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diarrhea, decreased appetite, ascites, and anemia. In a clinical trial consisting of 199 adult patients with AML and an IDH2 mutation, 23% of patients experienced complete response (CR) or complete response with partial hematologic recovery (CRh) lasting a median of 8.2 months while on enasidenib. Of the 157 patients who required transfusion at the beginning of the trial, 34% no longer required transfusions during the 56-day time period on enasidenib. Of the 42% of patients who did not require transfusions at the beginning of the trial, 76% still did not require a transfusion by the end of the trial. Side effects of enasidenib included nausea, diarrhea, elevated bilirubin and, most notably, differentiation syndrome.
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reaction is, therefore, thermodynamically favorable, for it results in a lower free energy for the final products. A catabolic pathway is an exergonic system that produces chemical energy in the form of ATP, GTP, NADH, NADPH, FADH2, etc. from energy containing sources such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The end products are often carbon dioxide, water, and ammonia. Coupled with an endergonic reaction of anabolism, the cell can synthesize new macromolecules using the original precursors of the anabolic pathway. An example of a coupled reaction is the phosphorylation of
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2686:(GLS), the enzyme responsible for converting glutamine to glutamate via hydrolytic deamidation during the first reaction of glutaminolysis, can also be targeted. In recent years, many small molecules, such as azaserine, acivicin, and CB-839 have been shown to inhibit glutaminase, thus reducing cancer cell viability and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Due to its effective antitumor ability in several cancer types such as ovarian, breast and lung cancers, CB-839 is the only GLS inhibitor currently undergoing clinical studies for FDA-approval.
2624:(ETC). Various inhibitors can downregulate the electrochemical reactions that take place at Complex I, II, III, and IV, thereby preventing the formation of an electrochemical gradient and downregulating the movement of electrons through the ETC. The substrate-level phosphorylation that occurs at ATP synthase can also be directly inhibited, preventing the formation of ATP that is necessary to supply energy for cancer cell proliferation. Some of these inhibitors, such as
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2547:. The energy is utilized to conduct biosynthesis, facilitate movement, and regulate active transport inside of the cell. Examples of amphibolic pathways are the citric acid cycle and the glyoxylate cycle. These sets of chemical reactions contain both energy producing and utilizing pathways. To the right is an illustration of the amphibolic properties of the TCA cycle.
47:
2676:, two FDA-approved cancer treatments, can arrest the TCA cycle of cancer cells by inhibiting isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1) and isocitrate dehydrogenase-2 (IDH2), respectively. Ivosidenib is specific to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and cholangiocarcinoma, whereas enasidenib is specific to just acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
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has been shown to decrease heme concentrations by inhibiting δ-aminolevulinic acid in murine erythroleukemia cells. The primary structure of heme-sequestering peptides, such as HSP1 and HSP2, can be modified to downregulate heme concentrations and reduce proliferation of non-small lung cancer cells.
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The flux of the entire pathway is regulated by the rate-determining steps. These are the slowest steps in a network of reactions. The rate-limiting step occurs near the beginning of the pathway and is regulated by feedback inhibition, which ultimately controls the overall rate of the pathway. The
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is a series of reactions that bring about a net release of energy in the form of a high energy phosphate bond formed with the energy carriers adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP), respectively. The net
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In a clinical trial consisting of 185 adult patients with cholangiocarcinoma and an IDH-1 mutation, there was a statistically significant improvement (p<0.0001; HR: 0.37) in patients randomized to ivosidenib. Still, some of the adverse side effects in these patients included fatigue, nausea,
2717:, which are then chemically converted into vinblastine. The biosynthetic pathway to produce vinblastine, including 30 enzymatic steps, has been transferred into yeast cells which is a convenient system to grow in large amounts. With these genetic modifications yeast can use its own metabolites
2501:, which occurs in the liver and sometimes in the kidney to maintain proper glucose concentration in the blood and supply the brain and muscle tissues with adequate amount of glucose. Although gluconeogenesis is similar to the reverse pathway of glycolysis, it contains four distinct enzymes(
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metabolic pathway in the cell is regulated by covalent or non-covalent modifications. A covalent modification involves an addition or removal of a chemical bond, whereas a non-covalent modification (also known as allosteric regulation) is the binding of the regulator to the enzyme via
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to proceed in one direction of a reaction. For example, one pathway may be responsible for the synthesis of a particular amino acid, but the breakdown of that amino acid may occur via a separate and distinct pathway. One example of an exception to this "rule" is the metabolism of
2647:, an important prosthetic group present in Complexes I, II, and IV can also be targeted, since heme biosynthesis and uptake have been correlated with increased cancer progression. Various molecules can inhibit heme via different mechanisms. For instance,
2558:, for it redirects the pathway of TCA to prevent full oxidation of carbon compounds, and to preserve high energy carbon sources as future energy sources. This pathway occurs only in plants and bacteria and transpires in the absence of glucose molecules.
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Ebert PS, Hess RA, Frykholm BC, Tschudy DP (June 1979). "Succinylacetone, a potent inhibitor of heme biosynthesis: effect on cell growth, heme content and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity of malignant murine erythroleukemia cells".
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Metabolic pathways can be targeted for clinically therapeutic uses. Within the mitochondrial metabolic network, for instance, there are various pathways that can be targeted by compounds to prevent cancer cell proliferation. One such pathway is
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of metabolites through a pathway is regulated depending on the needs of the cell and the availability of the substrate. The end product of a pathway may be used immediately, initiate another metabolic pathway or be stored for later use. The
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or other drugs requires complex pathways. The pathways to produce such compounds can be transplanted into microbes or other more suitable organism for production purposes. For example, the world's supply of the anti-cancer drug
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Sohoni S, Ghosh P, Wang T, Kalainayakan SP, Vidal C, Dey S, et al. (May 2019). "Elevated Heme
Synthesis and Uptake Underpin Intensified Oxidative Metabolism and Tumorigenic Functions in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells".
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for subsequent reactions, and so on. Metabolic pathways are often considered to flow in one direction. Although all chemical reactions are technically reversible, conditions in the cell are often such that it is
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require an energy input to construct macromolecules such as polypeptides, nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids. The isolated reaction of anabolism is unfavorable in a cell due to a positive
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An anabolic pathway is a biosynthetic pathway, meaning that it combines smaller molecules to form larger and more complex ones. An example is the reversed pathway of glycolysis, otherwise known as
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The two pathways complement each other in that the energy released from one is used up by the other. The degradative process of a catabolic pathway provides the energy required to conduct the
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to produce the precursors of catharanthine and vindoline. This process required 56 genetic edits, including expression of 34 heterologous genes from plants in yeast cells.
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Some metabolic pathways flow in a 'cycle' wherein each component of the cycle is a substrate for the subsequent reaction in the cycle, such as in the
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Each metabolic pathway consists of a series of biochemical reactions that are connected by their intermediates: the products of one reaction are the
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is one that can be either catabolic or anabolic based on the availability of or the need for energy. The currency of energy in a biological cell is
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results in the breakdown of glucose, but several reactions in the glycolysis pathway are reversible and participate in the re-synthesis of glucose (
2582:, is regulated based on the stoichiometric reaction model, the utilization rate of metabolites, and the translocation pace of molecules across the
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2288:. The resulting chemical reaction within the metabolic pathway is highly thermodynamically favorable and, as a result, irreversible in the cell.
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There are two types of metabolic pathways that are characterized by their ability to either synthesize molecules with the utilization of energy (
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Single lines: pathways common to most lifeforms. Double lines: pathways not in humans (occurs in e.g. plants, fungi, prokaryotes).
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is necessary. The coupled reaction of the catabolic pathway affects the thermodynamics of the reaction by lowering the overall
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can also be targeted for cancer treatment, since they are essential for the survival and proliferation of cancer cells.
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pathways occur within all living organisms in some form. These pathways transfer the energy released by breakdown of
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MetaCyc: A database of experimentally elucidated metabolic pathways (2,200+ pathways from more than 2,500 organisms)
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of interconnected pathways that enable the synthesis and breakdown of molecules (anabolism and catabolism).
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3295:"Oxidative phosphorylation-dependent regulation of cancer cell apoptosis in response to anticancer agents"
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pathway, which can be either catabolic or anabolic based on the need for or the availability of energy.
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often occur independently of each other, separated either physically by compartmentalization within
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3344:"Enhanced heme function and mitochondrial respiration promote the progression of lung cancer cells"
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Zhang J, Hansen LG, Gudich O, Viehrig K, Lassen LM, SchrĂĽbbers L, et al. (September 2022).
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3500:"FDA granted regular approval to enasidenib for the treatment of relapsed or refractory AML"
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approval. Other non-FDA-approved inhibitors have still shown experimental success in vitro.
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and the significance of the pathway in the given compartment of the cell. For instance, the
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Yadav N, Kumar S, Marlowe T, Chaudhary AK, Kumar R, Wang J, et al. (November 2015).
3244:"Targeting the Mitochondrial Metabolic Network: A Promising Strategy in Cancer Treatment"
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Many metabolic pathways are of commercial interest. For instance, the production of many
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2364:{\displaystyle {\ce {Fructose-6-Phosphate + ATP -> Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate + ADP}}}
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MetaboMAPS: A platform for pathway sharing and data visualization on metabolic pathways
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2145:. Click any text (name of pathway or metabolites) to link to the corresponding article.
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for the next. However, side products are considered waste and removed from the cell.
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3519:"Therapeutic targeting of glutaminolysis as an essential strategy to combat cancer"
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Frattaruolo L, Brindisi M, Curcio R, Marra F, Dolce V, Cappello AR (August 2020).
3005:"Irreversible reactions in metabolic simulations: how reversible is irreversible?"
2874:(Vol. 59, No. 2 ed.). Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society. p. 266.
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is produced by relatively ineffient extraction and purification of the precursors
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or separated biochemically by the requirement of different enzymes and co-factors.
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of an anabolic pathway. In addition to the two distinct metabolic pathways is the
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Matés JM, Di Paola FJ, Campos-Sandoval JA, Mazurek S, Márquez J (February 2020).
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All pathway labels on this image are links, simply click to access the article.
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The science and applications of synthetic and systems biology workshop summary
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of an anabolic pathway and allowing the reaction to take place. Otherwise, an
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3568:"A microbial supply chain for production of the anti-cancer drug vinblastine"
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Hooda J, Cadinu D, Alam MM, Shah A, Cao TM, Sullivan LA, et al. (2013).
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Alison S, Papachristodoulou DK, Despo K, Elliott WH, Elliott DC (2014).
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3482:"FDA approves Ivosidenib for advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma"
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BioCyc: Metabolic network models for thousands of sequenced organisms
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Reactome, a database of reactions, pathways and biological processes
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A high resolution labeled version of this image is available here.
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2517:) from glycolysis that allow the pathway to occur spontaneously.
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The rate of turnover in a metabolic pathway, also known as the
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Different metabolic pathways function in the position within a
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2950:(9th ed.). Boston: Benjamin Cummings / Pearson. pp.
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3680:
891:
For additional infographics of major metabolic pathways, see
2586:. The regulation methods are based on experiments involving
3138:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. p. 135.
27:
Linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell
3640:
3161:
Regulation of primary metabolic pathways in plants :
3113:(7th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 480–482.
2419:. Additionally, most organisms can perform more efficient
3088:(8th ed.). New York, NY: Freeman. pp. 100–106.
2919:
2656:
Targeting the tricarboxylic acid cycle and glutaminolysis
650:, which are modified by a sequence of chemical reactions
3650:
3026:"Metabolism - Pathways, Enzymes, Reactions | Britannica"
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2284:
accompanied by the hydrolysis of ATP in the pathway of
4141:(amino acid→pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or TCA intermediate)
2979:(7th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. p. 429.
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Clinical applications in targeting metabolic pathways
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2872:An Introduction to Metabolic Pathways by S. DAGLEY
2602:to the catalytic activities of enzymes in a cell.
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3109:Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L, Gatto GJ (2012).
2975:Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L, Gatto GJ (2012).
2396:and other small molecules used for energy (e.g.
3159:Hill SA, Ratcliffe RG (1999). Kruger NJ (ed.).
2892:(5th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Wolters Kluwer.
2447:synthesize compounds from non-living matter by
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3235:
3233:
3188:. New York : Oxford Univ. Press. p. 133.
3186:The physiology and biochemistry of prokaryotes
2529:Amphibolic properties of the citric acid cycle
3924:
3868:
3666:The Pathway Localization database (PathLocdb)
3646:KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
3134:Pray L, Relman DA, Choffnes ER, eds. (2011).
3063:(5th ed.). New York, NY: W. H. Freeman.
726:Pathways are required for the maintenance of
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8:
3523:Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
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3205:
2596:gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS)
658:. In most cases of a metabolic pathway, the
3248:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
3216:. Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press. p. 177.
796:was the first metabolic pathway discovered:
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2855:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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828:energy sources, certain reactions in the
3689:: Integrated interactive metabolic chart
3084:Raven PH, Evert RF, Eichhorn SE (2011).
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2802:(5th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.
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3057:Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L (2002).
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3671:DAVID: Visualize genes on pathway maps
2848:
2543:(ATP), which stores its energy in the
832:pathway may run in reverse to produce
3676:Wikipathways: pathways for the people
7:
4041:Electron acceptors other than oxygen
3631:Biochemical pathways, Gerhard Michal
2922:(4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
2799:Lehninger principles of biochemistry
836:, which is then used for storage as
3504:U.S. Food & Drug Administration
3486:U.S. Food & Drug Administration
3163:. Dordrecht : Kluwer. p. 258.
2611:Targeting oxidative phosphorylation
2467:In contrast to catabolic pathways,
892:
743:of a cell consists of an elaborate
3214:Metabolomics methods and protocols
2916:Voet D, Voet JD, Pratt CW (2013).
2825:Biochemistry and molecular biology
2571:, electrostatic interactions, and
25:
2507:phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
805:enters a cell, it is immediately
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2592:nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
2521:Amphibolic pathway (Amphibolism)
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4062:Substrate-level phosphorylation
2384:A core set of energy-producing
817:in the irreversible first step.
3626:Full map of metabolic pathways
2946:Reece JB, Campbell NA (2011).
2556:tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle
2324:
2261:Catabolic pathway (catabolism)
1:
4465:Reverse cholesterol transport
3452:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-2156
849:Metabolic pathways are often
4117:(protein→peptide→amino acid)
3536:10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.05.012
3416:10.1016/0006-291x(79)91133-1
3369:10.1371/journal.pone.0063402
2766:Biochemical systems equation
2590:, which is then analyzed by
2463:Anabolic pathway (anabolism)
2443:are able to use sunlight to
2870:Nicholson DE (March 1971).
2756:Metabolic network modelling
2511:fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
504:Bioorganometallic chemistry
433:Volume combustion synthesis
4543:
4502:Phospagen system (ATP-PCr)
3972:Primary nutritional groups
3769:Small amino acid synthesis
3592:10.1038/s41586-022-05157-3
3012:Animating the Cellular Map
2827:(Fifth ed.). Oxford.
2796:Nelson DL, Cox MM (2008).
2771:Linear biochemical pathway
2746:Metabolic control analysis
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890:
662:of one enzyme acts as the
363:Enantioselective synthesis
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4336:Anoxygenic photosynthesis
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4258:Pentose phosphate pathway
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4219:
4013:Oxidative phosphorylation
3750:Pentose phosphate pathway
3706:
3699:Metabolic pathway diagram
3212:Weckwerth W, ed. (2006).
2618:oxidative phosphorylation
2600:proteinogenic amino acids
2554:is an alternative to the
2458:Gluconeogenesis mechanism
2429:oxidative phosphorylation
2411:). All cells can perform
2278:fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
2276:to form the intermediate
691:pentose phosphate pathway
679:oxidative phosphorylation
368:Fully automated synthesis
313:Artificial gene synthesis
4356:Entner-Doudoroff pathway
4018:electron transport chain
4005:Pyruvate decarboxylation
3636:Overview Map from BRENDA
3299:Cell Death & Disease
2662:tricarboxylic acid cycle
2622:electron transport chain
2552:glyoxylate shunt pathway
887:Major metabolic pathways
675:electron transport chain
343:Custom peptide synthesis
4450:Sphingolipid metabolism
4351:DeLey-Doudoroff pathway
4199:carbohydrate catabolism
4194:Carbohydrate metabolism
4180:Purine nucleotide cycle
3852:Pyrimidine biosynthesis
3764:Amino sugars metabolism
3719:Pentose interconversion
2156:carbohydrate metabolism
695:fatty acid biosynthesis
470:Bioorthogonal chemistry
4419:Fatty acid degradation
4139:Amino acid degradation
3714:Glucuronate metabolism
3311:10.1038/cddis.2015.305
2545:phosphoanhydride bonds
2541:adenosine triphosphate
2530:
2459:
2365:
760:
683:mitochondrial membrane
681:all take place in the
626:is a linked series of
509:Bioinorganic chemistry
423:Solvothermal synthesis
373:Hydrothermal synthesis
4455:Eicosanoid metabolism
4411:Fatty acid metabolism
4175:Pyrimidine metabolism
4034:Anaerobic respiration
3729:Cellulose and sucrose
3003:, Cárdenas M (2000).
2761:Metabolic engineering
2719:geranyl pyrophosphate
2528:
2515:glucose 6-phosphatase
2457:
2413:anaerobic respiration
2366:
2204:amino acid metabolism
893:§ External links
758:
559:Glossary of chemistry
514:Biophysical chemistry
418:Solid-phase synthesis
272:Amino acid metabolism
250:Nucleotide metabolism
193:Fatty-acid metabolism
4429:Fatty acid synthesis
4134:Amino acid synthesis
3822:Aspartate amino acid
3786:Histidine metabolism
3261:10.3390/ijms21176014
2620:(OXPHOS) within the
2573:Van der Waals forces
2503:pyruvate carboxylase
2494:is non-spontaneous.
2380:Cellular respiration
2374:Cellular respiration
2294:
2274:fructose-6-phosphate
2180:cellular respiration
499:Bioorganic chemistry
338:Convergent synthesis
318:Biomimetic synthesis
140:Biomolecule families
3993:Aerobic respiration
3781:Purine biosynthesis
3774:Branched amino acid
3736:Starch and glycogen
3724:Inositol metabolism
3584:2022Natur.609..341Z
3360:2013PLoSO...863402H
2714:Catharanthus roseus
2492:endergonic reaction
2421:aerobic respiration
2282:phosphofructokinase
1359:Transcription &
855:feedback inhibition
834:glucose 6-phosphate
820:In times of excess
815:glucose 6-phosphate
772:more favorable for
630:occurring within a
554:Glossary of biology
477:Medicinal chemistry
447:Biochemistry fields
353:Divergent synthesis
128:List of biochemists
117:List of biochemists
33:Part of a series on
4497:Ethanol metabolism
4445:Steroid metabolism
4170:Nucleotide salvage
4102:Protein metabolism
3506:. 9 February 2019.
3030:www.britannica.com
2888:Harvey RA (2011).
2536:amphibolic pathway
2531:
2484:exergonic reaction
2460:
2361:
2139:metabolic pathways
761:
644:enzymatic reaction
628:chemical reactions
489:Clinical chemistry
305:Chemical synthesis
4514:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4473:
4472:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4369:Xylose metabolism
4315:
4314:
4188:
4187:
4165:Purine metabolism
4110:Protein synthesis
4087:
4086:
4009:Citric acid cycle
3967:Metabolic network
3962:Metabolic pathway
3906:
3905:
3838:Citric acid cycle
3578:(7926): 341–347.
3488:. 26 August 2021.
3446:(10): 2511–2525.
3223:978-1-59745-244-1
3195:978-0-19-508439-9
3170:978-0-7923-5494-9
3145:978-0-309-21939-6
3120:978-1-4292-2936-4
3095:978-1-4292-1961-7
3086:Biology of plants
3070:978-0-7167-3051-4
2986:978-1-4292-2936-4
2961:978-0-321-55823-7
2899:978-1-60831-412-6
2834:978-0-19-960949-9
2809:978-0-7167-7108-1
2751:Metabolic network
2488:activation energy
2476:Gibbs free energy
2470:anabolic pathways
2425:citric acid cycle
2359:
2353:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2300:
2268:catabolic pathway
2258:
2257:
2094:Neurotransmitters
1473:Nucleotide sugars
1206:Direct / C4 / CAM
770:thermodynamically
710:catabolic pathway
697:all occur in the
624:metabolic pathway
616:
615:
455:Molecular biology
398:Peptide synthesis
393:Organic synthesis
388:One-pot synthesis
323:Bioretrosynthesis
52:Chemistry of life
18:Molecular pathway
16:(Redirected from
4534:
4485:Metal metabolism
4407:
4392:Lipid metabolism
4324:
4217:
4210:
4122:
4098:
4024:
3989:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3910:
3900:
3899:
3890:
3889:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3711:
3695:
3614:
3613:
3603:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3538:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3410:(4): 1382–1390.
3398:
3392:
3391:
3381:
3371:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3322:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3273:
3263:
3239:
3228:
3227:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3184:White D (1995).
3181:
3175:
3174:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3054:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3009:
3001:Cornish-Bowden A
2997:
2991:
2990:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2948:Campbell Biology
2943:
2934:
2933:
2929:978-0470-54784-7
2913:
2904:
2903:
2885:
2876:
2875:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2854:
2846:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2793:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2334:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2305:
2298:
2251:
2248:lipid metabolism
2245:
2244:
2239:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2135:
2134:
2124:
2117:
2108:
2101:
2099:thyroid hormones
2089:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2025:
2018:
2011:
1994:
1985:
1978:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1936:
1929:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1887:
1880:
1858:
1845:
1832:
1823:
1808:
1801:
1792:
1785:
1772:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1731:
1719:
1712:
1698:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1609:
1600:
1593:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1533:
1526:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1456:
1449:
1440:
1423:
1411:
1407:
1396:
1392:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1351:
1347:
1336:
1332:
1323:
1319:
1310:
1306:
1297:
1293:
1284:
1280:
1271:
1267:
1256:
1252:
1241:
1237:
1226:
1222:
1213:
1209:
1198:
1194:
1181:
1177:
1166:
1162:
1151:
1147:
1138:
1134:
1121:
1117:
1106:
1102:
1091:
1087:
1076:
1072:
1058:
1055:
1045:
1042:
1034:
1031:
1021:
1018:
1006:
1003:
991:
988:
978:
975:
965:
962:
952:
949:
937:
934:
924:
921:
909:
898:
706:anabolic pathway
638:, products, and
608:
601:
594:
581:
576:
575:
465:Chemical biology
383:Mechanosynthesis
358:Electrosynthesis
49:
30:
21:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4506:
4490:Iron metabolism
4469:
4433:
4394:
4378:
4360:
4346:Carbon fixation
4311:
4286:
4249:
4232:
4228:Gluconeogenesis
4201:
4196:
4184:
4156:
4149:
4120:
4093:
4083:
4044:
4028:
4016:
3983:
3976:
3950:
3937:
3907:
3902:
3901:
3894:
3892:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3843:Glutamate amino
3840:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3824:group synthesis
3823:
3819:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3800:decarboxylation
3799:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3759:Gluconeogenesis
3752:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3700:
3681:ConsensusPathDB
3622:
3617:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3440:Cancer Research
3436:
3435:
3431:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3241:
3240:
3231:
3224:
3211:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3056:
3055:
3044:
3035:
3033:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3007:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2945:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2915:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2887:
2886:
2879:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2847:
2835:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2795:
2794:
2783:
2779:
2731:
2711:from the plant
2692:
2658:
2649:succinylacetone
2642:
2613:
2608:
2564:
2523:
2499:gluconeogenesis
2465:
2431:. Additionally
2409:
2382:
2376:
2292:
2291:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2226:
2224:
2210:
2208:
2198:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2143:metro-style map
2136:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2096:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2085:Polyunsaturated
2083:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1305:Steroidogenesis
1304:
1300:
1298:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1236:phosphorylation
1235:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1001:
999:
997:
994:
992:
986:
984:
981:
979:
973:
971:
968:
966:
960:
958:
955:
953:
947:
945:
943:
940:
938:
932:
930:
927:
925:
919:
917:
914:
910:
896:
889:
787:gluconeogenesis
753:
685:. In contrast,
671:eukaryotic cell
612:
571:
564:
563:
549:
541:
540:
539:
538:
448:
440:
439:
438:
437:
428:Total synthesis
306:
298:
297:
296:
295:
141:
133:
132:
118:
110:
109:
100:Gene expression
85:
77:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4540:
4538:
4530:
4529:
4519:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4423:Beta oxidation
4415:
4413:
4404:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4341:Chemosynthesis
4338:
4333:
4331:Photosynthesis
4327:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4280:Leloir pathway
4272:
4271:
4270:
4268:Polyol pathway
4260:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4241:Glycogenolysis
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4220:
4214:
4207:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4161:
4159:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4119:
4118:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4054:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
3997:
3995:
3986:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3913:
3904:
3903:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3857:
3856:
3850:
3841:
3836:
3829:Porphyrins and
3827:
3820:
3815:
3808:
3803:
3796:
3793:acid synthesis
3791:Aromatic amino
3789:
3784:
3779:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3753:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3621:
3620:External links
3618:
3616:
3615:
3558:
3509:
3491:
3473:
3429:
3393:
3334:
3285:
3229:
3222:
3201:
3194:
3176:
3169:
3151:
3144:
3126:
3119:
3101:
3094:
3076:
3069:
3042:
3017:
2992:
2985:
2967:
2960:
2935:
2928:
2905:
2898:
2877:
2862:
2833:
2815:
2808:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2730:
2727:
2691:
2688:
2666:glutaminolysis
2657:
2654:
2641:
2640:Targeting Heme
2638:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2580:metabolic flux
2569:hydrogen bonds
2563:
2560:
2522:
2519:
2464:
2461:
2449:photosynthesis
2407:
2378:Main article:
2375:
2372:
2356:
2349:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2320:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2280:by the enzyme
2262:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2192:cell signaling
2168:photosynthesis
2166:Violet nodes:
2154:Orange nodes:
2130:
2129:
2119:
2110:
2103:
2091:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2027:
2020:
2013:
1996:
1987:
1980:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1938:
1931:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1889:
1882:
1860:
1847:
1834:
1825:
1818:
1810:
1803:
1794:
1787:
1774:
1764:Aromatic amino
1761:
1754:
1747:
1733:
1721:
1714:
1700:
1686:
1677:
1671:Branched-chain
1668:
1661:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1611:
1602:
1595:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1535:
1528:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1458:
1451:
1442:
1425:
1416:
1398:
1385:
1372:
1353:
1338:
1325:
1312:
1299:
1286:
1273:
1258:
1243:
1228:
1221:Light reaction
1215:
1200:
1183:
1168:
1153:
1140:
1123:
1108:
1093:
1078:
1063:
1047:
1036:
1023:
1008:
993:
980:
967:
954:
939:
926:
913:
912:
911:
904:
903:
902:
901:
888:
885:
884:
883:
865:
858:
846:
845:
818:
807:phosphorylated
798:
797:
752:
749:
614:
613:
611:
610:
603:
596:
588:
585:
584:
583:
582:
566:
565:
562:
561:
556:
550:
547:
546:
543:
542:
537:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
494:Neurochemistry
491:
486:
485:
484:
474:
473:
472:
462:
457:
451:
450:
449:
446:
445:
442:
441:
436:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
408:Retrosynthesis
405:
403:Radiosynthesis
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
348:Direct process
345:
340:
335:
333:Chemosynthesis
330:
325:
320:
315:
309:
308:
307:
304:
303:
300:
299:
294:
293:
288:
283:
276:
275:
274:
264:
254:
253:
252:
242:
237:
232:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
196:
195:
185:
180:
170:
165:
160:
155:
144:
143:
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:
131:
130:
125:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
86:
84:Key components
83:
82:
79:
78:
76:
75:
70:
65:
59:
56:
55:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4539:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4393:
4389:
4375:
4374:Radiotrophism
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4295:Glycosylation
4293:
4292:
4289:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4090:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3934:
3929:
3927:
3922:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3898:
3888:
3878:
3873:
3871:
3866:
3864:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3839:
3834:
3825:
3818:
3813:
3806:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3433:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3397:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3354:(5): e63402.
3353:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3305:(11): e1969.
3304:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3152:
3147:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3013:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2866:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2709:catharanthine
2706:
2702:
2697:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2584:lipid bilayer
2581:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2527:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2462:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2441:cyanobacteria
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2373:
2371:
2354:
2347:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2318:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2260:
2249:
2246:Green nodes:
2237:
2233:
2230:Brown nodes:
2221:
2217:
2205:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2157:
2144:
2140:
2123:
2116:
2107:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2079:
2072:
2071:Sphingolipids
2065:
2064:sphingolipids
2056:
2047:
2040:
2039:Glycerolipids
2033:
2032:phospholipids
2024:
2017:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1984:
1977:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1946:proteoglycans
1942:
1941:Glycoproteins
1935:
1928:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1893:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1851:
1843:
1838:
1831:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1791:
1783:
1778:
1771:
1767:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1697:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1608:
1599:
1592:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1532:
1525:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1208:carbon intake
1197:
1196:
1195:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1044:
1043:
1033:
1032:
1020:
1019:
1005:
1004:
990:
989:
977:
976:
964:
963:
951:
950:
936:
935:
923:
922:
908:
900:
899:
894:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
866:
863:
859:
856:
852:
848:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
799:
795:
792:
791:
790:
788:
784:
780:
775:
771:
766:
757:
750:
748:
746:
742:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
646:are known as
645:
641:
640:intermediates
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
609:
604:
602:
597:
595:
590:
589:
587:
586:
580:
570:
569:
568:
567:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
545:
544:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
483:
480:
479:
478:
475:
471:
468:
467:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
452:
444:
443:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
413:Semisynthesis
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
310:
302:
301:
292:
289:
287:
286:Tetrapyrroles
284:
282:
281:
277:
273:
270:
269:
268:
265:
263:
262:
260:
255:
251:
248:
247:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
230:
228:
227:Nucleic acids
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
210:Sphingolipids
208:
206:
205:Phospholipids
203:
201:
198:
194:
191:
190:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
178:
176:
171:
169:
166:
164:
163:Glycoproteins
161:
159:
156:
154:
153:
151:
150:Carbohydrates
146:
145:
137:
136:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
114:
113:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
81:
80:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
60:
58:
57:
53:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
4275:Galactolysis
4245:Glycogenesis
4050:Fermentation
4022:ATP synthase
3961:
3805:Fermentation
3686:
3575:
3571:
3561:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3503:
3494:
3485:
3476:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3254:(17): 2–11.
3251:
3247:
3213:
3185:
3179:
3160:
3154:
3135:
3129:
3111:Biochemistry
3110:
3104:
3085:
3079:
3060:Biochemistry
3059:
3034:. Retrieved
3032:. 2024-06-25
3029:
3020:
3011:
2995:
2977:Biochemistry
2976:
2970:
2947:
2918:
2890:Biochemistry
2889:
2871:
2865:
2824:
2818:
2798:
2712:
2693:
2682:
2678:
2659:
2643:
2614:
2588:13C-labeling
2577:
2565:
2549:
2534:
2532:
2496:
2479:
2468:
2466:
2445:anabolically
2423:through the
2383:
2352:Bisphosphate
2290:
2266:
2264:
2214:Grey nodes:
2202:Blue nodes:
2190:Pink nodes:
2138:
2115:cannabinoids
1953:Chlorophylls
1904:Antioxidants
1657:Serine group
1568:Photosystems
1554:P-glycerates
1501:P-glycerates
1466:sialic acids
1461:Amino sugars
1413:
1401:
1400:
1388:
1387:
1375:
1374:
1356:
1355:
1341:
1340:
1328:
1327:
1315:
1314:
1302:
1301:
1289:
1288:
1276:
1275:
1261:
1260:
1246:
1245:
1231:
1230:
1218:
1217:
1203:
1202:
1186:
1185:
1171:
1170:
1156:
1155:
1146:Fermentation
1143:
1142:
1126:
1125:
1111:
1110:
1096:
1095:
1081:
1080:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1049:
1038:
1025:
1010:
995:
982:
969:
956:
941:
928:
915:
874:pathways in
864:(see below).
762:
725:
717:biosynthesis
714:
703:
668:
623:
620:biochemistry
617:
524:parasitology
519:Bacteriology
482:Pharmacology
460:Cell biology
328:Biosynthesis
279:
278:
257:
256:
225:
224:
173:
172:
148:
147:
90:Biomolecules
51:
39:Biochemistry
4401:lipogenesis
4263:Fructolysis
4077:Lactic acid
3743:Other sugar
2735:KaPPA-View4
2701:vinblastine
2696:antibiotics
2684:Glutaminase
2238:metabolism.
2222:metabolism.
2178:Red nodes:
2122:Eicosanoids
2087:fatty acids
2016:Cholesterol
2004:carotenoids
1983:Polyketides
1918:Nucleotides
1873:tocopherols
1837:Calciferols
1750:Amino acids
1743:amino acids
1673:amino acids
1648:Respiratory
1391:Proteolysis
1378:Translation
1365:replication
1331:MEP pathway
1318:MVA pathway
1279:Lipogenesis
1251:deamination
1041:Peroxisomal
933:respiration
862:Krebs Cycle
728:homeostasis
701:of a cell.
648:metabolites
267:Amino acids
245:Nucleotides
240:Nucleosides
235:Nucleobases
215:Cholesterol
188:Fatty acids
183:Eicosanoids
4527:Metabolism
4224:Glycolysis
4157:metabolism
4155:Nucleotide
4145:Urea cycle
4126:Amino acid
4115:Catabolism
4058:Glycolysis
4001:Glycolysis
3984:metabolism
3944:catabolism
3940:Metabolism
3845:acid group
3833:metabolism
3831:corrinoids
3817:Urea cycle
3812:metabolism
3810:Fatty acid
3755:Glycolysis
3745:metabolism
3738:metabolism
3731:metabolism
3036:2024-06-28
2777:References
2741:Metabolism
2723:tryptophan
2674:enasidenib
2670:Ivosidenib
2664:(TCA) and
2630:atovaquone
2626:lonidamine
2562:Regulation
2417:glycolysis
2286:glycolysis
2232:nucleotide
2023:Bile acids
1999:Terpenoids
1830:vitamin Bs
1813:Cobalamins
1741:glucogenic
1729:polyamines
1689:Homoserine
1561:Glyoxylate
1454:Inositol-P
1249:Amino acid
1189:feeders to
1017:elongation
972:Glyoxylate
961:acid cycle
880:organelles
876:eukaryotes
830:glycolysis
794:Glycolysis
783:Glycolysis
765:substrates
741:metabolism
730:within an
721:amphibolic
687:glycolysis
548:Glossaries
534:immunology
200:Glycerides
168:Glycosides
123:Biochemist
105:Metabolism
4397:lipolysis
4204:anabolism
3948:anabolism
3847:synthesis
3776:synthesis
3553:157067127
3529:: 34–43.
2851:cite book
2843:862091499
2705:vindoline
2390:nutrients
2386:catabolic
2348:−
2332:−
2325:⟶
2316:Phosphate
2312:−
2303:−
2008:vitamin A
1992:backbones
1990:Terpenoid
1885:Cofactors
1877:vitamin E
1867:vitamin K
1855:vitamin A
1850:Retinoids
1842:vitamin D
1817:vitamin B
1782:vitamin C
1777:Ascorbate
1770:histidine
1757:Shikimate
1736:Ketogenic
1703:Glutamate
1680:Aspartate
1632:glutarate
1547:Pentose-P
1531:Succinate
1522:Propionyl
1515:Tetrose-P
1508:Pentose-P
1404:Glycosyl-
1344:Shikimate
1292:Lipolysis
1234:Oxidative
1191:gluconeo-
1133:oxylation
1114:Gluconeo-
1071:genolysis
1054:oxidation
1030:oxidation
1002:synthesis
946:phosphate
872:catabolic
851:regulated
664:substrate
652:catalyzed
636:reactants
4521:Category
4320:Nonhuman
4305:O-linked
4300:N-linked
4092:Specific
3798:Pyruvate
3610:36045295
3545:31100352
3468:85456667
3460:30902795
3388:23704904
3348:PLOS ONE
3329:26539916
3280:32825551
3014:: 65–71.
2729:See also
2328:Fructose
2299:Fructose
2220:cofactor
2106:Steroids
2046:Acyl-CoA
2030:Glycero-
1934:Proteins
1897:minerals
1892:Vitamins
1863:Quinones
1799:pigments
1724:Creatine
1717:Arginine
1621:Succinyl
1575:Pyruvate
1494:Glycerol
1487:Triose-P
1480:Hexose-P
1432:multiple
1129:Pyruvate
920:fixation
868:Anabolic
838:glycogen
751:Overview
734:and the
732:organism
579:Category
529:virology
259:Proteins
220:Steroids
158:Alcohols
4460:Ketosis
4072:Ethanol
3955:General
3687:metpath
3601:9452304
3580:Bibcode
3379:3660535
3356:Bibcode
3320:4670921
3271:7503725
2236:protein
2216:vitamin
1925:Nucleic
1828:Various
1710:proline
1664:Alanine
1630:α-Keto-
1607:acetate
1598:Citrate
1582:Lactate
1438:glycans
1346:pathway
1266:shuttle
1264:Citrate
1193:genesis
1176:genesis
1131:decarb-
1116:genesis
1086:genesis
948:pathway
944:Pentose
826:protein
803:glucose
779:glucose
745:network
699:cytosol
660:product
656:enzymes
634:. The
95:Enzymes
73:History
68:Outline
3982:Energy
3608:
3598:
3572:Nature
3551:
3543:
3466:
3458:
3424:289386
3422:
3386:
3376:
3327:
3317:
3278:
3268:
3220:
3192:
3167:
3142:
3117:
3092:
3067:
2983:
2958:
2926:
2896:
2841:
2831:
2806:
2737:(2010)
2433:plants
2137:Major
2097:&
2062:Glyco-
2002:&
1974:Acetyl
1944:&
1895:&
1871:&
1768:&
1727:&
1708:&
1696:lysine
1694:&
1641:bodies
1639:Ketone
1614:Malate
1605:Oxalo-
1589:Acetyl
1538:Acetyl
1464:&
1447:sugars
1445:Simple
1436:&
1434:sugars
1428:Double
1099:Glyco-
1084:Glyco-
1069:Glyco-
959:Citric
931:Photo-
918:Carbon
842:starch
693:, and
642:of an
577:
280:Other:
175:Lipids
4478:Other
4438:Other
4213:Human
4094:paths
3549:S2CID
3464:S2CID
3008:(PDF)
2437:algae
2402:NADPH
2392:into
2113:Endo-
2078:Waxes
2055:acids
2053:Fatty
1927:acids
1806:Hemes
1790:δ-ALA
1766:acids
1738:&
1705:group
1691:group
1682:group
1650:chain
1421:acids
1419:Sugar
1406:ation
1174:Keto-
1161:lysis
1159:Keto-
1101:lysis
1013:Fatty
998:Fatty
987:cycle
974:cycle
822:lipid
378:LASiS
63:Index
4202:and
3757:and
3606:PMID
3541:PMID
3456:PMID
3420:PMID
3384:PMID
3325:PMID
3276:PMID
3218:ISBN
3190:ISBN
3165:ISBN
3140:ISBN
3115:ISBN
3090:ISBN
3065:ISBN
2981:ISBN
2956:ISBN
2924:ISBN
2894:ISBN
2857:link
2839:OCLC
2829:ISBN
2804:ISBN
2721:and
2707:and
2672:and
2660:The
2645:Heme
2628:and
2550:The
2439:and
2427:and
2406:FADH
2234:and
2218:and
1976:-CoA
1911:PRPP
1797:Bile
1623:-CoA
1591:-CoA
1540:-CoA
1524:-CoA
1052:beta
1028:Beta
1015:acid
1000:acid
985:Urea
870:and
774:flux
736:flux
677:and
632:cell
622:, a
291:Heme
4226:⇄
4067:ABE
3596:PMC
3588:doi
3576:609
3531:doi
3448:doi
3412:doi
3374:PMC
3364:doi
3315:PMC
3307:doi
3266:PMC
3256:doi
2952:143
2634:FDA
2594:or
2533:An
2478:(+Δ
2415:by
2398:GTP
2394:ATP
2358:ADP
2322:ATP
2141:in
1967:MVA
1960:MEP
853:by
840:or
824:or
813:to
811:ATP
809:by
801:As
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712:).
654:by
618:In
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