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782:. Depending on the strengths of a department at a university differing emphasis will be given to fields of biophysics. What follows is a list of examples of how each department applies its efforts toward the study of biophysics. This list is hardly all inclusive. Nor does each subject of study belong exclusively to any particular department. Each academic institution makes its own rules and there is much overlap between departments.
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532:, can also be used to monitor biological events where forces and distances are at the nanoscale. Molecular biophysicists often consider complex biological events as systems of interacting entities which can be understood e.g. through
431:, seeking to find the physical underpinnings of biomolecular phenomena. Scientists in this field conduct research concerned with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between
675:(1737–1798) laid groundwork for the later field of biophysics. Some of the earlier studies in biophysics were conducted in the 1840s by a group known as the Berlin school of physiologists. Among its members were pioneers such as
893:– biophysical research that emphasizes medicine. Medical biophysics is a field closely related to physiology. It explains various aspects and systems of the body from a physical and mathematical perspective. Examples are
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While some colleges and universities have dedicated departments of biophysics, usually at the graduate level, many do not have university-level biophysics departments, instead having groups in related departments such as
544:. By drawing knowledge and experimental techniques from a wide variety of disciplines, biophysicists are often able to directly observe, model or even manipulate the structures and interactions of individual
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involving both experimental and theoretical tools. It is becoming increasingly common for biophysicists to apply the models and experimental techniques derived from
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are unique to this field. Research efforts in biophysics are often initiated by scientists who were biologists, chemists or physicists by training.
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Cooper WG (December 2009). "Necessity of quantum coherence to account for the spectrum of time-dependent mutations exhibited by bacteriophage T4".
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of blood flow, gas physics of respiration, radiation in diagnostics/treatment and much more. Biophysics is taught as a preclinical subject in many
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Cooper WG (August 2009). "Evidence for transcriptase quantum processing implies entanglement and decoherence of superposition proton states".
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suggested that certain repair machines might one day be reduced in size to the point that it would be possible to (as
Feynman put it) "
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Dogonadze RR, Urushadze ZD (1971). "Semi-Classical Method of
Calculation of Rates of Chemical Reactions Proceeding in Polar Liquids".
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criticize biophysics on the ground that the biophysical method does not take into account the specificity of biological phenomena.
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697:(1882–1958) is credited as a leader of the field's further development in the mid-20th century. He was a leader in developing
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443:, as well as how these interactions are regulated. A great variety of techniques are used to answer these questions.
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907:– studying neural networks experimentally (brain slicing) as well as theoretically (computer models), membrane
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Volkenshtein MV, Dogonadze R, Madumarov AK, Urushadze ZD, Kharkats YI (1972). "Theory of Enzyme
Catalysis".
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1459:"The Inert vs. the Living State of Matter: Extended Criticality, Time Geometry, Anti-Entropy - An Overview"
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Sahai, Erik; Trepat, Xavier (July 2018). "Mesoscale physical principles of collective cell organization".
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823:– Ångstrom-resolution structures of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and complexes thereof.
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to yield time-dependent base substitutions. These studies imply applications in quantum computing.
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833:– biomolecular structure, siRNA, nucleic acid structure, structure-activity relationships.
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595:. Biophysical models are used extensively in the study of electrical conduction in single
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is an interdisciplinary science that applies approaches and methods traditionally used in
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In
Russian, English summary. Available translations in Italian, Spanish, English, French
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also perform research on the biophysical properties of living organisms including
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559:, modern biophysics encompasses an extraordinarily broad range of research, from
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In addition to traditional (i.e. molecular and cellular) biophysical topics like
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496:(SAXS/SANS) are often used to visualize structures of biological significance.
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Perutz MF (May 1969). "The
Croonian Lecture, 1968. The haemoglobin molecule".
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was published. Since 1957, biophysicists have organized themselves into the
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Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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599:, as well as neural circuit analysis in both tissue and whole brain.
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27:
Study of biological systems using methods from the physical sciences
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883:– graph/network theory, population modeling, dynamical systems,
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is also regularly used in academia to indicate the study of the
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typically addresses biological questions similar to those in
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317:. Biophysical research shares significant overlap with
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in structure can be measured using techniques such as
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1952:
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1896:
1544:Proteins and Nucleic Acids: Structure and Function
1045:List of publications in physics – Biophysics
1040:List of publications in biology – Biophysics
718:which now has about 9,000 members over the world.
657:". The idea was discussed in Feynman's 1959 essay
1850:Link archive of learning resources for students:
929:, biomolecular interactions, cellular membranes,
605:, a branch of biophysics, is any application of
704:The popularity of the field rose when the book
2724:
2225:
1873:
1724:Intermediate Physics for Medicine and Biology
271:
8:
1065:European Biophysical Societies' Association
301:phenomena. Biophysics covers all scales of
3570:
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2709:
2232:
2218:
2210:
1880:
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1858:
1839:Journal of Physiology: 2012 virtual issue
278:
264:
52:
2698:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
1484:
1474:
1353:
1296:
1176:
1166:
524:. Direct manipulation of molecules using
445:
1117:
961:– The field of quantum biology applies
60:
2078:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
1379:"There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom"
947:, and the development of new physical
4266:Applied and interdisciplinary physics
2693:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
7:
4225:
1436:. Infobase Publishing. p. 4 9.
1070:Mathematical and theoretical biology
965:to biological objects and problems.
660:There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom
4235:
3152:Evolutionary developmental biology
1679:Sneppen K, Zocchi G (2005-10-17).
1457:Longo G, Montévil M (2012-01-01).
843:, biomolecular and drug databases.
25:
3177:Post-transcriptional modification
1657:Biophysics : An Introduction
4234:
4224:
4215:
4214:
4202:
3553:
1756:10.1016/j.biosystems.2009.04.010
1706:(Corrected ed.). Springer.
1433:Encyclopedia of Physical Science
1409:. Salem Press Inc. p. 234.
1403:Franceschetti DR (15 May 2012).
1013:
999:
510:dual polarisation interferometry
245:
244:
231:
68:
2199:Timeline of physics discoveries
637:. He wrote about the idea of a
468:imaging techniques, as well as
392:) in biological systems. Other
1328:Popkin, Gabriel (2016-01-07).
1201:"the definition of biophysics"
1151:"Q&A: What is biophysics?"
633:theorized about the future of
1:
1620:10.1016/S0022-0728(71)80189-4
955:as well as their application.
364:was originally introduced by
1681:Physics in Molecular Biology
1531:Resources in other libraries
1430:Rosen J, Gothard LQ (2009).
1377:Feynman RP (December 1959).
1035:Index of biophysics articles
876:protein structure prediction
579:, to larger systems such as
2163:Quantum information science
1721:Hobbie RK, Roth BJ (2006).
1704:Biophysics: An Introduction
1249:. Springer; 23 April 2012.
1246:Biophysics: An Introduction
548:or complexes of molecules.
4282:
1994:Classical electromagnetism
1727:(4th ed.). Springer.
1685:Cambridge University Press
1105:Single-particle trajectory
4196:
3663:Polymerase chain reaction
3623:Green fluorescent protein
3551:
3200:Earliest known life forms
2746:
2247:
1854:(60% English, 40% German)
1785:10.1007/s10528-009-9293-8
1526:Resources in your library
1289:10.1038/s41567-018-0194-9
629:. For example, physicist
217:List of unsolved problems
2100:Condensed matter physics
1629:Molekuliarnaia Biologiia
1476:10.3389/fphys.2012.00039
3715:species discovery curve
2843:Response to environment
1702:Glaser R (2004-11-23).
1546:. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
1463:Frontiers in Physiology
1130:Encyclopedia Britannica
847:Computational chemistry
482:atomic force microscopy
303:biological organization
39:protein domain dynamics
4188:Plant morphology terms
3792:Biological engineering
3474:Biological interaction
2307:Biological engineering
2184:Nobel Prize in Physics
2046:Relativistic mechanics
1810:Biophysics Demystified
1652:Rodney M. J. Cotterill
1635:(3). Moscow: 431–439.
1581:10.1098/rspb.1969.0043
1227:The Grammar of Science
1224:Pearson, Karl (1892).
1168:10.1186/1741-7007-9-13
1149:Zhou HX (March 2011).
1126:"Biophysics | science"
987:biophysical techniques
486:small-angle scattering
462:
207:List of physics awards
50:
3875:Developmental biology
3850:Computational biology
3830:Cellular microbiology
3172:Mendelian inheritance
3084:Energy transformation
2392:Developmental biology
2367:Computational biology
2347:Cellular microbiology
2189:Philosophy of physics
1841:Biophysics and Beyond
1330:"The physics of life"
1060:Biophysical chemistry
1055:Outline of biophysics
1050:List of biophysicists
721:Some authors such as
689:Johannes Peter Müller
677:Hermann von Helmholtz
534:statistical mechanics
506:Conformational change
474:x-ray crystallography
449:
351:developmental biology
343:computational biology
33:
4095:Reproductive biology
3980:Mathematical biology
3905:Evolutionary biology
3855:Conservation biology
3668:Two-hybrid screening
3638:Protein purification
3469:Biogeochemical cycle
3431:Internal environment
3079:Cellular respiration
2612:Reproductive biology
2497:Mathematical biology
2422:Evolutionary biology
2372:Conservation biology
2148:Mathematical physics
1773:Biochemical Genetics
1085:Molecular biophysics
945:stochastic processes
872:structural alignment
681:Ernst Heinrich Weber
441:protein biosynthesis
421:Molecular biophysics
3880:Ecological genetics
3593:Gel electrophoresis
3583:Genetic engineering
3536:Population dynamics
3446:Reproductive system
2397:Ecological genetics
2241:Branches of biology
2123:Atmospheric physics
1962:Classical mechanics
1890:branches of physics
1835:Biophysical Society
1808:Goldfarb D (2010).
1573:1969RSPSB.173..113P
1346:2016Natur.529...16P
1281:2018NatPh..14..671T
1080:Membrane biophysics
1030:Biophysical Society
901:, mainly in Europe.
729:Focus as a subfield
716:Biophysical Society
643:biological machines
500:can be observed by
470:electron microscopy
394:biological sciences
374:physical quantities
56:Part of a series on
4209:Biology portal
4105:Structural biology
4090:Relational biology
3915:Generative biology
3910:Freshwater biology
3710:mark and recapture
3658:Restriction enzyme
3451:Respiratory system
3406:Circulatory system
3333:Epidermis (botany)
2688:History of biology
2622:Structural biology
2607:Relational biology
2432:Generative biology
2427:Freshwater biology
2179:History of physics
1779:(11–12): 892–910.
1607:J Electroanal Chem
1542:Perutz MF (1962).
1205:www.dictionary.com
1075:Medical biophysics
868:sequence alignment
851:molecular dynamics
821:Structural biology
655:swallow the doctor
553:structural biology
514:circular dichroism
463:
456:biological machine
368:in 1892. The term
327:physical chemistry
238:Physics portal
51:
45:to "walk" along a
4248:
4247:
4110:Synthetic biology
3990:Molecular biology
3845:Cognitive biology
3723:
3722:
3549:
3548:
3240:Natural selection
3021:Organic compounds
2918:Scientific method
2908:Emergent property
2849:Hierarchy of life
2819:Energy processing
2706:
2705:
2627:Synthetic biology
2507:Molecular biology
2362:Cognitive biology
2207:
2206:
2194:Physics education
2143:Materials science
2110:Interdisciplinary
2068:Quantum mechanics
1819:978-0-07-163365-9
1734:978-0-387-30942-2
1713:978-3-540-67088-9
1694:978-0-521-84419-2
1671:978-0-471-48538-4
1512:Library resources
1443:978-0-8160-7011-4
1416:978-1-58765-781-8
1255:978-3-642-25212-9
963:quantum mechanics
927:electrophysiology
859:quantum chemistry
855:molecular docking
791:molecular biology
764:molecular biology
712:Erwin Schrödinger
685:Carl F. W. Ludwig
542:chemical kinetics
502:neutron spin echo
429:molecular biology
398:molecular biology
323:molecular biology
288:
287:
144:Classical physics
16:(Redirected from
4273:
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4228:
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4183:Ecological terms
3835:Chemical biology
3698:Field techniques
3571:
3557:
3416:Digestive system
3411:Endocrine system
2984:Chemical element
2943:Biology journals
2839:Self-replication
2794:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2710:
2352:Chemical biology
2234:
2227:
2220:
2211:
2133:Chemical physics
2073:Particle physics
1999:Classical optics
1882:
1875:
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1859:
1846:bio-physics-wiki
1823:
1804:
1767:
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1567:(1031): 113–40.
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1381:. Archived from
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837:Computer science
799:protein dynamics
748:computer science
695:William T. Bovie
526:optical tweezers
498:Protein dynamics
488:(SAS) both with
478:NMR spectroscopy
460:protein dynamics
406:chemical biology
378:electric current
280:
273:
266:
253:
248:
247:
240:
236:
235:
212:List of journals
149:Electromagnetism
72:
53:
21:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4201:
4200:
4192:
4178:Botanical terms
4161:
4160:
4159:
4120:Systems biology
4085:Quantum biology
3719:
3693:
3575:
3565:
3558:
3545:
3455:
3436:Muscular system
3393:
3387:
3378:Vascular tissue
3325:
3319:
3259:
3220:History of life
3181:
3162:Gene regulation
3157:Gene expression
3128:
3045:
2952:
2783:
2742:
2737:
2707:
2702:
2676:
2637:Systems biology
2602:Quantum biology
2243:
2238:
2208:
2203:
2167:
2153:Medical physics
2104:
2063:Nuclear physics
2032:
2026:Non-equilibrium
1948:
1920:
1892:
1886:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1812:. McGraw-Hill.
1807:
1770:
1741:
1735:
1720:
1714:
1701:
1695:
1678:
1672:
1650:
1626:
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1508:
1503:
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1451:
1444:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1406:Applied Science
1402:
1401:
1397:
1388:
1386:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1355:10.1038/529016a
1340:(7584): 16–18.
1327:
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1223:
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1134:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1019:
1012:
1005:
998:
995:
959:Quantum biology
953:instrumentation
899:medical schools
841:Neural networks
795:Gene regulation
731:
671:The studies of
669:
649:). Feynman and
631:Richard Feynman
617:, ranging from
603:Medical physics
565:quantum biology
557:enzyme kinetics
418:
355:systems biology
284:
243:
230:
229:
222:
221:
192:
184:
183:
169:Nuclear physics
119:
109:
95:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4279:
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4027:
4022:
4017:
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4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3975:Marine biology
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
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3837:
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3827:
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3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3799:
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3789:
3787:Bioinformatics
3784:
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3655:
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3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3618:DNA microarray
3615:
3613:DNA sequencing
3610:
3605:
3603:Centrifugation
3600:
3598:Chromatography
3595:
3590:
3588:Transformation
3585:
3579:
3577:
3568:
3560:
3559:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
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3538:
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3527:
3526:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3499:Climate change
3496:
3491:
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3481:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3441:Nervous system
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3373:Vascular plant
3370:
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3355:
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3345:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
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3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3230:Microevolution
3227:
3225:Macroevolution
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3183:
3182:
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3121:
3119:Photosynthesis
3116:
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3096:
3091:
3086:
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3074:Cell signaling
3071:
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3001:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
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2966:
2960:
2958:
2957:Chemical basis
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2923:Taxonomic rank
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2903:Reductionistic
2900:
2846:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2764:
2759:
2750:Introduction (
2747:
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2735:
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2509:
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2499:
2494:
2492:Marine biology
2489:
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2479:
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2469:
2464:
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2302:Bioinformatics
2299:
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2023:
2016:Thermodynamics
2013:
2012:
2011:
2006:
1996:
1991:
1986:
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1855:
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1830:
1829:External links
1827:
1825:
1824:
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1805:
1768:
1739:
1733:
1718:
1712:
1699:
1693:
1683:(1 ed.).
1676:
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1614:(2): 235–245.
1601:
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1369:
1320:
1275:(7): 671–682.
1269:Nature Physics
1259:
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1230:. p. 470.
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1021:Biology portal
1010:
1007:Physics portal
994:
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895:fluid dynamics
888:
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864:Bioinformatics
861:
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818:
807:patch clamping
730:
727:
699:electrosurgery
668:
665:
561:bioelectronics
538:thermodynamics
504:spectroscopy.
458:that utilizes
417:
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339:bioengineering
335:nanotechnology
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4055:Phylogenetics
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3950:Human biology
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3840:Chronobiology
3838:
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3818:
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3815:Biotechnology
3813:
3811:
3810:Biostatistics
3808:
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3705:Belt transect
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3678:
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3675:
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3654:
3653:Southern blot
3651:
3649:
3648:Northern blot
3646:
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3427:
3426:Immune system
3424:
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3346:
3344:
3343:Ground tissue
3341:
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3256:
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3248:
3246:
3245:Phylogenetics
3243:
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3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
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3213:
3211:
3210:Genetic drift
3208:
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3019:
3017:
3016:Nucleic acids
3014:
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3004:
3000:
2997:
2996:
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2990:
2987:
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2979:Chemical bond
2977:
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2974:Carbohydrates
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2572:Phylogenetics
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2478:
2475:
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2470:
2468:
2467:Human biology
2465:
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2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
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707:What Is Life?
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673:Luigi Galvani
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4100:Sociobiology
4080:Protistology
4045:Photobiology
4040:Pharmacology
4030:Parasitology
4025:Paleontology
4005:Neuroscience
3985:Microbiology
3895:Epidemiology
3865:Cytogenetics
3825:Cell biology
3805:Biosemiotics
3797:Biomechanics
3777:Biogeography
3772:Biochemistry
3767:Bacteriology
3762:Astrobiology
3686:
3679:
3672:
3643:Western blot
3633:Enzyme assay
3608:Cell culture
3509:Conservation
3394:and function
3392:Animal form
3326:and function
3099:Fermentation
2877:Organ system
2835:Reproduction
2813:Properties (
2617:Sociobiology
2597:Protistology
2562:Photobiology
2557:Pharmacology
2547:Parasitology
2542:Paleontology
2522:Neuroscience
2502:Microbiology
2412:Epidemiology
2382:Cytogenetics
2342:Cell biology
2322:Biosemiotics
2316:
2312:Biomechanics
2292:Biogeography
2287:Biochemistry
2282:Bacteriology
2277:Astrobiology
2127:
2118:Astrophysics
1932:Experimental
1809:
1776:
1772:
1750:(2): 73–89.
1747:
1743:
1723:
1703:
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1656:
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1383:the original
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1204:
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1133:. Retrieved
1129:
1120:
1090:Neurophysics
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923:channelomics
915:Pharmacology
909:permittivity
905:Neuroscience
853:simulation,
827:Biochemistry
811:biomechanics
772:pharmacology
768:neuroscience
740:cell biology
736:biochemistry
732:
723:Robert Rosen
720:
705:
703:
693:
670:
658:
651:Albert Hibbs
647:nanomachines
638:
635:nanomedicine
627:nanomedicine
601:
550:
464:
425:biochemistry
419:
410:biochemistry
402:cell biology
369:
366:Karl Pearson
361:
359:
347:biomechanics
319:biochemistry
290:
289:
138:
129:Astrophysics
4240:WikiProject
4150:Xenobiology
4145:Virophysics
4115:Systematics
4070:Primatology
4015:Ornithology
3955:Ichthyology
3940:Herpetology
3935:Gerontology
3900:Epigenetics
3860:Cryobiology
3752:Agrostology
3742:Aerobiology
3737:Abiogenesis
3574:Laboratory
3421:Homeostasis
3324:Plant form
3147:Epigenetics
3069:Cell theory
2969:Amino acids
2948:Common name
2938:Peer review
2913:Mechanistic
2667:Xenobiology
2662:Virophysics
2632:Systematics
2587:Primatology
2532:Ornithology
2472:Ichthyology
2457:Herpetology
2452:Gerontology
2417:Epigenetics
2377:Cryobiology
2267:Agrostology
2257:Aerobiology
2252:Abiogenesis
2021:Statistical
1937:Theoretical
1914:Engineering
1744:Bio Systems
1334:Nature News
1298:2445/180672
1155:BMC Biology
1100:Virophysics
980:agriculture
931:polyketides
881:Mathematics
815:virophysics
756:mathematics
752:engineering
589:populations
573:mathematics
466:Fluorescent
382:temperature
315:populations
47:microtubule
18:Biophysical
4261:Biophysics
4255:Categories
4166:Glossaries
4135:Toxicology
4130:Teratology
4075:Proteomics
4060:Physiology
4000:Neontology
3965:Lipidology
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2387:Dendrology
2317:Biophysics
2297:Biogeology
2138:Geophysics
2128:Biophysics
1972:Analytical
1925:Approaches
1552:B000TS8P4G
1517:Biophysics
1389:2017-01-01
1210:2018-07-26
1135:2018-07-26
1112:References
1095:Physiomics
949:techniques
941:negentropy
919:physiology
780:physiology
623:microscopy
615:healthcare
593:ecosystems
577:statistics
484:(AFM) and
370:biophysics
362:biophysics
331:physiology
311:organismic
299:biological
291:Biophysics
154:Geophysics
139:Biophysics
43:nanoscales
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4020:Osteology
4010:Nutrition
3970:Mammalogy
3945:Histology
3688:in silico
3564:Research
3541:Resources
3514:Ecosystem
3504:Community
3489:Biosphere
3401:Breathing
3283:Eukaryote
3265:Diversity
3215:Gene flow
3187:Evolution
3094:Eukaryote
3006:Molecules
2897:Biosphere
2893:Ecosystem
2889:Community
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2756:Evolution
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2537:Osteology
2527:Nutrition
2487:Mammalogy
2462:Histology
2088:Molecular
1989:Acoustics
1982:Continuum
1977:Celestial
1967:Newtonian
1954:Classical
1897:Divisions
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1307:1745-2481
967:Decohered
831:chemistry
797:, single
744:chemistry
619:radiology
546:molecules
360:The term
307:molecular
297:to study
197:Physicist
159:Mechanics
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2772:Timeline
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2681:See also
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641:use for
611:medicine
494:neutrons
452:ribosome
416:Overview
251:Category
191:Research
117:Branches
104:timeline
91:Glossary
4230:Commons
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3674:in vivo
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2767:History
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2172:Related
2056:General
2051:Special
1909:Applied
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1569:Bibcode
1506:Sources
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