1053:
1037:
1357:
1072:
1107:
1214:. The tower had the largest footprint of all the towers to be built in Al-Andalus (320 square metres (3,400 sq ft)). It was a much-strengthened rebuilding of an earlier tower and still bears scars on its eastern wall from projectiles shot by the Castilians during the siege of 1333. The kasbah could only be accessed via a single gate, which still survives; an inscription visible up to the 18th century recorded that it had been dedicated to
34:
242:
998:, who quickly reversed policy, abandoned the rebels in Ceuta and gave Algeciras (and thus the claim on Gibraltar) to the Marinids in 1310, as part of a new treaty, hoping they might recover it. But too busy elsewhere for any entanglements in Spain, the Marinids gave Algeciras back to Granada almost immediately after. The Granadans launched an attempt to recover Gibraltar by themselves in 1315, but without Marinid support, the
701:, he abandoned it ... He descended from the mountains to the desert tract and conquered Algeciras and other places, and he abandoned the fort which was in the mountain." The "fort" probably consisted of no more than a look-out post on the Rock to observe movements in and around the bay during the period of landing; there would have been little need for anything more substantial (as better landing points such as
578:
935:
city, it was expected that Sancho would lay siege to
Algeciras (it did not eventually happen) in order to sever the most direct links of the Marinids with the Iberian peninsula. The threatening presence of a Christian stronghold to the west would have led to the establishment of a garrison to the east of Algeciras. That way, Gibraltar would have protected the
1098:(written around 1370–1) describes the reconstruction of Gibraltar. The city was expanded, and a new defensive wall was built to cover the western and southern flanks, with towers and connecting passages added to strengthen them. The existing fortifications were also strengthened and repaired. The weak points that the Castilians had exploited were improved.
71:
1436:
and movable goods, with compensation to be paid for the property that they left behind. Although the proposal was welcomed, it fell through due to rivalry between the
Christian commanders. The Moorish inhabitants of Gibraltar retreated to the castle and surrendered after a few days to Medina Sidonia. They were expelled along with the city's
189:
755:, was conscious that the Almoravids could repeat Tariq's feat of three centuries earlier and bring an invasion force across the Strait before the garrison at Algeciras could react. In 1068 he ordered the Governor of Algeciras to "build a fort on Gibraltar, and to be on guard and watch events on the other side of the straits."
920:, as payment for his intervention in Spain on Granada's behalf against Castilian encroachments. (other sources mention 1275 as the date when the Sultan of Granada handed over Tarifa, Algeciras and Gibraltar to the Marinids for their use as base ports). In 1292, in his pursuit of controlling the Strait, the troops of
1277:
made with the local sand and faced with decorative brickwork to simulate masonry. The builders later changed their construction methods to utilise stone interlaced with brick, a rather stronger structure. The southern flank of the walls has survived relatively intact, and vestiges of the other walls
1435:
was beaten back with many casualties on both sides, but the men of the garrison realised that in their depleted state they could not withstand a second assault. They offered to surrender on condition that the garrison and inhabitants of
Gibraltar would be allowed to leave with their wives, children
659:
for trade." Spanish accounts corroborate this with the detail that the invasion force was transported "in merchant ships that the reason for their crossing should not be apperceived." Gibraltar would have been a poor place to land due to its relative isolation and difficult rocky terrain, and it is
840:
preferred
Seville as his capital. A portion of wall some 500 metres (1,600 ft) long still survives to the south of the main part of the city of Gibraltar, of similar design to defensive walls in Morocco. It may have protected a settlement on the upper part of the Rock, around where the modern
934:
Although no documentary account of
Gibraltar is available for the period following the Madinat al-Fath project, there are reasons to believe that a small fortified town existed in Gibraltar, and that its existence was the direct consequence of the fall of Tarifa in 1292. After the capture of the
970:
The siege was brief. It seems clear that the defences of
Madinat al-Fath were lacking as the Castilians succeeded in capturing Gibraltar in 1309. The Castilian account of the First Siege of Gibraltar indicates that it was only a small place, with "one thousand one hundred and twenty-five Moors"
130:, though it seems more likely that he landed somewhere nearby. Muslim sources claimed that Tariq established some kind of fortification on the Rock, but no evidence has been found and it is not considered credible. It was not until 1160 that a first fortified settlement was built there.
1123:
1415:
ended in disaster on 31 August 1436 when a landing led by
Enrique resulted in his drowning at the Red Sands along with 40 knights and men-at-arms. His body was retrieved by the Moors, beheaded and displayed in a wicker basket above Gibraltar's Sea Gate for the next 26 years.
1089:
which ended after two months. Following the restoration of peace, Abu al-Hasan ordered a refortification of
Gibraltar "with strong walls as a halo surrounds the crescent moon". Many details of the rebuilt city are known due to the work of Abu al-Hasan's biographer,
1022:, surrendered on 17 June 1333. However, Muhammad IV was assassinated almost immediately after, in a conspiracy organized by enemies of the Marinids in the Granadan court. The Marinid sultan Abu al-Hasan retained both Algeciras and Gibraltar in Moroccan hands.
821:, an experienced architect. Abd al-Mu'min ordered that the city should have a mosque, several palaces for himself and his sons, and reservoirs to provide a supply of water. It was to be protected by a "wall of fine build" with a single gate known as the
709:
were in his hands), and Tariq would not have had the manpower to construct a sizeable fortification. No mention to a permanent occupation of
Gibraltar is found in Arab or Christian chronicles, nor archaeological evidence is found until the 12th century.
845:
is, but firm archaeological evidence is lacking. In fact, there is no mention of any settlement in
Gibraltar either in Arabic or Spanish contemporary sources between the project of Madinat al-Fath and the capture of the town by the Christians in 1309.
152:
in 1309 after a short siege. Muslim control was restored in 1333 after another, much longer, siege. The city subsequently underwent a major expansion and refortification. A number of buildings and structures from this period still exist, including the
1017:
in 1333. This was a much more serious effort, lasting four and a half months, and was mounted by a combined Granadan-Moroccan force. The population of Spanish Christians was reduced to eating their own shoes and belts before the town's governor,
1372:
in 1340. Marinid Morocco subsequently went into internal convulsions, too busy for active intervention in Spain, clearing the way for a renewed attempt by the Castilians on Algeciras and Gibraltar. Algeciras was taken with relative ease by
1344:. An existing 12th-century wall along the sea shore was extended to Europa Point to block access to places where landings could be made by sea. Much of the remainder of Moorish Gibraltar was obliterated by the destruction caused by the
884:) is a major chapter in the history of the Christian reconquest of Spain. It was within this framework of clashes between said powers to bring under control such a strategic area when Gibraltar definitely appeared on the scene.
461:
1290:
I walked round the mountain and saw the marvellous works executed on it by our master, the late Sultan of Morocco, and the armament with which he equipped it, together with the additions made thereto by our master
939:
of Algeciras and provide a fallback position should Algeciras have fallen. At the same time, and with the increased presence of the Christian fleets in the Straits, Gibraltar provided an excellent lookout post.
1320:, perhaps salvaged from the nearby ruined city of Carteia. The bath-house may have been part of the Moorish governor's house. A mosque was built in the city centre and was later converted by the Spanish into a
931:, "the Good", Tarifa was unsuccessfully besieged by the Marinids two years later. As a result, the North African rulers decided to retreated to Magreb and sell their remaining ports to the sultans of Granada.
1392:
In 1374 control of Gibraltar was transferred from Marinid Morocco to Nasrid Granada. In 1410, however, the Moorish garrison revolted and declared their allegiance to Morocco, leading to the
1052:
1420:
643:, describes Gibraltar as lying between the points of departure and disembarkation rather than being the actual landing place. According to this account, the possibly legendary
173:
1404:
1071:
1036:
454:
1278:
are most likely still to be found underlying the modern defensive walls constructed by the British. To the south of the fortified city was an urban area known as the
1459:
of Gibraltar and has remained so ever since. This brought an end to Moorish Gibraltar, just over 751 years after Tariq ibn-Ziyad had begun the conquest of Iberia.
774:
into the Almoravid realm in 1090, but they reemerged 50 years later following the political disintegration of the Almoravid state. The Almoravids' successors, the
606:
951:, and quickly carved out an enclave. The rebels continued to receive support across the strait from the Nasrid garrisons. It is believed that the Marinid sultan
627:. Traditionally, Tariq was said to have landed on the shores of the Rock of Gibraltar, which was henceforth named after him (Jabal Ṭāriq (جبل طارق), English:
1427:
was due to the garrison being greatly depleted after its men of rank had left for Granada, with their retinues, to pay homage to the newly enthroned sultan
943:
Some years after the events in Tarifa, a quarrel erupted between the Marinids and the Nasrids, in 1306. The Nasrids promptly sponsored the rebellion of
1194:
The refortified city – the final incarnation of Moorish Gibraltar – stood in the north-eastern part of the present-day city, reaching from the area of
548:
1341:
141:) was intended to be a major city furnished with palaces and mosques, but it seems to have fallen well short of the ambitions of its founder, the
991:. However, the main siege of Algeciras failed, and the Castilians struck a deal with the Granadan sultan allowing them to hold on to Gibraltar.
2086:
1305:
or bath-house, similar to examples in Fez in Morocco, was built in the lower town; its remnants can still be seen today incorporated into the
758:
However, nothing seems to have been done before the death of Abbad II in 1069. The Almoravids did come, in 1086, but at the invitation of the
2157:
2117:
1295:, may God strengthen him ... strengthened the wall of the extremity of the mount, which is the most formidable and useful of its walls.
514:
475:
568:
790:
into Muslim-held territory in Al-Andalus had shown that the area around Algeciras needed to be more strongly defended. The Almohad caliph
631:– a name which was later corrupted into "Gibraltar" by the Spanish). However, according to one early Islamic account, Tariq "cast anchor
542:
1253:) and a southern gate, the Barcina Gate. The core of the city was surrounded by substantial defensive walls with tall towers topped by
1428:
809:'s order, issued on 19 March 1160, charged two of the most important architects of the day with the task of building Madinat al-Fath.
783:
599:
2098:
2076:
2054:
2035:
1325:
524:
480:
763:
689:
It has been argued that some kind of fortification was probably constructed at Gibraltar thereafter. According to the 13th century
2193:
1437:
909:
683:
209:
1006:
959:, whose truce with Granada was about to expire, encouraging them to take Algeciras and Gibraltar and cut the rebel off. The
836:
It is unclear how much of Madinat al-Fath was actually built, since after the death of Abd al-Mu'min, his son and successor
485:
2188:
2183:
592:
408:
388:
221:
1348:
in 1779–83 and is now buried below the strengthened fortifications and rebuilding implemented by the British afterwards.
1333:
743:
included Gibraltar and managed to maintain its own independence only until 1056, when it was forcibly absorbed into the
624:
293:
111:
925:
904:. As a dependency of nearby Algeciras, Gibraltar was probably given along with Algeciras in 1274, by the Nasrid sultan
2178:
1010:
557:
1412:
1257:. Other than the Tower of Homage, two such towers still survive; one square based which was fitted with a clock in
1215:
1005:
The Castilians held Gibraltar for over twenty years, until a new deal was struck in 1333 between the Nasrid sultan
842:
398:
343:
241:
1424:
1086:
999:
964:
363:
328:
318:
263:
2064:
1393:
1378:
1345:
1166:
1014:
975:
and a few hundred men were needed to reduce it. After the conquest and the expulsion of the town's population,
960:
655:– transported the Muslim forces in ships which "in no way seemed different from" those which "plied across the
413:
373:
368:
338:
333:
323:
313:
158:
1337:
697:, Tariq built a fort on The Rock, but this was "only for temporary use, and after he had captured the area of
162:
46:, the largest surviving remnant of Moorish Gibraltar. The dents in its eastern wall were caused by Castilian
1369:
1111:
995:
976:
752:
730:
519:
383:
1317:
1195:
1019:
905:
644:
893:
onslaught of the 1220–40s, the north shore of the Strait of Gibraltar came under the jurisdiction of the
66:
1374:
1250:
1178:
1356:
1199:
810:
722:
944:
1452:
1246:
1172:
952:
921:
855:
640:
507:
446:
426:
393:
356:
286:
251:
230:
169:
1270:
818:
873:
787:
656:
205:
1234:
126:. Gibraltar was named after Tariq, who was traditionally said to have landed on the shores of the
1448:
897:
869:
740:
726:
258:
168:
Gibraltar was subjected to several more sieges before its final fall on 20 August 1462 (feast of
149:
92:
99:
to Christian hands 751 years later, in 1462, with an interregnum during the early 14th century.
1364:
incorporates the Moorish Baths, one of the few buildings of Moorish Gibraltar to have survived.
1282:, literally the "red sands", named after the predominant colouration of the soil in that area.
2153:
2134:
2113:
2094:
2072:
2050:
2031:
1266:
1106:
830:
767:
748:
718:
494:
490:
403:
378:
142:
127:
2147:
1423:
succeeded in capturing Gibraltar after launching a surprise attack. His success in the brief
1368:
The powerful Marinid sultan Abu al-Hasan was severely defeated by the Christian kings at the
1361:
1306:
956:
877:
806:
791:
744:
694:
669:
582:
433:
193:
145:
1122:
994:
The loss of Gibraltar led to the deposition of the Nasrid sultan of Granada by his brother
33:
2023:
1321:
1238:
1203:
837:
661:
620:
470:
197:
115:
107:
43:
2128:
1110:
The basic layout of the Moorish city of Gibraltar can still be seen in this 1567 view by
1432:
1397:
1382:
1377:
in 1344. Gibraltar, however, would not fall as easily. The Castilans subjected it to a
1292:
1258:
1245:) built there by the Moors. It had three separate access gates: the Land Gate (now the
1207:
1127:
1115:
947:, a pretender to the Marinid throne in Morocco. Uthman was landed by a Nasrid force in
894:
865:
690:
154:
39:
794:
therefore ordered the construction of a fortified city on Gibraltar, to be called the
2172:
1408:
103:
1456:
1329:
1310:
1301:
972:
47:
1386:
1283:
1274:
889:
673:
308:
273:
268:
1091:
901:
833:
was also to be constructed, and windmills were to be constructed on the Rock.
714:
298:
1210:
but usually referred to as such), a formidable square keep situated within a
2138:
1332:
at the southern tip of Gibraltar and was later converted into the Christian
1314:
936:
702:
698:
201:
96:
1299:
A number of other Moorish remnants are still visible in Gibraltar today. A
814:
762:
kings whose territories were threatened by the expansionist Christian king
1077:
A later (probably British) gate cut through the southern Moorish city wall
1013:
of Morocco. Moroccan forces crossed the strait to Algeciras and began the
775:
652:
123:
88:
917:
913:
861:
829:) facing towards the isthmus connecting Gibraltar with the mainland. A
665:
648:
119:
1400:
stormed the city with assistance from sympathisers within the walls.
1254:
1211:
1063:
1043:
988:
706:
678:
635:
to a mountain which received his name", rather than actually landing
70:
1403:
Another attempt to capture the city for the Christians was made by
979:
ordered the defences to be strengthened with the walls repaired, a
924:
laid siege to Tarifa and easily took it. Under the governorship of
660:
more likely that Tariq either landed in the vicinity of the former
204:, but was more likely to have used the nearby areas of El Mirador (
188:
1355:
1121:
1105:
948:
860:
In the late thirteen and early fourteenth centuries, Castile, the
735:
639:
Gibraltar. Another account, by the 9th-century Egyptian historian
187:
747:. By the mid-1060s Seville faced the threat of invasion from the
1854:"The Islamic City and Fortifications". Moorish Castle, Gibraltar
980:
102:
The Muslim presence in Gibraltar began on 27 April 711 when the
1202:. It was divided into three main quarters. At the top was the
955:, unable to dislodge the rebel from Ceuta, intrigued with the
686:
in Spain), where a landing would have been less conspicuous.
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1381:
between 1349 and 1350. It ended when Alfonso XI died from
1915:
1913:
1697:
1695:
1233:
by the Spanish, which may have taken its name from the
717:, Gibraltar was initially part of the territory of the
1978:
1976:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1670:
1668:
1229:(Granada Gate), and below that was a port area called
778:, returned to Spain in 1146 and gained control of the
619:
Gibraltar's Islamic history began with the arrival of
1500:
1498:
1473:
1471:
725:, which broke away from the main Caliphate after the
887:
With the implosion of the Almohad Caliphate and the
1085:The Castilians immediately mounted an unsuccessful
462:Evacuation of the Gibraltarian civilian population
21:
176:. The population, Muslim and Jewish, was expelled
2146:Watt, William Montgomery; Cachia, Pierre (1996).
1421:Juan Alonso de Guzmán, 1st Duke of Medina Sidonia
676:coast north of Gibraltar around La Tunara (now a
455:Military history of Gibraltar during World War II
1042:The Moorish gatehouse, through which the former
112:into Iberia in advance of the main Moorish force
2093:. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses.
1288:
1221:Below the kasbah was an area later called the
1336:. A subterranean reservoir, now known as the
600:
8:
2152:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 13–.
1225:(Old Town) by the Spanish, accessed via the
817:, a renowned mathematician, was assisted by
2112:. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing.
2006:
1887:
1875:
1863:
1842:
1823:
1782:
1587:
1058:Part of the Moorish city wall with a tower
983:constructed above the town and a dockyard (
963:was a side-operation of the main Castilian
2110:Language Change and Variation in Gibraltar
2069:Rock of Contention: A history of Gibraltar
1419:Finally, on 20 August 1462, Enrique's son
647:– an ally of Tariq who was estranged from
607:
593:
215:
32:
1340:, was also built at Europa Point for the
971:within at the time of its fall. Only two
200:was traditionally said to have landed at
87:began with the landing of the Muslims in
1440:, to be replaced by Spanish Christians.
733:splintered into a series of independent
1919:
1737:
1725:
1564:
1467:
1269:). The walls were at first built using
1032:
567:
229:
218:
1701:
1659:
1286:visited the city in 1353–4 and wrote:
1118:is marked with an "F" at the top left.
751:of North Africa. The kingdom's ruler,
18:
2130:A History of Gibraltar and its Sieges
2071:. London: Robert Hale & Company.
1994:
1982:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1904:
1806:
1794:
1761:
1749:
1686:
1674:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1599:
1552:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1489:
1477:
1265:(beaked, a design intended to resist
148:, by the time it was captured by the
16:Overview of Gibraltar under the Moors
7:
1713:
623:on 27 April 711 at the start of the
180:and replaced by Christian settlers.
543:History of nationality in Gibraltar
1102:Final century of Moorish Gibraltar
1009:of Granada and the Marinid sultan
95:in 711 and ended with the fall of
14:
2133:(2nd ed.). London: Provost.
1328:). A small mosque was built near
1326:Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned
1070:
1051:
1035:
576:
240:
172:) to Christian forces under the
157:, parts of the Moorish walls, a
69:
2028:The Fortifications of Gibraltar
1447:of Gibraltar took place on the
900:, a reduced successor state to
784:Alfonso VII of León and Castile
1261:times and another constructed
872:fought for the control of the
764:Alfonso VI of León and Castile
723:Spanish branch of the Umayyads
184:Early years of Muslim conquest
1:
2091:The Rock of the Gibraltarians
2030:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
1027:Defences of Moorish Gibraltar
515:Second sovereignty referendum
409:Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar
389:War of the Spanish Succession
60:
1431:. An initial assault by the
1334:Shrine of Our Lady of Europe
625:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
476:First sovereignty referendum
294:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
93:Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo
1342:supply of water to the city
1242:
1011:Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman
729:. Around 1035, the Umayyad
558:Fortifications of Gibraltar
2210:
2149:A History of Islamic Spain
1413:Seventh Siege of Gibraltar
1396:in 1411 when the Granadan
1216:Yusuf I, Sultan of Granada
853:
782:once again. Incursions by
399:Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar
344:Seventh Siege of Gibraltar
174:1st Duke of Medina Sidonia
110:led the initial incursion
1455:, whom the Spanish named
1425:Eighth Siege of Gibraltar
1249:), the Sea Gate (now the
1000:Second Siege of Gibraltar
850:The Battle for the Strait
826:
798:(the "City of Victory").
684:La Línea de la Concepción
651:, the Visigothic king of
628:
549:Political development in
364:Eighth Siege of Gibraltar
329:Fourth Siege of Gibraltar
319:Second Siege of Gibraltar
264:Neanderthals of Gibraltar
210:La Línea de la Concepción
138:
65:
63:
55:
31:
26:
2045:Harvey, Maurice (1996).
1346:Great Siege of Gibraltar
1015:third siege of Gibraltar
961:first siege of Gibraltar
882:la Cuestión del Estrecho
414:Great Siege of Gibraltar
374:Tenth Siege of Gibraltar
369:Ninth Siege of Gibraltar
339:Sixth Siege of Gibraltar
334:Fifth Siege of Gibraltar
324:Third Siege of Gibraltar
314:First Siege of Gibraltar
2194:Geography of al-Andalus
2007:Fa & Finlayson 2006
1888:Fa & Finlayson 2006
1876:Fa & Finlayson 2006
1864:Fa & Finlayson 2006
1843:Fa & Finlayson 2006
1824:Fa & Finlayson 2006
1783:Fa & Finlayson 2006
1588:Fa & Finlayson 2006
1112:Anton van den Wyngaerde
987:) to be built to house
977:Ferdinand IV of Castile
520:Cordoba Agreement, 2006
384:Marquisate of Gibraltar
212:) as his landing place.
2087:Jackson, William G. F.
2049:. Spellmount Limited.
1365:
1297:
1196:Grand Casemates Square
1191:
1119:
881:
721:before passing to the
645:Julian, Count of Ceuta
213:
163:subterranean reservoir
2108:Levey, David (2008).
1375:Alfonso XI of Castile
1359:
1309:. It was built using
1251:Grand Casemates Gates
1179:Grand Casemates Gates
1125:
1109:
1002:faltered and failed.
191:
114:under the command of
2189:History of Gibraltar
2184:Berbers in Gibraltar
2047:Gibraltar. A History
1370:Battle of Río Salado
1134:Inner and outer keep
1020:Vasco Pérez de Meira
953:Abu al-Rabi Sulayman
922:Sancho IV of Castile
856:Battle of the Strait
753:Abbad II al-Mu'tadid
731:Caliphate of Córdoba
583:Gibraltar portal
394:Capture of Gibraltar
91:and the fall of the
2127:Mann, J.H. (1873).
874:Strait of Gibraltar
864:of Morocco and the
788:Alfonso I of Aragon
668:at the head of the
629:"Mountain of Tariq"
525:Second constitution
464:during World War II
67:Castilian Gibraltar
2179:Arabs in Gibraltar
1407:, Second Count of
1366:
1206:(just part of the
1192:
1120:
965:siege of Algeciras
898:Emirate of Granada
741:Taifa of Algeciras
727:Abbasid Revolution
481:First constitution
259:Prehistoric Iberia
214:
150:Kingdom of Castile
2159:978-0-7486-0847-8
2119:978-90-272-1862-9
1438:Jewish population
1405:Enrique de Guzmán
1275:lime-based mortar
1200:Upper Castle Road
876:. This "battle" (
770:incorporated the
768:Yusuf ibn Tashfin
719:Umayyad Caliphate
641:Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam
617:
616:
495:Death on the Rock
491:Operation Flavius
404:Treaty of Utrecht
379:Catholic Monarchs
304:Moorish Gibraltar
128:Rock of Gibraltar
85:Moorish Gibraltar
81:
80:
77:
76:
22:Moorish Gibraltar
2201:
2163:
2142:
2123:
2104:
2082:
2060:
2041:
2024:Finlayson, Clive
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1908:
1902:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1827:
1821:
1810:
1804:
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1765:
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1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
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1684:
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1672:
1663:
1657:
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1633:
1627:
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1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1362:Gibraltar Museum
1352:Fall of the city
1307:Gibraltar Museum
1074:
1055:
1039:
945:Uthman ibn Idris
828:
745:Taifa of Seville
695:Ali ibn al-Athir
670:Bay of Gibraltar
630:
609:
602:
595:
581:
580:
579:
552:
551:modern Gibraltar
508:Modern Gibraltar
465:
434:Royal Calpe Hunt
244:
234:
216:
208:) or La Tunara (
194:Bay of Gibraltar
140:
73:
61:
36:
19:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2145:
2126:
2120:
2107:
2101:
2085:
2079:
2063:
2057:
2044:
2038:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1830:
1822:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1736:
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1724:
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1712:
1708:
1700:
1693:
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1673:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1469:
1465:
1429:Abu l-Hasan Ali
1354:
1322:Catholic church
1204:Tower of Homage
1190:
1165:Giralda Tower (
1156:Gate of Granada
1150:Tower of Homage
1146:
1104:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1066:
1056:
1047:
1040:
1029:
1028:
910:Abu Yusuf Yaqub
858:
852:
838:Abu Yaqub Yusuf
827:Gate of Victory
804:
802:Madinat al-Fath
796:Madinat al-Fath
713:As the rest of
621:Tariq ibn-Ziyad
613:
577:
575:
563:
562:
554:
550:
538:
530:
529:
510:
500:
499:
471:Operation Felix
467:
463:
457:
449:
439:
438:
429:
419:
418:
359:
349:
348:
289:
279:
278:
254:
232:
225:
198:Tariq ibn-Ziyad
186:
139:City of Victory
135:Madinat al-Fath
116:Musa ibn Nusayr
108:Tariq ibn-Ziyad
83:The history of
59:
51:
44:Tower of Homage
17:
12:
11:
5:
2207:
2205:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2143:
2124:
2118:
2105:
2099:
2083:
2077:
2061:
2055:
2042:
2036:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1909:
1892:
1880:
1868:
1856:
1847:
1828:
1811:
1799:
1787:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1730:
1718:
1706:
1691:
1679:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1569:
1557:
1545:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1494:
1482:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1433:Count of Arcos
1383:bubonic plague
1353:
1350:
1280:Turba al Hamra
1227:Bab el-Granada
1208:Moorish Castle
1189:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1143:Port (Barcina)
1141:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:Moorish Castle
1116:Moorish Castle
1103:
1100:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1069:
1067:
1062:, topped with
1057:
1050:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1024:
854:Main article:
851:
848:
819:Ahmad ibn Baso
803:
800:
739:kingdoms. The
615:
614:
612:
611:
604:
597:
589:
586:
585:
572:
571:
565:
564:
561:
560:
555:
547:
545:
539:
536:
535:
532:
531:
528:
527:
522:
517:
511:
506:
505:
502:
501:
498:
497:
488:
486:Border closure
483:
478:
473:
468:
460:
458:
453:
450:
445:
444:
441:
440:
437:
436:
430:
425:
424:
421:
420:
417:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
360:
355:
354:
351:
350:
347:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
290:
285:
284:
281:
280:
277:
276:
271:
266:
261:
255:
250:
249:
246:
245:
237:
236:
227:
226:
219:
185:
182:
155:Moorish Castle
143:Almohad caliph
79:
78:
75:
74:
64:
53:
52:
40:Moorish Castle
37:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2206:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2100:0-8386-3237-8
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2078:0-7091-4352-4
2074:
2070:
2066:
2065:Hills, George
2062:
2058:
2056:1-86227-103-8
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2037:1-84603-016-1
2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1997:, p. 16.
1996:
1991:
1988:
1985:, p. 93.
1984:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1970:, p. 92.
1969:
1964:
1961:
1958:, p. 91.
1957:
1952:
1949:
1946:, p. 90.
1945:
1940:
1937:
1934:, p. 89.
1933:
1928:
1925:
1922:, p. 60.
1921:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1907:, p. 86.
1906:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1890:, p. 13.
1889:
1884:
1881:
1878:, p. 56.
1877:
1872:
1869:
1866:, p. 14.
1865:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1845:, p. 16.
1844:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1826:, p. 12.
1825:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1809:, p. 59.
1808:
1803:
1800:
1797:, p. 58.
1796:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1764:, p. 49.
1763:
1758:
1755:
1752:, p. 48.
1751:
1746:
1743:
1740:, p. 38.
1739:
1734:
1731:
1728:, p. 36.
1727:
1722:
1719:
1716:, p. 93.
1715:
1710:
1707:
1704:, p. 35.
1703:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1689:, p. 50.
1688:
1683:
1680:
1677:, p. 39.
1676:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1662:, p. 30.
1661:
1656:
1653:
1650:, p. 38.
1649:
1644:
1641:
1638:, p. 36.
1637:
1632:
1629:
1626:, p. 34.
1625:
1620:
1617:
1614:, p. 33.
1613:
1608:
1605:
1602:, p. 32.
1601:
1596:
1593:
1590:, p. 11.
1589:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1567:, p. 31.
1566:
1561:
1558:
1555:, p. 31.
1554:
1549:
1546:
1543:, p. 24.
1542:
1537:
1534:
1531:, p. 29.
1530:
1525:
1522:
1519:, p. 28.
1518:
1513:
1510:
1507:, p. 26.
1506:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1492:, p. 25.
1491:
1486:
1483:
1480:, p. 23.
1479:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1363:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1247:Landport Gate
1244:
1243:Dar el-Sinaha
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1167:North Bastion
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1153:Flanking Wall
1152:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1033:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
973:siege engines
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
941:
938:
932:
930:
929:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
896:
892:
891:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
857:
849:
847:
844:
839:
834:
832:
824:
820:
816:
812:
811:Al-Hajj Ya'is
808:
807:Abd al-Mu'min
801:
799:
797:
793:
792:Abd al-Mu'min
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
737:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
680:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
626:
622:
610:
605:
603:
598:
596:
591:
590:
588:
587:
584:
574:
573:
570:
566:
559:
556:
553:
546:
544:
541:
540:
534:
533:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
512:
509:
504:
503:
496:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
466:
459:
456:
452:
451:
448:
443:
442:
435:
432:
431:
428:
423:
422:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
358:
353:
352:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
288:
283:
282:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
253:
248:
247:
243:
239:
238:
235:
228:
223:
217:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
183:
181:
179:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
151:
147:
146:Abd al-Mu'min
144:
136:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
72:
68:
62:
58:
54:
49:
48:siege engines
45:
41:
35:
30:
25:
20:
2166:
2148:
2129:
2109:
2090:
2068:
2046:
2027:
2022:Fa, Darren;
2016:Bibliography
2009:, p. 5.
2002:
1990:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1927:
1920:Jackson 1986
1883:
1871:
1859:
1850:
1802:
1790:
1785:, p. 9.
1757:
1745:
1738:Jackson 1986
1733:
1726:Jackson 1986
1721:
1709:
1682:
1655:
1643:
1631:
1619:
1607:
1595:
1565:Jackson 1986
1560:
1548:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1485:
1457:patron saint
1444:
1442:
1418:
1402:
1391:
1367:
1330:Europa Point
1300:
1298:
1289:
1279:
1262:
1235:Galley House
1230:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1193:
1187:Galley House
1184:Barcina Gate
1095:
1087:fourth siege
1084:
1059:
1004:
993:
984:
969:
967:in 1309–10.
942:
933:
927:
888:
886:
859:
843:Queen's Road
835:
822:
805:
795:
779:
771:
759:
757:
734:
712:
688:
677:
662:Roman colony
636:
632:
618:
447:20th century
427:19th century
357:Early modern
303:
177:
167:
134:
132:
122:governor of
101:
84:
82:
56:
1702:Harvey 1996
1660:Harvey 1996
1453:St. Bernard
1445:Reconquista
1394:sixth siege
1387:Black Death
1385:during the
1379:fifth siege
1284:Ibn Battuta
1223:Villa Vieja
1140:Villa Vieja
1126:Map of the
1046:was entered
1007:Muhammad IV
906:Muhammad II
890:Reconquista
823:Bab al-Fath
309:Reconquista
274:Gibraltar 2
269:Gibraltar 1
231:History of
192:Map of the
170:St. Bernard
2173:Categories
1995:Levey 2008
1983:Hills 1974
1968:Hills 1974
1956:Hills 1974
1944:Hills 1974
1932:Hills 1974
1905:Hills 1974
1807:Hills 1974
1795:Hills 1974
1762:Hills 1974
1750:Hills 1974
1687:Hills 1974
1675:Hills 1974
1648:Hills 1974
1636:Hills 1974
1624:Hills 1974
1612:Hills 1974
1600:Hills 1974
1553:Hills 1974
1541:Hills 1974
1529:Hills 1974
1517:Hills 1974
1505:Hills 1974
1490:Hills 1974
1478:Hills 1974
1463:References
1338:Nun's Well
1315:Visigothic
1231:La Barcina
1177:Sea Gate (
1092:Ibn Marzuq
957:Castilians
916:sultan of
902:al-Andalus
825:(English:
749:Almoravids
715:Al-Andalus
693:historian
672:or on the
299:Al-Andalus
252:Prehistory
159:bath-house
137:(English:
57:Chronology
1714:Mann 1873
1324:(now the
1259:Victorian
1159:Gatehouse
985:atarazana
937:rearguard
703:Algeciras
699:Algeciras
233:Gibraltar
206:San Roque
202:Gibraltar
97:Gibraltar
2139:39745364
2089:(1986).
2067:(1974).
2026:(2006).
1318:capitals
1293:Abu Inan
1173:Landport
1094:, whose
928:el Bueno
862:Marinids
776:Almohads
653:Hispania
569:Timeline
537:See also
287:Medieval
222:a series
220:Part of
178:en masse
124:Ifriqiya
106:general
89:Hispania
50:in 1333.
27:711–1462
1398:Nasrids
1255:merlons
1064:merlons
989:galleys
926:Guzmán
918:Morocco
914:Marinid
878:Spanish
870:Granada
866:Nasrids
831:harbour
691:Kurdish
674:Alboran
666:Carteia
649:Roderic
120:Umayyad
2156:
2137:
2116:
2097:
2075:
2053:
2034:
1411:. The
1409:Niebla
1267:mining
1263:en bec
1239:Arabic
1212:kasbah
1198:up to
1137:Qasbah
1114:. The
1096:Musnad
1060:en bec
1044:kasbah
912:, the
895:Nasrid
815:Málaga
780:taifas
772:taifas
707:Tarifa
679:barrio
657:Strait
224:on the
161:and a
104:Berber
1449:feast
1311:Roman
1302:hamam
1271:tapia
1162:Tower
949:Ceuta
760:taifa
736:taifa
633:close
2154:ISBN
2135:OCLC
2114:ISBN
2095:ISBN
2073:ISBN
2051:ISBN
2032:ISBN
1443:The
1360:The
1313:and
1273:, a
996:Nasr
981:keep
786:and
133:The
38:The
1451:of
908:to
868:of
813:of
705:or
682:of
664:of
42:'s
2175::
1975:^
1912:^
1895:^
1831:^
1814:^
1769:^
1694:^
1667:^
1572:^
1497:^
1470:^
1389:.
1241::
1218:.
1130::
880::
766:.
637:at
196:.
165:.
118:,
2162:.
2141:.
2122:.
2103:.
2081:.
2059:.
2040:.
1237:(
1181:)
1169:)
608:e
601:t
594:v
493:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
