820:. Air sampling can be used to identify hidden mold and is often used to assess the effectiveness of control measures after remediation. An indoor mold air sampling campaign should be performed over the course of at least several days as the environmental conditions can lead to variations in the day-to-day mold concentration. Stationary samplers assess a specific environment, such as a room or building, whereas personal samplers assess the mold exposure one person receives in all of the environments they enter over the course of sampling. Personal samplers can be attached to workers to assess their respiratory exposures to molds on the job. Personal samplers usually show higher levels of exposure than stationary samples due to the "personal cloud" effect, where the activities of the person re-suspend settled particles. There are several methods that can be used for indoor mold air sampling.
586:
881:-based molecular method that can identify and quantify fungal species. The Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI) is a numerical that can be used in epidemiological studies to assess mold burdens of houses in the United States. The ERMI consists of a list of 36 fungal species commonly associated with damp houses that can be measured using qPCR. Like swab and surface sampling, bulk and dust sampling can give detailed information about the mold source, but cannot accurately determine the level of exposure to the source.
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770:(EPA) does not generally recommend sampling unless an occupant of the space has symptoms. In most cases, if visible mold growth is present, sampling is unnecessary. Sampling should be performed by a trained professional with specific experience in mold-sampling protocols, sampling methods and the interpretation of findings. It should be done only to make a particular determination, such as airborne spore concentration or identifying a particular
430:, nasal stuffiness, eye irritation, cough and wheezing and skin irritation in some cases. Exposure to mold may heighten sensitivity, depending on the time and nature of exposure. People with chronic lung diseases are at higher risk for mold allergies, and will experience more severe reactions when exposed to mold. Damp indoor environments correlate with upper-respiratory-tract symptoms, such as coughing and wheezing in people with asthma.
730:, to prevent moisture seepage into the home; keeping air-conditioning drip pans clean and drainage lines clear; monitoring indoor humidity; drying areas of moisture or condensation and removing their sources; ensuring that there is adequate ventilation by installing an exhaust fan in your bathroom; treating exposed structural wood or wood framing with a fungicidal encapsulation coating after pre-cleaning (particularly homes with a
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spread through the property contributing to adverse health problems and causing secondary damage to the structure and its contents. Significant mold growth may require professional mold remediation to remove the affected building materials and eradicate the source of excess moisture. In extreme cases of mold growth in buildings, it may be more cost-effective to condemn the building than to reduce mold to safe levels.
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766:), or where moisture problems are suspected. In many cases, if materials have failed to dry out several days after the suspected water event, mold growth can be suspected even if it is not immediately visible. Often, quick decisions about the immediate safety and health of the environment can be made by these observations before sampling is even needed. The
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291:, but invisible to the naked eye, that float through the air and deposit on surfaces. When the temperature, moisture, and available nutrient conditions are correct, the spores can form into new mold colonies where they are deposited. There are many types of mold, but all require moisture and a food source for growth.
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cells. If a house has mold, the moisture may originate in the basement or crawl space, a leaking roof or a leak in plumbing pipes. Insufficient ventilation may accelerate moisture buildup. Visible mold colonies may form where ventilation is poorest and on perimeter walls (because they are nearest the
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Bulk removal of material from the contaminated area is used to identify and quantify the mold in the sample. This method is often used to verify contamination and identify the source of contamination. Dust samples can be collected using a vacuum with a collection filter attached. Dust from surfaces
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Mold will start to grow once moisture and organic material come together. This can happen anywhere in a property including bathrooms, walls, garages, bedrooms, kitchens, etc. A smell is a good indicator that there is mold growth that needs immediate attention. If not attended to, the growth can
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Air is the most common form of sampling to assess mold levels. Although, the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) does not have any current testing protocols. Air sampling is considered to be the most representative method for assessing respiratory exposure to mold. Indoor and outdoor air are
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may have been compromised, mold remediation may be needed. The first step in solving an indoor mold problem is to remove the moisture source; new mold will begin to grow on moist, porous surfaces within 24 to 48 hours. There are a number of ways to prevent mold growth. Some cleaning companies
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or too drafty. Mold problems occur in airtight homes more frequently in the warmer months (when humidity is high inside the house, and moisture is trapped), and occur in drafty homes more frequently in the colder months (when warm air escapes from the living area and condenses). If a house is
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system creates a difference in temperature, encouraging condensation. The high rate of dusty air movement through an HVAC system may furnish ample food for mold. Since the air-conditioning system is not always running, warm conditions are the final component for mold growth.
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sampled, and their mold spore concentrations are compared. Indoor mold concentrations should be less than or equal to outdoor concentrations with similar distributions of species. A predominant difference in species or higher indoor concentrations can indicate poor
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Mold growth can be inhibited by keeping surfaces at conditions that are further from condensation, with relative humidity levels below 75%. This usually translates to a relative humidity of indoor air below 60%, in agreement with the guidelines for
625:– cellulose (the cell wall of green plants) is a common food for indoor spores; moisture – to begin the decaying process caused by mold; and time – mold growth begins from 24 hours to 10 days after the provision of growing conditions.
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Vesper, Stephen; McKinstry, Craig; Haugland, Richard; Wymer, Larry; Bradham, Karen; Ashley, Peter; Cox, David; Dewalt, Gary; Friedman, Warren (August 2007). "Development of an
Environmental Relative Moldiness Index for US Homes".
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are capable of sustaining mold growth and mold spores are ubiquitous, mold growth in an indoor environment is typically related to water or moisture exposure and may be caused by incomplete drying of flooring materials (such as
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on surfaces cooler than the moisture-laden air, enabling mold to flourish. This moisture vapor passes through walls and ceilings, typically condensing during the winter in climates with a long heating season. Floors over
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The goals of remediation are to remove (or clean) contaminated materials, preventing fungi (and fungi-contaminated dust) from entering an occupied (or non-contaminated) area while protecting workers performing the
1105:, also known as High Efficiency Particulate Filter is commonly used with mold remediation for safely removing any mold spores from the surface and building materials to deter these pores from becoming airborne.
1133:: Large, isolated areas (30–100 square feet (2.8–9.3 m)): Professionals experienced in microbial investigations or mold remediation should be consulted, and personnel should be trained in the handling of
758:, lifting (or removing) carpets, checking behind wallpaper or paneling, checking ventilation ductwork and exposing wall cavities. Efforts typically focus on areas where there are signs of liquid moisture or
852:, may also be used for species identification and quantification. Swab and surface sampling can give detailed information about the mold, but cannot measure the actual mold exposure because it is not
578:, and carpet padding provide food for mold. In carpet, organic load such as invisible dust and cellulose are food sources. After water damage to a building, mold grows in walls and then becomes
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During mold remediation in the U.S., the level of contamination dictates the protection level for remediation workers. Contamination levels have been enumerated as I, II, III, and IV:
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is left out in the environment for a set period of time, sometimes weeks. Dust samples can be analyzed using culture-based or culture-independent methods. Quantitative PCR is a
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848:. Final results indicate mold levels and species located in the suspect area. Surface sampling can be used to identify the source of mold exposure. Molecular analyses, such as
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Dry brushing or agitation device: Wire brushing or sanding is used when microbial growth can be seen on solid wood surfaces such as framing or underlayment (the subfloor).
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effect as low humidity. Mold grows best in warm temperatures, 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F), although growth may occur between 0 and 35 °C (32 and 95 °F).
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952:: Before remediation, the area is assessed to ensure safety, clean up the entire moldy area, and properly approach the mold. The EPA provides the following instructions:
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The effective way to clean mold is to use detergent solutions which physically remove mold. Many commercially available detergents marketed for mold cleanup include an
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or with dirt floors, are mold-prone. The "doormat test" detects moisture from concrete slabs without a sub-slab vapor barrier. Inorganic materials, such as metal or
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and death. Prolonged exposure (for example, on a daily basis) can be particularly harmful. Mycotoxins can persist in the indoor environment even after death of the
494:. When spores land on a moist surface suitable for life, they begin to grow. Mold is normally found indoors at levels that do not affect most healthy individuals.
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1027:: Used in remediation areas after materials have been dried and contaminated materials removed; collected debris and dust is stored to prevent debris release.
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797:(AIHA). Types of samples include air, surface, bulk, dust, and swab. Multiple types of sampling are recommended by the AIHA, since each has limitations.
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due to improper ventilation, insufficient heating or poor thermal quality of the building envelope. Even something as simple as drying clothes indoors on
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An observation of the indoor environment should be conducted before any sampling is performed. The area should be surveyed for odors indicating mold or
618:, or the underside of carpets or carpet padding. Piping in walls may also be a source of mold, since they may leak (causing moisture and condensation).
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piles, cut grass, and wooded areas. More than half of adult workers in moldy/humid buildings suffer from nasal or sinus symptoms due to mold exposure.
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Mold is detectable by smell and signs of water damage on walls or ceiling and can grow in places invisible to the human eye. It may be found behind
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Removing one of the three requirements for mold reduces (or eliminates) new mold growth: moisture; food for the mold spores (for example, dust or
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is rubbed across the area being sampled, often a measured area, and subsequently sent to the mold testing laboratory. The swab can rubbed on an
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until subsequent high humidity; suitable conditions reactivate mold. Mycotoxin levels are higher in buildings which have had a water incident.
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that recommend a relative humidity between 40 - 60 %. Moisture buildup in buildings may arise from water penetrating areas of the
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1127:: Mid-sized, isolated areas (10–30 square feet (0.93–2.79 m)); may also be remediated by trained, protected building staff;
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2085:"Recommendations for the Cleaning and Remediation of Flood-Contaminated HVAC Systems: A Guide for Building Owners and Managers"
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Clark, Sierra N.; Lam, Holly C. Y.; Goode, Emma-Jane; Marczylo, Emma L.; Exley, Karen S.; Dimitroulopoulou, Sani (2023-08-02).
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in their lungs when they are exposed to mold. These people should stay away from areas that are likely to have mold, such as
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1069:, a flexible tube with a camera at the end, to illuminate potential mold problems inside walls, ceilings and crawl spaces;
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452:, that can pose serious health risks to humans and animals. "Toxic mold" refers to mold which produce mycotoxins, such as
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1121:: Small, isolated areas (10 square feet (0.93 m) or less); remediation may be conducted by trained building staff;
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can increase the risk of mold growth, if the humidity produced is not able to escape the building via ventilation.
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1003:: Removes mold from wood and cement; however, this process may spray mold and its byproducts into surrounding air.
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Significant mold growth requires moisture and food sources and a substrate capable of sustaining growth. Common
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of mycotoxins. After a flood or major leak, mycotoxin levels are higher – even after a building has dried out.
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such as fallen leaves and dead trees; indoors, mold growth should be avoided. Mold reproduces by means of tiny
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1143:: Extensive contamination (more than 100 square feet (9.3 m)); requires trained, equipped professionals
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906:, removing mold (and mold spores) from clothing to eliminate odor and prevent further damage to garments.
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Mold is found everywhere and can grow on almost any substance when moisture is present. It reproduces by
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1471:"Indoor Environmental Quality: Dampness and Mold in Buildings - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic"
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1228:"Indoor Environmental Quality: Dampness and Mold in Buildings – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic"
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Wet vacuum: Wet vacuuming is used on wet materials, and this method is one of those approved by the EPA.
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If there are mold problems in a house only during certain times of the year, the house is probably too
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and can spread through the air attached to these dust particles or spores. There must be very specific
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The purpose of cleanup is to eliminate mold and remove contaminated materials. Killing mold with a
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is a natural part of the environment and plays an important part in nature by breaking down dead
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Viegas, Carla Sofia Costa; Viegas, Susana; Gomes, Anita; Täubel, Martin; Sabino, Raquel (2017).
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such as floors, beds, or furniture is often collected to assess health effects from exposure in
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Surface sampling measures the number of mold spores deposited on indoor surfaces. With swab, a
419:. Signs of mold-related respiratory problems in an infant include a persistent cough or wheeze.
1839:. Viegas, Carla Sofia Costa,, Viegas, Susana,, Gomes, Anita,, Täubel, Martin,, Sabino, Raquel.
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Niemeier, R. Todd; Sivasubramani, Satheesh K.; Reponen, Tiina; Grinshpun, Sergey A. (2006).
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1371:"The Burden of Respiratory Disease from Formaldehyde, Damp and Mould in English Housing"
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Mold is ubiquitous, and mold spores are a common component of household and workplace
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1771:"Assessment of Fungal Contamination in Moldy Homes: Comparison of Different Methods"
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disposal: Sealed in the remediation area, debris is usually discarded with ordinary
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causing reactions in humans remain in dead mold. The following methods are used.
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Culture dish with A. fumigatus colonies, a species commonly found in indoor air
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or fabric, from plumbing leaks, rainwater or groundwater penetration, or from
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Food sources for mold in buildings include cellulose-based materials such as
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In the U.S., sampling and analysis should follow the recommendations of the
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Moisture
Control Guidance for Building Design, Construction and Maintenance
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Residential mold may be prevented and controlled by cleaning and repairing
2048:"Guidelines on Assessment and Remediation of Fungi in Indoor Environments"
1837:
Exposure to microbiological agents in indoor and occupational environments
1099:, infrared thermal-imaging cameras to identify secondary moisture sources.
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After remediation, the premises should be reevaluated to ensure success.
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2007:"List A: Antimicrobial Products Registered with the EPA as Sterilizers"
1328:"Meta-Mold exposure and respiratory health in damp indoor environments"
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693:(HVAC) systems can produce all three requirements for mold growth. The
687:); and warmth since mold generally does not grow in cold environments.
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409:. Infants may develop respiratory symptoms as a result of exposure to
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Before sampling, a subsequent course of action should be determined.
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Mold colonies can grow inside buildings, and the chief hazard is the
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BS 5250:2021 - Management of moisture in buildings. Code of practice
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and equipped with respiratory protection, gloves and eye protection;
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Indoor mold on the head jamb of the window in a multi-story building
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with a half-face respirator prevent mold spores from reaching the
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Infants in homes with mold have a much greater risk of developing
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2117:"Chapter 6 – Containment and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)"
1708:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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studies. Researchers of indoor mold also use a long-term settled
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are available to keep out particles down to one micrometer, and
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keep mold spores from entering skin cuts. Gloves are made of
426:, and sensitivity to mold varies. Exposure to mold may cause
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1292:"Mold – General Information – Facts About Mold and Dampness"
2151:
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Although this home experienced minor exterior damage from
1632:. British Standards Institution (BSI). October 31, 2021.
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WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air
Quality: Dampness and Mould
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HVAC cleaning: Should be done by a trained professional.
199:
1655:"The problem of clothes drying in new homes in the UK"
734:, unfinished basement, or a poorly-ventilated attic).
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to humans, potentially causing allergic reactions and
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New York City
Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
791:
National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
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conditions in order for fungi to produce mycotoxins.
518:, leaky roofs, poor building maintenance, or indoor
458:. Exposure to high levels of mycotoxins can lead to
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1552:"Best Air Purifier for Mold (2021 Reviews Updated)"
958:Protective clothing: Includes a half- or full-face
897:In a situation where there is visible mold and the
103:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1893:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
1511:Sullivan, John B.; Krieger, Gary R., eds. (2001).
1776:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
1706:Clinical environmental health and toxic exposures
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1514:Clinical environmental health and toxic exposures
1013:surfaces by wiping or scrubbing with water and a
271:(British English), also sometimes referred to as
1704:Sullivan, John B. Jr.; Krieger, Gary R. (2001).
1653:Madgwick, Della; Wood, Hannah (August 8, 2016).
1584:"A Brief Guide to Mold, Moisture and Your Home"
2162:"Skeptoid #494: Black Mold: Peril or Prosaic?"
1321:
1319:
2190:
2152:Environmental Protection Agency Mold Homepage
2122:United States Environmental Protection Agency
2015:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1980:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1948:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1743:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1589:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1046:Equipment used in mold remediation includes:
787:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
768:United States Environmental Protection Agency
501:Black indoor mold growing in a humid bathroom
188:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
621:Spores need three things to grow into mold:
29:Fungal growth that develops on wet materials
2042:
2040:
522:problems can lead to interior mold growth.
66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2957:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
2206:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
2197:
2183:
2175:
2090:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1476:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1297:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1233:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
691:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
1800:
1386:
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672:artificially humidified, by the use of a
244:Learn how and when to remove this message
226:Learn how and when to remove this message
163:Learn how and when to remove this message
3391:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
496:
255:
1975:"Selected EPA-Registered Disinfectants"
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1075:to document findings during evaluation;
1053:to measure drying of damaged materials;
795:American Industrial Hygiene Association
2025:from the original on February 26, 2021
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325:Symptoms of mold exposure may include
3264:Programmable communicating thermostat
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1504:
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1500:
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7:
3386:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
1596:from the original on January 6, 2020
750:or leaking pipes, and water-damaged
643:and the paper facing on drywall and
341:; respiratory difficulties, such as
309:. In large amounts they can lead to
101:adding citations to reliable sources
2129:from the original on April 29, 2021
1955:from the original on April 17, 2021
1750:from the original on April 14, 2021
1451:from the original on April 25, 2021
1300:. September 5, 2017. Archived from
550:-based building materials, such as
3247:Minimum efficiency reporting value
1183:Greenguard Environmental Institute
1023:(high-efficiency particulate air)
746:growth, moisture sources, such as
25:
3289:Standard temperature and pressure
3002:Packaged terminal air conditioner
2538:Passive daytime radiative cooling
2267:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
2064:from the original on May 13, 2021
1987:from the original on May 13, 2021
1519:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
1240:from the original on May 18, 2020
47:This article has multiple issues.
2358:Absorption-compression heat pump
2097:from the original on May 7, 2021
1685:from the original on May 7, 2021
1550:Perryman, Oliver (May 5, 2021).
1483:from the original on May 7, 2020
1157:
1009:Damp wipe: Removal of mold from
179:
77:
36:
3253:Normal temperature and pressure
2633:Vapor-compression refrigeration
448:, chemical components of their
422:Mold exposure has a variety of
377:people and people with chronic
88:needs additional citations for
55:or discuss these issues on the
3600:Occupational safety and health
1517:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia:
1326:Park J, Cox-Ganser JM (2011).
1265:Minnesota Department of Health
1:
3401:Testing, adjusting, balancing
3345:Building information modeling
3340:Building services engineering
2917:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
2445:Demand controlled ventilation
2393:Building insulation materials
1875:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1079:Personal protective equipment
976:personal protective equipment
482:Causes and growing conditions
2962:High-pressure cut-off switch
2513:Ice storage air conditioning
2434:Dedicated outdoor air system
2083:NIOSH (September 19, 2018).
1905:10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181255e98
1388:10.3390/environments10080136
1260:"Mold and Moisture in Homes"
3305:Thermostatic radiator valve
3107:Thermostatic radiator valve
2618:Underfloor air distribution
2553:Radiant heating and cooling
2471:Energy recovery ventilation
2383:Automobile air conditioning
2247:Domestic energy consumption
929:Cleanup and removal methods
202:, discuss the issue on the
3621:
3454:Institute of Refrigeration
3335:Architectural technologist
2807:Electrostatic precipitator
1738:"Mold Testing or Sampling"
1188:High-ozone shock treatment
804:
754:. This can include moving
570:, wood framing, composite
466:. They can adhere to dust
437:
298:
3507:Volatile organic compound
3366:Environmental engineering
3330:Architectural engineering
3132:Ultra-low particulate air
2717:Automatic balancing valve
2645:Variable refrigerant flow
2497:Heat recovery ventilation
2440:Deep water source cooling
1793:10.1080/15459620600637333
1424:World Health Organization
1173:Environmental engineering
824:Swab and surface sampling
793:(NIOSH), the EPA and the
3554:Template:Home automation
3376:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
3072:Solar-assisted heat pump
2672:Air conditioner inverter
2451:Displacement ventilation
2342:Vapour pressure of water
2327:Thermal destratification
970:of the eyes. Disposable
873:where a dust cloth or a
383:obstructive lung disease
3549:World Refrigeration Day
3396:Refrigerant reclamation
3325:Architectural acoustics
3269:Programmable thermostat
3201:Clean air delivery rate
3097:Thermal expansion valve
3012:Pressurisation ductwork
2922:Ground source heat pump
2363:Absorption refrigerator
1671:10.1108/SS-10-2015-0048
1333:Frontiers in Bioscience
1089:, impervious suit, and
937:is insufficient, since
535:and basements, without
490:, which are carried by
3539:Glossary of HVAC terms
3501:Sick building syndrome
3381:Mechanical engineering
3092:Smoke exhaust ductwork
2523:Mixed-mode ventilation
1983:. September 28, 2015.
1208:Sick building syndrome
1059:, often paired with a
894:
871:dust collection system
860:Bulk and dust sampling
844:to grow the mold on a
833:
655:, and dust containing
594:
502:
460:neurological disorders
455:Stachybotrys chartarum
287:. The spores are like
267:(American English) or
261:
3559:Template:Solar energy
3237:Intelligent buildings
3196:Carbon dioxide sensor
2583:Room air distribution
2403:Central solar heating
2160:(November 24, 2015).
1236:. September 1, 2015.
892:
831:
805:Further information:
588:
500:
259:
3605:Indoor air pollution
3361:Duct leakage testing
3351:Deep energy retrofit
3295:Thermographic camera
3232:Infrared thermometer
2707:Air source heat pump
2656:Water heat recycling
2222:Air changes per hour
1785:Taylor & Francis
1521:. p. 41606485.
1304:on December 16, 2019
1178:Environmental health
1097:Thermographic camera
315:respiratory diseases
208:create a new article
200:improve this article
97:improve this article
3227:HVAC control system
3217:Home energy monitor
3191:Building automation
2977:Inverter compressor
2639:Variable air volume
2548:Passive ventilation
2518:Kitchen ventilation
2418:Constant air volume
2388:Autonomous building
2018:. August 15, 2016.
1951:. October 7, 2015.
1845:Springer Publishing
1592:. August 13, 2014.
1556:Dehumidifier Critic
1272:on January 26, 2019
1203:Occupational asthma
1135:hazardous materials
1017:and drying quickly.
939:chemical substances
610:, on the inside of
381:illnesses, such as
3595:Industrial hygiene
3490:Indoor air quality
3434:ASTM International
3371:Hydronic balancing
3148:Wood-burning stove
3027:Radiator reflector
2812:Evaporative cooler
2623:Underfloor heating
2608:Thermal insulation
1198:Hurricane response
1035:construction waste
904:fabric restoration
899:indoor air quality
895:
834:
814:indoor air quality
752:building materials
595:
507:building materials
503:
444:Some mold produce
385:, may get serious
311:mold health issues
301:Mold health issues
262:
3567:
3566:
3483:Health and safety
3062:Scroll compressor
3017:Process duct work
2772:Convection heater
2767:Condensing boiler
2697:Air-mixing plenum
2593:Solar combisystem
2429:Cross ventilation
2232:Building envelope
2125:. July 31, 2014.
2057:. November 2008.
1854:978-3-319-61688-9
1841:Cham, Switzerland
1659:Structural Survey
1639:978-0-539-18975-9
1110:Protection levels
713:building envelope
591:Hurricane Katrina
541:polished concrete
428:throat irritation
407:allergic rhinitis
375:Immunocompromised
359:throat irritation
353:, and persistent
254:
253:
246:
236:
235:
228:
210:, as appropriate.
173:
172:
165:
147:
70:
16:(Redirected from
3612:
3590:Fungi and humans
3580:Building biology
3529:Building science
3284:Smart thermostat
3279:Room temperature
2862:Fireplace insert
2568:Radon mitigation
2466:Electric heating
2461:District heating
2456:District cooling
2373:Air conditioning
2199:
2192:
2185:
2176:
2171:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2052:
2044:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2024:
2011:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1866:
1832:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1746:. May 13, 2015.
1734:
1728:
1727:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1665:(4/5): 320–330.
1650:
1644:
1643:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1618:. December 2013.
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1580:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1508:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1479:. May 17, 2013.
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1450:
1417:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1390:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1349:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1268:. Archived from
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1224:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1001:Dry-ice blasting
968:mucous membranes
893:Mold remediation
695:air conditioning
612:dropped ceilings
327:nasal congestion
249:
242:
231:
224:
220:
217:
211:
183:
182:
175:
168:
161:
157:
154:
148:
146:
105:
81:
73:
62:
40:
39:
32:
21:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3524:ASHRAE Handbook
3512:
3496:Passive smoking
3478:
3411:
3405:
3317:
3315:
3309:
3163:
3157:
3138:Whole-house fan
3052:Run-around coil
3047:Reversing valve
2992:Mechanical room
2982:Kerosene heater
2972:Infrared heater
2902:Gasoline heater
2842:Fan filter unit
2757:Condensate pump
2742:Centrifugal fan
2660:
2563:Radiant heating
2558:Radiant cooling
2533:Passive cooling
2528:Microgeneration
2398:Central heating
2346:
2322:Thermal comfort
2214:
2208:
2203:
2156:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1943:"What is mold?"
1941:
1940:
1936:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1867:
1855:
1834:
1833:
1818:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1716:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1582:
1581:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1529:
1510:
1509:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1434:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1193:House dust mite
1163:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1112:
1044:
931:
887:
862:
826:
816:and a possible
809:
803:
780:
740:
709:thermal comfort
704:
600:
562:strips, finish
505:Because common
484:
442:
436:
399:
363:skin irritation
323:
303:
297:
250:
239:
238:
237:
232:
221:
215:
212:
197:
184:
180:
169:
158:
152:
149:
106:
104:
94:
82:
41:
37:
30:
23:
22:
18:Mold prevention
15:
12:
11:
5:
3618:
3616:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3572:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3493:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3274:Psychrometrics
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3171:Air flow meter
3167:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2947:Heating system
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2927:Heat exchanger
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2892:Gas compressor
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2827:Expansion tank
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2747:Ceramic heater
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2588:Solar air heat
2585:
2580:
2578:Renewable heat
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2489:
2487:Forced-air gas
2484:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2337:Thermodynamics
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2307:Psychrometrics
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2262:Gas compressor
2259:
2257:Fluid dynamics
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2158:Dunning, Brian
2154:
2147:
2146:External links
2144:
2141:
2140:
2108:
2075:
2036:
1998:
1966:
1934:
1899:(8): 829–833.
1882:
1853:
1816:
1761:
1729:
1714:
1696:
1645:
1638:
1621:
1607:
1568:
1542:
1527:
1494:
1462:
1432:
1402:
1361:
1340:(2): 757–771.
1315:
1283:
1251:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1128:
1122:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1091:eye protection
1076:
1073:Digital camera
1070:
1064:
1057:Humidity gauge
1054:
1051:Moisture meter
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1028:
1025:vacuum cleaner
1018:
1007:
1004:
998:
995:
956:
953:
930:
927:
902:specialize in
886:
883:
861:
858:
825:
822:
802:
799:
779:
776:
748:stagnant water
739:
736:
703:
700:
645:organic matter
614:, the back of
599:
596:
537:vapor barriers
483:
480:
438:Main article:
435:
432:
424:health effects
398:
395:
339:eye irritation
322:
319:
299:Main article:
296:
295:Health effects
293:
281:organic matter
252:
251:
234:
233:
194:of the subject
192:worldwide view
187:
185:
178:
171:
170:
85:
83:
76:
71:
45:
44:
42:
35:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3617:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:organizations
3408:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:Duct cleaning
3354:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:Control valve
3205:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3127:Turning vanes
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3102:Thermal wheel
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3067:Solar chimney
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2837:Fan coil unit
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:Cooling tower
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
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846:growth medium
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818:health hazard
815:
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572:wood flooring
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117:
114: –
113:
112:"Indoor mold"
109:
108:Find sources:
102:
98:
92:
91:
86:This article
84:
80:
75:
74:
69:
67:
60:
59:
54:
53:
48:
43:
34:
33:
27:
19:
3534:Fireproofing
3318:and services
3314:Professions,
3212:Gas detector
3112:Trickle vent
3087:Smoke damper
3082:Smoke canopy
3077:Space heater
3007:Plenum space
2942:Heating film
2822:Exhaust hood
2792:Dehumidifier
2732:Blast damper
2727:Barrier pipe
2702:Air purifier
2613:Thermosiphon
2492:Free cooling
2408:Chilled beam
2332:Thermal mass
2317:Stack effect
2302:Particulates
2282:Infiltration
2213:Fundamental
2165:
2131:. Retrieved
2120:
2111:
2099:. Retrieved
2088:
2078:
2066:. Retrieved
2027:. Retrieved
2013:
2001:
1989:. Retrieved
1978:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1946:
1937:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1836:
1780:
1774:
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1741:
1732:
1705:
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1662:
1658:
1648:
1629:
1624:
1615:
1610:
1598:. Retrieved
1587:
1559:. Retrieved
1555:
1545:
1513:
1485:. Retrieved
1474:
1465:
1453:. Retrieved
1411:
1405:
1378:
1375:Environments
1374:
1364:
1347:10.2741/e284
1337:
1331:
1306:. Retrieved
1302:the original
1295:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1270:the original
1263:
1254:
1242:. Retrieved
1231:
1222:
1165:Fungi portal
1146:
1140:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1113:
1045:
988:polyurethane
972:hazmat suits
932:
919:
915:
908:
896:
867:epidemiology
863:
835:
810:
801:Air sampling
784:
781:
741:
728:rain gutters
725:
717:condensation
705:
689:
682:
666:
634:
627:
620:
601:
545:
533:crawl spaces
504:
492:air currents
485:
453:
443:
421:
410:
400:
365:, such as a
324:
304:
269:indoor mould
268:
264:
263:
240:
222:
216:January 2014
213:
189:
159:
150:
140:
133:
126:
119:
107:
95:Please help
90:verification
87:
63:
56:
50:
49:Please help
46:
26:
3544:Warm Spaces
3186:Blower door
3164:and control
3162:Measurement
3143:Windcatcher
3117:Trombe wall
3057:Sail switch
3037:Refrigerant
3032:Recuperator
2907:Grease duct
2867:Freeze stat
2852:Fire damper
2722:Back boiler
2692:Air ionizer
2687:Air handler
2651:Ventilation
2503:Hybrid heat
2368:Air barrier
2287:Latent heat
1787:: 262–273.
1103:Hepa Vacuum
1083:respirators
1061:thermometer
885:Remediation
854:aerosolized
838:cotton swab
760:water vapor
732:crawl space
678:desiccating
598:Hidden mold
524:Water vapor
472:temperature
415:, a fungal
412:Penicillium
265:Indoor mold
3574:Categories
3300:Thermostat
3222:Humidistat
3153:Zone valve
3122:TurboSwing
2997:Oil heater
2967:Humidifier
2897:Gas heater
2847:Fan heater
2817:Evaporator
2802:Economizer
2777:Compressor
2682:Air filter
2665:Components
2482:Forced-air
2378:Antifreeze
2351:Technology
2297:Outgassing
2237:Convection
1863:1005921897
1381:(8): 136.
1011:non-porous
960:respirator
950:Evaluation
911:antifungal
875:petri dish
842:agar plate
807:Bioaerosol
738:Assessment
702:Prevention
674:humidifier
630:inhalation
450:cell walls
446:mycotoxins
434:Mycotoxins
387:infections
347:chest pain
335:rhinorrhea
123:newspapers
52:improve it
3410:Industry
3259:OpenTherm
2937:Heat pump
2932:Heat pipe
2882:Fume hood
2857:Fireplace
2762:Condenser
2712:Attic fan
2508:Hydronics
1913:1076-2752
1871:cite book
1689:April 11,
1679:0263-080X
1442:609855936
1397:2076-3298
1131:Level III
1067:Borescope
1042:Equipment
1015:detergent
923:abatement
756:furniture
744:bacterial
721:radiators
662:dew point
641:cardboard
623:nutrients
604:wallpaper
568:cabinetry
564:carpentry
548:cellulose
528:condenses
526:commonly
468:particles
440:Mycotoxin
331:sinusitis
204:talk page
153:June 2014
58:talk page
3585:Cleaning
3517:See also
3242:LonWorks
3176:Aquastat
3042:Register
3022:Radiator
2677:Air door
2477:Firestop
2277:Humidity
2252:Enthalpy
2242:Dilution
2227:Bake-out
2215:concepts
2167:Skeptoid
2127:Archived
2095:Archived
2059:Archived
2020:Archived
1985:Archived
1953:Archived
1929:43568045
1921:17693779
1811:16595378
1748:Archived
1724:41606485
1683:Archived
1594:Archived
1537:41606485
1481:Archived
1446:Archived
1426:. 2009.
1356:21196349
1238:Archived
1151:See also
1141:Level IV
1125:Level II
992:neoprene
943:proteins
789:(OSHA),
778:Sampling
764:humidity
669:airtight
653:textiles
647:such as
608:paneling
520:plumbing
516:Flooding
512:concrete
476:humidity
371:headache
355:sneezing
343:wheezing
321:Symptoms
198:You may
3316:trades,
2887:Furnace
2752:Chiller
2424:Coolant
2133:May 17,
2101:May 17,
2068:May 17,
2029:May 17,
1991:May 17,
1959:May 17,
1802:2233946
1754:May 17,
1600:May 17,
1561:May 17,
1487:May 17,
1455:May 17,
1308:May 17,
1276:May 17,
1244:May 17,
1119:Level I
1081:(PPE):
984:nitrile
964:Goggles
935:biocide
913:agent.
772:species
616:drywall
580:dormant
576:carpets
560:furring
556:drywall
552:plywood
391:compost
137:scholar
3469:SMACNA
3429:ASHRAE
3249:(MERV)
3203:(CADR)
3181:BACnet
3134:(ULPA)
2987:Louver
2912:Grille
2787:Damper
2737:Boiler
2635:(VCRS)
2436:(DOAS)
1927:
1919:
1911:
1861:
1851:
1809:
1799:
1722:
1712:
1677:
1636:
1535:
1525:
1440:
1430:
1420:Geneva
1395:
1354:
1087:gloves
1031:Debris
980:rubber
685:dander
488:spores
403:asthma
397:Asthma
369:; and
285:spores
273:mildew
139:
132:
125:
118:
110:
3509:(VOC)
3503:(SBS)
3492:(IAQ)
3449:CIBSE
3444:BSRIA
3347:(BIM)
3291:(STP)
3255:(NTP)
2877:Freon
2647:(VRF)
2641:(VAV)
2499:(HRV)
2473:(ERV)
2447:(DCV)
2420:(CAV)
2062:(PDF)
2051:(PDF)
2023:(PDF)
2010:(PDF)
1925:S2CID
1783:(5).
1449:(PDF)
1416:(PDF)
1214:Notes
990:, or
464:fungi
417:genus
351:cough
289:seeds
206:, or
144:JSTOR
130:books
3464:LEED
3424:AMCA
3419:AHRI
2952:HEPA
2872:Flue
2797:Duct
2135:2021
2103:2021
2070:2021
2031:2021
1993:2021
1961:2021
1917:PMID
1909:ISSN
1877:link
1859:OCLC
1849:ISBN
1807:PMID
1756:2021
1720:OCLC
1710:ISBN
1691:2024
1675:ISSN
1634:ISBN
1602:2021
1563:2021
1533:OCLC
1523:ISBN
1489:2021
1457:2021
1438:OCLC
1428:ISBN
1393:ISSN
1352:PMID
1310:2021
1278:2021
1246:2021
1021:HEPA
941:and
850:qPCR
657:skin
649:soap
637:wood
474:and
405:and
379:lung
367:rash
307:dust
277:Mold
116:news
3474:UMC
3459:IIR
3439:BRE
2832:Fan
1901:doi
1797:PMC
1789:doi
1667:doi
1383:doi
1342:doi
879:DNA
664:).
606:or
514:).
99:by
3576::
2164:.
2119:.
2093:.
2087:.
2053:.
2039:^
2012:.
1977:.
1945:.
1923:.
1915:.
1907:.
1897:49
1895:.
1873:}}
1869:{{
1857:.
1847:.
1843::
1819:^
1805:.
1795:.
1779:.
1773:.
1740:.
1718:.
1681:.
1673:.
1663:34
1661:.
1657:.
1586:.
1571:^
1554:.
1531:.
1497:^
1473:.
1444:.
1436:.
1422::
1418:.
1391:.
1379:10
1377:.
1373:.
1350:.
1336:.
1330:.
1318:^
1294:.
1262:.
1230:.
1085:,
986:,
982:,
962:.
925:.
856:.
774:.
651:,
639:,
574:,
566:,
558:,
554:,
373:.
361:;
357:;
349:,
345:,
337:,
333:;
329:;
317:.
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2170:.
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2105:.
2072:.
2033:.
1995:.
1963:.
1931:.
1903::
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1813:.
1791::
1781:3
1758:.
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1669::
1642:.
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762:(
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241:(
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223:(
218:)
214:(
196:.
166:)
160:(
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151:(
141:·
134:·
127:·
120:·
93:.
68:)
64:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
