441:
590:
874:
938:
745:
771:
856:
838:
706:
896:
5768:
95:
5743:
5780:
107:
793:
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959:) attached to the four corners. In 2011, Feringa and co-workers synthesized the first motorized nanocar which had molecular motors attached to the chassis as rotating wheels. The authors were able to demonstrate directional motion of the nanocar on a copper surface by providing energy from a scanning tunneling microscope tip. Later, in 2017, the world's first-ever
5755:
653:) to switch molecules between different states. However, this comes with the issue of practically regulating the delivery of the chemical fuel and the removal of waste generated to maintain the efficiency of the machine as in biological systems. Though some AMMs have found ways to circumvent this, more recently waste-free reactions such based on
701:, and steric and dispersion interactions. The distinct conformers of a molecular balance can show different interactions with the same molecule, such that analyzing the ratio of the conformers and the energies for these interactions can enable quantification of different properties (such as CH-π or arene-arene interactions, see image).
300:
mimic functions that occur at the macroscopic level. A few prime requirements for a molecule to be considered a "molecular machine" are: the presence of moving parts, the ability to consume energy, and the ability to perform a task. Molecular machines differ from other stimuli-responsive compounds that can produce motion (such as
645:
desired. This led to the addition of stimuli-responsive moieties in AMM design, so that externally applied non-thermal sources of energy could drive molecular motion and hence allow control over the properties. Chemical energy (or "chemical fuels") was an attractive option at the beginning, given the broad array of
1191:
AMMs are gradually moving from the conventional solution-phase chemistry to surfaces and interfaces. For instance, AMM-immobilized surfaces (AMMISs) are a novel class of functional materials consisting of AMMs attached to inorganic surfaces forming features like self-assembled monolayers; this gives
765:
examination, metal ion detection, and pharmaceutical studies. The first example of a molecular logic gate was reported in 1993, featuring a receptor (see image) where the emission intensity could be treated as a tunable output if the concentrations of protons and sodium ions were to be considered as
612:
to produce molecular switches, featuring two distinct configurations for the molecule to convert between. This has been perceived as a step forward from the original molecular shuttle which consisted of two identical sites for the ring to move between without any preference, in a manner analogous to
299:
Several definitions describe a "molecular machine" as a class of molecules typically described as an assembly of a discrete number of molecular components intended to produce mechanical movements in response to specific stimuli. The expression is often more generally applied to molecules that simply
1148:
The construction of more complex molecular machines is an active area of theoretical and experimental research. Though a diverse variety of AMMs are known today, experimental studies of these molecules are inhibited by the lack of methods to construct these molecules. In this context, theoretical
868:
A molecule capable of shuttling molecules or ions from one location to another. This is schematically depicted in the image on the right, where a ring (in green) can bind to either one of the yellow sites on the blue macrocyclic backbone. A common molecular shuttle consists of a rotaxane where the
850:
A molecule that can propel fluids when rotated, due to its special shape that is designed in analogy to macroscopic propellers (see schematic image on right). It has several molecular-scale blades attached at a certain pitch angle around the circumference of a nanoscale shaft. Propellers have been
573:
can also produce curved shapes. Another common mode of movement is the circumrotation of rings relative to one another as observed in mechanically interlocked molecules (primarily catenanes). While this type of rotation can not be accessed beyond the molecule itself (because the rings are confined
364:
What would be the utility of such machines? Who knows? I cannot see exactly what would happen, but I can hardly doubt that when we have some control of the arrangement of things on a molecular scale we will get an enormously greater range of possible properties that substances can have, and of the
157:
are a class of molecules typically described as an assembly of a discrete number of molecular components intended to produce mechanical movements in response to specific stimuli, mimicking macromolecular devices such as switches and motors. Naturally occurring or biological molecular machines are
644:
Various energy sources are employed to drive molecular machines today, but this was not the case during the early years of AMM development. Though the movements in AMMs were regulated relative to the random thermal motion generally seen in molecules, they could not be controlled or manipulated as
1195:
Most of these applications remain at the proof-of-concept level, and need major modifications to be adapted to the industrial scale. Challenges in streamlining macroscale applications include autonomous operation, the complexity of the machines, stability in the synthesis of the machines and the
886:
A molecule that can be reversibly shifted between two or more stable states in response to certain stimuli. This change of states influences the properties of the molecule according to the state it occupies at the moment. Unlike a molecular motor, any mechanical work done due to the motion in a
388:
to analyze complex chemical structures, in the 1950s gave rise to the idea of understanding and controlling relative motion within molecular components for further applications. This led to the design of "proto-molecular machines" featuring conformational changes such as cog-wheeling of the
869:
macrocycle can move between two sites or stations along the dumbbell backbone; controlling the properties of either site and by regulating conditions like pH can enable control over which site is selected for binding. This has led to novel applications in catalysis and drug delivery.
330:
This definition generally applies to synthetic molecular machines, which have historically gained inspiration from the naturally occurring biological molecular machines (also referred to as "nanomachines"). Biological machines are considered to be nanoscale devices (such as molecular
4356:
Kudernac, Tibor; Ruangsupapichat, Nopporn; Parschau, Manfred; Maciá, Beatriz; Katsonis, Nathalie; Harutyunyan, Syuzanna R.; Ernst, Karl-Heinz; Feringa, Ben L. (10 November 2011). "Electrically driven directional motion of a four-wheeled molecule on a metal surface".
950:
Single-molecule vehicles that resemble macroscopic automobiles and are important for understanding how to control molecular diffusion on surfaces. The image on the right shows an example with wheels made of fullerene molecules. The first nanocars were synthesized by
383:
Biological molecular machines have been known and studied for years given their vital role in sustaining life, and have served as inspiration for synthetically designed systems with similar useful functionality. The advent of conformational analysis, or the study of
2413:
Thomas, C. R.; Ferris, D. P.; Lee, J.-H.; Choi, E.; Cho, M. H.; Kim, E. S.; Stoddart, J. F.; Shin, J.-S.; Cheon, J.; Zink, J. I. (2010). "Noninvasive Remote-Controlled
Release of Drug Molecules in Vitro Using Magnetic Actuation of Mechanized Nanoparticles".
803:
A class of mechanically interlocked molecules derived from catenanes where a large macrocycle backbone connects at least three small rings in the shape of a necklace (see image for example). A molecular necklace consisting of a large macrocycle threaded by
3650:
4606:
Amrute-Nayak, M.; Diensthuber, R. P.; Steffen, W.; Kathmann, D.; Hartmann, F. K.; Fedorov, R.; Urbanke, C.; Manstein, D. J.; Brenner, B.; Tsiavaliaris, G. (2010). "Targeted
Optimization of a Protein Nanomachine for Operation in Biohybrid Devices".
210:
720:-like motion around a rigid axis, such as a double bond or aromatic ring, to switch between reversible configurations. Such configurations must have distinguishable geometries; for instance, azobenzene groups in a linear molecule may undergo
787:
have also been produced. Single bond rotary motors are generally activated by chemical reactions whereas double bond rotary motors are generally fueled by light. The rotation speed of the motor can also be tuned by careful molecular design.
182:. For the last several decades, scientists have attempted, with varying degrees of success, to miniaturize machines found in the macroscopic world. The first example of an artificial molecular machine (AMM) was reported in 1994, featuring a
3915:
Simpson, Christopher D.; Mattersteig, Gunter; Martin, Kai; Gherghel, Lileta; Bauer, Roland E.; Räder, Hans
Joachim; Müllen, Klaus (March 2004). "Nanosized Molecular Propellers by Cyclodehydrogenation of Polyphenylene Dendrimers".
2543:
Paliwal, S.; Geib, S.; Wilcox, C. S. (1994). "Molecular
Torsion Balance for Weak Molecular Recognition Forces. Effects of "Tilted-T" Edge-to-Face Aromatic Interactions on Conformational Selection and Solid-State Structure".
467:
Though these events served as inspiration for the field, the actual breakthrough in practical approaches to synthesize artificial molecular machines (AMMs) took place in 1991 with the invention of a "molecular shuttle" by
603:
isomerization. c) Translational motion of a ring (blue) between two possible binding sites (red) along the dumbbell-like rotaxane axis (purple). d) Rotation of interlocked rings (depicted as blue and red rectangles) in a
327:, and other materials that produce a movement due to external stimuli on a macro-scale are generally not included, since despite the molecular origin of the motion the effects are not useable on the molecular scale.
908:
Host molecules capable of holding items between their two arms. The open cavity of the molecular tweezers binds items using non-covalent bonding including hydrogen bonding, metal coordination, hydrophobic forces,
1483:
Shinkai, S.; Nakaji, T.; Nishida, Y.; Ogawa, T.; Manabe, O. (1980). "Photoresponsive crown ethers. 1. Cis-trans isomerism of azobenzene as a tool to enforce conformational changes of crown ethers and polymers".
820:
chain backbone; the authors connected this to the idea of a "molecular abacus" proposed by
Stoddart and coworkers around the same time. Several interesting applications have emerged for these molecules, such as
661:). Eventually, several different forms of energy (electric, magnetic, optical and so on) have become the primary energy sources used to power AMMs, even producing autonomous systems such as light-driven motors.
492:
units). This design realized the well-defined motion of a molecular unit across the length of the molecule for the first time. In 1994, an improved design allowed control over the motion of the ring by
3845:
Li, S.-L.; Lan, Y.-Q.; Sakurai, H.; Xu, Q. (2012). "Unusual
Regenerable Porous Metal-Organic Framework Based on a New Triple Helical Molecular Necklace for Separating Organosulfur Compounds".
4884:
Tabacchi, G.; Silvi, S.; Venturi, M.; Credi, A.; Fois, E. (2016). "Dethreading of a
Photoactive Azobenzene-Containing Molecular Axle from a Crown Ether Ring: A Computational Investigation".
1654:
Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J. P.; Kintzinger, J. P. (1983). "Une nouvelle famille de molecules : les metallo-catenanes" [A new family of molecules: metallo-catenanes].
2035:
Jiang, X.; Rodríguez-Molina, B.; Nazarian, N.; Garcia-Garibay, M. A. (2014). "Rotation of a Bulky
Triptycene in the Solid State: Toward Engineered Nanoscale Artificial Molecular Machines".
509:
unit; the cationic ring typically prefers staying over the benzidine ring, but moves over to the biphenol group when the benzidine gets protonated at low pH or if it gets electrochemically
3099:
Dumy, P.; Keller, M.; Ryan, D. E.; Rohwedder, B.; Wöhr, T.; Mutter, M. (1997). "Pseudo-Prolines as a
Molecular Hinge: Reversible Induction of cis Amide Bonds into Peptide Backbones".
689:
A molecule that can interconvert between two or more conformational or configurational states in response to the dynamic of multiple intra- and intermolecular driving forces, such as
434:
574:
within one another), rotaxanes can overcome this as the rings can undergo translational movements along a dumbbell-like axis. Another line of AMMs consists of biomolecules such as
4184:
Klärner, Frank-Gerrit; Kahlert, Björn (December 2003). "Molecular
Tweezers and Clips as Synthetic Receptors. Molecular Recognition and Dynamics in Receptor−Substrate Complexes".
397:. By 1980, scientists could achieve desired conformations using external stimuli and utilize this for different applications. A major example is the design of a photoresponsive
3880:
Seo, J.; Kim, B.; Kim, M.-S.; Seo, J.-H. (2021). "Optimization of Anisotropic Crystalline Structure of Molecular Necklace-like Polyrotaxane for Tough Piezoelectric Elastomer".
2070:
Kai, H.; Nara, S.; Kinbara, K.; Aida, T. (2008). "Toward Long-Distance Mechanical Communication: Studies on a Ternary Complex Interconnected by a Bridging Rotary Module".
137:
5128:
Terao, F.; Morimoto, M.; Irie, M. (2012). "Light-Driven Molecular-Crystal Actuators: Rapid and Reversible Bending of Rodlike Mixed Crystals of Diarylethene Derivatives".
2688:
L., Ping; Z., Chen; Smith, M. D.; Shimizu, K. D. (2013). "Comprehensive Experimental Study of N-Heterocyclic π-Stacking Interactions of Neutral and Cationic Pyridines".
4313:
Shirai, Yasuhiro; Osgood, Andrew J.; Zhao, Yuming; Kelly, Kevin F.; Tour, James M. (November 2005). "Directional Control in Thermally Driven Single-Molecule Nanocars".
633:. This switching behavior has been further optimized to acquire useful work that gets lost when a typical switch returns to its original state. Inspired by the use of
3185:
Erbas-Cakmak, S.; Kolemen, S.; Sedgwick, A. C.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; James, T. D.; Yoon, J.; Akkaya, E. U. (2018). "Molecular logic gates: the past, present and future".
4119:
4262:
Yurke, Bernard; Turberfield, Andrew J.; Mills, Allen P.; Simmel, Friedrich C.; Neumann, Jennifer L. (10 August 2000). "A DNA-fuelled molecular machine made of DNA".
1053:. "n effect, the is a nanomachine composed of perhaps over 600 proteins in molecular complexes, many of which also function independently as nanomachines ...
4935:
Ikejiri, S.; Takashima, Y.; Osaki, M.; Yamaguchi, H.; Harada, A. (2018). "Solvent-Free Photoresponsive Artificial Muscles Rapidly Driven by Molecular Machines".
1751:
Gimzewski, J. K.; Joachim, C.; Schlittler, R. R.; Langlais, V.; Tang, H.; Johannsen, I. (1998). "Rotation of a Single Molecule Within a Supramolecular Bearing".
240:
methods have been outlined better. A major starting point for the design of AMMs is to exploit the existing modes of motion in molecules, such as rotation about
4784:
Golestanian, Ramin; Liverpool, Tanniemola B.; Ajdari, Armand (2005-06-10). "Propulsion of a Molecular Machine by Asymmetric Distribution of Reaction Products".
634:
3037:
Garcia-Amorós, J.; Reig, M.; Cuadrado, A.; Ortega, M.; Nonell, S.; Velasco, D. (2014). "A photoswitchable bis-azo derivative with a high temporal resolution".
4518:
Kinbara, Kazushi; Aida, Takuzo (2005-04-01). "Toward Intelligent Molecular Machines: Directed Motions of Biological and Artificial Molecules and Assemblies".
4083:
Chatterjee, M. N.; Kay, E. R.; Leigh, D. A. (2006). "Beyond Switches: Ratcheting a Particle Energetically Uphill with a Compartmentalized Molecular Machine".
537:
methods have been outlined more clearly. A major starting point for the design of AMMs is to exploit the existing modes of motion in molecules. For instance,
425:
alluded to the idea and applications of molecular devices designed artificially by manipulating matter at the atomic level. This was further substantiated by
4040:
Bissell, Richard A; Córdova, Emilio; Kaifer, Angel E.; Stoddart, J. Fraser (12 May 1994). "A chemically and electrochemically switchable molecular shuttle".
3479:
Fennimore, A. M.; Yuzvinsky, T. D.; Han, Wei-Qiang; Fuhrer, M. S.; Cumings, J.; Zettl, A. (24 July 2003). "Rotational actuators based on carbon nanotubes".
887:
switch is generally undone once the molecule returns to its original state unless it is part of a larger motor-like system. The image on the right shows a
669:
Various AMMs have been designed with a broad range of functions and applications, several of which have been tabulated below along with indicative images:
444:
The first example of an artificial molecular machine (a switchable molecular shuttle). The positively charged ring (blue) is initially positioned over the
4408:
761:, these molecules have slowly replaced the conventional silicon-based machinery. Several applications have come forth, such as water quality examination,
783:
A molecule that is capable of directional rotary motion around a single or double bond and produce useful work as a result (as depicted in the image).
5499:
4693:
Balasubramanian, S.; Kagan, D.; Jack Hu, C. M.; Campuzano, S.; Lobo-Castañon, M. J.; Lim, N.; Kang, D. Y.; Zimmerman, M.; Zhang, L.; Wang, J. (2011).
2764:
Carroll, W. R.; Zhao, C.; Smith, M. D.; Pellechia, P. J.; Shimizu, K. D. (2011). "A Molecular Balance for Measuring Aliphatic CH−π Interactions".
593:
Some common types of motion seen in some simple components of artificial molecular machines. a) Rotation around single bonds and in sandwich-like
5239:"Chemical consequences of mechanical bonding in catenanes and rotaxanes: isomerism, modification, catalysis and molecular machines for synthesis"
732:, triggering a reversible transition to a bent or V-shaped conformation (see image). Molecular hinges have been adapted for applications such as
417:
375:
2572:
1364:
Kinbara, K.; Aida, T. (2005). "Toward Intelligent Molecular Machines: Directed Motions of Biological and Artificial Molecules and Assemblies".
130:
2913:"Reversible photo-responsive gel–sol transitions of robust organogels based on an azobenzene-containing main-chain liquid crystalline polymer"
1180:
catalysis. AMMs have been pivotal in the design of several stimuli-responsive smart materials, such as 2D and 3D self-assembled materials and
1681:
Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J. P.; Kern, J. M. (May 1984). "Templated synthesis of interlocked macrocyclic ligands: the catenands".
986:
5529:
5163:
Vogelsberg, C. S.; Garcia-Garibay, M. A. (2012). "Crystalline molecular machines: function, phase order, dimensionality, and composition".
534:
237:
5278:
Corra, S.; Curcio, M.; Baroncini, M.; Silvi, S.; Credi, A. (2020). "Photoactivated Artificial Molecular Machines that Can Perform Tasks".
517:. Over the following decade, a broad variety of AMMs responding to various stimuli were invented for different applications. In 2016, the
2970:
Hada, M.; Yamaguchi, D.; Ishikawa, T.; Sawa, T.; Tsuruta, K.; Ishikawa, K.; Koshihara, S.-y.; Hayashi, Y.; Kato, T. (13 September 2019).
2972:"Ultrafast isomerization-induced cooperative motions to higher molecular orientation in smectic liquid-crystalline azobenzene molecules"
1140:, introduced into the body, to repair or detect damages and infections, but these are considered to be far beyond current capabilities.
646:
2799:
Carroll, W. R.; Pellechia, P.; Shimizu, K. D. (2008). "A Rigid Molecular Balance for Measuring Face-to-Face Arene−Arene Interactions".
1708:
Bissell, R. A; Córdova, E.; Kaifer, A. E.; Stoddart, J. F. (1994). "A chemically and electrochemically switchable molecular shuttle".
5810:
5619:
5397:
Zhang, Q.; Qu, D.-H. (2016). "Artificial Molecular Machine Immobilized Surfaces: A New Platform To Construct Functional Materials".
4582:
4445:
929:
molecule, termed "buckycatcher". Examples of molecular tweezers have been reported that are constructed from DNA and are considered
255:
to create switches. A broad range of AMMs has been designed, featuring different properties and applications; some of these include
123:
1807:
1245:
3530:
Kelly, T. Ross; De Silva, Harshani; Silva, Richard A. (9 September 1999). "Unidirectional rotary motion in a molecular system".
4219:
Sygula, A.; Fronczek, F. R.; Sygula, R.; Rabideau, P. W.; Olmstead, M. M. (2007). "A Double Concave Hydrocarbon Buckycatcher".
3072:
Hamilton, A. D.; Van Engen, D. (1987). "Induced fit in synthetic receptors: nucleotide base recognition by a molecular hinge".
3651:"Controlling the speed of rotation in molecular motors. Dramatic acceleration of the rotary motion by structural modification"
3314:
de Silva, P. A.; Gunaratne, N. H. Q.; McCoy, C. P. (1993). "A molecular photoionic AND gate based on fluorescent signalling".
637:
to produce work in natural processes, molecular motors are designed to have a continuous energy influx to keep them away from
5553:
484:
in the early 1980s, this shuttle features a rotaxane with a ring that can move across an "axle" between two ends or possible
5700:
5492:
3581:
Koumura, Nagatoshi; Zijlstra, Robert W. J.; van Delden, Richard A.; Harada, Nobuyuki; Feringa, Ben L. (9 September 1999).
514:
4650:
Patel, G. M.; Patel, G. C.; Patel, R. B.; Patel, J. K.; Patel, M. (2006). "Nanorobot: A versatile tool in nanomedicine".
757:
A molecule that performs a logical operation on one or more logic inputs and produces a single logic output. Modelled on
625:, this can give rise to weak or strong recognition sites as in biological systems — such AMMs have found applications in
5576:
5081:"Phototriggered Complex Motion by Programmable Construction of Light-Driven Molecular Motors in Liquid Crystal Networks"
3745:
Harada, A.; Li, J.; Kamachi, M. (1992). "The molecular necklace: a rotaxane containing many threaded α-cyclodextrins".
1136:, biological machines which could re-order matter at a molecular or atomic scale. Nanomedicine would make use of these
513:. In 1998, a study could capture the rotary motion of a decacyclene molecule on a copper-base metallic surface using a
5815:
5672:
4978:
Iwaso, K.; Takashima, Y.; Harada, A. (2016). "Fast response dry-type artificial molecular muscles with daisy chains".
3788:
Wu, G.-Y.; Shi, X.; Phan, H.; Qu, H.; Hu, Y.-X.; Yin, G.-Q.; Zhao, X.-L.; Li, X.; Xu, L.; Yu, Q.; Yang, H.-B. (2020).
2386:
Le Poul, N.; Colasson, B. (2015). "Electrochemically and Chemically Induced Redox Processes in Molecular Machines".
415:
isomers on exposure to light and hence tune the cation-binding properties of the ether. In his seminal 1959 lecture
1173:
608:
AMM designs have diversified significantly since the early days of the field. A major route is the introduction of
851:
shown to have interesting properties, such as variations in pumping rates for hydrophilic and hydrophobic fluids.
5759:
5687:
5539:
5534:
5524:
5516:
2834:
Kassem, Salma; van Leeuwen, Thomas; Lubbe, Anouk S.; Wilson, Miriam R.; Feringa, Ben L.; Leigh, David A. (2017).
2347:"Waste Management of Chemically Activated Switches: Using a Photoacid To Eliminate Accumulation of Side Products"
784:
638:
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5549:
5485:
1125:
518:
430:
385:
191:
38:
4413:
4157:
Chen, C. W.; Whitlock, H. W. (July 1978). "Molecular tweezers: a simple model of bifunctional intercalation".
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599:
407:
245:
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2600:
5805:
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5695:
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990:
873:
340:
301:
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3357:
Lancia, F.; Ryabchun, A.; Katsonis, N. (2019). "Life-like motion driven by artificial molecular machines".
650:
2876:
Bandara, H. M. Dhammika; Burdette, S. C. (2012). "Photoisomerization in different classes of azobenzene".
2484:
Balzani, V.; Clemente-León, M.; Credi, A.; Ferrer, B.; Venturi, M.; Flood, A. H.; Stoddart, J. F. (2006).
1516:"Molecular engineering: An approach to the development of general capabilities for molecular manipulation"
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994:
69:
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are dark blue, and the other proteins involved are light blue. The produced peptide is released into the
5820:
4569:. Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology. Vol. 83. Academic Press. pp. 163–221.
2105:
Kamiya, Y.; Asanuma, H. (2014). "Light-Driven DNA Nanomachine with a Photoresponsive Molecular Engine".
1907:
1177:
1006:
335:) in a living system that convert various forms of energy to mechanical work in order to drive crucial
3618:
3456:
2302:
Biagini, C.; Di Stefano, S. (2020). "Abiotic Chemical Fuels for the Operation of Molecular Machines".
937:
533:
Over the past few decades, AMMs have diversified rapidly and their design principles, properties, and
5571:
5355:
5287:
5037:
4987:
4803:
4758:
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4366:
4322:
4271:
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rings) is represented as MN. The first molecular necklace was synthesized in 1992, featuring several
752:
284:
264:
236:
AMMs have diversified rapidly over the past few decades and their design principles, properties, and
3392:
Mickler, M.; Schleiff, E.; Hugel, T. (2008). "From Biological towards Artificial Molecular Motors".
2140:
Morimoto, M.; Irie, M. (2010). "A Diarylethene Cocrystal that Converts Light into Mechanical Work".
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910:
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195:
80:
54:
3790:"Efficient self-assembly of heterometallic triangular necklace with strong antibacterial activity"
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251:. Different AMMs are produced by introducing various functionalities, such as the introduction of
5649:
5379:
5321:
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4960:
4917:
4827:
4793:
4675:
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1305:
903:
344:
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221:
159:
5023:"Revolving supramolecular chiral structures powered by light in nanomotor-doped liquid crystals"
1232:
Vincenzo, V.; Credi, A.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. (2000). "Artificial Molecular Machines".
589:
267:. A wide range of applications have been demonstrated for AMMs, including those integrated into
5198:
van Dijk, L.; Tilby, M. J.; Szpera, R.; Smith, O. A.; Bunce, H. A. P.; Fletcher, S. P. (2018).
5079:
Hou, J.; Long, G.; Zhao, W.; Zhou, G.; Liu, D.; Broer, D. J.; Feringa, B. L.; Chen, J. (2022).
4118:
Kassem, S.; van Leeuwen, T.; Lubbe, A. S.; Wilson, M. R.; Feringa, B. L.; Leigh, D. A. (2017).
3428:
1794:
Balzani, V.; Credi, A.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. (2000). "Artificial Molecular Machines".
770:
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4338:
4287:
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4019:
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3827:
3727:
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3623:
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3247:
3212:
3167:
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3001:
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2017:
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A wide range of applications have been demonstrated for AMMs, including those integrated into
1117:
are far more complex than any molecular machines that have yet been artificially constructed.
1110:
863:
813:
717:
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312:
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2007:
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49:
3688:
Zhang, Z.; Zhao, J.; Guo, Z.; Zhang, H.; Pan, H.; Wu, Q.; You, W.; Yu, W.; Yan, X. (2022).
705:
5677:
5664:
5602:
2835:
1937:
Erbas-Cakmak, Sundus; Leigh, David A.; McTernan, Charlie T.; Nussbaumer, Alina L. (2015).
1511:
1402:
1205:
1129:
1082:
1054:
1045:, which moves cargo inside cells towards the nucleus and produces the axonemal beating of
1014:
895:
826:
778:
583:
469:
426:
422:
370:
316:
315:) and the presence of a clear external stimulus to regulate the movements (as compared to
256:
199:
179:
163:
5359:
5291:
5041:
5021:
Orlova, T.; Lancia, F.; Loussert, C.; Iamsaard, S.; Katsonis, N.; Brasselet, E. (2018).
4991:
4807:
4762:
4620:
4370:
4326:
4275:
4053:
4007:
3964:
3805:
3758:
3705:
3601:
3543:
3492:
3327:
3143:
2987:
2928:
2501:
2259:
Saper, G.; Hess, H. (2020). "Synthetic Systems Powered by Biological Molecular Motors".
1764:
1721:
1531:
1192:
rise to tunable properties such as fluorescence, aggregation and drug-release activity.
744:
5772:
5566:
5508:
5458:
5433:
5105:
5080:
4719:
4694:
4574:
4495:
4470:
3951:
Wang, Boyang; Král, Petr (2007). "Chemically Tunable Nanoscale Propellers of Liquids".
3822:
3789:
3722:
3689:
3429:"Controlled rotary motion of light-driven molecular motors assembled on a gold surface"
3291:
3266:
3162:
3127:
3014:
2971:
2947:
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2520:
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2236:
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2012:
1987:
1963:
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1161:
1090:
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272:
99:
64:
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2911:
Wang, J.; Jiang, Q.; Hao, X.; Yan, H.; Peng, H.; Xiong, B.; Liao, Y.; Xie, X. (2020).
1667:
1550:
1515:
1013:
The most complex macromolecular machines are found within cells, often in the form of
5799:
5586:
5383:
5325:
5223:
4964:
3378:
2331:
2288:
1309:
1150:
1094:
952:
918:
630:
352:
4831:
4743:
4679:
4248:
4069:
3465:
3343:
1737:
1640:
1326:
Huang, T. J.; Juluri, B. K. (2008). "Biological and biomimetic molecular machines".
553:
isomerization in response to certain stimuli (typically irradiation with a suitable
5767:
5723:
5614:
5561:
5065:
4921:
4394:
4299:
3774:
3635:
3567:
3516:
3128:"A platinum(II) molecular hinge with motions visualized by phosphorescence changes"
1181:
1137:
1121:
1070:
1038:
1034:
1002:
985:
960:
570:
562:
489:
485:
187:
167:
94:
74:
4815:
4015:
3972:
2617:
855:
17:
3994:
Wang, B.; Král, P. (2007). "Chemically Tunable Nanoscale Propellers of Liquids".
3893:
1772:
501:
methods, making it the first example of an AMM. Here the two binding sites are a
2725:"Distance-Dependent Attractive and Repulsive Interactions of Bulky Alkyl Groups"
2449:
Balzani, V.; Credi, A.; Venturi, M. (2009). "Light powered molecular machines".
2272:
1954:
1846:
1185:
1098:
1069:." Other biological machines are responsible for energy production, for example
930:
922:
792:
762:
729:
694:
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398:
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3813:
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5779:
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4663:
4486:
3370:
3126:
Ai, Y.; Chan, M. H.-Y.; Chan, A. K.-W.; Ng, M.; Li, Y.; Yam, V. W.-W. (2019).
956:
822:
758:
733:
566:
554:
402:
394:
209:
106:
4870:
4695:"Micromachine-Enabled Capture and Isolation of Cancer Cells in Complex Media"
4539:
4455:
3282:
3005:
2666:
1339:
621:. If these two sites are different from each other in terms of features like
5594:
5215:
4563:"Proteins MOVE! Protein dynamics and long-range allostery in cell signaling"
3152:
2510:
1062:
888:
626:
614:
502:
445:
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5418:
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2126:
2091:
2056:
2021:
1972:
1864:
1829:
Erbas-Cakmak, S.; Leigh, D. A.; McTernan, C. T.; Nussbaumer, A. L. (2015).
1815:
1632:
1559:
1540:
1469:
1451:
1385:
1347:
1301:
1292:
1275:
1253:
4770:
1908:"3 Makers of 'World's Smallest Machines' Awarded Nobel Prize in Chemistry"
1808:
10.1002/1521-3773(20001002)39:19<3348::AID-ANIE3348>3.0.CO;2-X
1780:
1575:"Drexler and Smalley make the case for and against 'molecular assemblers'"
1246:
10.1002/1521-3773(20001002)39:19<3348::AID-ANIE3348>3.0.CO;2-X
1081:, the energy currency of a cell. Still other machines are responsible for
1061:
connected by them to recruit their binding partners and induce long-range
5096:
4948:
4905:
4798:
2648:
2003:
1106:
1050:
998:
964:
921:
effects. For instance, the image on the right depicts tweezers formed by
658:
558:
506:
477:
473:
449:
183:
175:
5308:
4378:
4170:
3690:"Mechanically interlocked networks cross-linked by a molecular necklace"
3500:
3085:
2557:
1694:
1623:
1606:
1497:
1124:. For example, they could be used to identify and destroy cancer cells.
5255:
5238:
5176:
4999:
4409:"NanoCar Race : la course de petites voitures pour grands savants"
4135:
3447:
3207:
3198:
3050:
2937:
2889:
2854:
1579:
1165:
1157:
1030:
945:
737:
579:
332:
311:) in their relatively larger amplitude of movement (potentially due to
276:
268:
213:
171:
4531:
4440:. Voet, Judith G. (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
4334:
4232:
4197:
4096:
3929:
3112:
2812:
2777:
2701:
2427:
2363:
2346:
2153:
2118:
2083:
2048:
1377:
472:. Building upon the assembly of mechanically linked molecules such as
452:
unit (red) when the benzidine gets protonated (purple) as a result of
5339:
Moulin, E.; Faour, L.; Carmona-Vargas, C. C.; Giuseppone, N. (2020).
4411:[NanoCar Race: the race of small cars for great scientists].
4283:
4061:
3766:
3666:
3335:
2591:
2462:
2188:
1729:
1102:
1042:
1026:
1022:
545:
complexes. Bending or V-like shapes can be achieved by incorporating
1132:
subfield of nanotechnology regarding the possibility of engineering
971:
178:
are examples of molecular machines, and they often take the form of
2633:"Quantifying Solvophobic Effects in Nonpolar Cohesive Interactions"
3609:
3551:
1046:
588:
510:
456:
439:
5477:
657:
or isomerization have gained attention (such as redox-responsive
2175:
Stoddart, J. F. (2009). "The chemistry of the mechanical bond".
1932:
1930:
5481:
716:
A molecular hinge is a molecule that can typically rotate in a
3427:
Carroll, GT; Pollard, MM; van Delden, RA; Feringa, BL (2010).
2573:"Molecular balances for quantifying non-covalent interactions"
955:
in 2005. They had an H-shaped chassis and 4 molecular wheels (
575:
433:
such as nanoscale "assemblers", though their feasibility was
494:
460:
5341:"From Molecular Machines to Stimuli-Responsive Materials"
4744:"Current Status of Nanomedicine and Medical Nanorobotics"
1149:
modeling has emerged as a pivotal tool to understand the
3649:
Vicario, Javier; Meetsma, Auke; Feringa, Ben L. (2005).
2723:
Hwang, J.; Li, P.; Smith, M. D.; Shimizu, K. D. (2016).
1184:-based systems, for versatile applications ranging from
3230:
de Silva, A. P. (2011). "Molecular Logic Gate Arrays".
891:-based switch that switches in response to pH changes.
582:
as part of their design, making use of phenomena like
2486:"Autonomous artificial nanomotor powered by sunlight"
4751:
Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience
1605:
Anelli, P. L.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F. (1991).
1176:, utilizing noncovalent interactions and biomimetic
1017:. Important examples of biological machines include
525:
for the design and synthesis of molecular machines.
5709:
5686:
5663:
5630:
5585:
5548:
5515:
4035:
4033:
3267:"Advances in Applications of Molecular Logic Gates"
2210:Mao, X.; Liu, M.; Li, Q.; Fan, C.; Zuo, X. (2022).
1120:Biological machines have potential applications in
206:
for the design and synthesis of molecular machines.
1077:to drive a turbine-like motion used to synthesise
4742:Freitas, Robert A. Jr.; Havukkala, Ilkka (2005).
2658:20.500.11820/604343eb-04aa-4d90-82d2-0998898400d2
2631:Y., Lixu; A., Catherine; Cockroft, S. L. (2015).
2601:20.500.11820/7ce18ff7-1196-48a1-8c67-3bc3f6b46946
2345:Tatum, L. A.; Foy, J. T.; Aprahamian, I. (2014).
1988:"Molecular Machines: putting the pieces together"
1172:is a prominent example, especially in areas like
740:modifications, and visualizing molecular motion.
541:can be visualized as axes of rotation, as can be
3132:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2490:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1906:Chang, Kenneth; Chan, Sewell (5 October 2016).
1520:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1033:, which moves cargo inside cells away from the
429:during the 1970s, who developed ideas based on
362:
27:Molecular-scale artificial or biological device
3583:"Light-driven monodirectional molecular rotor"
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
565:and -closing reactions such as those seen for
5493:
1359:
1357:
557:), as seen in numerous designs consisting of
131:
8:
2571:Mati, Ioulia K.; Cockroft, Scott L. (2010).
1153:or -disassembly processes in these systems.
4471:"Structure and function of mammalian cilia"
1583:. Vol. 81, no. 48. pp. 37–42
1321:
1319:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
5500:
5486:
5478:
3619:11370/d8399fe7-11be-4282-8cd0-7c0adf42c96f
3457:11370/4fb63d6d-d764-45e3-b3cb-32a4c629b942
970:
936:
894:
872:
854:
836:
791:
769:
743:
704:
138:
124:
29:
5457:
5307:
5254:
5104:
4797:
4718:
4494:
3821:
3721:
3617:
3455:
3290:
3265:Liu, L.; Liu, P.; Ga, L.; Ai, J. (2021).
3206:
3161:
3151:
3013:
2995:
2946:
2936:
2740:
2656:
2599:
2519:
2509:
2362:
2235:
2011:
1962:
1854:
1622:
1600:
1598:
1549:
1539:
1459:
1429:
1427:
1397:
1395:
1291:
5085:Journal of the American Chemical Society
4937:Journal of the American Chemical Society
4221:Journal of the American Chemical Society
4159:Journal of the American Chemical Society
4085:Journal of the American Chemical Society
3918:Journal of the American Chemical Society
3101:Journal of the American Chemical Society
3074:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2637:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2546:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2416:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2351:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2142:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2072:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2037:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1683:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1611:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1486:Journal of the American Chemical Society
984:
671:
208:
5130:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
4699:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2729:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2304:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1796:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1440:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1234:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1217:
186:with a ring and two different possible
37:
4469:Satir, P.; Christensen, S. T. (2008).
1407:"There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom"
521:was awarded to Sauvage, Stoddart, and
279:systems for varied functions (such as
1276:"Wholly Synthetic Molecular Machines"
649:chemical reactions (heavily based on
7:
5754:
4847:"Building molecular machine systems"
1986:Nogales, E.; Grigorieff, N. (2001).
418:There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom
376:There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom
5237:Neal, E. A.; Goldup, S. M. (2014).
1880:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016"
1274:Cheng, C.; Stoddart, J. F. (2016).
728:isomerization when irradiated with
5434:"The Future of Molecular Machines"
5200:"Molecular machines for catalysis"
4575:10.1016/B978-0-12-381262-9.00005-7
25:
1434:Kay, E. R.; Leigh, D. A. (2015).
1075:proton gradients across membranes
993:and membrane targeting stages of
561:and azobenzene units. Similarly,
405:unit, which could switch between
5778:
5766:
5753:
5742:
5741:
2690:The Journal of Organic Chemistry
1436:"Rise of the molecular machines"
448:unit (green), but shifts to the
105:
93:
4845:Drexler, K. Eric (1999-01-01).
4475:Histochemistry and Cell Biology
1939:"Artificial Molecular Machines"
1831:"Artificial Molecular Machines"
33:Part of a series of articles on
4567:Protein Structure and Diseases
4417:(in French). November 30, 2017
2212:"DNA-Based Molecular Machines"
1168:systems for varied functions.
1:
5701:Scanning tunneling microscope
4863:10.1016/S0167-7799(98)01278-5
4816:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.220801
4186:Accounts of Chemical Research
4120:"Artificial molecular motors"
4016:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.266102
3973:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.266102
3847:Chemistry: A European Journal
2836:"Artificial molecular motors"
2107:Accounts of Chemical Research
1668:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)94050-4
981:Biological molecular machines
529:Artificial molecular machines
515:scanning tunneling microscope
3894:10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00567
1773:10.1126/science.281.5376.531
1573:Baum, R. (1 December 2003).
1073:which harnesses energy from
5673:Molecular scale electronics
3232:Chemistry: An Asian Journal
2273:10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00249
1992:The Journal of Cell Biology
1955:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00146
1847:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00146
1113:. These machines and their
1025:, which is responsible for
808:-1 rings (hence comprising
365:different things we can do.
5837:
5450:10.1021/acscentsci.0c00064
4561:Bu Z, Callaway DJ (2011).
3814:10.1038/s41467-020-16940-z
3714:10.1038/s41467-022-29141-7
2997:10.1038/s41467-019-12116-6
989:A ribosome performing the
785:Carbon nanotube nanomotors
5737:
5688:Scanning probe microscopy
5050:10.1038/s41565-017-0059-x
4664:10.1080/10611860600612862
4652:Journal of Drug Targeting
4487:10.1007/s00418-008-0416-9
3371:10.1038/s41570-019-0122-2
1144:Research and applications
1001:is green and yellow, the
697:or hydrophobic effects,
5811:Supramolecular chemistry
5711:Molecular nanotechnology
5655:Solid lipid nanoparticle
5640:Self-assembled monolayer
5204:Nature Reviews Chemistry
5165:Chemical Society Reviews
4124:Chemical Society Reviews
3359:Nature Reviews Chemistry
3283:10.1021/acsomega.1c02912
3187:Chemical Society Reviews
2878:Chemical Society Reviews
2843:Chemical Society Reviews
2580:Chemical Society Reviews
2451:Chemical Society Reviews
2177:Chemical Society Reviews
1878:Staff (5 October 2016).
1340:10.2217/17435889.3.1.107
1126:Molecular nanotechnology
519:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
431:molecular nanotechnology
192:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
5696:Atomic force microscope
5645:Supramolecular assembly
5632:Molecular self-assembly
5432:Aprahamian, I. (2020).
5243:Chemical Communications
5216:10.1038/s41570-018-0117
4851:Trends in Biotechnology
4786:Physical Review Letters
3996:Physical Review Letters
3953:Physical Review Letters
3655:Chemical Communications
3153:10.1073/pnas.1908034116
3039:Chemical Communications
2511:10.1073/pnas.0509011103
1414:Engineering and Science
1067:protein domain dynamics
1015:multi-protein complexes
341:intracellular transport
226:protein domain dynamics
180:multi-protein complexes
5411:10.1002/cphc.201501048
5368:10.1002/adma.201906036
5300:10.1002/adma.201906064
5142:10.1002/anie.201105585
4898:10.1002/cphc.201501160
4711:10.1002/anie.201100115
4629:10.1002/ange.200905200
3859:10.1002/chem.201203093
3406:10.1002/cphc.200800216
3244:10.1002/asia.201000603
2742:10.1002/anie.201602752
2400:10.1002/celc.201402399
2316:10.1002/anie.201912659
2228:10.1021/jacsau.2c00292
1541:10.1073/pnas.78.9.5275
1452:10.1002/anie.201503375
1293:10.1002/cphc.201501155
1059:mobile protein domains
1010:
605:
464:
381:
233:
200:Sir J. Fraser Stoddart
158:responsible for vital
70:Productive nanosystems
5785:Technology portal
5030:Nature Nanotechnology
4771:10.1166/jctn.2005.001
4436:Donald, Voet (2011).
3794:Nature Communications
3694:Nature Communications
2976:Nature Communications
1607:"A molecular shuttle"
1111:synthesising proteins
1089:for replicating DNA,
1007:endoplasmic reticulum
988:
592:
443:
317:random thermal motion
212:
112:Technology portal
5572:Green nanotechnology
5097:10.1021/jacs.2c01060
4949:10.1021/jacs.8b11351
2649:10.1021/jacs.5b05736
2004:10.1083/jcb.152.1.f1
1196:working conditions.
1174:asymmetric synthesis
1170:Homogenous catalysis
1134:molecular assemblers
911:van der Waals forces
753:Molecular logic gate
617:in an unsubstituted
597:. b) Bending due to
337:biological processes
285:homogenous catalysis
5719:Molecular assembler
5438:ACS Central Science
5360:2020AdM....3206036M
5292:2020AdM....3206064C
5042:2018NatNa..13..304O
4992:2016NatCh...8..625I
4943:(49): 17308–17315.
4808:2005PhRvL..94v0801G
4763:2005JCTN....2..471K
4621:2010AngCh.122..322A
4379:10.1038/nature10587
4371:2011Natur.479..208K
4327:2005NanoL...5.2330S
4276:2000Natur.406..605Y
4171:10.1021/ja00483a063
4054:1994Natur.369..133B
4008:2007PhRvL..98z6102W
3965:2007PhRvL..98z6102W
3853:(51): 16302–16309.
3806:2020NatCo..11.3178W
3759:1992Natur.356..325H
3706:2022NatCo..13.1393Z
3602:1999Natur.401..152K
3544:1999Natur.401..150K
3501:10.1038/nature01823
3493:2003Natur.424..408F
3328:1993Natur.364...42D
3277:(45): 30189–30204.
3144:2019PNAS..11613856A
3138:(28): 13856–13861.
3086:10.1021/ja00250a052
3045:(78): 11462–11464.
2988:2019NatCo..10.4159H
2929:2020RSCAd..10.3726W
2643:(32): 10084–10087.
2558:10.1021/ja00089a057
2502:2006PNAS..103.1178B
2422:(31): 10623–10625.
2357:(50): 17438–17441.
2148:(40): 14172–14178.
1949:(18): 10081–10206.
1841:(18): 10081–10206.
1765:1998Sci...281..531G
1722:1994Natur.369..133B
1695:10.1021/ja00322a055
1656:Tetrahedron Letters
1624:10.1021/ja00013a096
1532:1981PNAS...78.5275D
1498:10.1021/ja00538a026
1446:(35): 10080–10088.
995:protein translation
925:pincers clasping a
846:Molecular propeller
818:polyethylene glycol
800:Molecular necklace
651:acid-base chemistry
549:, that can undergo
482:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
470:Sir Fraser Stoddart
459:or lowering of the
345:muscle contractions
196:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
81:Engines of Creation
55:Molecular assembler
5816:Molecular machines
5773:Science portal
5650:DNA nanotechnology
5348:Advanced Materials
5280:Advanced Materials
5256:10.1039/C3CC47842D
5177:10.1039/c1cs15197e
5000:10.1038/nchem.2513
4414:La Dépêche du Midi
4136:10.1039/C7CS00245A
3448:10.1039/C0SC00162G
3199:10.1039/C7CS00491E
3051:10.1039/C4CC05331A
2938:10.1039/C9RA10161F
2890:10.1039/c1cs15179g
2855:10.1039/C7CS00245A
1188:to drug delivery.
1115:nanoscale dynamics
1011:
904:Molecular tweezers
686:Molecular balance
655:electron transfers
606:
523:Bernard L. Feringa
465:
313:chemical reactions
234:
222:biological machine
204:Bernard L. Feringa
155:Molecular machines
100:Science portal
18:Molecular machines
5793:
5792:
5405:(12): 1759–1768.
5249:(40): 5128–5142.
5091:(15): 6851–6860.
4892:(12): 1913–1919.
4705:(18): 4161–4164.
4609:Angewandte Chemie
4532:10.1021/cr030071r
4365:(7372): 208–211.
4335:10.1021/nl051915k
4321:(11): 2330–2334.
4270:(6796): 605–608.
4233:10.1021/ja070616p
4227:(13): 3842–3843.
4198:10.1021/ar0200448
4165:(15): 4921–4922.
4097:10.1021/ja057664z
4091:(12): 4058–4073.
4048:(6476): 133–137.
3930:10.1021/ja036732j
3924:(10): 3139–3147.
3888:(11): 1371–1376.
3882:ACS Macro Letters
3753:(6367): 325–327.
3596:(6749): 152–155.
3538:(6749): 150–152.
3487:(6947): 408–410.
3400:(11): 1503–1509.
3113:10.1021/ja962780a
3080:(16): 5035–5036.
2813:10.1021/ol801286k
2807:(16): 3547–3550.
2778:10.1021/ol201657p
2772:(16): 4320–4323.
2735:(28): 8086–8089.
2702:10.1021/jo400370e
2696:(11): 5303–5313.
2586:(11): 4195–4205.
2552:(10): 4497–4498.
2428:10.1021/ja1022267
2364:10.1021/ja511135k
2310:(22): 8344–8354.
2222:(11): 2381–2399.
2154:10.1021/ja105356w
2119:10.1021/ar400308f
2084:10.1021/ja801646b
2078:(21): 6725–6727.
2049:10.1021/ja503467e
2043:(25): 8871–8874.
1802:(19): 3348–3391.
1759:(5376): 531–533.
1716:(6476): 133–137.
1689:(10): 3043–3045.
1662:(46): 5095–5098.
1617:(13): 5131–5133.
1492:(18): 5860–5865.
1378:10.1021/cr030071r
1286:(12): 1780–1793.
1240:(19): 3348–3391.
978:
977:
864:Molecular shuttle
730:ultraviolet light
641:to deliver work.
289:surface chemistry
148:
147:
60:Molecular machine
16:(Redirected from
5828:
5783:
5782:
5771:
5770:
5757:
5756:
5745:
5744:
5729:Mechanosynthesis
5620:characterization
5502:
5495:
5488:
5479:
5472:
5471:
5461:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5345:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5311:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5258:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5171:(5): 1892–1910.
5160:
5154:
5153:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5108:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5027:
5018:
5012:
5011:
4980:Nature Chemistry
4975:
4969:
4968:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4801:
4799:cond-mat/0701169
4781:
4775:
4774:
4748:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4722:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4526:(4): 1377–1400.
4520:Chemical Reviews
4515:
4509:
4508:
4498:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4284:10.1038/35020524
4259:
4253:
4252:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4130:(9): 2592–2621.
4115:
4109:
4108:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4062:10.1038/369133a0
4037:
4028:
4027:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3825:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3767:10.1038/356325a0
3742:
3736:
3735:
3725:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3667:10.1039/B507264F
3646:
3640:
3639:
3621:
3587:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3459:
3436:Chemical Science
3433:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3336:10.1038/364042a0
3311:
3305:
3304:
3294:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3210:
3193:(7): 2228–2248.
3182:
3176:
3175:
3165:
3155:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3017:
2999:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2950:
2940:
2923:(7): 3726–3733.
2908:
2902:
2901:
2884:(5): 1809–1825.
2873:
2867:
2866:
2849:(9): 2592–2621.
2840:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2744:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2660:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2603:
2592:10.1039/B822665M
2577:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2523:
2513:
2496:(5): 1178–1183.
2481:
2475:
2474:
2463:10.1039/B806328C
2457:(6): 1542–1550.
2446:
2440:
2439:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2366:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2261:Chemical Reviews
2256:
2250:
2249:
2239:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2189:10.1039/B819333A
2183:(6): 1802–1820.
2172:
2166:
2165:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2113:(6): 1663–1672.
2102:
2096:
2095:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2015:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1943:Chemical Reviews
1934:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1885:Nobel Foundation
1875:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1835:Chemical Reviews
1826:
1820:
1819:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1730:10.1038/369133a0
1705:
1699:
1698:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1626:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1553:
1543:
1526:(9): 5275–5278.
1508:
1502:
1501:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1463:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1372:(4): 1377–1400.
1366:Chemical Reviews
1361:
1352:
1351:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1295:
1271:
1258:
1257:
1229:
1055:Flexible linkers
974:
940:
898:
882:Molecular switch
876:
858:
840:
831:piezoelectricity
795:
773:
747:
713:Molecular hinge
708:
691:hydrogen bonding
672:
623:electron density
535:characterization
480:as developed by
379:
325:magnetostrictive
257:molecular motors
238:characterization
220:is a molecular
160:living processes
140:
133:
126:
110:
109:
98:
97:
50:Mechanosynthesis
30:
21:
5836:
5835:
5831:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5796:
5795:
5794:
5789:
5777:
5765:
5733:
5705:
5682:
5678:Nanolithography
5665:Nanoelectronics
5659:
5626:
5581:
5544:
5535:Popular culture
5511:
5506:
5476:
5475:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5354:(20): 1906036.
5343:
5338:
5337:
5333:
5286:(20): 1906064.
5277:
5276:
5272:
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5235:
5231:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5078:
5077:
5073:
5025:
5020:
5019:
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4977:
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4934:
4933:
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4883:
4882:
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4844:
4843:
4839:
4783:
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4746:
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4740:
4736:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4585:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4448:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4420:
4418:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4192:(12): 919–932.
4183:
4182:
4178:
4156:
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4151:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4039:
4038:
4031:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3950:
3949:
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3914:
3913:
3909:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3648:
3647:
3643:
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3580:
3579:
3575:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3322:(6432): 42–44.
3313:
3312:
3308:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3036:
3035:
3031:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2801:Organic Letters
2798:
2797:
2793:
2766:Organic Letters
2763:
2762:
2758:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2388:ChemElectroChem
2385:
2384:
2380:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2034:
2033:
2029:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1273:
1272:
1261:
1231:
1230:
1219:
1214:
1202:
1146:
1091:RNA polymerases
1087:DNA polymerases
1083:gene expression
983:
827:desulfurization
814:α-cyclodextrins
779:Molecular motor
667:
635:kinetic control
586:and unfolding.
584:protein folding
531:
499:electrochemical
454:electrochemical
423:Richard Feynman
380:
371:Richard Feynman
369:
361:
297:
194:was awarded to
190:. In 2016 the
164:DNA replication
144:
104:
92:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5834:
5832:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5806:Nanotechnology
5798:
5797:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5775:
5763:
5751:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5715:
5713:
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5706:
5704:
5703:
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5692:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5675:
5669:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5652:
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5642:
5636:
5634:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5597:
5591:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5579:
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5569:
5567:Nanotoxicology
5564:
5558:
5556:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5521:
5519:
5513:
5512:
5509:Nanotechnology
5507:
5505:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5482:
5474:
5473:
5444:(3): 347–358.
5424:
5389:
5331:
5270:
5229:
5190:
5155:
5136:(4): 901–904.
5120:
5071:
5036:(4): 304–308.
5013:
4986:(6): 625–632.
4970:
4927:
4876:
4837:
4792:(22): 220801.
4776:
4734:
4685:
4642:
4615:(2): 322–326.
4598:
4583:
4553:
4510:
4481:(6): 687–693.
4461:
4446:
4428:
4400:
4348:
4305:
4254:
4211:
4176:
4149:
4110:
4075:
4029:
4002:(26): 266102.
3986:
3959:(26): 266102.
3943:
3907:
3872:
3837:
3780:
3737:
3680:
3661:(47): 5910–2.
3641:
3573:
3522:
3471:
3419:
3384:
3365:(9): 536–551.
3349:
3306:
3257:
3238:(3): 750–766.
3222:
3177:
3118:
3107:(5): 918–925.
3091:
3064:
3029:
2962:
2903:
2868:
2826:
2791:
2756:
2715:
2680:
2623:
2563:
2535:
2476:
2441:
2405:
2394:(4): 475–496.
2378:
2337:
2294:
2267:(1): 288–309.
2251:
2202:
2167:
2132:
2097:
2062:
2027:
1978:
1926:
1913:New York Times
1898:
1870:
1821:
1786:
1743:
1700:
1673:
1646:
1594:
1565:
1512:Drexler, K. E.
1503:
1475:
1423:
1391:
1353:
1334:(1): 107–124.
1315:
1259:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1198:
1162:liquid crystal
1145:
1142:
1093:for producing
1019:motor proteins
982:
979:
976:
975:
968:
963:took place in
948:
942:
941:
934:
915:π interactions
906:
900:
899:
892:
884:
878:
877:
870:
866:
860:
859:
852:
848:
842:
841:
834:
829:of fuels, and
801:
797:
796:
789:
781:
775:
774:
767:
755:
749:
748:
741:
714:
710:
709:
702:
699:π interactions
687:
683:
682:
679:
676:
666:
663:
530:
527:
401:containing an
391:aromatic rings
367:
360:
357:
349:ATP generation
296:
293:
273:liquid crystal
152:
151:
146:
145:
143:
142:
135:
128:
120:
117:
116:
115:
114:
102:
87:
86:
85:
84:
77:
72:
67:
65:Brownian motor
62:
57:
52:
44:
43:
41:nanotechnology
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5833:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
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5807:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5786:
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5769:
5764:
5762:
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5720:
5717:
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5699:
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5674:
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5670:
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5643:
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5637:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5615:Nanoparticles
5613:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5587:Nanomaterials
5584:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5530:Organizations
5528:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5503:
5498:
5496:
5491:
5489:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5469:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5428:
5425:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5393:
5390:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5342:
5335:
5332:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5274:
5271:
5266:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5233:
5230:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5194:
5191:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5159:
5156:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5124:
5121:
5116:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5075:
5072:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5024:
5017:
5014:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4974:
4971:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4931:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4906:11383/2057447
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4880:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4841:
4838:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4780:
4777:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4689:
4686:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4646:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4602:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4584:9780123812629
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4557:
4554:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4514:
4511:
4506:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4465:
4462:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4447:9780470570951
4443:
4439:
4432:
4429:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4404:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
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4368:
4364:
4360:
4352:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4309:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4258:
4255:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4180:
4177:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4153:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4114:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4079:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3990:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3947:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3911:
3908:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3876:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3610:10.1038/43646
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3552:10.1038/43639
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3442:(1): 97–101.
3441:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3388:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1658:(in French).
1657:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1151:self-assembly
1143:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:for removing
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:contraction,
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
980:
973:
969:
966:
962:
958:
954:
953:James M. Tour
949:
947:
944:
943:
939:
935:
932:
928:
927:C60 fullerene
924:
920:
919:electrostatic
916:
912:
907:
905:
902:
901:
897:
893:
890:
885:
883:
880:
879:
875:
871:
867:
865:
862:
861:
857:
853:
849:
847:
844:
843:
839:
835:
832:
828:
824:
823:antibacterial
819:
815:
811:
807:
802:
799:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
780:
777:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
754:
751:
750:
746:
742:
739:
736:recognition,
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
712:
711:
707:
703:
700:
696:
692:
688:
685:
684:
680:
677:
674:
673:
670:
664:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
642:
640:
636:
632:
631:drug delivery
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
602:
601:
596:
591:
587:
585:
581:
577:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
528:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
497:variation or
496:
491:
487:
486:binding sites
483:
479:
475:
471:
462:
458:
455:
451:
447:
442:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:
414:
410:
409:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
378:
377:
372:
366:
358:
356:
354:
353:cell division
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
328:
326:
322:
321:Piezoelectric
318:
314:
310:
308:
304:
294:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:isomerization
248:
243:
239:
231:
227:
223:
219:
216:walking on a
215:
211:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
188:binding sites
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:ATP synthesis
165:
161:
156:
150:
149:
141:
136:
134:
129:
127:
122:
121:
119:
118:
113:
108:
103:
101:
96:
91:
90:
89:
88:
83:
82:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
51:
48:
47:
46:
45:
42:
36:
32:
31:
19:
5821:Nanomachines
5758:
5746:
5724:Nanorobotics
5562:Nanomedicine
5554:applications
5441:
5437:
5427:
5402:
5399:ChemPhysChem
5398:
5392:
5351:
5347:
5334:
5309:11585/718295
5283:
5279:
5273:
5246:
5242:
5232:
5207:
5203:
5193:
5168:
5164:
5158:
5133:
5129:
5123:
5088:
5084:
5074:
5033:
5029:
5016:
4983:
4979:
4973:
4940:
4936:
4930:
4889:
4886:ChemPhysChem
4885:
4879:
4854:
4850:
4840:
4789:
4785:
4779:
4754:
4750:
4737:
4702:
4698:
4688:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4612:
4608:
4601:
4566:
4556:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4478:
4474:
4464:
4438:Biochemistry
4437:
4431:
4419:. Retrieved
4412:
4403:
4362:
4358:
4351:
4318:
4315:Nano Letters
4314:
4308:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4127:
4123:
4113:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4045:
4041:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3797:
3793:
3783:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3697:
3693:
3683:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3593:
3589:
3576:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3439:
3435:
3422:
3397:
3394:ChemPhysChem
3393:
3387:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3135:
3131:
3121:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3042:
3038:
3032:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2920:
2917:RSC Advances
2916:
2906:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2846:
2842:
2829:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2583:
2579:
2566:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2040:
2036:
2030:
1998:(1): F1-10.
1995:
1991:
1981:
1946:
1942:
1917:. Retrieved
1911:
1901:
1889:. Retrieved
1883:
1873:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1614:
1610:
1585:. Retrieved
1578:
1568:
1523:
1519:
1506:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1443:
1439:
1417:
1413:
1369:
1365:
1331:
1328:Nanomedicine
1327:
1283:
1280:ChemPhysChem
1279:
1237:
1233:
1206:Technorganic
1194:
1190:
1182:nanoparticle
1155:
1147:
1122:nanomedicine
1119:
1085:, including
1071:ATP synthase
1047:motile cilia
1039:microtubules
1012:
961:nanocar race
931:DNA machines
816:on a single
809:
805:
725:
721:
668:
643:
607:
598:
595:metallocenes
571:diarylethene
563:ring-opening
550:
547:double bonds
539:single bonds
532:
490:hydroquinone
466:
427:Eric Drexler
416:
412:
406:
382:
374:
363:
329:
306:
302:
298:
246:
242:single bonds
235:
154:
153:
79:
75:Nanorobotics
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1403:Feynman, R.
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1099:spliceosome
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763:food safety
759:logic gates
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619:cyclohexane
610:bistability
543:metallocene
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295:Terminology
277:crystalline
265:logic gates
253:bistability
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5595:Fullerenes
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1587:16 January
1212:References
1178:allosteric
1138:nanorobots
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1057:allow the
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