744:. This is because manpower will be diverted from agriculture and other fundamental works towards ostentations. Civilians will eventually imitate the ruler's lusts, making the situation worse. Mozi probably advocated this idea in response to the fact that during the Warring States period, the Zhou king and the aristocrats spent countless time in the development of delicate music while ordinary peasants could hardly meet their subsistence needs. To Mozi, bare necessities are sufficient; resources should be directed to benefit man.
595:
perfectly conformed to the ruler, who is perfectly submissive to Heaven, conformity in speech and behaviour is expected of all people. There is no freedom of speech in this model. However, the potentially repressive element is countered by compulsory communication between the subjects and their leaders. Subjects are required to report all things good or bad to their rulers. Mohism is opposed to any form of aggression, especially war between states. It is, however, permissible for a state to use force in legitimate defense.
876:
by unification. The philosophy of language, epistemology, metaphysics, and science of the later Mohist Canons were recorded in difficult, dense texts that would have been nearly unintelligible to most readers (and that in any case quickly became corrupt). What remained as distinctively Mohist was a package of harsh, unappealing economic and cultural views, such as their obsession with parsimony and their rejection of music and ritual. Compared with the classical learning and rituals of the
Confucians, the speculative
849:, recorded in the Mohist canon. Mozi travels 10 days and nights when he hears that Gongshu Pan has built machines for the king of Chu to use in an invasion of the smaller state of Song. Upon arriving in Chu, Mozi makes a wall out of his belt and sticks to represent machines, and shows Gongshu Pan that he can defend Song against any offensive strategy Chu might use. Mozi then announces that three hundred of his disciples are already on the walls of Song, ready to defend against Chu. The king cancels the invasion.
148:
518:). In this, he argued directly against Confucians who believed that it was natural and correct for people to care about different people in different degrees. Mozi, by contrast, believed people in principle should care for all people equally. Mohism stressed that rather than adopting different attitudes towards different people, love should be unconditional and offered to everyone without regard to reciprocation, not just to friends, family and other Confucian relations. Later in
740:) to discuss this. Though he mentions that he does enjoy and recognize what is pleasant, he sees them of no utilization in terms of governing, or of the benefit of common people. Instead, since development of music involves man's power, it reduces production of food; furthermore, appreciation of music results in less time for administrative works. This overdevelopment eventually results in shortage of food, as well as
3876:
51:
781:) described various aspects of many fields associated with physical science, and provided a small wealth of information on mathematics as well. It provided an 'atomic' definition of the geometric point, stating that a line is separated into parts, and the part which has no remaining parts (i.e. cannot be divided into smaller parts) and thus the extreme end of a line is a point. Much like
668:
instructions on bamboo, plates and stones to ensure the continual obedience of their future descendants to the dictates of heaven. In Mozi's teachings, sacrifices of bulls and rams were mentioned during appointed times during the spring and autumn seasons. Spirits were described to be the preexisting primal spirits of nature, or the souls of humans who had died.
1723:
3863:
904:' Institute of Science Policy and Managerial Science, and Liu Qingfeng, a professor of the Institute of Chinese Culture at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, have argued that without the influence of proto-scientific precepts in the ancient philosophy of Mohism, Chinese science lacked a definitive structure:
909:
science, were declining. If Mohism, rich in scientific thought, had rapidly grown and strengthened, the situation might have been very favorable to the development of a scientific structure. However, this did not happen because the seeds of the primitive structure of science were never formed. During the late
609:
Mozi was opposed to nepotism that was a social norm of that time, this mindset allowed the assignment of important government responsibilities to one's relatives, regardless of capabilities, as opposed to those who were best equipped to handle these responsibilities, restricting social mobility. Mozi
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fēi). According to Mozi, we must therefore choose leaders who will surround themselves with righteous followers, who will then create the hierarchy that harmonizes Shi/Fei. In that sense, the government becomes an authoritative and automated tool. Assuming that the leaders in the social hierarchy are
558:
Unlike hedonistic utilitarianism, which views pleasure as a moral good, "the basic goods in Mohist consequentialist thinking are... order, material wealth, and increase in population". During Mozi's era, war and famines were common, and population growth was seen as a moral necessity for a harmonious
471:
and statecraft, and wrote treatises on government, with topics ranging from efficient agricultural production to the laws of inheritance. They were often hired by the many warring kingdoms as advisers to the state. In this way, they were similar to the other wandering philosophers and knights-errant
581:
Mozi posited that, when society functions as an organized organism, the wastes and inefficiencies found in the natural state (without organization) are reduced. He believed that conflicts are born from the absence of moral uniformity found in human cultures in the natural state, i.e. the absence of
875:
Their core ethical doctrines had largely been absorbed into
Confucianism, though in a modified and unsystematic form. Key features of their political philosophy were probably shared with most other political thinkers, and their trademark opposition to warfare had been rendered effectively redundant
831:
Mozi and his disciples worked concertedly and systematically to invent and synthesise measures of benefit to defence, including defensive arms and strategy, and their corresponding logistics and military mobilisation. Many were actually applied, and remained an aspect of military affairs throughout
613:
A ruler should be in close proximity to talented people, treasuring talents and seeking their counsel frequently. Without discovering and understanding talents within the country, the country will be destroyed. History unfortunately saw many people who were murdered, not because of their frailties,
458:
The
Mohists formed a highly structured political organization that tried to realize the ideas they preached, the writings of Mozi. Like Confucians, they hired out their services not only for gain, but also in order to realize their own ethical ideals. This political structure consisted of a network
908:
From the middle and late
Eastern Han to the early Wei and Jin dynasties, the net growth of ancient Chinese science and technology experienced a peak (second only to that of the Northern Song dynasty)... Han studies of the Confucian classics, which for a long time had hindered the socialization of
625:
In a perfect governmental structure where the ruler loves all people benevolently, and officials are selected according to meritocracy, the people should have unity in belief and in speech. His original purpose in this teaching was to unite people and avoid sectarianism. However, in a situation of
621:
standards by which to rule at all. The carpenter is always better off when depending on his standard tools, rather than on his emotions. Ironically, as his decisions affect the fate of an entire nation, it is even more important that a ruler maintains a set of standards, and yet he has none. These
486:
Mohism promotes a philosophy of impartial caring; that is, a person should care equally for all other individuals, regardless of their actual relationship to them. The expression of this indiscriminate caring is what makes a person a righteous being in Mohist thought. This advocacy of impartiality
871:
suggests, in addition to the decline of siege warfare, "…the major factor is probably that as a social and philosophical movement, Mohism gradually collapsed into irrelevance. By the middle of the former Han dynasty, the more appealing aspects of Mohist thought were all shared with rival schools.
667:
Rulers of the period often ritually assigned punishments and rewards to their subjects in spiritually important places to garner the attention of these spirits and ensure that justice was done. The respect of these spirits was deemed so important that prehistoric
Chinese ancestors had left their
658:
The measure of a country's wealth in Mohism is a matter of sufficient provision and a large population. Thriftiness is believed to be key to this end. With contentment with that which suffices, men will be free from excessive labour, long-term war and poverty from income gap disparity. This will
726:
By the time of Mozi, Chinese rulers and the wealthier citizens already had the practice of extravagant burial rituals. Much wealth was buried with the dead, and ritualistic mourning could be as extreme as walking on a stick hunchback for three years in a posture of mourning. During such lengthy
713:
In summary, fatalism, the belief that all outcomes are predestined or fated to occur, is an irresponsible belief espoused by those who refuse to acknowledge that their own lack of responsibility or the western view of sinfulness has caused the hardships of their lives. Prosperity or poverty are
671:
The
Mohists polemicized against elaborate funeral ceremonies and other wasteful rituals, and called for austerity in life and in governance, but did not deem spiritual sacrifices wasteful. Using historical records, Mohists argued that the spirits of innocent men wrongfully murdered had appeared
814:, along with principles of space and bounded space. It also described the fact that planes without the quality of thickness cannot be piled up since they cannot mutually touch. The book provided definitions for circumference, diameter, and radius, along with the definition of volume.
512:) was developed by the Chinese philosopher Mozi in the 4th century BC in reaction to Confucianism's benevolent love. Mozi tried to replace what he considered to be the long-entrenched Chinese over-attachment to family and clan structures with the concept of "universal love" (jiān'ài,
569:, writes that the moral goods of Mohism "are interrelated: An example of this would be, more basic wealth, then more reproduction; more people, then more production and wealth... if people have plenty, they would be good, filial, kind, and so on unproblematically". In contrast to
499:. Tradition varies from culture to culture, and human beings need an extra-traditional guide to identify which traditions are morally acceptable. The moral guide must then promote and encourage social behaviours that maximize the general utility of all the people in that society.
402:
periods). During that time, Mohism was seen as a major rival to
Confucianism. While its influence endured, Mohism almost disappeared as an independent school of thought as it transformed and integrated into sects of Taoism in the wake of the cultural transformations of the
865:, China was no longer divided into various states constantly fighting each other: where previously the Mohists proved to be an asset when defending a city against an external threat, without wars, and in particular siege wars, there was no more need for their skills. The
494:
Mozi is known for his insistence that all people are equally deserving of receiving material benefit and being protected from physical harm. In Mohism, morality is defined not by tradition and ritual, but rather by a constant moral guide that parallels
614:
but rather because of their strengths. A good bow is difficult to pull, but it shoots high. A good horse is difficult to ride, but it can carry weight and travel far. Talented people are difficult to manage, but they can bring respect to their rulers.
822:
One consequence of Mohist understanding of mathematics and the physical sciences, combined with their anti-militarist philosophy and skills as artisans, was that they became the pre-eminent siege-defense engineers during the period prior to the
552:
It is the business of the benevolent man to seek to promote what is beneficial to the world and to eliminate what is harmful, and to provide a model for the world. What benefits he will carry out; what does not benefit men he will leave alone.
610:
taught that as long as a person was qualified for a task, he should keep his position, regardless of blood relations. If an officer was incapable, even if he was a close relative of the ruler, he ought to be demoted, even if it meant poverty.
727:
funerals, people are not able to attend to agriculture or care for their families, leading to poverty. Mozi spoke against such long and lavish funerals and also argued that this would even create resentment among the living.
805:
stated that a point is the smallest unit, and cannot be cut in half, since 'nothing' cannot be halved. It stated that two lines of equal length will always finish at the same place, while providing definitions for the
756:
school, which was interested in resolving logical puzzles. Not much survives from the writings of this school, since problems of logic were deemed trivial by most subsequent
Chinese philosophers. Historians such as
683:), the celestial bureaucracy and spirits which knew about the immoral acts of man and punished them, encouraging moral righteousness, and were wary of some of the more atheistic thinkers of the time, such as
371:. Among its major ethical tenets were altruism and a universal, unbiased respect and concern for all people regardless of relations or affiliations. The ideology also stressed the virtues of austerity and
844:
The Mohist beliefs were popular for a time in China, and Mohist followers were employed for their ability as negotiators and as defense engineers. This component of Mohism is dramatized in the story of
573:'s views, state consequentialism is not utilitarian because it is not hedonistic. The importance of outcomes that are good for the state outweigh the importance of individual pleasure and pain.
622:
standards cannot originate from man, since no man is perfect; the only standards that a ruler uses have to originate from Heaven, since only Heaven is perfect. That law of Heaven is Love.
793:
stated that "a point may stand at the end (of a line) or at its beginning like a head-presentation in childbirth. (As to its invisibility) there is nothing similar to it." Similar to the
714:
directly correlated with either virtue or vice, respectively, so realised by deductive thinking and by one's own logic; not fate. Mozi calls fatalism that almost indefinitely ends in
491:, who believed that while love should be unconditional, it should not be indiscriminate. For example, children should hold a greater love for their parents than for random strangers.
6537:
695:
Mozi disagrees with the fatalistic mindset of people, accusing the mindset of bringing about poverty and suffering. To argue against this attitude, Mozi used three criteria (
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before to enact their vengeance. Spirits had also been recorded to have appeared to carry out other acts of justice. Mohists believed in heaven as a divine force (
617:
Law and order was an important aspect of Mozi's philosophy. He compared the carpenter, who uses standard tools to do his work, with the ruler, who might not have
3913:
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of local units in all the major kingdoms of China at the time, made up of elements from both the scholarly and working classes. Each unit was led by a
6048:
687:. Due to the vague nature of the records, there is a possibility that the Mohist scribes themselves may not have been clear about this subject.
1041:
565:
827:. They believed in aiding the defensive warfare of smaller Chinese states against the hostile offensive warfare of larger domineering states.
1314:
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of ethics and logic, rational thought, and scientific technology developed by the scholars who studied under the ancient
Chinese philosopher
1338:
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that was never fully developed, but others believe that recognizing the
Logicians as proto-scientists reveals too much of a modern bias.
1763:
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is "impartial care" because Mozi was more concerned with ethics than morality, as the latter tends to be based on fear more than hope.
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Lack of food. Ministers are not able to carry out their work. Punishment fails to bring fear and reward fails to bring happiness.
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society. The "material wealth" of Mohist consequentialism refers to basic needs like shelter and clothing. Stanford sinologist
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463:(literally, "chisel"—an image from craft making). Within the unit, a frugal and ascetic lifestyle was enforced. Each
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Law and regulations becomes too heavy such that there is repressive fear and people only look after their own good.
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Mozi views aesthetics as nearly useless. Unlike Confucius, he holds a distinctive repulsion to any development in
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is hence highly respected by modern scholars, and ranks as a classic on military matters on a par with Sunzi's
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was seen as capable of being either selfish or selfless, the latter being a key element towards enlightenment.
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Should the ruler be unrighteous, seven disasters would result for that nation. These seven disasters are:
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532:) was adopted to refer to a passionate caring love and was considered a fundamental desire. In Buddhism,
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A general study of the man and his age, his works, and his teachings, with an extensive bibliography.
1531:. Vol. One: From the Beginnings to the Sixth Century A.D. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1184:"Insights into the Mozi and their Implications for the Study of Contemporary International Relations"
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The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Edward Craig. Routledge Publishing. 2005.
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Hansen, Chad (1989). "Mozi: Language Utilitarianism: The Structure of Ethics in Classical China".
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Geaney, Jane (1999). "A Critique of A. C. Graham's Reconstruction of the 'Neo-Mohist Canons".
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theory and behaviour, "A social heresy which needs to be disarmed, dissolved and destroyed".
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Der Weg des Himmels: Zum Geist und zur Gestalt des politischen Denkens im klassischen China
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913:, disastrous upheavals again occurred in the process of social transformation, leading to
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888:, Mohism offered little to attract adherents, especially politically powerful ones."
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The ruler lives in a mistaken illusion of his own ability and his country's strength.
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corruption and tyranny, this teaching might be misused as a tool for oppression.
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was a target of attack by other Chinese philosophical schools, most notably the
416:
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50:
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thinkers, and the romantic nature mysticism and literary sophistication of the
639:
The people are engaged in unconstructive work while useless fools are rewarded.
421:
Mohism is best known for the concept popularly translated as "universal love" (
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1922:
1826:
1354:. Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. 3. Taipei, Taiwan: Caves Books.
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798:
655:
A country facing these seven disasters will be destroyed easily by the enemy.
1789:
1735:
1369:. Translated by Johnston, Ian. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press. 2010.
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When pressured by foreigners, neighbouring countries are not willing to help.
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1988:
1702:(1980). "The Mohists on Warfare: Technology, Technique, and Justification".
1223:
999:
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633:
Neglect of the country's defense, yet there is much lavished on the palace.
1722:
1680:
Individual and State in Ancient China: Essays on Four Chinese Philosophers
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and the fine arts. Mozi takes some whole chapters named "Against Music" (
227:
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One Hundred Philosophers : A Guide to the World's Greatest Thinkers
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Chinese Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology
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1998:
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957:
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One of the schools of Mohism that has received some attention is the
430:
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35:
31:
17:
5388:
1792:
at The Database of Religious History, University of British Columbia
1388:
Traditional Chinese Jurisprudence: Legal Thought of Pre-Qin Thinkers
896:
Jin Guantao, a professor of the Institute of Chinese Studies at the
659:
enable birth rate to increase. Mozi also encourages early marriage.
1449:
840:
the former of defensive strategy, the latter of offensive strategy.
467:
would appoint his own successor. Mohists developed the sciences of
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1103:
One hundred Philosophers. A guide to the world's greatest thinkers
786:
1201:
706:
Assessing them based on the experiences of common, average people
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995:
679:
648:
Trusted people are not loyal while loyal people are not trusted.
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1837:
1799:
1333:. Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. 2. p. 697.
5117:
2759:
709:
Assessing their usefulness by applying them in law or politics
44:
1795:
1469:
Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China
325:
365:(c. 470 BC – c. 391 BC), embodied in an eponymous book: the
5181:
1246:
1244:
316:
1351:
Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
1266:
Tao of the West: Western Transformation of Taoist Thought
917:. One can imagine the effect of this calamity on science.
319:
159:. Philosophers of Mohism are marked by triangles in blue.
1771:
1419:
The Philosophy of the Mozi: The First Consequentialists
1292:
Ivanhoe, Philip J.; Van Norden, Brian W., eds. (2001).
1142:
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1125:
1123:
6538:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
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Birthplaces of notable Chinese philosophers from the
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1997:
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Basic Writings of Mo Tzu, Hsün Tzu, and Han Fei Tzu
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75:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1677:
1466:
1302:
699:) to assess the correctness of views. These were:
1283:Jin, Guantao; Fan, Hongye; Liu, Qingfeng (1996).
1590:Mo Ti: Von der Liebe des Himmels zu den Menschen
1609:Mo Ti: Solidarität und allgemeine Menschenliebe
1040:Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (2011).
915:the greatest social disorder in Chinese history
829:
761:have seen this group as developing a precursor
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1096:
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1811:
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1188:The Chinese Journal of International Politics
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445:'inclusive love/care'). According to
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8:
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1647:Chinese Thought. From Confucius to Cook Ding
1073:Introduction to Classical Chinese Philosophy
1704:Journal of the American Academy of Religion
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1804:
1796:
1630:(in German). Düsseldorf/Köln: Diederichs.
1611:(in German). Düsseldorf/Köln: Diederichs.
1492:. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.
1105:Peter J. King, Polish edition: Elipsa 2006
1016:. Columbia University Press. p. 110.
197:
1402:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
900:, Fan Hongye, a research fellow with the
135:Learn how and when to remove this message
1538:Mo-tse, the Neglected Rival of Confucius
1438:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1305:Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy
1294:Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy
146:
1684:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1228:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1170:
1158:
1146:
1131:
1114:
969:
357:'School of Mo') was an ancient
6777:5th-century BC establishments in China
1588:Schmidt-Glintzer, Helwig, ed. (1992).
1529:A History of Chinese Political Thought
1490:Later Mohist Logic, Ethics and Science
1309:. New Haven, CT: Seven Bridges Press.
1043:The Cambridge History of Ancient China
566:The Cambridge History of Ancient China
278:
162:
378:It evolved at about the same time as
7:
1522:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1250:Jin, Fan, & Liu (1996), 178–179.
73:adding citations to reliable sources
1764:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1745:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1626:———, ed. (1975).
1607:———, ed. (1975).
1552:Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften
1400:A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy
868:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
785:'s first and third definitions and
482:Love § Chinese and other Sinic
394:from around 770–221 BC (during the
1592:(in German). München: Diederichs.
1520:A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought
1511:10.1111/j.1540-6253.1989.tb00443.x
449:, a more accurate translation for
25:
1676:Vitalii Aronovich, Rubin (1976).
1499:The Journal of Chinese Philosophy
1381:(in German). Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
582:the definition of what is right (
6608:The Closing of the American Mind
6528:Civilization and Its Discontents
6508:A Vindication of Natural Society
3875:
3874:
3861:
1721:
1527:Hsiao, Kung-chuan Hsiao (1979).
1367:The Mozi: A Complete Translation
306:
49:
1671:]. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.
1488:——— (2004) .
898:Chinese University of Hong Kong
703:Assessing them based on history
390:, and was one of the four main
60:needs additional citations for
1548:Die Philosophie im alten China
1518:——— (1992).
1348:——— (1986).
1301:——— (2001).
789:'s 'beginning of a line', the
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347:
277:
263:
247:
233:
219:
181:
1:
6498:Oration on the Dignity of Man
1421:. Columbia University Press.
1330:History of Scientific Thought
1287:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
1071:Van Norden, Bryan W. (2011).
6568:The Society of the Spectacle
3347:Ordinary language philosophy
1573:(in German). München: Fink.
1540:. London: Arthur Probsthain.
3397:Contemporary utilitarianism
3312:Internalism and externalism
902:Chinese Academy of Sciences
6803:
4044:Hundred Schools of Thought
2661:Svatantrika and Prasangika
1048:Cambridge University Press
602:
543:
479:
414:
153:Hundred Schools of Thought
29:
27:Ancient Chinese philosophy
6746:
6638:Intellectuals and Society
6588:The Culture of Narcissism
3855:
3570:
3553:
2960:
2306:
2295:
1883:Philosophy of mathematics
1873:Philosophy of information
1844:
1833:
1656:
1465:Graham, Angus C. (1993).
1379:Me-ti. Buch der Wendungen
736:
674:
590:
584:
528:
514:
508:
451:
426:
338:
291:
196:
170:
6628:The Malaise of Modernity
6578:The History of Sexuality
5677:Catholic social teaching
1664:
1569:Opitz, Peter J. (1999).
1296:. Indianapolis: Hackett.
1203:
825:Qin unification of China
588:shì) and what is wrong (
30:Not to be confused with
6708:Philosophy of education
4039:Nine Schools of Thought
3352:Postanalytic philosophy
3293:Experimental philosophy
1417:Frasier, Chris (2016).
1268:. New York: Routledge.
599:Meritocratic government
546:Mohist consequentialism
476:Caring and impartiality
5647:
5601:
5587:
5342:State consequentialism
3485:Social constructionism
2497:Hellenistic philosophy
1913:Theoretical philosophy
1888:Philosophy of religion
1878:Philosophy of language
1645:Sterckx, Roel (2019).
1628:Mo Ti: Gegen den Krieg
1222:Fraser, Chris (2015).
919:
842:
561:David Shepherd Nivison
555:
160:
6713:Philosophy of history
6703:Philosophy of culture
6598:A Conflict of Visions
4359:Northern and Southern
3868:Philosophy portal
3387:Scientific skepticism
3367:Reformed epistemology
1893:Philosophy of science
1772:Full text of the Mozi
1550:(in German). Berlin:
1546:Moritz, Ralf (1990).
1386:Chang, Wejen (1990).
906:
808:comparison of lengths
763:philosophy of science
407:, after the 200s BC.
150:
6718:Political philosophy
6518:Democracy in America
3288:Critical rationalism
2995:Edo neo-Confucianism
2839:Acintya bheda abheda
2818:Renaissance humanism
2529:School of the Sextii
1903:Practical philosophy
1898:Political philosophy
1776:Chinese Text Project
1730:at Wikimedia Commons
1536:Mei, Y. P. (1973) .
1209:Chinese Text Project
859:unification of China
69:improve this article
6558:One-Dimensional Man
3989:School of Diplomacy
2859:Nimbarka Sampradaya
2770:Korean Confucianism
2517:Academic Skepticism
892:Modern perspectives
722:Against ostentation
663:Supernatural forces
392:philosophic schools
6678:Cultural pessimism
6673:Cultural criticism
5572:National character
3923:Chinese philosophy
3480:Post-structuralism
3382:Scientific realism
3337:Quinean naturalism
3317:Logical positivism
3273:Analytical Marxism
2492:Peripatetic school
2404:Chinese naturalism
1931:Aesthetic response
1858:Applied philosophy
1700:Yates, Robin D. S.
1649:. London: Penguin.
1264:Clarke, J (2000).
1190:. Oxford Academic.
1077:Hackett Publishing
948:Effective altruism
359:Chinese philosophy
161:
6759:
6758:
6475:
6474:
5620:Spontaneous order
5610:Social alienation
5459:Cultural heritage
5420:Social philosophy
5386:
5385:
5234:Mandate of Heaven
5106:
5105:
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3842:
3549:
3548:
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3541:
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3268:Analytic feminism
3240:
3239:
3202:Kierkegaardianism
3164:Transcendentalism
3124:Neo-scholasticism
2970:Classical Realism
2947:
2946:
2719:
2718:
2534:Neopythagoreanism
2291:
2290:
2287:
2286:
1908:Social philosophy
1726:Media related to
1316:978-1-889119-09-0
1275:978-0-415-20620-4
1161:, pp. 93–94.
1086:978-1-60-384468-0
1057:978-0-52-147030-8
1023:978-0-231-02515-7
443:
396:Spring and Autumn
355:
295:
294:
287:
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207:Standard Mandarin
145:
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119:
16:(Redirected from
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6723:Social criticism
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6503:
6493:
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5711:Frankfurt School
5689:Communitarianism
5652:
5606:
5592:
5413:
5406:
5399:
5390:
5263:Self-cultivation
5168:Neo-Confucianism
4903:Chung-ying Cheng
4061:
3962:New Confucianism
3957:Neo-Confucianism
3916:
3909:
3902:
3893:
3878:
3877:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3581:
3572:
3555:
3445:Frankfurt School
3392:Transactionalism
3342:Normative ethics
3322:Legal positivism
3298:Falsificationism
3283:Consequentialism
3278:Communitarianism
3251:
3119:New Confucianism
2958:
2765:Neo-Confucianism
2730:
2539:Second Sophistic
2524:Middle Platonism
2367:
2308:
2297:
2140:Epiphenomenalism
2007:Consequentialism
1941:Institutionalism
1846:
1835:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1797:
1768:
1759:Zalta, Edward N.
1749:
1740:Zalta, Edward N.
1725:
1711:
1695:
1683:
1672:
1669:Notes to zu Mozi
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1340:978-0-52105800-1
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1062:
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1037:
1028:
1027:
992:
986:
983:
977:
974:
943:Consequentialism
739:
738:
691:Against fatalism
677:
676:
593:
592:
587:
586:
540:Consequentialism
531:
530:
520:Chinese Buddhism
517:
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510:
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6782:Social theories
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6761:
6760:
6755:
6742:
6668:Critical theory
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6641:
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6611:
6601:
6591:
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6471:
6149:
6143:
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5935:
5884:
5813:
5720:
5672:Budapest School
5660:
5449:Cosmopolitanism
5422:
5417:
5387:
5382:
5300:
5201:Three teachings
5102:
5053:Tsang Lap Chuen
4866:
4728:
4637:
4619:
4535:
4531:
4523:
4472:
4454:
4363:
4357:
4341:
4250:
4232:
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4048:
3994:School of Names
3937:Agriculturalism
3925:
3920:
3890:
3885:
3862:
3860:
3839:
3803:
3703:
3665:
3612:
3566:
3565:
3537:
3526:Russian cosmism
3499:
3495:Western Marxism
3460:New Historicism
3425:Critical theory
3411:
3407:Wittgensteinian
3303:Foundationalism
3236:
3173:
3154:Social contract
3010:Foundationalism
2943:
2925:
2909:Illuminationism
2894:Aristotelianism
2880:
2869:Vishishtadvaita
2822:
2774:
2715:
2682:
2553:
2482:Megarian school
2477:Eretrian school
2418:
2379:Agriculturalism
2356:
2302:
2283:
2230:
2202:
2159:
2111:
2068:
2052:Incompatibilism
2021:
1993:
1945:
1917:
1840:
1829:
1824:
1755:"Mohist Canons"
1753:Fraser, Chris.
1752:
1734:Fraser, Chris.
1733:
1718:
1698:
1692:
1675:
1666:
1660:), ed. (2001).
1653:
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1487:
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1435:
1429:
1416:
1410:
1396:Chan, Wing-tsit
1394:
1385:
1375:Brecht, Bertolt
1373:
1365:
1362:
1360:Further reading
1347:
1341:
1325:Needham, Joseph
1323:
1317:
1300:
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1109:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1050:. p. 761.
1039:
1038:
1031:
1024:
994:
993:
989:
984:
980:
975:
971:
966:
938:Buddhist ethics
924:
894:
855:
820:
818:Siege engineers
771:
750:
724:
693:
665:
607:
601:
579:
556:
548:
542:
502:The concept of
484:
478:
472:of the period.
419:
413:
309:
305:
258:Tongyong Pinyin
248:
189:Literal meaning
141:
130:
124:
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78:
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66:
54:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6800:
6798:
6790:
6789:
6787:Utilitarianism
6784:
6779:
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6763:
6757:
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6753:
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6728:Social science
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6654:
6652:
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6647:
6645:
6644:
6634:
6624:
6618:Gender Trouble
6614:
6604:
6594:
6584:
6574:
6564:
6554:
6548:The Second Sex
6544:
6534:
6524:
6514:
6504:
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6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6153:
6151:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5945:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5892:
5890:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5821:
5819:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5735:
5733:
5726:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5685:
5684:
5674:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5598:
5593:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5540:Invisible hand
5537:
5532:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5393:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5371:Metaphilosophy
5368:
5363:
5358:
5351:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5308:
5306:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5272:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5248:
5243:
5236:
5231:
5224:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5179:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5127:
5120:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4983:Lee Shui-chuen
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4852:Zhang Xuecheng
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4738:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4590:Wang Chongyang
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4541:
4539:
4529:Five Dynasties
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4352:
4350:Three Kingdoms
4346:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4067:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4013:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3944:
3939:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3896:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3871:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3675:
3673:
3671:Middle Eastern
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3578:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3435:Existentialism
3432:
3430:Deconstruction
3427:
3421:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3263:Applied ethics
3259:
3257:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3227:Nietzscheanism
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3169:Utilitarianism
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3067:Transcendental
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3005:Existentialism
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2793:Augustinianism
2790:
2784:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2706:Zoroastrianism
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2549:Church Fathers
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2431:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2064:Libertarianism
2061:
2060:
2059:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1868:Metaphilosophy
1865:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1778:
1769:
1750:
1731:
1717:
1716:External links
1714:
1713:
1712:
1696:
1690:
1673:
1651:
1642:
1636:
1623:
1617:
1604:
1598:
1585:
1579:
1566:
1560:
1543:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1494:
1485:
1479:
1473:. Open Court.
1462:
1450:10.2307/605537
1433:
1428:978-0231149273
1427:
1414:
1408:
1398:, ed. (1969).
1392:
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1214:
1193:
1175:
1163:
1151:
1136:
1119:
1107:
1092:
1085:
1079:. p. 52.
1063:
1056:
1029:
1022:
1008:Watson, Burton
987:
978:
968:
967:
965:
962:
961:
960:
955:
953:Logic in China
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
923:
920:
893:
890:
854:
851:
832:history. The
819:
816:
770:
767:
759:Joseph Needham
749:
746:
723:
720:
716:misanthroponic
711:
710:
707:
704:
692:
689:
664:
661:
653:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
603:Main article:
600:
597:
578:
575:
549:
544:Main article:
541:
538:
497:utilitarianism
477:
474:
412:
409:
400:Warring States
373:utilitarianism
293:
292:
289:
288:
285:
284:
274:
268:
267:
260:
254:
253:
244:
238:
237:
230:
224:
223:
216:
210:
209:
203:
202:
201:Transcriptions
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
178:
172:
171:
168:
167:
143:
142:
57:
55:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6799:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6745:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6733:Social theory
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6649:
6640:
6639:
6635:
6630:
6629:
6625:
6620:
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6610:
6609:
6605:
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6525:
6520:
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6515:
6510:
6509:
6505:
6500:
6499:
6495:
6490:
6489:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6478:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6387:Radhakrishnan
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6148:20th and 21st
6146:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5940:18th and 19th
5938:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5816:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5727:
5723:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5657:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5414:
5409:
5407:
5402:
5400:
5395:
5394:
5391:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5083:Zhang Dongsun
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5003:Liang Shuming
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4709:Wang Yangming
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4267:Dongfang Shuo
4265:
4263:
4262:Dong Zhongshu
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3912:
3910:
3905:
3903:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3882:
3881:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:Miscellaneous
3806:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:Miscellaneous
3502:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3490:Structuralism
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3475:Postmodernism
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3465:Phenomenology
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3402:Vienna Circle
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:Moral realism
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:Phenomenology
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3074:Individualism
3072:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2939:Judeo-Islamic
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2915:ʿIlm al-Kalām
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:Shuddhadvaita
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2798:Scholasticism
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2294:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2249:Conceptualism
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2178:Particularism
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2145:Functionalism
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:Eliminativism
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2035:Compatibilism
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:Particularism
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1710:(3): 549–603.
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1691:0-231-04064-4
1687:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1654:Sun, Yirang (
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1637:3-424-00509-6
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1618:3-424-00509-6
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1599:3-424-01029-4
1595:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1580:3-7705-3380-1
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1561:3-326-00466-4
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1480:0-8126-9087-7
1476:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1409:0-691-01964-9
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1332:
1331:
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1149:, p. 93.
1148:
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748:The Logicians
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469:fortification
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125:December 2019
117:
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86: –
85:
81:
80:Find sources:
74:
70:
64:
63:
58:This article
56:
52:
47:
46:
41:
40:Mo (religion)
37:
33:
19:
6636:
6626:
6616:
6606:
6596:
6586:
6576:
6566:
6556:
6546:
6536:
6526:
6516:
6506:
6496:
6486:
5906:Guicciardini
5889:Early modern
5725:Philosophers
5699:Conservatism
5694:Confucianism
5682:Distributism
5615:Social norms
5603:Sittlichkeit
5589:Ressentiment
5535:Institutions
5513:Human nature
5366:Epistemology
5353:
5293:
5286:
5279:
5275:Yin and yang
5267:
5258:Human nature
5250:
5246:Filial piety
5238:
5226:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5193:
5186:
5174:
5163:Confucianism
5157:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5129:
5122:
5093:Zhou Guoping
5088:Zhang Shenfu
5073:Yin Haiguang
5068:Yang Changji
5013:Liu Xiaofeng
4998:Liang Qichao
4883:Carsun Chang
4871:20th century
4857:Zhuang Cunyu
4787:Hong Liangji
4747:Chen Menglei
4742:Chen Hongmou
4724:Zhan Ruoshui
4684:Liu Zongzhou
4654:Hong Zicheng
4649:Huang Zongxi
4555:Fan Zhongyan
4533:Ten Kingdoms
4519:Linji Yixuan
4514:Liu Zongyuan
4103:Gongsun Long
4065:Eastern Zhou
4056:Philosophers
4034:
4030:Mixed School
4015:
4008:
3978:
3952:Han learning
3947:Confucianism
3873:
3859:
3530:
3521:Postcritique
3511:Kyoto School
3470:Posthumanism
3450:Hermeneutics
3305: /
3246:Contemporary
3222:Newtonianism
3185:Cartesianism
3144:Reductionism
2980:Conservatism
2975:Collectivism
2913:
2641:Sarvāstivadā
2619:Anekantavada
2544:Neoplatonism
2512:Epicureanism
2445:Pythagoreans
2398:
2384:Confucianism
2350:Contemporary
2340:Early modern
2244:Anti-realism
2198:Universalism
2155:Subjectivism
1951:Epistemology
1762:
1743:
1707:
1703:
1679:
1668:
1661:
1646:
1627:
1608:
1589:
1570:
1547:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1502:
1498:
1489:
1468:
1441:
1437:
1418:
1399:
1390:. Cambridge.
1387:
1378:
1366:
1350:
1329:
1304:
1293:
1284:
1265:
1231:. Retrieved
1227:
1217:
1208:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1171:Needham 1986
1166:
1159:Needham 1986
1154:
1147:Needham 1986
1132:Needham 1986
1115:Needham 1986
1110:
1102:
1072:
1066:
1042:
1012:
990:
981:
972:
933:Brahmavihara
907:
895:
874:
866:
856:
843:
837:
833:
830:
821:
811:
807:
802:
790:
778:
775:Mohist canon
772:
751:
732:ritual music
729:
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557:
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523:
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493:
485:
464:
460:
457:
447:Edward Craig
434:
420:
380:Confucianism
377:
366:
346:
301:
297:
296:
214:Hanyu Pinyin
192:School of Mo
157:Zhou dynasty
131:
122:
112:
105:
98:
91:
79:
67:Please help
62:verification
59:
6693:Historicism
6522:(1835–1840)
6488:De Officiis
6212:de Beauvoir
6182:Baudrillard
6134:Vivekananda
6124:Tocqueville
6039:Kierkegaard
5855:Ibn Khaldun
5825:Alpharabius
5716:Personalism
5625:Stewardship
5582:Reification
5577:Natural law
5498:Familialism
5464:Culturalism
5337:Role ethics
5322:Metaphysics
5098:Zhou Zuoren
5058:Xiong Shili
5043:Tang Chun-i
5038:Sun Yat-sen
5033:Qiu Renzong
5028:Mou Zongsan
4978:Kang Youwei
4923:Feng Youlan
4888:P. C. Chang
4878:Cai Yuanpei
4862:Zeng Guofan
4847:Yu Zhengxie
4777:Gong Zizhen
4772:Feng Guifen
4762:Fang Lanfen
4694:Qian Dehong
4494:Zhang Zhihe
4430:Xiahou Xuan
4370:Bao Jingyan
4213:Zhuang Zhou
3516:Objectivism
3455:Neo-Marxism
3417:Continental
3327:Meta-ethics
3307:Coherentism
3212:Hegelianism
3149:Rationalism
3109:Natural law
3089:Materialism
3015:Historicism
2985:Determinism
2876:Navya-Nyāya
2651:Sautrāntika
2646:Pudgalavada
2582:Vaisheshika
2435:Presocratic
2335:Renaissance
2274:Physicalism
2259:Materialism
2165:Normativity
2150:Objectivism
2135:Emergentism
2125:Behaviorism
2074:Metaphysics
2040:Determinism
1979:Rationalism
1662:Mozi xiangu
1444:(1): 1–11.
1202:"Gong Shu"
911:Eastern Han
878:metaphysics
838:Art of War,
769:Mathematics
605:Meritocracy
522:, the term
417:Mozi (book)
405:Qin dynasty
6766:Categories
6698:Humanities
6658:Agnotology
6317:Kołakowski
5880:Ibn Tufayl
5860:Maimonides
5804:Thucydides
5799:Tertullian
5754:Lactantius
5649:Volksgeist
5630:Traditions
5444:Convention
5376:Legitimacy
5078:Yu Dunkang
5048:Tang Yijie
5023:Mao Zedong
5008:Lin Yutang
4973:Jin Yuelin
4968:Jiang Qing
4943:He Guanghu
4913:Chu Anping
4898:Chen Duxiu
4827:Wang Fuzhi
4817:Tan Sitong
4812:Pan Pingge
4807:Liu Yiming
4689:Luo Rufang
4610:Zhou Dunyi
4595:Wang Chuyi
4585:Wang Anshi
4565:Lu Jiuyuan
4445:Yan Zhitui
4435:Xie Daoyun
4337:Yang Xiong
4322:Wang Chong
4297:Kong Anguo
4158:Shen Buhai
4153:Shang Yang
4108:Guan Zhong
4078:Chunyu Kun
3999:Naturalism
3815:Amerindian
3722:Australian
3661:Vietnamese
3641:Indonesian
3190:Kantianism
3139:Positivism
3129:Pragmatism
3104:Naturalism
3084:Liberalism
3062:Subjective
3000:Empiricism
2904:Avicennism
2849:Bhedabheda
2733:East Asian
2656:Madhyamaka
2636:Abhidharma
2502:Pyrrhonism
2269:Nominalism
2264:Naturalism
2193:Skepticism
2183:Relativism
2173:Absolutism
2102:Naturalism
2012:Deontology
1984:Skepticism
1969:Naturalism
1959:Empiricism
1923:Aesthetics
1827:Philosophy
1505:: 355–80.
1000:Xun, Kuang
964:References
928:Asceticism
861:under the
799:Democritus
489:Confucians
480:See also:
415:See also:
242:Wade–Giles
95:newspapers
6738:Sociology
6688:Historism
6397:Santayana
6367:Oakeshott
6337:MacIntyre
6322:Kropotkin
6297:Heidegger
6150:centuries
6064:Nietzsche
6029:Jefferson
6014:Helvétius
5979:Condorcet
5942:centuries
5926:Montaigne
5749:Confucius
5739:Augustine
5656:Worldview
5550:Modernity
5523:Formation
5355:Shan shui
5288:Zhengming
5063:Xu Fuguan
4988:Li Shicen
4963:Ray Huang
4948:Hu Qiaomu
4918:Fang Keli
4908:Ch'ien Mu
4893:Chen Daqi
4822:Tang Zhen
4767:Fang Quan
4679:Liu Bowen
4669:Lai Zhide
4659:Jiao Hong
4644:Chen Jiru
4605:Zhang Zai
4570:Shao Yong
4545:Cheng Hao
4489:Wang Tong
4390:Guo Xiang
4312:Liu Xiang
4292:Jing Fang
4203:Yuan Xian
4183:Ximen Bao
4138:Lie Yukou
4093:Duanmu Ci
4083:Confucius
3969:Huang–Lao
3694:Pakistani
3656:Taiwanese
3603:Ethiopian
3576:By region
3562:By region
3377:Scientism
3372:Systemics
3232:Spinozism
3159:Socialism
3094:Modernism
3057:Objective
2965:Anarchism
2899:Averroism
2788:Christian
2740:Neotaoism
2711:Zurvanism
2701:Mithraism
2696:Mazdakism
2467:Cyrenaics
2394:Logicians
2027:Free will
1989:Solipsism
1936:Formalism
857:With the
812:parallels
754:Logicians
6751:Category
6663:Axiology
6651:See also
6442:Voegelin
6432:Spengler
6407:Shariati
6362:Nussbaum
6347:Maritain
6307:Irigaray
6287:Habermas
6252:Foucault
6237:Durkheim
6139:Voltaire
6104:de Staël
6079:Rousseau
6004:Franklin
5865:Muhammad
5850:Gelasius
5835:Avempace
5818:Medieval
5794:Polybius
5789:Plutarch
5555:Morality
5530:Ideology
5518:Identity
5427:Concepts
5349:Ink wash
5327:Politics
5317:Theology
5176:Ming yun
5152:Jing zuo
5111:Concepts
4993:Li Zehou
4958:Hua Gang
4928:Gan Yang
4837:Yan Yuan
4832:Wei Yuan
4802:Lin Zexu
4782:Gu Yanwu
4757:Fang Bao
4752:Dai Zhen
4714:Wu Cheng
4704:Wang Gen
4575:Shen Kuo
4550:Cheng Yi
4509:Liu Yuxi
4415:Sengzhao
4375:Fan Zhen
4277:Huan Tan
4257:Ban Zhao
4208:Zhang Yi
4198:Yang Zhu
4163:Shen Dao
4073:Bu Shang
3974:Legalism
3942:Buddhism
3880:Category
3835:Yugoslav
3825:Romanian
3732:Scottish
3717:American
3646:Japanese
3626:Buddhist
3608:Africana
3598:Egyptian
3440:Feminist
3362:Rawlsian
3357:Quietism
3255:Analytic
3207:Krausism
3114:Nihilism
3079:Kokugaku
3042:Absolute
3037:Idealism
3025:Humanism
2813:Occamism
2780:European
2725:Medieval
2671:Yogacara
2631:Buddhist
2624:Syādvāda
2507:Stoicism
2472:Cynicism
2460:Sophists
2455:Atomists
2450:Eleatics
2389:Legalism
2330:Medieval
2254:Idealism
2208:Ontology
2188:Nihilism
2092:Idealism
1850:Branches
1839:Branches
1774: –
1736:"Mohism"
1377:(1971).
1327:(1956).
1224:"Mohism"
1006:(1967).
1004:Han, Fei
922:See also
882:Yin-Yang
810:and for
795:atomists
697:San Biao
411:Overview
388:Legalism
228:Bopomofo
84:"Mohism"
6492:(44 BC)
6422:Sombart
6417:Skinner
6402:Scruton
6382:Polanyi
6357:Niebuhr
6342:Marcuse
6277:Gramsci
6272:Gentile
6232:Du Bois
6222:Deleuze
6192:Benoist
6162:Agamben
6119:Thoreau
6109:Stirner
6099:Spencer
6049:Le Play
5999:Fourier
5984:Emerson
5969:Carlyle
5954:Bentham
5931:Müntzer
5901:Erasmus
5875:Plethon
5870:Photios
5830:Aquinas
5764:Mencius
5732:Ancient
5665:Schools
5545:Loyalty
5503:History
5491:Counter
5486:Culture
5454:Customs
5361:Society
5138:Jian'ai
4953:Hu Shih
4938:Gu Zhun
4797:Ma Qixi
4699:Wang Ji
4664:Jiao Yu
4580:Su Song
4560:Hu Hong
4450:Zhi Dun
4440:Xun Can
4425:Wang Bi
4420:Wang Su
4410:Ji Kang
4405:Huiyuan
4395:Fu Xuan
4385:Ge Hong
4332:Xun Yue
4327:Wang Fu
4317:Ma Rong
4287:Jia Kui
4228:Zou Yan
4188:Xu Xing
4173:Sun Tzu
4143:Mencius
4118:Hui Shi
4113:Han Fei
4088:Deng Xi
4025:Yangism
4017:Xuanxue
3984:Marxism
3930:Schools
3830:Russian
3799:Spanish
3794:Slovene
3784:Maltese
3779:Italian
3759:Finland
3727:British
3709:Western
3699:Turkish
3684:Islamic
3679:Iranian
3631:Chinese
3618:Eastern
3585:African
3532:more...
3217:Marxism
3047:British
2990:Dualism
2886:Islamic
2844:Advaita
2834:Vedanta
2808:Scotism
2803:Thomism
2745:Tiantai
2688:Persian
2676:Tibetan
2666:Śūnyatā
2607:Cārvāka
2597:Ājīvika
2592:Mīmāṃsā
2572:Samkhya
2487:Academy
2440:Ionians
2414:Yangism
2371:Chinese
2362:Ancient
2325:Western
2320:Ancient
2279:Realism
2236:Reality
2226:Process
2107:Realism
2087:Dualism
2082:Atomism
1964:Fideism
1761:(ed.).
1742:(ed.).
1258:Sources
1233:7 April
1010:(ed.).
886:Daoists
853:Decline
847:Gongshu
803:Mo Jing
791:Mo Jing
779:Mo Jing
742:anarchy
685:Han Fei
577:Society
571:Bentham
436:jiān ài
423:Chinese
335:Chinese
249:Mo-chia
234:ㄇㄛˋ ㄐㄧㄚ
176:Chinese
155:in the
109:scholar
6772:Mohism
6683:Ethics
6642:(2010)
6632:(1991)
6622:(1990)
6612:(1987)
6602:(1987)
6592:(1979)
6582:(1976)
6572:(1967)
6562:(1964)
6552:(1949)
6542:(1935)
6532:(1930)
6512:(1756)
6502:(1486)
6447:Walzer
6437:Taylor
6427:Sowell
6412:Simmel
6377:Pareto
6372:Ortega
6282:Guénon
6267:Gehlen
6262:Gandhi
6217:Debord
6202:Butler
6197:Berlin
6187:Bauman
6177:Badiou
6167:Arendt
6157:Adorno
6089:Ruskin
6044:Le Bon
6019:Herder
5994:Fichte
5989:Engels
5959:Bonald
5949:Arnold
5921:Milton
5916:Luther
5896:Calvin
5774:Origen
5744:Cicero
5704:Social
5640:Family
5635:Values
5596:Rights
5560:Public
5508:Honour
5439:Anomie
5434:Agency
5332:Ethics
5305:Topics
5240:Wu wei
5018:Lu Xun
4842:Yu Yue
4792:Ji Yun
4674:Li Zhi
4615:Zhu Xi
4600:Ye Shi
4499:Han Yu
4484:Jizang
4400:He Yan
4380:Fan Ye
4307:Lu Jia
4302:Liu An
4282:Jia Yi
4272:Dou Wu
4218:Zichan
4168:Su Qin
4128:Li Kui
4010:Daoxue
4004:Taoism
3979:Mohism
3789:Polish
3769:German
3764:French
3749:Danish
3739:Canada
3689:Jewish
3651:Korean
3636:Indian
3178:People
3099:Monism
3052:German
3020:Holism
2953:Modern
2931:Jewish
2854:Dvaita
2827:Indian
2750:Huayan
2602:Ajñana
2559:Indian
2424:Greco-
2409:Taoism
2399:Mohism
2345:Modern
2312:By era
2301:By era
2216:Action
2097:Monism
2017:Virtue
1999:Ethics
1790:Mohism
1785:Curlie
1781:Mohism
1728:Mohism
1688:
1634:
1615:
1596:
1577:
1558:
1477:
1458:605537
1456:
1425:
1406:
1337:
1313:
1272:
1083:
1054:
1020:
996:Mo, Di
958:Wu wei
801:, the
783:Euclid
433::
431:pinyin
425::
384:Taoism
345::
343:pinyin
337::
298:Mohism
264:Mò-jia
111:
104:
97:
90:
82:
36:Maoism
32:Monism
6480:Works
6467:Žižek
6452:Weber
6392:Röpke
6352:Negri
6332:Lasch
6302:Hoppe
6257:Fromm
6247:Evola
6227:Dewey
6207:Camus
6114:Taine
6094:Smith
6084:Royce
6074:Renan
6009:Hegel
5974:Comte
5964:Burke
5911:Locke
5845:Dante
5840:Bruni
5809:Xunzi
5784:Plato
5779:Philo
5759:Laozi
5567:Mores
5479:Multi
5469:Inter
5312:Logic
5295:Ziran
4933:Gu Su
4719:Xu Ai
4504:Li Ao
4479:Fu Yi
4193:Xunzi
4178:Wu Qi
4133:Li Si
4123:Laozi
4098:Gaozi
3820:Aztec
3774:Greek
3754:Dutch
3744:Czech
3593:Bantu
3030:Anti-
2577:Nyaya
2567:Hindu
2427:Roman
2221:Event
1863:Logic
1757:. In
1738:. In
1667:[
1454:JSTOR
787:Plato
563:, in
348:Mòjiā
302:Moism
220:Mòjiā
166:Mojia
116:JSTOR
102:books
18:Moism
6462:Zinn
6457:Weil
6327:Land
6312:Kirk
6172:Aron
6129:Vico
6069:Owen
6059:Mill
6054:Marx
6034:Kant
6024:Hume
5769:Mozi
5474:Mono
5281:Yong
5228:Tian
5207:Shen
5188:Qing
5145:Jing
4734:Qing
4633:Ming
4628:Yuan
4537:Song
4468:Tang
4223:Zisi
4148:Mozi
2921:Sufi
2755:Chan
2614:Jain
2587:Yoga
2117:Mind
2057:Hard
2045:Hard
1686:ISBN
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