relatively more decentralized regime and lighter taxes, relying instead on greater trade with Europe to make up the revenues. In line with this policy, in 1764 he founded
2467:, however, the sultan increasingly charted his own course, successfully pushing some reform initiatives related to education, even as the Vichy regime encouraged him to make several well-publicized trips abroad to bolster his legitimacy and that of the colonial system. In 1942 the
2409:("deputy") was appointed who acted as a representative of the sultan. In practice, however, the sultan was a puppet of the new regime and many parts of the population saw the dynasty as collaborators with the French. The French colonial administration was headed by the French
2400:
Under colonial rule the institution of the sultan was formally preserved as part of a French policy of indirect rule, or at least the appearance of indirect rule. Under the French Protectorate, the 'Alawi sultans still had some prerogatives such as the power to sign or veto
1722:
presided over a period of strong central rule between 1672 and 1727, one of the longest reigns of any Moroccan sultan. After Isma'il's death, the country was plunged into disarray as his sons fought over his succession, but order was re-established under the long reign of
2248:
on March 18, 1845. The treaty made the superior power of France clear and forced the sultan to recognize French authority over Algeria. Abd al-Qadir turned rebel against the sultan and took refuge in the Rif region until his surrender to the French in
2214:(or Abderrahmane; ruled 1822–1859), tried to reinforce national unity by recruiting local elites of the country and orchestrating military campaigns designed to bolster his image as a defender of Islam against encroaching European powers. The
2370:. He signed his abdication only when on the quay in Rabat, with the ship that would take him to France already waiting. When news of the treaty finally leaked to the Moroccan populace, it was met with immediate and violent backlash in the
2218:
in 1830, however, destabilized the region and put the sultan in a very difficult position. Wide popular support for the Algerians against the French led Morocco to allow the flow of aid and arms to the resistance movement led by
2024:
to acknowledge his authority, while in the north he controlled most territory except for the European coastal enclaves. Al-Rashid had thus succeeded in reuniting the country under one rule. He subsequently died young in 1672.
2168:, a new port city through which he funnelled European trade with Marrakesh. The last Portuguese outpost on the Moroccan coast, Mazagan (al-Jadida today), was taken by Morocco in 1729, leaving only the Spanish enclaves of
5444:
Kitâb Elistiqsâ li-Akhbâri doual Elmâgrib Elaqsâ [" Le livre de la recherche approfondie des événements des dynasties de l'extrême Magrib "], vol. IX : Chronique de la dynastie alaouie au Maroc
5393:
Kitâb Elistiqsâ li-Akhbâri doual Elmâgrib Elaqsâ [" Le livre de la recherche approfondie des événements des dynasties de l'extrême Magrib "], vol. IX : Chronique de la dynastie alaouie au Maroc
2089:
throughout his territories. He put a definitive end to Ottoman attempts to gain influence in Morocco and established Morocco on more equal diplomatic footing with European powers in part by forcing them to
1462:
6720:
2180:
with the United States in 1787 after becoming the first head of state to recognize the new country. He was interested in scholarly pursuits and also cultivated a productive relationship with the
1984:(or Muhammad II), became the leader after 1635 and successfully led another rebellion which expelled Abu Hassun's forces in 1640 or 1641 (1050 AH). With this success, he was proclaimed
2045:
particular group within Morocco – in contrast to previous dynasties which relied on certain tribes or regions as the base of their power. He succeeded in part by creating a new army composed of
1750:, who had supported the nationalist cause, resumed the 'Alawi role as independent head of state. Shortly afterwards, in 1957, he adopted the title of "King" instead of "Sultan". His successors,
2728:
and absolutist characteristics are still noted by scholars and observers, with effective power largely remaining in the hands of the king, a situation that has been compared to the pattern of
2062:(or descendants of previously imported slaves), many of them Muslims, whose loyalty was to him alone. Mawlay Isma'il himself was half Black, his mother having been a Black slave concubine of
1957:
who increasingly dominated central Morocco at this time, reaching the peak of their power in the 1640s. Another, was 'Ali Abu Hassun al-Semlali (or Abu Hassun), who had become leader of the
2012:
his capital. He defeated the remnants of the Dala'iyya and destroyed their capital in the Middle Atlas in June 1668. In July, he captured Marrakesh. His forces took the Sous valley and the
2130:
of Isma'il's reign came to wield enormous power and were able to install or depose sultans according to their interests throughout this period, though they also had to compete with the
3173:
3175:
4637:
3169:
1992:
Mawlay Sharif died in 1659, and Sidi Mohammed was once again proclaimed sovereign. This provoked a succession clash between Sidi Mohammed and one of his younger half-brothers,
6919:
1996:. Details of this conflict are lengthy, but ultimately Al-Rashid appears to have fled Sijilmasa in fear of his brother. He eventually managed to secure an alliance with the
1455:
2278:
In the latter part of the 19th century Morocco's instability resulted in European countries intervening to protect investments and to demand economic concessions. Sultan
6713:
2446:". Among other things at this time, the sultan received a delegation from Fez which presented a list of grievances about the new French policy, and had discussions with
2510:
of Tangier during the first visit of a Moroccan sultan to the city since Mawlay Hassan I in 1889. The speech made a number of significant points including support for
1608:
3152:
2123:
Conflict between his sons was compounded by rebellions against the heavily taxing and autocratic government which Isma'il had previously imposed. Furthermore, the
1965:
region in 1631, the Dala'iyya in turn sent forces to enforce their own influence in the area. The local inhabitants chose as their leader the 'Alawi family head,
1802:) stems either from the name of Ali (the father of Hasan), from which the dynasty ultimately traces its descent, or from the name of the dynasty's early founder
3185:
1448:
5890:
5550:
Roberts, Priscilla H.; Tull, James N. (June 1999). "Moroccan Sultan Sidi Muhammad Ibn Abdallah's Diplomatic Initiatives toward the United States, 1777–1786".
6706:
2378:
was proclaimed Sultan by the French administration several months later (13 August 1912). At the same time a large part of northern Morocco was placed under
3176:
3166:
2177:
5142:
5734:
3157:
2696:. During the 1990s Hassan II changed course in domestic politics and publicly promoted an agenda of reform. A new constitutional reform, approved by
6914:
6079:
6339:
3156:
3146:
2709:
2697:
2615:
2488:
2293:, but the result was an increased European presence in Morocco—in the form of advisors, doctors, businessmen, adventurers, and even missionaries.
2004:
Amazigh tribe. These groups recognized him as sultan in 1664, while around the same time Sidi Mohammed made a new base for himself as far west as
3168:
3164:
3162:
2642:
2638:
2304:
as viceroy of Marrakesh, the latter sought to have him overthrown by fomenting distrust over Abdelaziz's European ties. Abdelhafid was aided by
6924:
6424:
5042:
4612:
3160:
3153:
3150:
3148:
2704:, with the lower house elected directly by voters and an upper house chosen indirectly by regional assemblies and professional organizations.
2528:
was surrounded and closed off by Protectorate military forces and police, and on August 16 Thami and allied Moroccan leaders formally declared
1503:
3174:
1710:, ruling from 1664 to 1672, was able to unite and pacify the country after a long period of regional divisions caused by the weakening of the
6959:
5656:
5289:
5117:
5052:
4960:
4908:
4878:
2540:
and one of the boycott campaigns was aimed at the country's mosques due to prayers being said in the new sultan's name. Eventually, with the
3178:
3154:
3147:
2574:
2335:
1945:
was in serious decline and multiple regional factions fought for control of the country. Among the most powerful of these factions were the
6324:
5535:
Cenival, P. de; Troin, J.-F. (2012). "al- Suwayra". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3155:
3149:
6729:
5200:
1601:
5735:
Mohammed Kenbib. "Fez Riots (1912)." Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Executive Editor Norman A. Stillman. Brill Online, 2014
5442:
5391:
3179:
2264:
6431:
3182:
3158:
2899:
2883:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6673:
6092:
5799:
5704:
5619:
5338:
5245:
5086:
4950:
4764:
4724:
4667:
4619:
4339:
2797:
1941:
The family's rise to power took place in the context of early-to-mid-17th century Morocco, when the power of the Saadian sultans of
1508:
5236:
Bennison, Amira K. (2007). "ʿAlawī dynasty". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
4924:
2822:
6583:
6392:
4476:
4312:
3177:
2689:
2653:
2590:
2502:
These moves were strongly opposed by the French, but the sultan continued to steadily defy them. Another watershed event was the
1518:
6279:
5864:
3181:
3180:
3159:
3151:
2713:
6228:
5840:
5815:
4537:
4530:
4514:
4330:
4321:
4283:
3471:
2395:
2379:
2078:
1739:
1564:
1556:
1533:
1528:
414:
6647:
6319:
6223:
4824:
4652:
4485:
3067:
2775:
2771:
2586:
2391:
2367:
2348:
2324:. For a brief period, Abdelaziz reigned from Rabat while Abdelhafid reigned in Marrakesh and Fez and a conflict known as the
1735:
1594:
1577:
1523:
1094:
6904:
6502:
5314:
Terrasse, Henri (2012). "ʿAlawīs". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
3171:
1810:. Historians sometimes also refer to the dynasty as the "Filali Sharifs", in reference to their origin from the Tafilalt.
1572:
659:
6462:
6370:
6072:
4495:
4293:
4108:
4040:
4023:
4011:
3999:
3892:
3800:
3742:
3686:
3669:
3587:
3533:
3523:
3513:
3503:
3491:
3479:
3467:
3319:
3307:
3295:
3213:
19:
This article is about the current Moroccan royal family. For the pre-colonial history of Morocco under Alawi rule, see
6397:
6334:
4523:
2935:
2760:
2524:
Affair" – in the spring of 1953. The political confrontation came to a head in August of that year. On August 13 the
589:
6899:
4868:
2810:
6005:
2215:
2101:
fleets which he heavily sponsored as a means of both revenue and warfare. While in captivity, prisoners were often
2074:
5787:
2779:
2764:
2328:(1907–1908) ensued. In 1908 Abdelaziz was defeated in battle. In 1909, Abdelhafid became the recognized leader of
6492:
6419:
6385:
6314:
5207:
Moulay Rachid who really founded the dynasty in 1664, was born in Tafilalet of a family that had come from Arabia
4672:
4647:
2839:
1727:
in the second half of the 18th century. The 19th century was marked by the growing influence of European powers.
125:
4898:
6909:
6467:
3746:
2484:
2211:
1338:
2961:
2518:
to organize a campaign of public opposition to the sultan and demands for his abdication – also known as the "
4714:
2672:, which saw around 350,000 Moroccans crossing the southern border to settle inside the territory, triggering
6929:
6593:
6548:
6402:
6293:
6065:
4015:
3035:
2721:
2681:
2624:
2611:
2492:
2442:
Some of Mohammed V's initial interactions with nationalists came during the crisis caused by the so-called "
2340:
2301:
2283:
2271:
led the Moroccan government to take a massive British loan larger than its national reserves to pay off its
2237:
2111:
1763:
1084:
2997:
2977:
2941:
6407:
6269:
4499:
3804:
3133:
3041:
2827:
2628:
2582:
2557:
2525:
2475:
occupation. This momentous change also allowed the sultan more political manoeuvring room, and during the
2241:
2139:
1755:
1638:
1497:
1189:
1134:
102:
5672:
6533:
6482:
6477:
6414:
6249:
4131:
4112:
3591:
3483:
3119:
3081:
3059:
3017:
2893:
2541:
2480:
2476:
2435:
2421:
2229:
2156:
2148:
2069:
1747:
1724:
1582:
1179:
5647:. Vol. I: A-Ak – Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. pp.
5010:
3183:
2720:. Today, the 'Alawis remain the only monarchy in North Africa. They officially rule in a parliamentary
2406:
5262:
2627:", as state violence was regularly deployed against dissenters and political opponents were jailed or
2000:
Arab tribes who had previously supported his brother and also with the Ait Yaznasin (Beni Snassen), a
6601:
6302:
6254:
6125:
4297:
4003:
3323:
3126:
3053:
2871:
2860:
2578:
2553:
2297:
2287:
1993:
1751:
1707:
1323:
1204:
2919:
6573:
6558:
6353:
4305:
4044:
3896:
3495:
3299:
3103:
3047:
3007:
2987:
2967:
2951:
2925:
2909:
2854:
2656:, Hassan II used the opportunity to publicly galvanize nationalist sentiment by pressing Morocco's
2529:
2309:
2279:
2256:
2021:
1981:
1886:
1759:
1758:(the current reigning monarch), have continued the dynasty's rule under the same title. Today, the
1550:
1413:
729:
424:
130:
6787:
6666:
6521:
6497:
6487:
6445:
6365:
6329:
6115:
6100:
5968:
5680:
5559:
4642:
4274:
3690:
3029:
2693:
2673:
2569:
2059:
1914:
1119:
884:
769:
629:
354:
289:
5746:
1946:
709:
5648:
5639:
6871:
6823:
6811:
6793:
6640:
6538:
6472:
6182:
6177:
5960:
5795:
5700:
5652:
5615:
5334:
5285:
5279:
5241:
5174:
5150:
5113:
5082:
5048:
4956:
4904:
4874:
4820:
4760:
4720:
3311:
3217:
2877:
2633:
2604:
2417:, who enacted many of the policies that set the tone for France's colonial regime in Morocco.
2410:
2268:
1974:
1918:
1866:
1719:
1478:
1229:
1074:
679:
319:
309:
299:
184:
6865:
6847:
6835:
6805:
6781:
6763:
6751:
6745:
6682:
6623:
6616:
6578:
6568:
6563:
6543:
6507:
6274:
6264:
6259:
6192:
6156:
5952:
5609:
5451:
5425:
5400:
5076:
4027:
3673:
3074:
3023:
2725:
2700:, was enacted in 1993. Another amendment to the constitution was passed in 1996 to create a
2511:
2460:
2375:
2305:
2198:
orders and brotherhoods, in spite of their popularity and despite his own membership in the
1921:. By the 17th century, however, they had evidently become the main leaders of the Tafilalt.
1767:
1383:
1379:
1368:
1349:
994:
974:
894:
689:
569:
494:
484:
434:
364:
264:
214:
5891:"Progress and missed opportunities: Morocco enters its third decade under King Mohammed VI"
1969:– known as Mawlay Ali al-Sharif, Mawlay al-Sharif, or Muhammad I – recognizing him as
1770:
power over the state and public affairs, despite some political reforms in recent decades.
147:
6853:
6841:
6769:
6635:
6628:
6611:
6553:
6457:
6375:
6233:
6202:
6187:
6172:
6146:
5989:
2677:
2515:
2468:
2452:
2425:
2321:
2272:
2220:
2034:
1795:
1715:
1711:
1629:
1319:
1289:
1149:
1054:
1044:
954:
934:
824:
759:
719:
699:
609:
534:
524:
474:
444:
384:
374:
254:
204:
117:
20:
514:
5477:
Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman
1486:
6829:
6687:
4928:
2848:
2831:
2661:
2649:
2503:
2447:
2414:
2371:
2233:
2063:
1997:
1966:
1906:
1825:), meaning "my lord", was also commonly used in conjunction with the names of sultans.
1803:
1699:
1394:
1304:
1248:
1024:
914:
844:
544:
91:
6698:
1857:. Like the Sa'di dynasty before them, the 'Alawis originally came from the village of
6893:
6817:
6799:
6218:
6197:
6141:
6034:
5972:
2363:
2355:
2344:
2317:
2102:
1980:
While their father remained in exile, al-Sharif's sons took up the struggle. His son
1846:
1783:
1680:
1274:
779:
639:
2815:
2701:
2607:
under royal rule. Mohammed V died in 1961 and was succeeded by his son, Hassan II.
2549:
2479:
in 1943, which Allied leaders attended, Mohammed V was left alone at one time with
2464:
2456:
2443:
2428:, saw the sultan as a potentially useful tool in the struggle against French rule.
2252:
2186:, or Muslim religious scholars, who supported some of his initiatives and reforms.
2094:
2046:
1954:
1278:
749:
504:
5125:
control the political sphere, creating the image of the Janus yet also an impasse.
2455:
years. He reaffirmed Morocco's loyalty to France in 1939, at the beginning of the
5914:
5107:
2680:, the armed front of the Sahrawi people. A ceasefire was negotiated in 1989, but
6757:
4507:
4120:
2749:
2717:
2669:
2657:
2472:
2176:
as the remaining European outposts in North West Africa. Muhammad also signed a
2051:
1873:
families who moved westwards to Morocco during this period. The Tafilalt was an
1743:
1138:
904:
814:
599:
454:
404:
49:
6775:
6151:
6120:
4657:
3097:
2729:
2665:
2533:
2199:
2013:
1424:
1064:
1034:
864:
669:
234:
5964:
5154:
2114:, a fortified palace-city whose construction continued throughout his reign.
6877:
2507:
2496:
2191:
2165:
2144:
1942:
1882:
1878:
1672:
1409:
1364:
1334:
1259:
1244:
649:
619:
464:
224:
164:
4981:
4755:
Wilfrid, J. Rollman (2009). "ʿAlawid Dynasty". In Esposito, John L. (ed.).
4664:'s ruling family that also claims descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad
2358:, also known as the Second Moroccan Crisis. These events led Abdelhafid to
5956:
4982:"Morocco | History, Map, Flag, Capital, People, & Facts | Britannica"
4840:
2619:
2359:
2325:
2097:
captives at his court. These Christians were mostly captured by Moroccan
1962:
1894:
1842:
1807:
1779:
1684:
1676:
1193:
964:
924:
874:
834:
739:
394:
344:
244:
45:
24:
6733:
6088:
6042:
6017:
5563:
5044:
Moroccan Monarchy and the Islamist Challenge: Maintaining Makhzen Power
3111:
3093:
2599:
2545:
2431:
2329:
2245:
2173:
2155:
Order and control was firmly re-established only under Abdallah's son,
2017:
1950:
1910:
1902:
1854:
1668:
1664:
1353:
1263:
1233:
1168:
1014:
1004:
984:
944:
854:
789:
579:
194:
63:
53:
5940:
5441:
trans. from Arabic by Eugène Fumet, Ahmed ben Khâled Ennâsiri (1906).
5390:
trans. from Arabic by Eugène Fumet, Ahmed ben Khâled Ennâsiri (1906).
1742:
were imposed on Morocco. They were retained as symbolic sultans under
6606:
4661:
3085:
2733:
2195:
2160:
2107:
2098:
2091:
2001:
1985:
1970:
1834:
1731:
1703:
1428:
1308:
1164:
174:
112:
6057:
5507:
Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History
5143:"Analysis | Why Jordan and Morocco are doubling down on royal rule"
4713:
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). "The 'Alawid or Filali Sharifs".
2066:. This standing army also made effective use of modern artillery.
5792:
Making Morocco: Colonial Intervention and the Politics of Identity
4716:
The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual
2821:
2809:
2573:
2430:
2334:
2251:
2182:
2169:
2138:
2132:
2068:
2005:
1898:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1692:
1688:
1398:
1153:
1123:
5329:
Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). "Mawlā". In Esposito, John L. (ed.).
4925:"ينـبع النـخـل .. لا نـبع ولا نـخل - أخبار السعودية | صحيفة عكاظ"
2354:
In 1911, rebellion broke out against the sultan. This led to the
2244:
on August 16. In the aftermath, Morocco signed the Convention of
3089:
2520:
2313:
1958:
1293:
6702:
6061:
5722:
The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa
2420:
Mawlay Youssef died unexpectedly in 1927 and his youngest son,
2316:
of the Atlas. He was assisted in the training of his troops by
3145:
2743:
2236:, near Oujda, on August 14. At the same time, the French navy
2086:
1850:
1787:
1698:
The dynasty rose to power in the 17th century, beginning with
2232:, pursued him and thoroughly routed the Moroccan army at the
2708:
inconsistent. Another constitutional reform was passed by a
4870:
The Last Civilized Place: Sijilmasa and Its Saharan Destiny
2684:
remains unresolved today, with most of the territory under
5841:"Ukraine War Puts New Focus on Conflict in Western Sahara"
5479:. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition.
4900:
Shi'ism in the Maghrib and al-Andalus, Volume One: History
2660:
claims to the territory, over the objections of the local
2570:
History of Morocco § Independent Morocco (since 1956)
1746:
rule. When the country regained its independence in 1956,
5915:"Morocco approves King Mohammed's constitutional reforms"
5427:
Le Maroc de 1631 à 1812 / de Aboulqâsem ben Ahmed Ezziâni
2867:
After capture of Marrakesh in 1668, Sultans of Morocco:
1961:
since 1614. When Abu Hassun extended his control to the
2286:
of 1880 in response to France and Spain's abuse of the
2077:
in Meknes, which contains his tomb and that of his son
5450:(in French). Ernest Leroux. p. 41. Archived from
2830:, pictured behind a family tree of the dynasty at the
1949:(also spelled Dila'iyya or Dilaites), a federation of
5788:"The Sultan-cum-King and the Field's Symbolic Forces"
5424:
O. Houdas, Abū al-Qāsim ibn Aḥmad al-Zayyānī (1886).
5492:
Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam
4638:
Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco
1643:
6592:
6520:
6444:
6352:
6301:
6242:
6211:
6165:
6134:
6108:
6099:
5175:"Morocco: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report"
2652:in 1975 and the declaration of independence of the
2267:, took place from 1859 to 1860, and the subsequent
1675:dynasty and claim descent from the Islamic prophet
124:
108:
98:
87:
69:
59:
41:
32:
5638:
5267:. Adam Publishers & Distributers. p. 422.
2471:as part of their invasion of North Africa against
5552:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
5264:History of Islam: Classical period, 1206-1900 C.E
2194:ideology at home and attempted to suppress local
5865:"Morocco's autonomy plan for the Western Sahara"
5816:"Why is the Western Sahara conflict heating up?"
5377:Histoire du Maroc: de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI
5081:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 235–236.
5017:. Central Intelligence Agency. 12 September 2022
2716:inside the country, in the wider context of the
1893:below), who participated in battles against the
5202:The Western Sahara and the Frontiers of Morocco
2343:, Sultan of Morocco in 1912, after signing the
2136:tribes and some of the Amazigh (Berber) tribes.
5794:. Cornell University Press. pp. 248–272.
5430:(in French). Paris, Ernest Leroux. p. 14.
5109:Morocco: Challenges to tradition and modernity
4817:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period
6714:
6073:
5524:. Rabat: Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines.
4952:Dictionary of World Biography: Fourth edition
4903:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 66.
4867:Messier, Ronald A.; Miller, James A. (2015).
2844:Sultans of the Tafilalt and early expansion:
1683:. Their ancestors originally migrated to the
1602:
1456:
8:
5509:. Oxford University Press. pp. 309–312.
5331:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
4757:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
2469:Allies landed on the Moroccan Atlantic coast
2228:in Morocco. The French, led by the marshall
1885:, historically an important terminus of the
2778:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2386:Colonial rule, Mohammed V, and independence
6920:States and territories established in 1666
6721:
6707:
6699:
6526:
6450:
6358:
6307:
6105:
6080:
6066:
6058:
6010:
5399:(in French). Ernest Leroux. Archived from
5278:Fage, John; Tordoff, with William (2013).
5205:. Nouvelles Editions Latines. p. 47.
2610:Hassan was soon compelled to promulgate a
1609:
1595:
1474:
1463:
1449:
137:
4819:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3084:(1927–1961), changed title of ruler from
2798:Learn how and when to remove this message
2648:Upon the withdrawal of the Spanish from
5231:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5941:"Jordan and Morocco: The Palace Gambit"
5370:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5301:
4684:
2826:The current head of the Alawi dynasty,
2366:on 30 March 1912, which made Morocco a
2320:, a British officer and veteran of the
2143:Gate and fortifications in the port of
1477:
140:
5720:Long, David E.; Bernard Reich (2002).
5603:
5601:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5537:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
5368:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5316:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
5137:
5135:
5133:
5070:
5068:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4796:
2814:A family tree of the dynasty near the
29:
5781:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5633:
5631:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5238:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Third Edition
5036:
5034:
5032:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4892:
4890:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4708:
4618:
4616:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4536:
4534:
4529:
4527:
4522:
4520:
4513:
4511:
4493:
4491:
4484:
4482:
4475:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4347:
4338:
4336:
4329:
4327:
4320:
4318:
4311:
4309:
4291:
4289:
4282:
4280:
4273:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4141:
4126:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4021:
4019:
4009:
4007:
3997:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3917:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3531:
3529:
3521:
3519:
3511:
3509:
3501:
3499:
3489:
3487:
3477:
3475:
3465:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3331:
3317:
3315:
3305:
3303:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
2463:to the Germans and the advent of the
1687:region, in present-day Morocco, from
7:
4862:
4860:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4688:
2776:adding citations to reliable sources
141:Historical Arab states and dynasties
16:Ruling dynasty of Morocco since 1631
5889:Abouzzohour, Yasmina (2020-07-29).
1881:in eastern Morocco and the site of
1799:
1645:sulālat al-ʿalawiyyīn al-fīlāliyyīn
1633:
2405:(decrees). In the Spanish zone, a
23:. For the sect of Shia Islam, see
14:
4668:Succession to the Moroccan throne
3106:, installed by France (1953–1955)
2147:today, founded in 1764 by Sultan
1706:of the Tafilalt in 1631. His son
6584:Jewellery of the Berber cultures
6292:
5845:United States Institute of Peace
4494:
4292:
4107:
4039:
4022:
4010:
3998:
3891:
3799:
3741:
3685:
3668:
3586:
3532:
3522:
3512:
3502:
3490:
3478:
3466:
3318:
3306:
3294:
3212:
2748:
2690:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2654:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2614:, which was approved by popular
2151:as a port for European merchants
1905:and who was also invited by the
1778:The dynasty claims descent from
1648:) – also rendered in English as
1485:
562:Western dynasties and caliphates
146:
6915:Moroccan people of Arab descent
4841:"العلويون/الفيلاليون في المغرب"
3092:in 1957. Deposed and exiled to
2485:Istiqlal ("Independence") Party
2396:Spanish protectorate in Morocco
2085:enforce direct order and heavy
1989:expansion in other directions.
1730:The 'Alawis ruled as sovereign
1718:that succeeded it. His brother
5614:. Cambridge University Press.
5522:Marrakech: Des origines à 1912
4719:. Edinburgh University Press.
4653:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
2668:governments. He organized the
2597:At independence, the Moroccan
2392:French protectorate in Morocco
1766:, but the king retains strong
1:
6925:1666 establishments in Africa
5608:Gilson Miller, Susan (2013).
5494:. Cambridge University Press.
5075:Gilson Miller, Susan (2013).
4873:. University of Texas Press.
1833:The 'Alawis were a family of
1695:in the 12th or 13th century.
1578:Sharif Moulay Abdallah Alaoui
1573:Princess Lalla Joumala Alaoui
6960:21st-century Moroccan people
4927:. 2019-11-04. Archived from
4897:Morrow, John Andrew (2020).
2263:The next confrontation, the
1583:Sharif Moulay Youssef Alaoui
75:; 393 years ago
5611:A History of Modern Morocco
5475:Le Tourneau, Roger (1949).
5333:. Oxford University Press.
5078:A History of Modern Morocco
4759:. Oxford University Press.
2688:Moroccan control while the
2637:against the king failed in
2550:independence war in Algeria
2159:(Mohammed III), who became
2040:The reign of Mawlay Isma'il
1853:and of Muhammad's daughter
1841:) who claimed descent from
1644:
1537:Princess Lalla Oum Kalthum
282:Arab empires and caliphates
6976:
5786:Wyrtzen, Jonathan (2015).
5284:. Routledge. p. 182.
5112:. Routledge. p. 104.
4955:. ANU Press. p. 591.
2837:
2739:
2567:
2506:of 1947, delivered in the
2389:
2216:French conquest of Algeria
2157:Sidi Mohammed ibn Abdallah
2075:Mausoleum of Mawlay Ismail
2032:
1667:royal family and reigning
18:
6741:
6660:
6529:
6453:
6361:
6325:Prefectures and provinces
6310:
6290:
6049:
6039:
6031:
6013:
5994:Commander of the Faithful
5520:Deverdun, Gaston (1959).
5490:El Hamel, Chouki (2013).
4815:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987).
4673:List of rulers of Morocco
4648:Order of Ouissam Alaouite
4585:
4583:
4581:
4575:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4407:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4387:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4197:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4137:
4124:
4084:
4082:
4074:
4072:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3959:
3957:
3949:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3850:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3776:
3774:
3718:
3716:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3631:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3563:
3561:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3387:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3239:
2840:List of rulers of Morocco
2542:decolonialization process
2489:Manifesto of Independence
2029:Rule of the Alawi sultans
1634:سلالة العلويين الفيلاليين
36:سلالة العلويين الفيلاليين
6955:20th-century Arab people
6950:19th-century Arab people
6945:18th-century Arab people
6940:17th-century Arab people
6935:16th-century Arab people
5199:Rézette, Robert (1975).
5106:Sater, James N. (2016).
5047:. Springer. p. 61.
2878:Mawlay Ismail Ibn Sharif
2664:and of the Algerian and
2564:From 1957 to present day
2487:and the drafting of the
2451:Protectorate during the
2413:, the first of whom was
2110:, where he built a vast
1817:(also transliterated as
1734:up until 1912, when the
590:Umayyad state of Córdoba
35:
5645:Encyclopædia Britannica
5261:Hasan, Masudul (1998).
2722:constitutional monarchy
2493:constitutional monarchy
1837:religious notables (or
1764:constitutional monarchy
1479:Royal family of Morocco
6152:Barghawata Confederacy
6006:Morocco Alaoui dynasty
5505:Arnold, Felix (2017).
5375:Rivet, Daniel (2012).
2835:
2819:
2702:bi-cameral legislature
2623:1990 is known as the "
2594:
2439:
2351:
2300:appointed his brother
2260:
2210:Suleyman's successor,
2152:
2081:
1679:through his grandson,
1543:Prince Moulay Abdeslam
1509:Princess Lalla Khadija
6432:Western Sahara status
6212:European protectorate
6121:Kingdom of Mauretania
5957:10.1353/jod.2017.0030
5041:Daadaoui, M. (2011).
5011:"Morocco; Government"
4949:Jones, Barry (2017).
4132:Lalla Abla bint Tahar
2825:
2813:
2740:List of 'Alawi rulers
2577:
2568:Further information:
2526:royal palace in Rabat
2434:
2338:
2255:
2223:, while the Moroccan
2206:European encroachment
2149:Muhammad ibn Abdallah
2142:
2072:
2016:in the south, forced
1725:Muhammad ibn Abdallah
1519:Princess Lalla Meryem
1180:Sultanate of Zanzibar
1095:Mutawakkilite Kingdom
6905:Dynasties of Morocco
6340:World Heritage Sites
6229:Spanish Protectorate
6126:Mauretania Tingitana
5945:Journal of Democracy
5673:"An Empire of Peace"
2900:Abu'l Abbas Ahmad II
2884:Abu'l Abbas Ahmad II
2772:improve this section
2349:French colonial rule
2265:Hispano-Moroccan War
2178:Treaty of Friendship
2118:After Mawlay Isma'il
2106:capital from Fez to
1813:The honorific title
1740:Spanish protectorate
1691:on the coast of the
1565:Prince Moulay Ismail
1561:Princess Lalla Zineb
1557:Prince Moulay Hicham
1551:Princess Lalla Lamia
1534:Prince Moulay Rachid
1529:Princess Lalla Hasna
6224:French Protectorate
5695:Harris, W. (2002).
5684:. November 4, 1908.
5281:A History of Africa
4306:Lalla Latifa Hammou
3104:Mohammed Ben Aarafa
3068:French protectorate
2855:Muhammad ibn Sharif
2530:Mohammed Ben 'Arafa
2481:President Roosevelt
2368:French protectorate
2308:, older brother of
2242:bombarded Essaouira
1887:trans-Saharan trade
1760:Moroccan government
1736:French protectorate
1714:, establishing the
1671:. They are an Arab
1540:Prince Moulay Ahmed
1524:Princess Lalla Asma
157:Ancient Arab states
6503:Telecommunications
5939:Yom, Sean (2017).
5747:"Journal Officiel"
5681:The New York Times
5015:The World Factbook
4986:www.britannica.com
4643:History of Morocco
2836:
2820:
2710:referendum in 2011
2616:referendum in 1962
2595:
2491:that called for a
2440:
2362:after signing the
2352:
2339:The abdication of
2261:
2238:bombarded Tangiers
2153:
2103:forced into labour
2082:
2060:Sub-Saharan Africa
1967:Muhammad al-Sharif
1774:Name and etymology
1222:Current monarchies
885:Sharifate of Mecca
355:Emirate of Tbilisi
345:Emirate of Armenia
195:Kingdom of Osroene
6887:
6886:
6730:Islamic dynasties
6696:
6695:
6656:
6655:
6516:
6515:
6440:
6439:
6371:Foreign relations
6348:
6347:
6288:
6287:
6056:
6055:
5752:. 1 November 1912
5658:978-1-59339-837-8
5291:978-1-317-79727-2
5119:978-1-317-57398-2
5054:978-0-230-12006-8
4962:978-1-76046-126-3
4910:978-1-5275-6284-4
4880:978-0-292-76667-9
4629:
4628:
4610:
4505:
4303:
4129:
4118:
2808:
2807:
2800:
2694:easternmost zones
2508:Mendoubia Gardens
2284:Madrid Conference
2269:Treaty of Wad Ras
2221:Emir Abd al-Qadir
2079:Ahmad adh-Dhahabi
1953:(Berbers) in the
1932:Political history
1919:Iberian Peninsula
1913:to fight against
1845:via his grandson
1702:who was declared
1663:– is the current
1642:
1619:
1618:
1473:
1472:
1438:
1437:
1213:
1212:
1205:Tippu Tip's State
1103:
1102:
1075:Emirate of Beihan
807:Arabian Peninsula
798:
797:
553:
552:
337:Eastern dynasties
328:
327:
273:
272:
185:Nabataean Kingdom
175:Kingdom of Lihyan
136:
135:
6967:
6723:
6716:
6709:
6700:
6676:
6669:
6617:Hassaniya Arabic
6527:
6451:
6393:Sûreté Nationale
6359:
6308:
6296:
6280:2011–12 protests
6157:Kingdom of Nekor
6106:
6082:
6075:
6068:
6059:
6041:Ruling house of
6032:Preceded by
6011:
5977:
5976:
5936:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5783:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5751:
5743:
5737:
5732:
5726:
5725:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5697:Morocco That Was
5692:
5686:
5685:
5677:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5642:
5635:
5626:
5625:
5605:
5568:
5567:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5487:
5481:
5480:
5472:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5456:
5449:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5405:
5398:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5372:
5345:
5344:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5311:
5296:
5295:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5233:
5210:
5209:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5139:
5128:
5127:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5072:
5063:
5062:
5038:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5007:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4978:
4967:
4966:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4894:
4885:
4884:
4864:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4812:
4771:
4770:
4752:
4731:
4730:
4710:
4608:
4503:
4498:
4301:
4296:
4127:
4116:
4111:
4043:
4026:
4014:
4002:
3895:
3803:
3745:
3689:
3672:
3590:
3536:
3526:
3516:
3506:
3494:
3482:
3470:
3322:
3310:
3298:
3216:
3193:
3192:
3114:(1955 onwards):
2828:King Mohammed VI
2803:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2783:
2752:
2744:
2631:. Two attempted
2583:King Mohammed VI
2512:Arab nationalism
2411:resident-general
2347:which initiated
2306:Madani el-Glaoui
2240:on August 6 and
2127:
2117:
2054:
2039:
1924:Their status as
1801:
1762:is officially a
1700:Mawlay al-Sharif
1656:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1625:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1504:The Crown Prince
1489:
1475:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1226:
1225:
1190:Nabahani dynasty
1135:Nabahani dynasty
1120:Makhzumi dynasty
1116:
1115:
811:
810:
566:
565:
365:Emirate of Crete
341:
340:
286:
285:
265:Kingdom of Kinda
215:Kingdom of Hatra
165:Kingdom of Qedar
161:
160:
150:
138:
131:Amir al-Mu'minin
83:
81:
76:
30:
6975:
6974:
6970:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6965:
6964:
6910:House of Hashim
6890:
6889:
6888:
6883:
6737:
6727:
6697:
6692:
6679:
6672:
6665:
6652:
6636:Moroccan people
6612:Moroccan Arabic
6588:
6512:
6458:Bank Al-Maghrib
6436:
6344:
6297:
6284:
6238:
6234:Operation Torch
6207:
6161:
6147:Idrisid dynasty
6130:
6095:
6086:
6047:1666 – present
6046:
6037:
6027:
6025:House of Alaoui
6022:
6002:
5990:Waterbury, John
5986:
5984:Further reading
5981:
5980:
5938:
5937:
5933:
5924:
5922:
5913:
5912:
5908:
5899:
5897:
5888:
5887:
5883:
5874:
5872:
5863:
5862:
5858:
5849:
5847:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5825:
5823:
5814:
5813:
5809:
5802:
5785:
5784:
5765:
5755:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5733:
5729:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5707:
5694:
5693:
5689:
5675:
5671:
5670:
5666:
5659:
5637:
5636:
5629:
5622:
5607:
5606:
5571:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5489:
5488:
5484:
5474:
5473:
5469:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5439:
5435:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5409:
5407:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5374:
5373:
5348:
5341:
5328:
5327:
5323:
5313:
5312:
5299:
5292:
5277:
5276:
5272:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5248:
5235:
5234:
5213:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5184:
5182:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5159:
5157:
5149:. 16 May 2017.
5147:Washington Post
5141:
5140:
5131:
5120:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5089:
5074:
5073:
5066:
5055:
5040:
5039:
5030:
5020:
5018:
5009:
5008:
4999:
4990:
4988:
4980:
4979:
4970:
4963:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4934:
4932:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4911:
4896:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4866:
4865:
4858:
4849:
4847:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4827:
4814:
4813:
4774:
4767:
4754:
4753:
4734:
4727:
4712:
4711:
4686:
4681:
4634:
4621:
4611:
4516:
4506:
4502:
4487:
4478:
4332:
4323:
4314:
4304:
4300:
4285:
4276:
4130:
4119:
4115:
4046:
3748:
3191:
3186:
3184:
3143:
2842:
2804:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2769:
2753:
2742:
2712:in response to
2593:(left to right)
2572:
2566:
2516:Thami el-Glaoui
2477:Anfa Conference
2398:
2390:Main articles:
2388:
2380:Spanish control
2372:Intifada of Fez
2322:Second Boer War
2282:called for the
2208:
2200:Tijaniyya order
2125:
2120:
2112:imperial kasbah
2055:Abid al-Bukhari
2052:
2042:
2037:
2035:Alawi Sultanate
2031:
2022:pirate republic
1939:
1934:
1897:and Spanish in
1859:Yanbu al-Nakhil
1831:
1776:
1716:Alawi Sultanate
1712:Saadi Sultanate
1654:
1623:
1615:
1569:
1548:
1536:
1515:
1469:
1440:
1439:
1223:
1215:
1214:
1150:Mahdali dynasty
1113:
1105:
1104:
1045:Muscat and Oman
815:Imamate of Oman
808:
800:
799:
563:
555:
554:
338:
330:
329:
283:
275:
274:
205:Emesene Dynasty
158:
118:King of Morocco
116:
79:
77:
74:
37:
34:
28:
21:Alawi Sultanate
17:
12:
11:
5:
6973:
6971:
6963:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6930:Arab dynasties
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6900:'Alawi dynasty
6892:
6891:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6881:
6875:
6869:
6863:
6862:(1666–present)
6857:
6851:
6845:
6839:
6833:
6827:
6821:
6815:
6809:
6803:
6797:
6791:
6785:
6779:
6773:
6767:
6761:
6755:
6749:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6728:
6726:
6725:
6718:
6711:
6703:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6685:
6678:
6677:
6670:
6662:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6648:Western Sahara
6645:
6644:
6643:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6620:
6619:
6614:
6598:
6596:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6530:
6524:
6518:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6493:Western Sahara
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6454:
6448:
6442:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6434:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6420:Prime Minister
6417:
6412:
6411:
6410:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6373:
6368:
6362:
6356:
6350:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6342:
6337:
6335:Western Sahara
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6311:
6305:
6299:
6298:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6246:
6244:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6169:
6167:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6138:
6136:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6112:
6110:
6103:
6097:
6096:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6077:
6070:
6062:
6054:
6053:
6048:
6038:
6033:
6029:
6028:
6023:
6014:
6009:
6008:
6001:
6000:External links
5998:
5997:
5996:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5951:(2): 132–146.
5931:
5906:
5881:
5856:
5832:
5807:
5800:
5763:
5738:
5727:
5724:. p. 393.
5712:
5705:
5687:
5664:
5657:
5640:"Abd al-Hafid"
5627:
5620:
5569:
5558:(2): 233–265.
5542:
5527:
5512:
5497:
5482:
5467:
5433:
5416:
5382:
5346:
5339:
5321:
5297:
5290:
5270:
5253:
5246:
5211:
5191:
5166:
5129:
5118:
5098:
5087:
5064:
5053:
5028:
4997:
4968:
4961:
4941:
4916:
4909:
4886:
4879:
4856:
4832:
4825:
4772:
4765:
4732:
4725:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4617:
4615:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4533:
4528:
4526:
4521:
4519:
4512:
4510:
4492:
4490:
4483:
4481:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4335:
4328:
4326:
4319:
4317:
4310:
4308:
4290:
4288:
4281:
4279:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4125:
4123:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4020:
4018:
4008:
4006:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3747:Abd al-Rahman
3739:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3530:
3528:
3520:
3518:
3510:
3508:
3500:
3498:
3488:
3486:
3476:
3474:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3136:(1999–present)
3130:
3123:
3108:
3107:
3101:
3078:
3064:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3030:Mulay Suleiman
3027:
3021:
3015:
3005:
2995:
2985:
2975:
2965:
2959:
2949:
2939:
2933:
2923:
2917:
2907:
2897:
2891:
2881:
2875:
2865:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2849:Sharif ibn Ali
2832:Dar al-Makhzen
2806:
2805:
2756:
2754:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2662:Sahrawi people
2650:Spanish Sahara
2579:King Hassan II
2565:
2562:
2504:Tangier Speech
2499:institutions.
2461:fall of France
2448:Allal al-Fassi
2415:Hubert Lyautey
2387:
2384:
2374:. His brother
2234:Battle of Isly
2207:
2204:
2119:
2116:
2041:
2038:
2033:Main article:
2030:
2027:
1975:Mawlay Isma'il
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1877:region in the
1830:
1827:
1775:
1772:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1249:Ras al Khaymah
1241:
1240:
1237:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1165:Mazrui dynasty
1161:
1160:
1157:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1001:
1000:
997:
991:
990:
987:
981:
980:
977:
971:
970:
967:
961:
960:
957:
951:
950:
947:
941:
940:
937:
931:
930:
927:
921:
920:
917:
911:
910:
907:
901:
900:
897:
891:
890:
887:
881:
880:
877:
871:
870:
867:
861:
860:
857:
851:
850:
847:
841:
840:
837:
831:
830:
827:
821:
820:
817:
809:
806:
805:
802:
801:
796:
795:
792:
786:
785:
782:
776:
775:
772:
766:
765:
762:
756:
755:
752:
746:
745:
742:
736:
735:
732:
726:
725:
722:
716:
715:
712:
706:
705:
702:
696:
695:
692:
686:
685:
682:
676:
675:
672:
666:
665:
662:
656:
655:
652:
646:
645:
642:
636:
635:
632:
626:
625:
622:
616:
615:
612:
606:
605:
602:
596:
595:
592:
586:
585:
582:
580:Fihrid Emirate
576:
575:
572:
564:
561:
560:
557:
556:
551:
550:
547:
541:
540:
537:
531:
530:
527:
521:
520:
517:
511:
510:
507:
501:
500:
497:
491:
490:
487:
481:
480:
477:
471:
470:
467:
461:
460:
457:
451:
450:
447:
441:
440:
437:
431:
430:
427:
421:
420:
417:
411:
410:
407:
401:
400:
397:
391:
390:
387:
381:
380:
377:
371:
370:
367:
361:
360:
357:
351:
350:
347:
339:
336:
335:
332:
331:
326:
325:
322:
316:
315:
312:
306:
305:
302:
296:
295:
292:
284:
281:
280:
277:
276:
271:
270:
267:
261:
260:
257:
251:
250:
247:
241:
240:
237:
231:
230:
227:
221:
220:
217:
211:
210:
207:
201:
200:
197:
191:
190:
187:
181:
180:
177:
171:
170:
167:
159:
156:
155:
152:
151:
143:
142:
134:
133:
128:
122:
121:
120:(1957–present)
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
92:Sharif bin Ali
89:
85:
84:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
43:
39:
38:
33:'Alawi dynasty
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6972:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6879:
6876:
6873:
6870:
6867:
6864:
6861:
6858:
6855:
6852:
6849:
6846:
6843:
6840:
6837:
6834:
6831:
6828:
6825:
6822:
6819:
6816:
6813:
6810:
6807:
6804:
6801:
6798:
6795:
6792:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6774:
6771:
6768:
6765:
6762:
6759:
6756:
6753:
6750:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6740:
6735:
6731:
6724:
6719:
6717:
6712:
6710:
6705:
6704:
6701:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6675:
6671:
6668:
6664:
6663:
6659:
6649:
6646:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6634:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6605:
6604:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6595:
6591:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6519:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6443:
6433:
6430:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6381:Alawi dynasty
6379:
6378:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6351:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6300:
6295:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6241:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6219:Treaty of Fez
6217:
6216:
6214:
6210:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6164:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6142:Berber Revolt
6140:
6139:
6137:
6135:Early Islamic
6133:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6083:
6078:
6076:
6071:
6069:
6064:
6063:
6060:
6052:
6045:
6044:
6036:
6035:Saadi Dynasty
6030:
6026:
6021:
6019:
6012:
6007:
6004:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5983:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5935:
5932:
5920:
5916:
5910:
5907:
5896:
5892:
5885:
5882:
5870:
5866:
5860:
5857:
5846:
5842:
5836:
5833:
5821:
5817:
5811:
5808:
5803:
5801:9781501704246
5797:
5793:
5789:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5748:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5731:
5728:
5723:
5716:
5713:
5708:
5706:0-907871-13-5
5702:
5698:
5691:
5688:
5683:
5682:
5674:
5668:
5665:
5660:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5641:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5623:
5621:9781139619110
5617:
5613:
5612:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5570:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5546:
5543:
5538:
5531:
5528:
5523:
5516:
5513:
5508:
5501:
5498:
5493:
5486:
5483:
5478:
5471:
5468:
5457:on 2021-10-04
5453:
5446:
5445:
5437:
5434:
5429:
5428:
5420:
5417:
5406:on 2021-10-04
5402:
5395:
5394:
5386:
5383:
5378:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5347:
5342:
5340:9780195305135
5336:
5332:
5325:
5322:
5317:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5293:
5287:
5283:
5282:
5274:
5271:
5266:
5265:
5257:
5254:
5249:
5247:9789004150171
5243:
5239:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5203:
5195:
5192:
5180:
5179:Freedom House
5176:
5170:
5167:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5121:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5102:
5099:
5095:
5090:
5088:9781139619110
5084:
5080:
5079:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5056:
5050:
5046:
5045:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5021:September 21,
5016:
5012:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4945:
4942:
4931:on 2019-11-04
4930:
4926:
4920:
4917:
4912:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4882:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4846:
4845:www.hukam.net
4842:
4836:
4833:
4828:
4822:
4818:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4766:9780195305135
4762:
4758:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4728:
4726:9780748621378
4722:
4718:
4717:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4626:
4623:
4614:
4590:
4587:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4565:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4509:
4501:
4497:
4489:
4480:
4474:
4471:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4451:
4449:
4441:
4439:
4431:
4429:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4405:
4397:
4395:
4385:
4369:
4367:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4334:
4325:
4316:
4307:
4299:
4295:
4287:
4278:
4272:
4269:
4261:
4259:
4251:
4249:
4241:
4239:
4231:
4229:
4221:
4219:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4195:
4163:
4161:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4122:
4114:
4110:
4089:
4087:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4042:
4029:
4025:
4017:
4013:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3993:
3985:
3983:
3975:
3973:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3947:
3939:
3937:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3898:
3894:
3873:
3870:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3832:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3781:
3779:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3744:
3723:
3721:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3675:
3671:
3658:
3655:
3647:
3645:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3621:
3619:
3611:
3609:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3568:
3566:
3542:
3540:
3537:Zin al-Abidin
3535:
3525:
3515:
3505:
3497:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3461:
3453:
3451:
3443:
3441:
3433:
3431:
3423:
3421:
3413:
3411:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3385:
3353:
3351:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3284:
3281:
3273:
3271:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3247:
3245:
3237:
3235:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:Moulay Sharif
3215:
3194:
3188:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3070:(1912–1956):
3069:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:(1748–1757) (
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:(1747–1748) (
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:(1743–1747) (
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:(1742–1743) (
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:(1741–1742) (
2969:
2966:
2963:
2962:Zin al-Abidin
2960:
2957:
2954:(1740–1741) (
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:(1738–1740) (
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:(1729–1734) (
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:(1728–1729) (
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:(1727–1728) (
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2817:
2812:
2802:
2799:
2791:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2757:This section
2755:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2726:authoritarian
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2692:controls the
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2625:Years of Lead
2621:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2544:under way in
2543:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2364:Treaty of Fes
2361:
2357:
2356:Agadir Crisis
2350:
2346:
2345:Treaty of Fes
2342:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2318:Andrew Belton
2315:
2312:, one of the
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2296:After Sultan
2294:
2292:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2246:Lalla Maghnia
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2212:Abd al-Rahman
2205:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2064:Mawlay Sharif
2061:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2036:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1982:Sidi Mohammed
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:Rise to power
1936:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1849:, the son of
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1804:Ali al-Sharif
1797:
1793:
1789:
1786:, the son of
1785:
1781:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1768:authoritarian
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1681:Hasan ibn Ali
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1631:
1627:
1626:Alawi dynasty
1612:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1339:Umm al-Quwain
1336:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
996:
993:
992:
988:
986:
983:
982:
978:
976:
973:
972:
968:
966:
963:
962:
958:
956:
953:
952:
948:
946:
943:
942:
938:
936:
933:
932:
928:
926:
923:
922:
918:
916:
913:
912:
908:
906:
903:
902:
898:
896:
893:
892:
888:
886:
883:
882:
878:
876:
873:
872:
868:
866:
863:
862:
858:
856:
853:
852:
848:
846:
843:
842:
838:
836:
833:
832:
828:
826:
823:
822:
818:
816:
813:
812:
804:
803:
793:
791:
788:
787:
783:
781:
778:
777:
773:
771:
768:
767:
763:
761:
758:
757:
753:
751:
748:
747:
743:
741:
738:
737:
733:
731:
728:
727:
723:
721:
718:
717:
713:
711:
708:
707:
703:
701:
698:
697:
693:
691:
688:
687:
683:
681:
678:
677:
673:
671:
668:
667:
663:
661:
658:
657:
653:
651:
648:
647:
643:
641:
640:Muslim Sicily
638:
637:
633:
631:
628:
627:
623:
621:
618:
617:
613:
611:
608:
607:
603:
601:
598:
597:
593:
591:
588:
587:
583:
581:
578:
577:
573:
571:
568:
567:
559:
558:
548:
546:
543:
542:
538:
536:
533:
532:
528:
526:
523:
522:
518:
516:
513:
512:
508:
506:
503:
502:
498:
496:
493:
492:
488:
486:
483:
482:
478:
476:
473:
472:
468:
466:
463:
462:
458:
456:
453:
452:
448:
446:
443:
442:
438:
436:
433:
432:
428:
426:
423:
422:
418:
416:
413:
412:
408:
406:
403:
402:
398:
396:
393:
392:
388:
386:
383:
382:
378:
376:
373:
372:
368:
366:
363:
362:
358:
356:
353:
352:
348:
346:
343:
342:
334:
333:
323:
321:
318:
317:
313:
311:
308:
307:
303:
301:
298:
297:
293:
291:
288:
287:
279:
278:
269:450 AD–550 AD
268:
266:
263:
262:
258:
256:
253:
252:
248:
246:
243:
242:
238:
236:
233:
232:
228:
226:
223:
222:
218:
216:
213:
212:
209:64 BC–300s AD
208:
206:
203:
202:
199:132 BC–244 AD
198:
196:
193:
192:
189:400 BC–106 AD
188:
186:
183:
182:
179:600 BC–100 BC
178:
176:
173:
172:
169:800 BC–300 BC
168:
166:
163:
162:
154:
153:
149:
145:
144:
139:
132:
129:
127:
123:
119:
114:
111:
107:
104:
101:
97:
93:
90:
86:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
55:
51:
47:
44:
40:
31:
26:
22:
6859:
6594:Demographics
6549:Coat of arms
6534:Architecture
6403:Human rights
6380:
6050:
6040:
6024:
6015:
5993:
5948:
5944:
5934:
5923:. Retrieved
5921:. 2011-07-02
5918:
5909:
5898:. Retrieved
5894:
5884:
5873:. Retrieved
5871:. 2022-04-07
5868:
5859:
5848:. Retrieved
5844:
5835:
5824:. Retrieved
5822:. 2021-11-06
5819:
5810:
5791:
5754:. Retrieved
5741:
5730:
5721:
5715:
5696:
5690:
5679:
5667:
5644:
5610:
5555:
5551:
5545:
5536:
5530:
5521:
5515:
5506:
5500:
5491:
5485:
5476:
5470:
5459:. Retrieved
5452:the original
5443:
5436:
5426:
5419:
5408:. Retrieved
5401:the original
5392:
5385:
5376:
5330:
5324:
5315:
5280:
5273:
5263:
5256:
5237:
5206:
5201:
5194:
5183:. Retrieved
5178:
5169:
5158:. Retrieved
5146:
5123:
5108:
5101:
5092:
5077:
5058:
5043:
5019:. Retrieved
5014:
4989:. Retrieved
4985:
4951:
4944:
4933:. Retrieved
4929:the original
4919:
4899:
4869:
4848:. Retrieved
4844:
4835:
4816:
4756:
4715:
4609:Crown Prince
4277:Fatima Zohra
4016:Abd al-Hafid
3592:Mohammed III
3112:Independence
3109:
3100:(1953–1955).
3065:
3036:Abderrahmane
3018:Mohammed III
3011:
3001:
2991:
2981:
2971:
2955:
2945:
2929:
2913:
2903:
2887:
2866:
2843:
2816:Hassan Tower
2794:
2785:
2770:Please help
2758:
2732:monarchy in
2706:
2685:
2682:the conflict
2647:
2634:coups d'état
2632:
2612:constitution
2609:
2598:
2596:
2591:Lalla Meryem
2581:with future
2538:
2519:
2501:
2465:Vichy regime
2459:. After the
2457:World War II
2444:Berber Dahir
2441:
2419:
2402:
2399:
2353:
2341:Abd al-Hafid
2295:
2288:
2277:
2262:
2224:
2209:
2188:
2181:
2154:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2083:
2050:
2049:slaves (the
2043:
2010:
1991:
1979:
1955:Middle Atlas
1940:
1925:
1923:
1891:
1838:
1832:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1791:
1790:. The name '
1777:
1729:
1697:
1660:
1653:
1649:
1622:
1620:
1549:
1496:
1434:1921–present
1419:1900–present
1404:1868–present
1389:1833–present
1374:1810–present
1359:1783–present
1344:1775–present
1329:1761–present
1314:1752–present
1299:1749–present
1284:1744–present
1279:Saudi Arabia
1269:1727–present
1254:1727–present
1239:1631–present
249:300s–500s AD
99:Current head
42:Parent house
6880:(1837–1969)
6874:(1711–1835)
6872:Karamanlids
6868:(1705–1957)
6856:(1549–1659)
6850:(1472–1554)
6844:(1269–1465)
6838:(1235–1556)
6832:(1229–1574)
6826:(1147–1269)
6820:(1059–1158)
6818:Khurasanids
6814:(1040–1147)
6808:(1008–1152)
6788:Sulaymanids
6758:Muhallabids
6408:LGBT rights
6320:Earthquakes
6270:Mohammed VI
6018:Royal house
4508:Lalla Salma
4500:Mohammed VI
4121:Lalla Bahia
4004:Abd al-Aziz
3805:Mohammed IV
3527:Al-Mustadi'
3507:Mohammed II
3496:Abdallah II
3484:Abdul Malek
3189:Family tree
3134:Mohammed VI
3129:(1961–1999)
3122:(1955–1961)
3077:(1912–1927)
3062:(1908–1912)
3056:(1894–1908)
3050:(1873–1894)
3044:(1859–1873)
3042:Mohammed IV
3038:(1822–1859)
3032:(1792–1822)
3026:(1790–1792)
3020:(1757–1790)
2982:second time
2972:fourth time
2938:(1736–1738)
2936:Mohammed II
2930:second time
2922:(1734–1736)
2904:second time
2880:(1672–1727)
2874:(1668–1672)
2863:(1664–1668)
2857:(1635–1664)
2851:(1631–1635)
2718:Arab Spring
2670:Green March
2666:Mauritanian
2658:irredentist
2629:disappeared
2558:Mohammed VI
1998:Banu Ma'qil
1959:Sous valley
1756:Mohammed VI
1139:Pate Island
1112:East Africa
905:Sulaymanids
845:Ukhaidhirds
630:Sulaymanids
600:Muhallabids
505:Munqidhites
405:Shirvanshah
259:300s–602 AD
229:196–1100 AD
219:100s–241 AD
115:(1631–1957)
103:Mohammed VI
94:(died 1659)
50:Banu Hashim
46:Banu Hassan
6894:Categories
6812:Almoravids
6802:(973–1148)
6778:(790–1066)
6748:(710–1019)
6559:Literature
6483:Casablanca
6478:Investment
6415:Parliament
6250:Mohammed V
6178:Almoravids
6116:Prehistory
5925:2022-09-20
5900:2022-09-20
5875:2022-09-21
5850:2022-09-21
5826:2022-09-21
5756:22 October
5461:2021-12-10
5410:2021-12-10
5185:2022-09-21
5160:2022-09-20
4991:2022-09-20
4935:2022-04-06
4850:2022-04-06
4826:0521337674
4679:References
4658:Hashemites
4113:Mohammed V
4047:Ben Aarafa
3749:ibn Hicham
3300:Mohammed I
3120:Mohammed V
3098:Madagascar
3082:Mohammed V
3066:Under the
3060:Abdelhafid
3012:sixth time
3002:third time
2998:Al-Mustadi
2992:fifth time
2978:Al-Mustadi
2956:third time
2946:first time
2942:Al-Mustadi
2914:first time
2894:Abdalmalik
2888:first time
2838:See also:
2788:April 2021
2698:referendum
2605:absolutism
2587:Lalla Asma
2534:Madagascar
2497:democratic
2436:Mohammed V
2302:Abdelhafid
2275:to Spain.
2014:Anti-Atlas
1895:Portuguese
1879:Ziz Valley
1865:region of
1748:Mohammed V
1425:Hashemites
1380:Al Maktoum
1350:Al Khalifa
1035:Upper Yafa
1025:Ya'arubids
865:Qarmatians
750:Sumadihids
239:220–638 AD
235:Ghassanids
6878:Senussids
6866:Husaynids
6848:Wattasids
6836:Zayyanids
6806:Hammadids
6796:(909–973)
6790:(814–922)
6784:(800–909)
6782:Aghlabids
6772:(788–985)
6766:(777–909)
6764:Rustamids
6760:(771–793)
6754:(757–976)
6752:Midrarids
6602:Languages
6463:Companies
6303:Geography
6255:Hassan II
6193:Wattasids
6051:Incumbent
5973:151865682
5965:1086-3214
5895:Brookings
5869:France 24
5820:France 24
5699:. Eland.
5379:. Fayard.
5240:. Brill.
5155:0190-8286
4302:2° spouse
4298:Hassan II
4128:2° spouse
4117:3° spouse
4045:Mohammed
3127:Hassan II
3054:Abdelaziz
2872:Al-Rashid
2861:Al-Rashid
2759:does not
2730:Hashemite
2678:Polisario
2676:with the
2554:Hassan II
2298:Abdelaziz
2192:Wahhabist
2166:Essaouira
2145:Essaouira
2095:Christian
1994:Al-Rashid
1947:Dala'iyya
1943:Marrakesh
1883:Sijilmasa
1835:sharifian
1752:Hassan II
1708:Al-Rashid
1673:Sharifian
1639:romanized
1410:Al Sharqi
1365:Al Nuaimi
1335:Al Mualla
1324:Abu Dhabi
1320:Al Nahyan
1260:Al Qasimi
1245:Al Qasimi
1209:1860–1887
1199:1858–1895
1184:1856–1964
1174:1746–1828
1159:1277–1495
1144:1203–1894
1099:1926–1970
1089:1906–1934
1079:1903–1967
1069:1858–1967
1065:Qu'aitids
1059:1836–1921
1055:Rashidids
1049:1820–1970
1039:1800–1967
1029:1624–1742
1019:1597–1872
1009:1463–1521
999:1454–1526
989:1395–1967
985:Kathirids
979:1305–1487
975:Jarwanids
969:1253–1320
959:1229–1454
949:1159–1174
939:1154–1624
935:Nabhanids
929:1083–1174
919:1076–1253
909:1063–1174
899:1047–1138
895:Sulayhids
794:1837–1969
790:Senussids
784:1554–1659
774:1230–1492
764:1049–1078
754:1041–1091
744:1039–1110
734:1031–1091
730:Jawharids
724:1027–1063
720:Muzaynids
714:1026–1057
710:Hammudids
704:1023–1062
700:Yahsubids
694:1023–1091
684:1020–1086
674:1013–1039
664:1012–1051
654:1004–1412
620:Aghlabids
549:1697–1842
539:1517–1865
529:1480–1677
519:1517–1697
509:1025–1157
499:1024–1080
495:Mirdasids
485:Numayrids
465:Jarrahids
455:Mazyadids
435:Hamdanids
425:Hashimids
385:Habbarids
375:Dulafids
225:Tanukhids
6860:'Alawids
6842:Marinids
6824:Almohads
6794:Fatimids
6776:Ifranids
6770:Idrisids
6746:Salihids
6683:Category
6641:diaspora
6574:Religion
6398:Military
6354:Politics
6188:Marinids
6183:Almohads
6173:Idrisids
6093:articles
5919:BBC News
5539:. Brill.
5318:. Brill.
4632:See also
4340:Abdellah
3897:Hassan I
3691:Sulayman
3674:Al-Yazid
3141:Timeline
3048:Hassan I
3008:Abdallah
2988:Abdallah
2968:Abdallah
2952:Abdallah
2928:(1736) (
2926:Abdallah
2910:Abdallah
2818:in Rabat
2714:protests
2686:de facto
2620:Sand War
2548:and the
2453:interwar
2422:Muhammad
2360:abdicate
2326:Hafidiya
2280:Hassan I
2273:war debt
2257:Hassan I
2087:taxation
2020:and its
1963:Tafilalt
1889:routes.
1843:Muhammad
1808:Tafilalt
1780:Muhammad
1744:colonial
1685:Tafilalt
1677:Muhammad
1665:Moroccan
1650:Alaouite
1498:The King
1414:Fujairah
1395:Al Thani
1305:Al Sabah
1194:Wituland
1129:896–1279
1085:Idrisids
1015:Qasimids
995:Tahirids
965:Usfurids
955:Rasulids
925:Zurayids
889:968–1925
875:Wajihids
869:899–1077
859:897–1962
849:865–1066
835:Yufirids
829:819–1138
825:Ziyadids
819:751–1970
760:Tahirids
690:Abbadids
670:Tujibids
644:831–1091
610:Idrisids
594:756–1031
574:710–1019
570:Salihids
535:Harfushs
525:Turabays
489:990–1081
479:990–1096
475:Uqaylids
469:970–1107
459:961–1150
449:955–1071
445:Rawadids
439:890–1004
429:869–1075
409:861–1538
395:Kaysites
389:854–1011
359:736–1122
324:909–1171
320:Fatimids
314:750–1258
310:Abbasids
300:Umayyads
290:Rashidun
255:Lakhmids
245:Salihids
126:Style(s)
25:Alawites
6854:Sa'dids
6830:Hafsids
6734:Maghreb
6667:Outline
6544:Cuisine
6522:Culture
6498:Tourism
6488:Tangier
6446:Economy
6366:Cabinet
6330:Regions
6203:'Alawis
6109:Ancient
6101:History
6089:Morocco
6043:Morocco
5564:3181936
4622:Khadija
4028:Youssef
3094:Corsica
2834:in 2022
2780:removed
2765:sources
2600:makhzen
2546:Tunisia
2438:in 1934
2426:Salafis
2407:Khalifa
2376:Youssef
2330:Morocco
2289:protégé
2259:in 1873
2230:Bugeaud
2174:Melilla
2058:) from
1951:Amazigh
1926:shurafa
1917:on the
1915:Castile
1911:Granada
1907:Nasrids
1903:Tangier
1861:in the
1855:Fatimah
1839:shurafa
1829:Origins
1806:of the
1732:sultans
1720:Isma'il
1669:dynasty
1661:Alawite
1641::
1354:Bahrain
1290:Al Said
1275:Al Saud
1264:Sharjah
1234:Morocco
1230:'Alawis
1169:Mombasa
1005:Jabrids
945:Mahdids
915:Uyunids
879:926–965
855:Rassids
839:847–997
780:Saadids
770:Nasrids
680:Amirids
660:Bakrids
650:Kanzids
634:814–922
624:800–909
614:788–974
604:771–793
584:745-757
545:Shihabs
515:Ma'nids
419:864–928
415:Alavids
399:860–964
379:840–897
369:824–961
349:654–884
304:661–750
294:632–661
88:Founder
78: (
70:Founded
64:Morocco
60:Country
54:Quraysh
6800:Zirids
6736:region
6688:Portal
6629:French
6624:Berber
6607:Arabic
6539:Cinema
6473:Health
6468:Energy
6315:Cities
6243:Modern
6198:Saadis
6166:Empire
6091:
5971:
5963:
5798:
5703:
5655:
5618:
5562:
5337:
5288:
5244:
5181:. 2022
5153:
5116:
5085:
5051:
4959:
4907:
4877:
4823:
4763:
4723:
4662:Jordan
4620:Lalla
4613:Hassan
4538:Ismail
4531:Hicham
4524:Rachid
4515:Lalla
4504:spouse
4486:Lalla
4479:Meryem
4477:Lalla
4331:Lalla
4322:Lalla
4315:Malika
4313:Lalla
4284:Lalla
4275:Lalla
3911:Aarafa
3680:Hisham
3324:Rachid
3312:Ismail
3086:Sultan
2964:(1741)
2896:(1728)
2734:Jordan
2724:, but
2589:, and
2403:dahirs
2310:T'hami
2291:system
2161:Sultan
2108:Meknes
2099:pirate
2092:ransom
2002:Zenata
1986:sultan
1971:Sultan
1867:Arabia
1823:moulay
1815:mawlay
1796:Arabic
1704:sultan
1657:Alawid
1630:Arabic
1429:Jordan
1309:Kuwait
740:Hudids
113:Sultan
109:Titles
6674:Index
6579:Sport
6569:Music
6564:Media
6508:Trade
6275:2000s
6265:1990s
6260:1970s
5969:S2CID
5750:(PDF)
5676:(PDF)
5560:JSTOR
5455:(PDF)
5448:(PDF)
5404:(PDF)
5397:(PDF)
4517:Hasna
4333:Aicha
4324:Nuzha
4286:Amina
4034:Tahar
3472:Ahmad
3132:King
3125:King
3118:King
3110:From
3080:King
3075:Yusef
3024:Yazid
2674:a war
2521:Qa'id
2495:with
2314:Caids
2249:1848.
2225:ulama
2183:ulama
2170:Ceuta
2133:guich
2126:'
2053:'
2047:Black
2006:Azrou
1899:Ceuta
1875:oasis
1863:Hejaz
1847:Hasan
1819:mulay
1792:Alawi
1784:Hasan
1693:Hejaz
1689:Yanbu
1659:, or
1655:'
1624:'
1399:Qatar
1384:Dubai
1369:Ajman
1154:Kilwa
1124:Shewa
52:, of
48:, of
6554:Flag
6425:list
6386:list
6376:King
5961:ISSN
5796:ISBN
5758:2013
5701:ISBN
5653:ISBN
5616:ISBN
5335:ISBN
5286:ISBN
5242:ISBN
5151:ISSN
5114:ISBN
5083:ISBN
5049:ISBN
5023:2022
4957:ISBN
4905:ISBN
4875:ISBN
4821:ISBN
4761:ISBN
4721:ISBN
4488:Asma
3096:and
3090:King
2763:any
2761:cite
2643:1972
2641:and
2639:1971
2556:and
2473:Axis
2394:and
2196:Sufi
2172:and
2128:Abid
2073:The
2018:Salé
1901:and
1871:Arab
1800:علوي
1782:via
1754:and
1738:and
1621:The
1294:Oman
80:1631
73:1631
6732:in
5953:doi
5556:143
3517:Ali
3088:to
2920:Ali
2774:by
1909:of
1851:Ali
1821:or
1788:Ali
6896::
6016:—
5992:.
5967:.
5959:.
5949:28
5947:.
5943:.
5917:.
5893:.
5867:.
5843:.
5818:.
5790:.
5766:^
5678:.
5651:.
5649:14
5643:.
5630:^
5572:^
5554:.
5349:^
5300:^
5214:^
5177:.
5145:.
5132:^
5122:.
5091:.
5067:^
5057:.
5031:^
5013:.
5000:^
4984:.
4971:^
4889:^
4859:^
4843:.
4775:^
4735:^
4687:^
4660:,
2736:.
2645:.
2585:,
2560:.
2536:.
2382:.
2332:.
2202:.
1977:.
1798::
1652:,
1636:,
1632::
6722:e
6715:t
6708:v
6081:e
6074:t
6067:v
6020:—
5975:.
5955::
5928:.
5903:.
5878:.
5853:.
5829:.
5804:.
5760:.
5709:.
5661:.
5624:.
5566:.
5464:.
5413:.
5343:.
5294:.
5250:.
5188:.
5163:.
5025:.
4994:.
4965:.
4938:.
4913:.
4883:.
4853:.
4829:.
4769:.
4729:.
3014:)
3004:)
2994:)
2984:)
2974:)
2958:)
2948:)
2932:)
2916:)
2906:)
2890:)
2801:)
2795:(
2790:)
2786:(
2782:.
2768:.
1794:(
1628:(
1610:e
1603:t
1596:v
1464:e
1457:t
1450:v
1431:)
1427:(
1416:)
1412:(
1401:)
1397:(
1386:)
1382:(
1371:)
1367:(
1356:)
1352:(
1341:)
1337:(
1326:)
1322:(
1311:)
1307:(
1296:)
1292:(
1281:)
1277:(
1266:)
1262:(
1251:)
1247:(
1236:)
1232:(
1196:)
1192:(
1171:)
1167:(
1156:)
1152:(
1141:)
1137:(
1126:)
1122:(
82:)
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
