733:. This is because manpower will be diverted from agriculture and other fundamental works towards ostentations. Civilians will eventually imitate the ruler's lusts, making the situation worse. Mozi probably advocated this idea in response to the fact that during the Warring States period, the Zhou king and the aristocrats spent countless time in the development of delicate music while ordinary peasants could hardly meet their subsistence needs. To Mozi, bare necessities are sufficient; resources should be directed to benefit man.
584:
perfectly conformed to the ruler, who is perfectly submissive to Heaven, conformity in speech and behaviour is expected of all people. There is no freedom of speech in this model. However, the potentially repressive element is countered by compulsory communication between the subjects and their leaders. Subjects are required to report all things good or bad to their rulers. Mohism is opposed to any form of aggression, especially war between states. It is, however, permissible for a state to use force in legitimate defense.
865:
by unification. The philosophy of language, epistemology, metaphysics, and science of the later Mohist Canons were recorded in difficult, dense texts that would have been nearly unintelligible to most readers (and that in any case quickly became corrupt). What remained as distinctively Mohist was a package of harsh, unappealing economic and cultural views, such as their obsession with parsimony and their rejection of music and ritual. Compared with the classical learning and rituals of the
Confucians, the speculative
838:, recorded in the Mohist canon. Mozi travels 10 days and nights when he hears that Gongshu Pan has built machines for the king of Chu to use in an invasion of the smaller state of Song. Upon arriving in Chu, Mozi makes a wall out of his belt and sticks to represent machines, and shows Gongshu Pan that he can defend Song against any offensive strategy Chu might use. Mozi then announces that three hundred of his disciples are already on the walls of Song, ready to defend against Chu. The king cancels the invasion.
137:
507:). In this, he argued directly against Confucians who believed that it was natural and correct for people to care about different people in different degrees. Mozi, by contrast, believed people in principle should care for all people equally. Mohism stressed that rather than adopting different attitudes towards different people, love should be unconditional and offered to everyone without regard to reciprocation, not just to friends, family and other Confucian relations. Later in
729:) to discuss this. Though he mentions that he does enjoy and recognize what is pleasant, he sees them of no utilization in terms of governing, or of the benefit of common people. Instead, since development of music involves man's power, it reduces production of food; furthermore, appreciation of music results in less time for administrative works. This overdevelopment eventually results in shortage of food, as well as
3865:
40:
770:) described various aspects of many fields associated with physical science, and provided a small wealth of information on mathematics as well. It provided an 'atomic' definition of the geometric point, stating that a line is separated into parts, and the part which has no remaining parts (i.e. cannot be divided into smaller parts) and thus the extreme end of a line is a point. Much like
657:
instructions on bamboo, plates and stones to ensure the continual obedience of their future descendants to the dictates of heaven. In Mozi's teachings, sacrifices of bulls and rams were mentioned during appointed times during the spring and autumn seasons. Spirits were described to be the preexisting primal spirits of nature, or the souls of humans who had died.
1712:
3852:
893:' Institute of Science Policy and Managerial Science, and Liu Qingfeng, a professor of the Institute of Chinese Culture at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, have argued that without the influence of proto-scientific precepts in the ancient philosophy of Mohism, Chinese science lacked a definitive structure:
898:
science, were declining. If Mohism, rich in scientific thought, had rapidly grown and strengthened, the situation might have been very favorable to the development of a scientific structure. However, this did not happen because the seeds of the primitive structure of science were never formed. During the late
598:
Mozi was opposed to nepotism that was a social norm of that time, this mindset allowed the assignment of important government responsibilities to one's relatives, regardless of capabilities, as opposed to those who were best equipped to handle these responsibilities, restricting social mobility. Mozi
583:
fēi). According to Mozi, we must therefore choose leaders who will surround themselves with righteous followers, who will then create the hierarchy that harmonizes Shi/Fei. In that sense, the government becomes an authoritative and automated tool. Assuming that the leaders in the social hierarchy are
547:
Unlike hedonistic utilitarianism, which views pleasure as a moral good, "the basic goods in Mohist consequentialist thinking are... order, material wealth, and increase in population". During Mozi's era, war and famines were common, and population growth was seen as a moral necessity for a harmonious
460:
and statecraft, and wrote treatises on government, with topics ranging from efficient agricultural production to the laws of inheritance. They were often hired by the many warring kingdoms as advisers to the state. In this way, they were similar to the other wandering philosophers and knights-errant
570:
Mozi posited that, when society functions as an organized organism, the wastes and inefficiencies found in the natural state (without organization) are reduced. He believed that conflicts are born from the absence of moral uniformity found in human cultures in the natural state, i.e. the absence of
864:
Their core ethical doctrines had largely been absorbed into
Confucianism, though in a modified and unsystematic form. Key features of their political philosophy were probably shared with most other political thinkers, and their trademark opposition to warfare had been rendered effectively redundant
820:
Mozi and his disciples worked concertedly and systematically to invent and synthesise measures of benefit to defence, including defensive arms and strategy, and their corresponding logistics and military mobilisation. Many were actually applied, and remained an aspect of military affairs throughout
602:
A ruler should be in close proximity to talented people, treasuring talents and seeking their counsel frequently. Without discovering and understanding talents within the country, the country will be destroyed. History unfortunately saw many people who were murdered, not because of their frailties,
447:
The
Mohists formed a highly structured political organization that tried to realize the ideas they preached, the writings of Mozi. Like Confucians, they hired out their services not only for gain, but also in order to realize their own ethical ideals. This political structure consisted of a network
897:
From the middle and late
Eastern Han to the early Wei and Jin dynasties, the net growth of ancient Chinese science and technology experienced a peak (second only to that of the Northern Song dynasty)... Han studies of the Confucian classics, which for a long time had hindered the socialization of
614:
In a perfect governmental structure where the ruler loves all people benevolently, and officials are selected according to meritocracy, the people should have unity in belief and in speech. His original purpose in this teaching was to unite people and avoid sectarianism. However, in a situation of
610:
standards by which to rule at all. The carpenter is always better off when depending on his standard tools, rather than on his emotions. Ironically, as his decisions affect the fate of an entire nation, it is even more important that a ruler maintains a set of standards, and yet he has none. These
475:
Mohism promotes a philosophy of impartial caring; that is, a person should care equally for all other individuals, regardless of their actual relationship to them. The expression of this indiscriminate caring is what makes a person a righteous being in Mohist thought. This advocacy of impartiality
860:
suggests, in addition to the decline of siege warfare, "…the major factor is probably that as a social and philosophical movement, Mohism gradually collapsed into irrelevance. By the middle of the former Han dynasty, the more appealing aspects of Mohist thought were all shared with rival schools.
656:
Rulers of the period often ritually assigned punishments and rewards to their subjects in spiritually important places to garner the attention of these spirits and ensure that justice was done. The respect of these spirits was deemed so important that prehistoric
Chinese ancestors had left their
647:
The measure of a country's wealth in Mohism is a matter of sufficient provision and a large population. Thriftiness is believed to be key to this end. With contentment with that which suffices, men will be free from excessive labour, long-term war and poverty from income gap disparity. This will
715:
By the time of Mozi, Chinese rulers and the wealthier citizens already had the practice of extravagant burial rituals. Much wealth was buried with the dead, and ritualistic mourning could be as extreme as walking on a stick hunchback for three years in a posture of mourning. During such lengthy
702:
In summary, fatalism, the belief that all outcomes are predestined or fated to occur, is an irresponsible belief espoused by those who refuse to acknowledge that their own lack of responsibility or the western view of sinfulness has caused the hardships of their lives. Prosperity or poverty are
660:
The
Mohists polemicized against elaborate funeral ceremonies and other wasteful rituals, and called for austerity in life and in governance, but did not deem spiritual sacrifices wasteful. Using historical records, Mohists argued that the spirits of innocent men wrongfully murdered had appeared
803:, along with principles of space and bounded space. It also described the fact that planes without the quality of thickness cannot be piled up since they cannot mutually touch. The book provided definitions for circumference, diameter, and radius, along with the definition of volume.
501:) was developed by the Chinese philosopher Mozi in the 4th century BC in reaction to Confucianism's benevolent love. Mozi tried to replace what he considered to be the long-entrenched Chinese over-attachment to family and clan structures with the concept of "universal love" (jiān'ài,
558:, writes that the moral goods of Mohism "are interrelated: An example of this would be, more basic wealth, then more reproduction; more people, then more production and wealth... if people have plenty, they would be good, filial, kind, and so on unproblematically". In contrast to
488:. Tradition varies from culture to culture, and human beings need an extra-traditional guide to identify which traditions are morally acceptable. The moral guide must then promote and encourage social behaviours that maximize the general utility of all the people in that society.
391:
periods). During that time, Mohism was seen as a major rival to
Confucianism. While its influence endured, Mohism almost disappeared as an independent school of thought as it transformed and integrated into sects of Taoism in the wake of the cultural transformations of the
854:, China was no longer divided into various states constantly fighting each other: where previously the Mohists proved to be an asset when defending a city against an external threat, without wars, and in particular siege wars, there was no more need for their skills. The
483:
Mozi is known for his insistence that all people are equally deserving of receiving material benefit and being protected from physical harm. In Mohism, morality is defined not by tradition and ritual, but rather by a constant moral guide that parallels
603:
but rather because of their strengths. A good bow is difficult to pull, but it shoots high. A good horse is difficult to ride, but it can carry weight and travel far. Talented people are difficult to manage, but they can bring respect to their rulers.
811:
One consequence of Mohist understanding of mathematics and the physical sciences, combined with their anti-militarist philosophy and skills as artisans, was that they became the pre-eminent siege-defense engineers during the period prior to the
541:
It is the business of the benevolent man to seek to promote what is beneficial to the world and to eliminate what is harmful, and to provide a model for the world. What benefits he will carry out; what does not benefit men he will leave alone.
599:
taught that as long as a person was qualified for a task, he should keep his position, regardless of blood relations. If an officer was incapable, even if he was a close relative of the ruler, he ought to be demoted, even if it meant poverty.
716:
funerals, people are not able to attend to agriculture or care for their families, leading to poverty. Mozi spoke against such long and lavish funerals and also argued that this would even create resentment among the living.
794:
stated that a point is the smallest unit, and cannot be cut in half, since 'nothing' cannot be halved. It stated that two lines of equal length will always finish at the same place, while providing definitions for the
745:
school, which was interested in resolving logical puzzles. Not much survives from the writings of this school, since problems of logic were deemed trivial by most subsequent
Chinese philosophers. Historians such as
672:), the celestial bureaucracy and spirits which knew about the immoral acts of man and punished them, encouraging moral righteousness, and were wary of some of the more atheistic thinkers of the time, such as
360:. Among its major ethical tenets were altruism and a universal, unbiased respect and concern for all people regardless of relations or affiliations. The ideology also stressed the virtues of austerity and
833:
The Mohist beliefs were popular for a time in China, and Mohist followers were employed for their ability as negotiators and as defense engineers. This component of Mohism is dramatized in the story of
562:'s views, state consequentialism is not utilitarian because it is not hedonistic. The importance of outcomes that are good for the state outweigh the importance of individual pleasure and pain.
611:
standards cannot originate from man, since no man is perfect; the only standards that a ruler uses have to originate from Heaven, since only Heaven is perfect. That law of Heaven is Love.
782:
stated that "a point may stand at the end (of a line) or at its beginning like a head-presentation in childbirth. (As to its invisibility) there is nothing similar to it." Similar to the
703:
directly correlated with either virtue or vice, respectively, so realised by deductive thinking and by one's own logic; not fate. Mozi calls fatalism that almost indefinitely ends in
480:, who believed that while love should be unconditional, it should not be indiscriminate. For example, children should hold a greater love for their parents than for random strangers.
6526:
684:
Mozi disagrees with the fatalistic mindset of people, accusing the mindset of bringing about poverty and suffering. To argue against this attitude, Mozi used three criteria (
6765:
661:
before to enact their vengeance. Spirits had also been recorded to have appeared to carry out other acts of justice. Mohists believed in heaven as a divine force (
606:
Law and order was an important aspect of Mozi's philosophy. He compared the carpenter, who uses standard tools to do his work, with the ruler, who might not have
3902:
5399:
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1806:
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of local units in all the major kingdoms of China at the time, made up of elements from both the scholarly and working classes. Each unit was led by a
6037:
676:. Due to the vague nature of the records, there is a possibility that the Mohist scribes themselves may not have been clear about this subject.
1030:
554:
816:. They believed in aiding the defensive warfare of smaller Chinese states against the hostile offensive warfare of larger domineering states.
1303:
1262:
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1044:
1010:
350:
of ethics and logic, rational thought, and scientific technology developed by the scholars who studied under the ancient
Chinese philosopher
1327:
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that was never fully developed, but others believe that recognizing the
Logicians as proto-scientists reveals too much of a modern bias.
1752:
1733:
1540:
856:
444:
is "impartial care" because Mozi was more concerned with ethics than morality, as the latter tends to be based on fear more than hope.
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1338:
1317:
123:
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Lack of food. Ministers are not able to carry out their work. Punishment fails to bring fear and reward fails to bring happiness.
5392:
4521:
4517:
4347:
4018:
3777:
1799:
886:
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society. The "material wealth" of Mohist consequentialism refers to basic needs like shelter and clothing. Stanford sinologist
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847:
5858:
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1929:
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452:(literally, "chisel"—an image from craft making). Within the unit, a frugal and ascetic lifestyle was enforced. Each
104:
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Law and regulations becomes too heavy such that there is repressive fear and people only look after their own good.
435:
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141:
76:
4343:
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Mozi views aesthetics as nearly useless. Unlike Confucius, he holds a distinctive repulsion to any development in
50:
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1957:
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is hence highly respected by modern scholars, and ranks as a classic on military matters on a par with Sunzi's
813:
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was seen as capable of being either selfish or selfless, the latter being a key element towards enlightenment.
384:
83:
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1901:
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Should the ruler be unrighteous, seven disasters would result for that nation. These seven disasters are:
136:
2978:
2075:
521:) was adopted to refer to a passionate caring love and was considered a fundamental desire. In Buddhism,
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A general study of the man and his age, his works, and his teachings, with an extensive bibliography.
1520:. Vol. One: From the Beginnings to the Sixth Century A.D. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1173:"Insights into the Mozi and their Implications for the Study of Contemporary International Relations"
965:
The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Edward Craig. Routledge Publishing. 2005.
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Hansen, Chad (1989). "Mozi: Language Utilitarianism: The Structure of Ethics in Classical China".
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Geaney, Jane (1999). "A Critique of A. C. Graham's Reconstruction of the 'Neo-Mohist Canons".
1411:
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theory and behaviour, "A social heresy which needs to be disarmed, dissolved and destroyed".
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1495:
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508:
411:
323:
296:
195:
164:
2654:
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Der Weg des Himmels: Zum Geist und zur Gestalt des politischen Denkens im klassischen China
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902:, disastrous upheavals again occurred in the process of social transformation, leading to
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2612:
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1363:
1313:
941:
747:
559:
485:
361:
3957:
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6390:
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2786:
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2237:
2023:
2005:
1292:
996:
877:, Mohism offered little to attract adherents, especially politically powerful ones."
634:
The ruler lives in a mistaken illusion of his own ability and his country's strength.
457:
28:
2585:
1743:
97:
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2143:
1939:
921:
763:
368:
202:
145:
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615:
corruption and tyranny, this teaching might be misused as a tool for oppression.
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866:
851:
835:
704:
593:
476:
was a target of attack by other Chinese philosophical schools, most notably the
405:
393:
356:
39:
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thinkers, and the romantic nature mysticism and literary sophistication of the
628:
The people are engaged in unconstructive work while useless fools are rewarded.
410:
Mohism is best known for the concept popularly translated as "universal love" (
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2000:
1947:
1911:
1815:
1343:. Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. 3. Taipei, Taiwan: Caves Books.
916:
787:
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A country facing these seven disasters will be destroyed easily by the enemy.
1778:
1724:
1358:. Translated by Johnston, Ian. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press. 2010.
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When pressured by foreigners, neighbouring countries are not willing to help.
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2015:
1977:
1691:(1980). "The Mohists on Warfare: Technology, Technique, and Justification".
1212:
988:
477:
2590:
622:
Neglect of the country's defense, yet there is much lavished on the palace.
1711:
1669:
Individual and State in Ancient China: Essays on Four Chinese Philosophers
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and the fine arts. Mozi takes some whole chapters named "Against Music" (
216:
974:
One Hundred Philosophers : A Guide to the World's Greatest Thinkers
5889:
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Chinese Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology
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3880:
3087:
3008:
2738:
2397:
2085:
1987:
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946:
771:
741:
One of the schools of Mohism that has received some attention is the
419:
372:
331:
24:
20:
5377:
1781:
at The Database of Religious History, University of British Columbia
1377:
Traditional Chinese Jurisprudence: Legal Thought of Pre-Qin Thinkers
885:
Jin Guantao, a professor of the Institute of Chinese Studies at the
648:
enable birth rate to increase. Mozi also encourages early marriage.
1438:
829:
the former of defensive strategy, the latter of offensive strategy.
456:
would appoint his own successor. Mohists developed the sciences of
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5283:
4921:
4707:
4467:
4166:
4121:
4111:
4086:
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1851:
1092:
One hundred Philosophers. A guide to the world's greatest thinkers
775:
1190:
695:
Assessing them based on the experiences of common, average people
5757:
5216:
5126:
4211:
4136:
984:
668:
637:
Trusted people are not loyal while loyal people are not trusted.
470:
351:
5381:
3884:
3546:
2288:
1826:
1788:
1322:. Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. 2. p. 697.
5106:
2748:
698:
Assessing their usefulness by applying them in law or politics
33:
1784:
1458:
Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China
314:
354:(c. 470 BC – c. 391 BC), embodied in an eponymous book: the
5170:
1235:
1233:
305:
1340:
Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
1255:
Tao of the West: Western Transformation of Taoist Thought
906:. One can imagine the effect of this calamity on science.
308:
148:. Philosophers of Mohism are marked by triangles in blue.
1760:
1408:
The Philosophy of the Mozi: The First Consequentialists
1281:
Ivanhoe, Philip J.; Van Norden, Brian W., eds. (2001).
1131:
1129:
1116:
1114:
1112:
6527:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
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265:
251:
235:
221:
207:
140:
Birthplaces of notable Chinese philosophers from the
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2014:
1986:
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Basic Writings of Mo Tzu, Hsün Tzu, and Han Fei Tzu
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64:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1666:
1455:
1291:
688:) to assess the correctness of views. These were:
1272:Jin, Guantao; Fan, Hongye; Liu, Qingfeng (1996).
1579:Mo Ti: Von der Liebe des Himmels zu den Menschen
1598:Mo Ti: Solidarität und allgemeine Menschenliebe
1029:Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (2011).
904:the greatest social disorder in Chinese history
818:
750:have seen this group as developing a precursor
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1085:
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3896:
1800:
1644:
1177:The Chinese Journal of International Politics
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578:
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439:
434:'inclusive love/care'). According to
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8:
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1636:Chinese Thought. From Confucius to Cook Ding
1062:Introduction to Classical Chinese Philosophy
1693:Journal of the American Academy of Religion
1024:
1022:
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1823:
1807:
1793:
1785:
1619:(in German). Düsseldorf/Köln: Diederichs.
1600:(in German). Düsseldorf/Köln: Diederichs.
1481:. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.
1094:Peter J. King, Polish edition: Elipsa 2006
1005:. Columbia University Press. p. 110.
186:
1391:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
889:, Fan Hongye, a research fellow with the
124:Learn how and when to remove this message
1527:Mo-tse, the Neglected Rival of Confucius
1427:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1294:Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy
1283:Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy
135:
1673:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1217:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1159:
1147:
1135:
1120:
1103:
958:
346:'School of Mo') was an ancient
6766:5th-century BC establishments in China
1577:Schmidt-Glintzer, Helwig, ed. (1992).
1518:A History of Chinese Political Thought
1479:Later Mohist Logic, Ethics and Science
1298:. New Haven, CT: Seven Bridges Press.
1032:The Cambridge History of Ancient China
555:The Cambridge History of Ancient China
267:
151:
367:It evolved at about the same time as
7:
1511:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1239:Jin, Fan, & Liu (1996), 178–179.
62:adding citations to reliable sources
1753:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1734:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1615:———, ed. (1975).
1596:———, ed. (1975).
1541:Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften
1389:A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy
857:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
774:'s first and third definitions and
471:Love § Chinese and other Sinic
383:from around 770–221 BC (during the
1581:(in German). München: Diederichs.
1509:A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought
1500:10.1111/j.1540-6253.1989.tb00443.x
438:, a more accurate translation for
14:
1665:Vitalii Aronovich, Rubin (1976).
1488:The Journal of Chinese Philosophy
1370:(in German). Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
571:the definition of what is right (
6597:The Closing of the American Mind
6517:Civilization and Its Discontents
6497:A Vindication of Natural Society
3864:
3863:
3850:
1710:
1516:Hsiao, Kung-chuan Hsiao (1979).
1356:The Mozi: A Complete Translation
295:
38:
1660:]. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.
1477:——— (2004) .
887:Chinese University of Hong Kong
692:Assessing them based on history
379:, and was one of the four main
49:needs additional citations for
1537:Die Philosophie im alten China
1507:——— (1992).
1337:——— (1986).
1290:——— (2001).
778:'s 'beginning of a line', the
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336:
266:
252:
236:
222:
208:
170:
1:
6487:Oration on the Dignity of Man
1410:. Columbia University Press.
1319:History of Scientific Thought
1276:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
1060:Van Norden, Bryan W. (2011).
6557:The Society of the Spectacle
3336:Ordinary language philosophy
1562:(in German). München: Fink.
1529:. London: Arthur Probsthain.
3386:Contemporary utilitarianism
3301:Internalism and externalism
891:Chinese Academy of Sciences
6792:
4033:Hundred Schools of Thought
2650:Svatantrika and Prasangika
1037:Cambridge University Press
591:
532:
468:
403:
142:Hundred Schools of Thought
18:
16:Ancient Chinese philosophy
6735:
6627:Intellectuals and Society
6577:The Culture of Narcissism
3844:
3559:
3542:
2949:
2295:
2284:
1872:Philosophy of mathematics
1862:Philosophy of information
1833:
1822:
1645:
1454:Graham, Angus C. (1993).
1368:Me-ti. Buch der Wendungen
725:
663:
579:
573:
517:
503:
497:
440:
415:
327:
280:
185:
159:
6617:The Malaise of Modernity
6567:The History of Sexuality
5666:Catholic social teaching
1653:
1558:Opitz, Peter J. (1999).
1285:. Indianapolis: Hackett.
1192:
814:Qin unification of China
577:shì) and what is wrong (
19:Not to be confused with
6697:Philosophy of education
4028:Nine Schools of Thought
3341:Postanalytic philosophy
3282:Experimental philosophy
1406:Frasier, Chris (2016).
1257:. New York: Routledge.
588:Meritocratic government
535:Mohist consequentialism
465:Caring and impartiality
5636:
5590:
5576:
5331:State consequentialism
3474:Social constructionism
2486:Hellenistic philosophy
1902:Theoretical philosophy
1877:Philosophy of religion
1867:Philosophy of language
1634:Sterckx, Roel (2019).
1617:Mo Ti: Gegen den Krieg
1211:Fraser, Chris (2015).
908:
831:
550:David Shepherd Nivison
544:
149:
6702:Philosophy of history
6692:Philosophy of culture
6587:A Conflict of Visions
4348:Northern and Southern
3857:Philosophy portal
3376:Scientific skepticism
3356:Reformed epistemology
1882:Philosophy of science
1761:Full text of the Mozi
1539:(in German). Berlin:
1535:Moritz, Ralf (1990).
1375:Chang, Wejen (1990).
895:
797:comparison of lengths
752:philosophy of science
396:, after the 200s BC.
139:
6707:Political philosophy
6507:Democracy in America
3277:Critical rationalism
2984:Edo neo-Confucianism
2828:Acintya bheda abheda
2807:Renaissance humanism
2518:School of the Sextii
1892:Practical philosophy
1887:Political philosophy
1765:Chinese Text Project
1719:at Wikimedia Commons
1525:Mei, Y. P. (1973) .
1198:Chinese Text Project
848:unification of China
58:improve this article
6547:One-Dimensional Man
3978:School of Diplomacy
2848:Nimbarka Sampradaya
2759:Korean Confucianism
2506:Academic Skepticism
881:Modern perspectives
711:Against ostentation
652:Supernatural forces
381:philosophic schools
6667:Cultural pessimism
6662:Cultural criticism
5561:National character
3912:Chinese philosophy
3469:Post-structuralism
3371:Scientific realism
3326:Quinean naturalism
3306:Logical positivism
3262:Analytical Marxism
2481:Peripatetic school
2393:Chinese naturalism
1920:Aesthetic response
1847:Applied philosophy
1689:Yates, Robin D. S.
1638:. London: Penguin.
1253:Clarke, J (2000).
1179:. Oxford Academic.
1066:Hackett Publishing
937:Effective altruism
348:Chinese philosophy
150:
6748:
6747:
6464:
6463:
5609:Spontaneous order
5599:Social alienation
5448:Cultural heritage
5409:Social philosophy
5375:
5374:
5223:Mandate of Heaven
5095:
5094:
3878:
3877:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3835:
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3831:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3257:Analytic feminism
3229:
3228:
3191:Kierkegaardianism
3153:Transcendentalism
3113:Neo-scholasticism
2959:Classical Realism
2936:
2935:
2708:
2707:
2523:Neopythagoreanism
2280:
2279:
2276:
2275:
1897:Social philosophy
1715:Media related to
1305:978-1-889119-09-0
1264:978-0-415-20620-4
1150:, pp. 93–94.
1075:978-1-60-384468-0
1046:978-0-52-147030-8
1012:978-0-231-02515-7
432:
385:Spring and Autumn
344:
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196:Standard Mandarin
134:
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108:
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6712:Social criticism
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5718:
5700:Frankfurt School
5678:Communitarianism
5641:
5595:
5581:
5402:
5395:
5388:
5379:
5252:Self-cultivation
5157:Neo-Confucianism
4892:Chung-ying Cheng
4050:
3951:New Confucianism
3946:Neo-Confucianism
3905:
3898:
3891:
3882:
3867:
3866:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3570:
3561:
3544:
3434:Frankfurt School
3381:Transactionalism
3331:Normative ethics
3311:Legal positivism
3287:Falsificationism
3272:Consequentialism
3267:Communitarianism
3240:
3108:New Confucianism
2947:
2754:Neo-Confucianism
2719:
2528:Second Sophistic
2513:Middle Platonism
2356:
2297:
2286:
2129:Epiphenomenalism
1996:Consequentialism
1930:Institutionalism
1835:
1824:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1786:
1757:
1748:Zalta, Edward N.
1738:
1729:Zalta, Edward N.
1714:
1700:
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1672:
1661:
1658:Notes to zu Mozi
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1329:978-0-52105800-1
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1026:
1017:
1016:
981:
975:
972:
966:
963:
932:Consequentialism
728:
727:
680:Against fatalism
666:
665:
582:
581:
576:
575:
529:Consequentialism
520:
519:
509:Chinese Buddhism
506:
505:
500:
499:
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66:
42:
34:
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6781:
6780:
6771:Social theories
6751:
6750:
6749:
6744:
6731:
6657:Critical theory
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6630:
6620:
6610:
6600:
6590:
6580:
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6550:
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6520:
6510:
6500:
6490:
6480:
6460:
6138:
6132:
5930:
5924:
5873:
5802:
5709:
5661:Budapest School
5649:
5438:Cosmopolitanism
5411:
5406:
5376:
5371:
5289:
5190:Three teachings
5091:
5042:Tsang Lap Chuen
4855:
4717:
4626:
4608:
4524:
4520:
4512:
4461:
4443:
4352:
4346:
4330:
4239:
4221:
4039:
4037:
3983:School of Names
3926:Agriculturalism
3914:
3909:
3879:
3874:
3851:
3849:
3828:
3792:
3692:
3654:
3601:
3555:
3554:
3526:
3515:Russian cosmism
3488:
3484:Western Marxism
3449:New Historicism
3414:Critical theory
3400:
3396:Wittgensteinian
3292:Foundationalism
3225:
3162:
3143:Social contract
2999:Foundationalism
2932:
2914:
2898:Illuminationism
2883:Aristotelianism
2869:
2858:Vishishtadvaita
2811:
2763:
2704:
2671:
2542:
2471:Megarian school
2466:Eretrian school
2407:
2368:Agriculturalism
2345:
2291:
2272:
2219:
2191:
2148:
2100:
2057:
2041:Incompatibilism
2010:
1982:
1934:
1906:
1829:
1818:
1813:
1744:"Mohist Canons"
1742:Fraser, Chris.
1741:
1723:Fraser, Chris.
1722:
1707:
1687:
1681:
1664:
1655:
1649:), ed. (2001).
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1515:
1506:
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1476:
1470:
1453:
1424:
1418:
1405:
1399:
1385:Chan, Wing-tsit
1383:
1374:
1364:Brecht, Bertolt
1362:
1354:
1351:
1349:Further reading
1336:
1330:
1314:Needham, Joseph
1312:
1306:
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1083:
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1059:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1039:. p. 761.
1028:
1027:
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1013:
983:
982:
978:
973:
969:
964:
960:
955:
927:Buddhist ethics
913:
883:
844:
809:
807:Siege engineers
760:
739:
713:
682:
654:
596:
590:
568:
545:
537:
531:
491:The concept of
473:
467:
461:of the period.
408:
402:
298:
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247:Tongyong Pinyin
237:
178:Literal meaning
130:
119:
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110:
67:
65:
55:
43:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6789:
6787:
6779:
6778:
6776:Utilitarianism
6773:
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6753:
6752:
6746:
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6717:Social science
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6659:
6654:
6649:
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6623:
6613:
6607:Gender Trouble
6603:
6593:
6583:
6573:
6563:
6553:
6543:
6537:The Second Sex
6533:
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6503:
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6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6142:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5934:
5932:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5881:
5879:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5724:
5722:
5715:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5663:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5587:
5582:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5529:Invisible hand
5526:
5521:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5412:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5397:
5390:
5382:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5360:Metaphilosophy
5357:
5352:
5347:
5340:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5261:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5237:
5232:
5225:
5220:
5213:
5206:
5199:
5192:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5168:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5144:
5137:
5130:
5123:
5116:
5109:
5103:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4972:Lee Shui-chuen
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4841:Zhang Xuecheng
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4727:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4579:Wang Chongyang
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4530:
4528:
4518:Five Dynasties
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4341:
4339:Three Kingdoms
4335:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4058:
4056:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4002:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3885:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3860:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3713:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3660:Middle Eastern
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3567:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3424:Existentialism
3421:
3419:Deconstruction
3416:
3410:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3252:Applied ethics
3248:
3246:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3216:Nietzscheanism
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3158:Utilitarianism
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3056:Transcendental
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2994:Existentialism
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2782:Augustinianism
2779:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2695:Zoroastrianism
2692:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2552:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2538:Church Fathers
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2420:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2053:Libertarianism
2050:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1857:Metaphilosophy
1854:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1767:
1758:
1739:
1720:
1706:
1705:External links
1703:
1702:
1701:
1685:
1679:
1662:
1640:
1631:
1625:
1612:
1606:
1593:
1587:
1574:
1568:
1555:
1549:
1532:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1483:
1474:
1468:
1462:. Open Court.
1451:
1439:10.2307/605537
1422:
1417:978-0231149273
1416:
1403:
1397:
1387:, ed. (1969).
1381:
1372:
1360:
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1241:
1229:
1203:
1182:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1125:
1108:
1096:
1081:
1074:
1068:. p. 52.
1052:
1045:
1018:
1011:
997:Watson, Burton
976:
967:
957:
956:
954:
951:
950:
949:
944:
942:Logic in China
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
912:
909:
882:
879:
843:
840:
821:history. The
808:
805:
759:
756:
748:Joseph Needham
738:
735:
712:
709:
705:misanthroponic
700:
699:
696:
693:
681:
678:
653:
650:
642:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
592:Main article:
589:
586:
567:
564:
538:
533:Main article:
530:
527:
486:utilitarianism
466:
463:
401:
398:
389:Warring States
362:utilitarianism
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
273:
263:
257:
256:
249:
243:
242:
233:
227:
226:
219:
213:
212:
205:
199:
198:
192:
191:
190:Transcriptions
183:
182:
179:
175:
174:
167:
161:
160:
157:
156:
132:
131:
46:
44:
37:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6788:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6734:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6722:Social theory
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6638:
6629:
6628:
6624:
6619:
6618:
6614:
6609:
6608:
6604:
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6514:
6509:
6508:
6504:
6499:
6498:
6494:
6489:
6488:
6484:
6479:
6478:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6376:Radhakrishnan
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6137:20th and 21st
6135:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5929:18th and 19th
5927:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5876:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5716:
5712:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5634:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5403:
5398:
5396:
5391:
5389:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5072:Zhang Dongsun
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4992:Liang Shuming
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4698:Wang Yangming
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4256:Dongfang Shuo
4254:
4252:
4251:Dong Zhongshu
4249:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3901:
3899:
3894:
3892:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3871:
3870:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:Miscellaneous
3795:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:Miscellaneous
3491:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3479:Structuralism
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3464:Postmodernism
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3454:Phenomenology
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3391:Vienna Circle
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3321:Moral realism
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3123:Phenomenology
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3063:Individualism
3061:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2928:Judeo-Islamic
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2904:ʿIlm al-Kalām
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2853:Shuddhadvaita
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:Scholasticism
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2283:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2238:Conceptualism
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2167:Particularism
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:Functionalism
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:Eliminativism
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2024:Compatibilism
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:Particularism
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1699:(3): 549–603.
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1680:0-231-04064-4
1676:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1643:Sun, Yirang (
1641:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1626:3-424-00509-6
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1607:3-424-00509-6
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1588:3-424-01029-4
1584:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1569:3-7705-3380-1
1565:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1550:3-326-00466-4
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1469:0-8126-9087-7
1465:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1398:0-691-01964-9
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1288:
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1199:
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1174:
1168:
1165:
1162:, p. 94.
1161:
1156:
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1149:
1144:
1141:
1138:, p. 93.
1137:
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1126:
1123:, p. 92.
1122:
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749:
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737:The Logicians
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458:fortification
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114:December 2019
106:
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89:
85:
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78:
75: –
74:
70:
69:Find sources:
63:
59:
53:
52:
47:This article
45:
41:
36:
35:
30:
29:Mo (religion)
26:
22:
6625:
6615:
6605:
6595:
6585:
6575:
6565:
6555:
6545:
6535:
6525:
6515:
6505:
6495:
6485:
6475:
5895:Guicciardini
5878:Early modern
5714:Philosophers
5688:Conservatism
5683:Confucianism
5671:Distributism
5604:Social norms
5592:Sittlichkeit
5578:Ressentiment
5524:Institutions
5502:Human nature
5355:Epistemology
5342:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5264:Yin and yang
5256:
5247:Human nature
5239:
5235:Filial piety
5227:
5215:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5182:
5175:
5163:
5152:Confucianism
5146:
5139:
5132:
5125:
5118:
5111:
5082:Zhou Guoping
5077:Zhang Shenfu
5062:Yin Haiguang
5057:Yang Changji
5002:Liu Xiaofeng
4987:Liang Qichao
4872:Carsun Chang
4860:20th century
4846:Zhuang Cunyu
4776:Hong Liangji
4736:Chen Menglei
4731:Chen Hongmou
4713:Zhan Ruoshui
4673:Liu Zongzhou
4643:Hong Zicheng
4638:Huang Zongxi
4544:Fan Zhongyan
4522:Ten Kingdoms
4508:Linji Yixuan
4503:Liu Zongyuan
4092:Gongsun Long
4054:Eastern Zhou
4045:Philosophers
4023:
4019:Mixed School
4004:
3997:
3967:
3941:Han learning
3936:Confucianism
3862:
3848:
3519:
3510:Postcritique
3500:Kyoto School
3459:Posthumanism
3439:Hermeneutics
3294: /
3235:Contemporary
3211:Newtonianism
3174:Cartesianism
3133:Reductionism
2969:Conservatism
2964:Collectivism
2902:
2630:Sarvāstivadā
2608:Anekantavada
2533:Neoplatonism
2501:Epicureanism
2434:Pythagoreans
2387:
2373:Confucianism
2339:Contemporary
2329:Early modern
2233:Anti-realism
2187:Universalism
2144:Subjectivism
1940:Epistemology
1751:
1732:
1696:
1692:
1668:
1657:
1650:
1635:
1616:
1597:
1578:
1559:
1536:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1491:
1487:
1478:
1457:
1430:
1426:
1407:
1388:
1379:. Cambridge.
1376:
1367:
1355:
1339:
1318:
1293:
1282:
1273:
1254:
1220:. Retrieved
1216:
1206:
1197:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1160:Needham 1986
1155:
1148:Needham 1986
1143:
1136:Needham 1986
1121:Needham 1986
1104:Needham 1986
1099:
1091:
1061:
1055:
1031:
1001:
979:
970:
961:
922:Brahmavihara
896:
884:
863:
855:
845:
832:
826:
822:
819:
810:
800:
796:
791:
779:
767:
764:Mohist canon
761:
740:
721:ritual music
718:
714:
701:
685:
683:
667:
659:
655:
646:
643:
617:
613:
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569:
553:
546:
540:
522:
512:
492:
490:
482:
474:
453:
449:
446:
436:Edward Craig
423:
409:
369:Confucianism
366:
355:
335:
290:
286:
285:
203:Hanyu Pinyin
181:School of Mo
146:Zhou dynasty
120:
111:
101:
94:
87:
80:
68:
56:Please help
51:verification
48:
6682:Historicism
6511:(1835–1840)
6477:De Officiis
6201:de Beauvoir
6171:Baudrillard
6123:Vivekananda
6113:Tocqueville
6028:Kierkegaard
5844:Ibn Khaldun
5814:Alpharabius
5705:Personalism
5614:Stewardship
5571:Reification
5566:Natural law
5487:Familialism
5453:Culturalism
5326:Role ethics
5311:Metaphysics
5087:Zhou Zuoren
5047:Xiong Shili
5032:Tang Chun-i
5027:Sun Yat-sen
5022:Qiu Renzong
5017:Mou Zongsan
4967:Kang Youwei
4912:Feng Youlan
4877:P. C. Chang
4867:Cai Yuanpei
4851:Zeng Guofan
4836:Yu Zhengxie
4766:Gong Zizhen
4761:Feng Guifen
4751:Fang Lanfen
4683:Qian Dehong
4483:Zhang Zhihe
4419:Xiahou Xuan
4359:Bao Jingyan
4202:Zhuang Zhou
3505:Objectivism
3444:Neo-Marxism
3406:Continental
3316:Meta-ethics
3296:Coherentism
3201:Hegelianism
3138:Rationalism
3098:Natural law
3078:Materialism
3004:Historicism
2974:Determinism
2865:Navya-Nyāya
2640:Sautrāntika
2635:Pudgalavada
2571:Vaisheshika
2424:Presocratic
2324:Renaissance
2263:Physicalism
2248:Materialism
2154:Normativity
2139:Objectivism
2124:Emergentism
2114:Behaviorism
2063:Metaphysics
2029:Determinism
1968:Rationalism
1651:Mozi xiangu
1433:(1): 1–11.
1191:"Gong Shu"
900:Eastern Han
867:metaphysics
827:Art of War,
758:Mathematics
594:Meritocracy
511:, the term
406:Mozi (book)
394:Qin dynasty
6755:Categories
6687:Humanities
6647:Agnotology
6306:Kołakowski
5869:Ibn Tufayl
5849:Maimonides
5793:Thucydides
5788:Tertullian
5743:Lactantius
5638:Volksgeist
5619:Traditions
5433:Convention
5365:Legitimacy
5067:Yu Dunkang
5037:Tang Yijie
5012:Mao Zedong
4997:Lin Yutang
4962:Jin Yuelin
4957:Jiang Qing
4932:He Guanghu
4902:Chu Anping
4887:Chen Duxiu
4816:Wang Fuzhi
4806:Tan Sitong
4801:Pan Pingge
4796:Liu Yiming
4678:Luo Rufang
4599:Zhou Dunyi
4584:Wang Chuyi
4574:Wang Anshi
4554:Lu Jiuyuan
4434:Yan Zhitui
4424:Xie Daoyun
4326:Yang Xiong
4311:Wang Chong
4286:Kong Anguo
4147:Shen Buhai
4142:Shang Yang
4097:Guan Zhong
4067:Chunyu Kun
3988:Naturalism
3804:Amerindian
3711:Australian
3650:Vietnamese
3630:Indonesian
3179:Kantianism
3128:Positivism
3118:Pragmatism
3093:Naturalism
3073:Liberalism
3051:Subjective
2989:Empiricism
2893:Avicennism
2838:Bhedabheda
2722:East Asian
2645:Madhyamaka
2625:Abhidharma
2491:Pyrrhonism
2258:Nominalism
2253:Naturalism
2182:Skepticism
2172:Relativism
2162:Absolutism
2091:Naturalism
2001:Deontology
1973:Skepticism
1958:Naturalism
1948:Empiricism
1912:Aesthetics
1816:Philosophy
1494:: 355–80.
989:Xun, Kuang
953:References
917:Asceticism
850:under the
788:Democritus
478:Confucians
469:See also:
404:See also:
231:Wade–Giles
84:newspapers
6727:Sociology
6677:Historism
6386:Santayana
6356:Oakeshott
6326:MacIntyre
6311:Kropotkin
6286:Heidegger
6139:centuries
6053:Nietzsche
6018:Jefferson
6003:Helvétius
5968:Condorcet
5931:centuries
5915:Montaigne
5738:Confucius
5728:Augustine
5645:Worldview
5539:Modernity
5512:Formation
5344:Shan shui
5277:Zhengming
5052:Xu Fuguan
4977:Li Shicen
4952:Ray Huang
4937:Hu Qiaomu
4907:Fang Keli
4897:Ch'ien Mu
4882:Chen Daqi
4811:Tang Zhen
4756:Fang Quan
4668:Liu Bowen
4658:Lai Zhide
4648:Jiao Hong
4633:Chen Jiru
4594:Zhang Zai
4559:Shao Yong
4534:Cheng Hao
4478:Wang Tong
4379:Guo Xiang
4301:Liu Xiang
4281:Jing Fang
4192:Yuan Xian
4172:Ximen Bao
4127:Lie Yukou
4082:Duanmu Ci
4072:Confucius
3958:Huang–Lao
3683:Pakistani
3645:Taiwanese
3592:Ethiopian
3565:By region
3551:By region
3366:Scientism
3361:Systemics
3221:Spinozism
3148:Socialism
3083:Modernism
3046:Objective
2954:Anarchism
2888:Averroism
2777:Christian
2729:Neotaoism
2700:Zurvanism
2690:Mithraism
2685:Mazdakism
2456:Cyrenaics
2383:Logicians
2016:Free will
1978:Solipsism
1925:Formalism
846:With the
801:parallels
743:Logicians
6740:Category
6652:Axiology
6640:See also
6431:Voegelin
6421:Spengler
6396:Shariati
6351:Nussbaum
6336:Maritain
6296:Irigaray
6276:Habermas
6241:Foucault
6226:Durkheim
6128:Voltaire
6093:de Staël
6068:Rousseau
5993:Franklin
5854:Muhammad
5839:Gelasius
5824:Avempace
5807:Medieval
5783:Polybius
5778:Plutarch
5544:Morality
5519:Ideology
5507:Identity
5416:Concepts
5338:Ink wash
5316:Politics
5306:Theology
5165:Ming yun
5141:Jing zuo
5100:Concepts
4982:Li Zehou
4947:Hua Gang
4917:Gan Yang
4826:Yan Yuan
4821:Wei Yuan
4791:Lin Zexu
4771:Gu Yanwu
4746:Fang Bao
4741:Dai Zhen
4703:Wu Cheng
4693:Wang Gen
4564:Shen Kuo
4539:Cheng Yi
4498:Liu Yuxi
4404:Sengzhao
4364:Fan Zhen
4266:Huan Tan
4246:Ban Zhao
4197:Zhang Yi
4187:Yang Zhu
4152:Shen Dao
4062:Bu Shang
3963:Legalism
3931:Buddhism
3869:Category
3824:Yugoslav
3814:Romanian
3721:Scottish
3706:American
3635:Japanese
3615:Buddhist
3597:Africana
3587:Egyptian
3429:Feminist
3351:Rawlsian
3346:Quietism
3244:Analytic
3196:Krausism
3103:Nihilism
3068:Kokugaku
3031:Absolute
3026:Idealism
3014:Humanism
2802:Occamism
2769:European
2714:Medieval
2660:Yogacara
2620:Buddhist
2613:Syādvāda
2496:Stoicism
2461:Cynicism
2449:Sophists
2444:Atomists
2439:Eleatics
2378:Legalism
2319:Medieval
2243:Idealism
2197:Ontology
2177:Nihilism
2081:Idealism
1839:Branches
1828:Branches
1763: –
1725:"Mohism"
1366:(1971).
1316:(1956).
1213:"Mohism"
995:(1967).
993:Han, Fei
911:See also
871:Yin-Yang
799:and for
784:atomists
686:San Biao
400:Overview
377:Legalism
217:Bopomofo
73:"Mohism"
6481:(44 BC)
6411:Sombart
6406:Skinner
6391:Scruton
6371:Polanyi
6346:Niebuhr
6331:Marcuse
6266:Gramsci
6261:Gentile
6221:Du Bois
6211:Deleuze
6181:Benoist
6151:Agamben
6108:Thoreau
6098:Stirner
6088:Spencer
6038:Le Play
5988:Fourier
5973:Emerson
5958:Carlyle
5943:Bentham
5920:Müntzer
5890:Erasmus
5864:Plethon
5859:Photios
5819:Aquinas
5753:Mencius
5721:Ancient
5654:Schools
5534:Loyalty
5492:History
5480:Counter
5475:Culture
5443:Customs
5350:Society
5127:Jian'ai
4942:Hu Shih
4927:Gu Zhun
4786:Ma Qixi
4688:Wang Ji
4653:Jiao Yu
4569:Su Song
4549:Hu Hong
4439:Zhi Dun
4429:Xun Can
4414:Wang Bi
4409:Wang Su
4399:Ji Kang
4394:Huiyuan
4384:Fu Xuan
4374:Ge Hong
4321:Xun Yue
4316:Wang Fu
4306:Ma Rong
4276:Jia Kui
4217:Zou Yan
4177:Xu Xing
4162:Sun Tzu
4132:Mencius
4107:Hui Shi
4102:Han Fei
4077:Deng Xi
4014:Yangism
4006:Xuanxue
3973:Marxism
3919:Schools
3819:Russian
3788:Spanish
3783:Slovene
3773:Maltese
3768:Italian
3748:Finland
3716:British
3698:Western
3688:Turkish
3673:Islamic
3668:Iranian
3620:Chinese
3607:Eastern
3574:African
3521:more...
3206:Marxism
3036:British
2979:Dualism
2875:Islamic
2833:Advaita
2823:Vedanta
2797:Scotism
2792:Thomism
2734:Tiantai
2677:Persian
2665:Tibetan
2655:Śūnyatā
2596:Cārvāka
2586:Ājīvika
2581:Mīmāṃsā
2561:Samkhya
2476:Academy
2429:Ionians
2403:Yangism
2360:Chinese
2351:Ancient
2314:Western
2309:Ancient
2268:Realism
2225:Reality
2215:Process
2096:Realism
2076:Dualism
2071:Atomism
1953:Fideism
1750:(ed.).
1731:(ed.).
1247:Sources
1222:7 April
999:(ed.).
875:Daoists
842:Decline
836:Gongshu
792:Mo Jing
780:Mo Jing
768:Mo Jing
731:anarchy
674:Han Fei
566:Society
560:Bentham
425:jiān ài
412:Chinese
324:Chinese
238:Mo-chia
223:ㄇㄛˋ ㄐㄧㄚ
165:Chinese
144:in the
98:scholar
6761:Mohism
6672:Ethics
6631:(2010)
6621:(1991)
6611:(1990)
6601:(1987)
6591:(1987)
6581:(1979)
6571:(1976)
6561:(1967)
6551:(1964)
6541:(1949)
6531:(1935)
6521:(1930)
6501:(1756)
6491:(1486)
6436:Walzer
6426:Taylor
6416:Sowell
6401:Simmel
6366:Pareto
6361:Ortega
6271:Guénon
6256:Gehlen
6251:Gandhi
6206:Debord
6191:Butler
6186:Berlin
6176:Bauman
6166:Badiou
6156:Arendt
6146:Adorno
6078:Ruskin
6033:Le Bon
6008:Herder
5983:Fichte
5978:Engels
5948:Bonald
5938:Arnold
5910:Milton
5905:Luther
5885:Calvin
5763:Origen
5733:Cicero
5693:Social
5629:Family
5624:Values
5585:Rights
5549:Public
5497:Honour
5428:Anomie
5423:Agency
5321:Ethics
5294:Topics
5229:Wu wei
5007:Lu Xun
4831:Yu Yue
4781:Ji Yun
4663:Li Zhi
4604:Zhu Xi
4589:Ye Shi
4488:Han Yu
4473:Jizang
4389:He Yan
4369:Fan Ye
4296:Lu Jia
4291:Liu An
4271:Jia Yi
4261:Dou Wu
4207:Zichan
4157:Su Qin
4117:Li Kui
3999:Daoxue
3993:Taoism
3968:Mohism
3778:Polish
3758:German
3753:French
3738:Danish
3728:Canada
3678:Jewish
3640:Korean
3625:Indian
3167:People
3088:Monism
3041:German
3009:Holism
2942:Modern
2920:Jewish
2843:Dvaita
2816:Indian
2739:Huayan
2591:Ajñana
2548:Indian
2413:Greco-
2398:Taoism
2388:Mohism
2334:Modern
2301:By era
2290:By era
2205:Action
2086:Monism
2006:Virtue
1988:Ethics
1779:Mohism
1774:Curlie
1770:Mohism
1717:Mohism
1677:
1623:
1604:
1585:
1566:
1547:
1466:
1447:605537
1445:
1414:
1395:
1326:
1302:
1261:
1072:
1043:
1009:
985:Mo, Di
947:Wu wei
790:, the
772:Euclid
422::
420:pinyin
414::
373:Taoism
334::
332:pinyin
326::
287:Mohism
253:Mò-jia
100:
93:
86:
79:
71:
25:Maoism
21:Monism
6469:Works
6456:Žižek
6441:Weber
6381:Röpke
6341:Negri
6321:Lasch
6291:Hoppe
6246:Fromm
6236:Evola
6216:Dewey
6196:Camus
6103:Taine
6083:Smith
6073:Royce
6063:Renan
5998:Hegel
5963:Comte
5953:Burke
5900:Locke
5834:Dante
5829:Bruni
5798:Xunzi
5773:Plato
5768:Philo
5748:Laozi
5556:Mores
5468:Multi
5458:Inter
5301:Logic
5284:Ziran
4922:Gu Su
4708:Xu Ai
4493:Li Ao
4468:Fu Yi
4182:Xunzi
4167:Wu Qi
4122:Li Si
4112:Laozi
4087:Gaozi
3809:Aztec
3763:Greek
3743:Dutch
3733:Czech
3582:Bantu
3019:Anti-
2566:Nyaya
2556:Hindu
2416:Roman
2210:Event
1852:Logic
1746:. In
1727:. In
1656:[
1443:JSTOR
776:Plato
552:, in
337:Mòjiā
291:Moism
209:Mòjiā
155:Mojia
105:JSTOR
91:books
6451:Zinn
6446:Weil
6316:Land
6301:Kirk
6161:Aron
6118:Vico
6058:Owen
6048:Mill
6043:Marx
6023:Kant
6013:Hume
5758:Mozi
5463:Mono
5270:Yong
5217:Tian
5196:Shen
5177:Qing
5134:Jing
4723:Qing
4622:Ming
4617:Yuan
4526:Song
4457:Tang
4212:Zisi
4137:Mozi
2910:Sufi
2744:Chan
2603:Jain
2576:Yoga
2106:Mind
2046:Hard
2034:Hard
1675:ISBN
1654:墨子闲诂
1621:ISBN
1602:ISBN
1583:ISBN
1564:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1464:ISBN
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