1202:. Molinists, following Luis de Molina himself, present God's knowledge in a sequence of three logical moments. The first is God's knowledge of necessary truths or natural knowledge. These truths are independent of God's will and are non-contingent. This knowledge includes the full range of logical possibilities. Examples include such statements as "All bachelors are unmarried" or "X cannot be A and non-A at the same time, in the same way, at the same place" or "It is possible that X obtain." The second is called "middle knowledge" and it contains the range of possible things that would happen given certain circumstances. The third kind of knowledge is God's free knowledge. This type of knowledge consists of contingent truths that are dependent upon God's will, or truths that God brings about, that He does not have to bring about. Examples might include statements such as "God created the earth" or something particular about this world which God has actualized. This is called God's "free knowledge" and it contains the future or what will happen. In between God's natural and free knowledge is His middle knowledge by which God knows what His free creatures would do under any circumstance. These are "truths" that do not have to be true, but are true without God being the primary cause of them. In
1731:"Perhaps the most serious objection against it is that there does not appear to be any way God could come by such knowledge. Knowledge, as we have seen, is not merely a matter of conceiving a proposition and correctly believing it to be true. It requires justification: one must have good reasons for believing. But what justification could God have for believing the propositions that are supposed to constitute middle knowledge? The truth of subjunctives of freedom cannot be discerned a priori, for they are contingent. It is not a necessary truth that if placed in circumstances C, I will decide to attend the concert tonight. Nor can we allow that God might learn the truth of C from my actual behavior â that is, by observing that I actually do, in circumstances C, decide to attend the concert. For God could not make observations like this without also finding out what creative decisions He is actually going to make, which would destroy the whole purpose of middle knowledge.â
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way." William Lane Craig follows up on this by pointing out the burden of proof the grounding objector bears. The grounding objection "asserts that there are no true counterfactuals about how creatures would freely act under any given set of circumstances. This assertion is no mere ostensibly undercutting defeater of
Molinism, but a putatively rebutting defeater. It makes a bold and positive assertion and therefore requires warrant in excess of that which attends the Molinist assumption that there are true counterfactuals about creaturely free actions" and that "AntiâMolinists have not even begun the task of showing that counterfactuals of creaturely freedom are members of the set of propositions or statements which require truthâmakers if they are to be true." Thus the grounding objectors must prove a universal negative regarding the falsity of counterfactuals of freedom or they must explain their theory of the basis for truth and prove that theory true.
1783:
even He must still observe them to know them. Therefore, God cannot know what we will do, unless He sees the future. The
Molinist position, exemplified by Craig in the preceding paragraph, is 1) to argue this requires potentially heretical arguments relating to a limitation of divine omniscience, and 2) that a choice can be free, and yet the way in which an agent will make that choice can be known apart from observation of the actualized choice itself (and even apart from the actualization of the choice entirely). Critics maintain that this is no longer really a free choice: if it is known of someone that "If she were offered a dollar, she would take it," apart from actually offering that person a dollar, then she is not free to take or not take that dollar. The question hinges upon whether, by the definition of a free choice, it is possible to know which choice will be made independently from the actualization of that choice.
1510:
Suårez, agree with the Bañezians that God antecedently elects certain people to eternal glory and only then consults His middle knowledge to discover which graces will guarantee their salvation. Thus, in Peter's case, God would have chosen different graces if those He actually chose had been foreknown to be merely sufficient and not efficacious for Peter's salvation. Other
Molinists, including Molina himself, vigorously reject any such antecedent absolute election of Peter to salvation. They insist instead that God simply chooses to create a world in which He infallibly foresees Peter's good use of the supernatural graces afforded him, and only then does he accept Peter among the elect in light of his free consent to those graces.â Other Molinists avoid the issue altogether by holding to the view of trans-world damnation, the idea that the unsaved in this world would have rejected Christ in any world.
1262:
remain until today. Molinists have responded to this objection by noting that scripture contains examples of God's foreknowledge of evil acts. For example, the
Israelites forsaking God, or Peter's denial of Christ, are both examples of what one would call overt acts of sin. Yet, according to opponents of Molinism, God is actively bringing about these overt acts of sin. This is fallacious according to the Molinist. In order for this account of prophecy to be valid all prophecies must be wholly good, and never contain evil acts; but this is not what opponents believe to be the case. It may simply be the fact that Christ's human nature made a rational prediction of the said actions, as he once experienced beforehand from Peter, to which he replied, "
1671:. Craig accepts that the most these texts indicate is that God has counterfactual knowledge. In order for this knowledge to be middle knowledge, it must be logically prior to God's free knowledge, something the biblical texts mentioned do not seem to affirm or deny. However, Craig argues that if God's decree were logically prior to His middle knowledge, that would âmake God the author of sin and to obliterate human freedom, since in that case it is God who decrees which counterfactuals about creaturely free acts are true, including counterfactuals concerning sinful human decisions. Thus, we have good reason for thinking that if such counterfactuals are now true or false, they must have been so logically prior to God's decree.â
79:
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1286:, although technically that term is more broad than simply the knowledge of counterfactuals.) A counterfactual is a statement of the form "If it were the case that P, it would be the case that Q." An example would be, "If Bob were in Tahiti he would freely choose to go swimming instead of sunbathing." The Molinist claims that even if Bob is never in Tahiti, God can still know whether Bob would go swimming or sunbathing. The Molinist believes that God, using his middle knowledge and foreknowledge, surveyed all
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freedom. Since God has middle knowledge, He knows what an agent would freely do in a particular situation. So, agent A, if placed in circumstance C, would freely choose option X over option Y. Thus, if God wanted to accomplish X, all God would do is, using his middle knowledge, actualize the world in which A was placed in C, and A would freely choose X. God retains an element of providence without nullifying A's choice and God's purpose (the actualization of X) is fulfilled.
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which A freely chooses. But, A still retains freedom in the sense of being able to choose either option. Molinism does not affirm two contradictory propositions when it affirms both God's providence and humanity's freedom. God's providence extends to the actualization of the world in which an agent may believe upon Christ.
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of freedom being true, probable counterfactuals are true instead. So instead of truths of the following sort: "God knows that in circumstance C creature X will freely do A" God knows truths of this sort: "God knows that in circumstances C creature X would probably do A." Yet, as Edward
Wierenga has
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exist under the specified conditions." The idea here is that if we imagine God creating multiple universes in multiple dimensions and giving people libertarian free will in the various universes and letting events all play out, we would have no problem grounding counterfactuals of freedom based on
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Molinists have internal disagreements about the extent to which they agree with
Calvinism, some holding to unconditional election, others holding to conditional election and others still holding to an election that is partly both. Alfred Freddoso explains: âSome Molinists, including Bellarmine and
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Some opponents of
Molinism claim that God's foreknowledge and knowledge of counterfactuals are examples of what God is going to actively bring about. That is, when Christ describes the response of the Sodomites in the aforementioned example, God was going to actively bring it about that they would
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The difference in perspectives here may be briefly described in the following way. According to critics, the way in which an agent will make a free choice inherently cannot be known apart from observation of the choice being actualized. God may be able to observe these choices via prescience, but
1778:
Further objections at this point lead to a second line of response. Alvin
Plantinga responds to the grounding objection by saying "It seems to me much clearer that some counterfactuals of freedom are at least possibly true than that the truth of propositions must, in general, be grounded in this
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Take the salvation of Agent A. God knows that if He were to place A in circumstances C, then A would freely choose to believe in Christ. So God actualizes the world where C occurs, and then A freely believes. God still retains a measure of His divine providence because He actualizes the world in
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William Lane Craig calls
Molinism "one of the most fruitful theological ideas ever conceived. For it would serve to explain not only God's knowledge of the future, but divine providence and predestination as well". Under it, God retains a measure of divine providence without hindering humanity's
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Craig gives three reasons for holding that counterfactual statements are true: "First, we ourselves often appear to know such true counterfactuals. Second, it is plausible that the Law of
Conditional Excluded Middle (LCEM) holds for counterfactuals of a certain special form, usually called
1235:
The Molinist claims that in this example, God knows what His free creatures would choose under hypothetical circumstances, namely that the Sodomites would have responded in a way that Sodom would still have been in existence in Jesus' day, given that hypothetical situation.
1359:'counterfactuals of creaturely freedom'. Third, the Scriptures are replete with counterfactual statements, so that the Christian theist, at least, should be committed to the truth of certain counterfactuals about free, creaturely actions."
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by affirming that God grants salvation, but a person has the choice to freely accept it or reject it (but God knows that if the person were put in a particular situation he or she would not reject it). This differs from Calvinistic
1567:. William Lane Craig uses Molinism to reconcile scriptural passages warning of apostasy with passages teaching the security of believers. Craig has also used middle knowledge to explain a wide range of theological issues, such as
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points out that "without middle knowledge, God would find himself, so to speak, with knowledge of the future but without any logical prior planning of the future." The placing of God's middle knowledge between God's knowledge of
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there has been debate over the issue of salvation; more specifically, can God elect believers and believers still come to God freely? Protestants who lean more towards God's election to salvation and sovereignty are usually
1324:
Hence, God's middle knowledge plays an important role in the actualization of the world. In fact, it seems as if God's middle knowledge of counterfactuals plays a more immediate role in perception than God's foreknowledge.
1250:, and middle knowledge is to be distinguished from God's knowledge of counterfactuals (because, for example, Thomists affirm that God has counterfactual knowledge). The Bible contains many examples of foreknowledge such as
1208:, John D. Laing has provided an example of middle knowledge: "If John Laing were given the opportunity to write an article on middle knowledge for the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, he would freely do so."
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the events in the various universes. But why should God need to create such universes to know how events would unfold, and couldn't how they would turn out ground statements about how they would turn out?
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his decree of creation, then God would be actively causing what various creatures would do in various circumstances and thereby destroying libertarian freedom. But by placing middle knowledge (and thereby
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Molinists have often argued that their position is the biblical one by indicating passages they understand to teach God's middle knowledge. Molina advanced the following three texts:
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2008 1905679092 p. 127 "Peter, who after saying âYou are the Messiah,â began to rebuke Jesus. Jesus' rebuke, âGet behind me, Satan!â is connected with the vision ..."
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argues "n order for a counterfactual of freedom to be true, it is not required that the events to which they refer actually exist; all that is required is that they
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Alvin Plantinga, "Reply to Robert Adams", in Alvin Plantinga, ed. James E. Tomberlin and Peter Van Inwagen, Profiles 5 (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1985), p. 378.
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Thomas Flint claims the twin foundations of Molinism are God's providence and man's freedom. Molinism harmonizes texts teaching God's providence (such as
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God's sovereign election of individuals, predetermined by His exercise of middle knowledge to know who would respond to Him in faith. This is instead of
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The grounding objection is at present the most debated objection to Molinism, and often considered the strongest. The argument claims that there are no
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and then actualized a particular one. God's middle knowledge of counterfactuals would play an integral part in this "choosing" of a particular world.
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ended the quarrel by forbidding each side to accuse the other of heresy, allowing both views to exist side-by-side in the Catholic Church.
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because it claims that God definitively knows how a person would react to the Gospel message if they were put in a particular situation.
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1499:, which states that a person's salvation is already determined by God such that he or she cannot choose otherwise or resist God's grace.
3074:
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Craig, William Lane (April 1991). "'Lest anyone should fall': A middle knowledge perspective on perseverance and apostolic warnings".
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Molinism has been controversial and criticized since its inception in Molina's concordia. The Dominican Order which espoused strict
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1708:, which they think implies passivity, which is repugnant to Pure Act. The Thomists disputed it before the Popes, as bordering on
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Molinists argue that God perfectly accomplishes His will in the lives of genuinely free creatures through the use of His
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the creation decree God allows for freedom in the libertarian sense. The placing of middle knowledge logically after
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sense. (Molinists naturally accept this, but deny that this entails that counterfactuals of creaturely freedom lack
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pointed out, probable counterfactuals are also contingent truths and fall victim to the same grounding objection.
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Feddoso. "Molinism," in Edward Craig, ed., Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (London: Routledge, 1998).
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does not determine the truthfulness of a counterfactual for a creature, if that creature is free in the
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1532:, who had a different understanding of God's foreknowledge and the nature of predestination. In 1597,
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Many philosophers and theologians who embrace the grounding objection prefer to claim that instead of
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1154:, particularly counterfactuals regarding human action. It seeks to reconcile the apparent tension of
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3040:'No Other Name': A Middle Knowledge Perspective on the Exclusivity of Salvation through Christ
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126:
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Maitzen, Stephen (6 November 2008). "Does Molinism explain the demographics of theism?".
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has argued at length that many of Christ's statements seem to indicate middle knowledge.
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Wierenga, Edward (2001). "Providence, Middle Knowledge, and the Grounding Objection".
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Calvinism, Arminianism, or Another Option: A Hubmaierian/Molinist View of Soteriology
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1908:. Kenneth J. Perszyk. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2011. pp. Introduction.
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Middle Knowledge, TruthâMakers, and the "Grounding Objection" by William Lane Craig
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1392:. However, the Molinist can embrace both God's sovereignty and human free choice.
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191:
146:
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Molinists say the logical ordering of events for creation would be as follows:
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Boyd, Gregory A. (2003). "Neo-Molinism and the Infinite Intelligence of God".
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Boyd, Gregory A. (2003). "Neo-Molinism and the Infinite Intelligence of God".
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1483:. Christ's redemption is sufficient for all, but applicable only to the elect.
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2012:
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Molinists have responded to the aforementioned argument two ways. First, as
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Molinists have supported their case scripturally with Christ's statement in
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McCann, Hugh J.; Johnson, Daniel M. (Spring 2017). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
2003:
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has developed what he considers other implications of Molinism, including
1454:, where God elects individuals independent of their libertarian free will.
1351:, but before the creation decree also gives God the possibility to survey
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Luis de Molina: The Life and Theology of the Founder of Middle Knowledge
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and God's creative decree is crucial. For if God's middle knowledge was
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of creaturely freedom. But counterfactuals are to be distinguished from
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1540:, a committee whose purpose was to settle this controversy. In 1607,
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Regenerate believers will not fall away from a state of justification.
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3373:
2124:
The Bible also contains several examples of counterfactuals, such as
1564:
1139:
530:
490:
450:
2066:
1712:, and afterwards there were ten years of debate in the Congregation
1282:. (God's knowledge of counterfactuals is often referred to as his
3594:
1224:
29:
4259:
1388:
while those who lean more towards humanity's free choice follow
560:
5275:
3874:
3070:
3058:"Middle Knowledge" from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2694:
Hasker, William (2002). "The Antinomies of Divine Providence".
2471:"Middle Knowledge, Truth-Makers, and the 'Grounding Objection'"
2805:
Providence & Prayer : How Does God Work in the World?
1845:
2218:"Middle Knowledge, Truth-Makers, and the Grounding Objection"
1436:
God's grace overcomes man's radical depravity. As opposed to
1223:, will you be exalted to heaven? You will be brought down to
1182:, John D. Laing, Timothy A. Stratton, Kirk R. MacGregor, and
1825: â Philosophical system originating from Thomas Aquinas
1813:, also known as Moderate Calvinism â Christian doctrine
1418:
has devised an acrostic summary for Molinism called ROSES:
2811:
Perszyk, Kenneth J. (2000). "Molinism and Compatibilism".
1739:. Opponents to middle knowledge claim that the historical
1371:
Molinists also believe it can aid one's understanding of
2469:
Craig, William Lane (2001). l. Peterson, Michael (ed.).
2216:
Craig, William Lane (2001). l. Peterson, Michael (ed.).
1702:
criticized that novel doctrine and found fault with the
2865:
Perszyk, Ken (August 2013). "Recent Work on Molinism".
1964:. Nashville: B&H Publishing Group. pp. 16â41.
1870:
1227:. For if the mighty works done in you had been done in
1801: â 17/18th-century European religious controversy
1258:
will forsake God after they are delivered from Egypt.
2769:
Plantinga, Alvin (1986). l. Peterson, Michael (ed.).
1274:
Molinists believe that God has knowledge not only of
1837: â Protestants pretending to accept Catholicism
5451:
5406:
5374:
5307:
5302:
Intermediates between Catholicism and Protestantism
5168:
4977:
4836:
4706:
4582:
4461:
4318:
4225:
4085:
3979:
3917:
3775:
3572:
3349:
3319:
3281:
3238:
3200:
3193:
3104:
1987:"Mere Molinism: A Defense of Two Essential Pillars"
2028:Human Freedom, Divine Knowledge, and Mere Molinism
1727:of creaturely freedom. As Hugh J. McCann puts it:
1146:, is the thesis that God has middle knowledge (or
2455:William Lane Craig. "The Middle Knowledge View."
1426:Man's nature is radically depraved from the fall.
2813:International Journal for Philosophy of Religion
2420:"A Molinist Perspective on Biblical Inspiration"
2347:International Journal for Philosophy of Religion
2097:. Eugene OR: Wipf and Stock. pp. 128â130.
1682:) with texts emphasizing man's choice (such as
1524:In 1581, a heated argument erupted between the
1196:Salvation and Sovereignty: A Molinist Approach,
2735:Salvation and Sovereignty: A Molinist Approach
2439:"Middle Knowledge and Christian Particularism"
1985:Stratton, Tim; Erasmus, Jacobus (2018-06-01).
1962:Salvation and Sovereignty: A Molinist Approach
1735:Thus, there are no "truth makers" that ground
1514:Debate between Jesuit Molinists and Dominicans
1400:Difference from Calvinism and from Arminianism
5287:
3886:
3082:
2459:Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2001. 124.
2188:. In Beilby, James K.; Eddy, Paul R. (eds.).
2094:Can We Believe It?: Evidence for Christianity
2071:The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (IEP)
1795: â Philosophical concept about free will
1116:
8:
2340:
2338:
2211:
2209:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1162:. Prominent contemporary Molinists include
5371:
5294:
5280:
5272:
3893:
3879:
3871:
3197:
3089:
3075:
3067:
2571:"Middle Knowledge and the Problem of Evil"
1123:
1109:
378:
40:
3007:
2980:
2903:
2729:. London, Cornell University Press; 1989.
2690:. London, Cornell University Press; 1998.
2486:
2233:
2002:
1603:. Other passages which Molinists use are
1242:11:23 contains what is commonly called a
1194:According to Kenneth Keathley, author of
2399:Craig, William Lane (October 20, 2008).
2192:. InterVarsity Press. pp. 119â159.
1231:, it would have remained until this day.
2737:. Nashville: B&H Publishing Group.
2688:Divine Providence, The Molinist Account
2529:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2511:Divine Providence: The Molinist Account
2330:Divine Providence: The Molinist Account
2145:takes, among other places, in his book
1905:Molinism : the contemporary debate
1895:
1205:The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
61:
16:Theological position on God's knowledge
4894:Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler
2842:"On Hasker's Defense of Anti-Molinism"
2669:Divine Foreknowledge and Human Freedom
2632:Divine Foreknowledge and Human Freedom
2380:Craig, William Lane (April 19, 2010).
2043:
1929:
1819: â Christian theological movement
1404:In contrast to the Calvinist acrostic
5356:Assembly of Notables at Fontainebleau
2295:Lashley, James Douglas (2013-05-22).
2026:Stratton, Timothy (October 2, 2020).
1355:and decide which world to actualize.
7:
5515:Philosophical schools and traditions
2634:. New York: E.J. Brill. p. 260.
2418:Craig, William Lane (May 9, 2011).
1278:and contingent truths, but also of
1138:, named after 16th-century Spanish
2992:"Is Molinism as Bad as Calvinism?"
1528:, who advocated Molinism, and the
1304:God's middle knowledge (including
1189:
1178:, Thomas Flint, Kenneth Keathley,
14:
2457:Divine Foreknowledge, Four Views.
1316:God's free knowledge (the actual
1254:, where God tells Moses that the
5383:Crypto-Catholic or Crypto-Papist
5254:
3853:
3841:
3735:Stratification of emotional life
3184:
3178:
3172:
2965:"On Behalf of Maverick Molinism"
2578:American Philosophical Quarterly
2190:Divine Foreknowledge: Four Views
1850:
1723:grounds for the truthfulness of
1089:
1077:
85:
77:
69:
44:
5505:Christian theological movements
5375:Individuals with hidden beliefs
5366:(Lutheran and crypto-Calvinist)
5350:(Lutheran and crypto-Calvinist)
4212:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
2765:. Grand Rapids, Eerdmans; 1974.
2569:Adams, Robert Merrihew (1977).
1583:, and Christian particularism.
5510:Catholic theology and doctrine
3925:History of the Catholic Church
3027:from the Catholic Encyclopedia
2888:"Anti-Molinism is Undefeated!"
2652:References and further reading
2401:"Molinism and Divine Election"
1647:cites the following passages:
1:
4574:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
3971:History of Christian theology
2963:Kvanvig, Jonathan L. (2002).
2671:. New York, E.J. Brill; 1991.
2661:Illinois, InterVarsity; 2001.
2659:Divine Foreknowledge: 4 Views
2050:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1411:Five Articles of Remonstrance
5407:Movements within Catholicism
5314:Movements predating Luther:
3902:History of Catholic theology
2840:Craig, William Lane (1998).
2675:Craig, William Lane (1999).
2657:James Beilby and Paul Eddy.
2630:Craig, William Lane (1991).
2184:Craig, William Lane (2009).
2091:Seber, George A. F. (2016).
1270:Knowledge of counterfactuals
19:Not to be confused with the
3327:Theological intellectualism
2186:"The Middle-Knowledge View"
1587:Biblical texts for Molinism
1297:God's natural knowledge of
5531:
5000:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
4990:Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange
4275:Transubstantiation dispute
3705:Principle of double effect
2982:10.5840/faithphil200219332
2858:10.5840/faithphil199815220
2733:Keathley, Kenneth (2010).
2488:10.5840/faithphil200118329
2235:10.5840/faithphil200118329
2159:Jesus In History And Today
1960:Keathley, Kenneth (2010).
1581:perseverance of the saints
1517:
132:Principle of Double Effect
37:, the namesake of Molinism
18:
5342:Diet of Regensburg (1541)
5249:
3908:
3836:
3170:
2927:10.1017/S0034412508009670
2905:10.5840/faithphil20001715
2790:10.5840/faithphil19863322
2755:. Grand Rapids: Zondervan
2679:. Eugene, Wipf and Stock.
1831: â Cultural movement
4914:Matthias Joseph Scheeben
4107:Athanasius of Alexandria
3999:First Epistle of Clement
3009:10.5840/faithphil1990712
2990:Walls, Jerry L. (1990).
2886:Hasker, William (2000).
2727:God, Time, and Knowledge
2382:"Molinism vs. Calvinism"
2141:This is the stance that
1363:Theological implications
1264:Get thee behind me Satan
1190:God's types of knowledge
5469:Evangelical Catholicism
5464:High Church Lutheranism
5025:Dietrich von Hildebrand
4889:Giovanni Maria Cornoldi
4763:Jacques-BĂ©nigne Bossuet
4743:Mary of Jesus of Ăgreda
4285:Paulinus II of Aquileia
4280:Predestination disputes
3332:Theological voluntarism
2825:10.1023/A:1004084320464
2807:Illinois, InterVarsity;
2751:MacGregor, Kirk. 2015.
2443:Christian Particularism
1538:Congregatio de Auxiliis
1520:Congregatio de Auxiliis
1311:âCreation of the Worldâ
248:Theological determinism
5320:Renaissance evangelism
5261:Catholicism portal
5110:Hans Urs von Balthasar
4909:Tommaso Maria Zigliara
4849:Félicité de La Mennais
4528:The Cloud of Unknowing
4029:The Shepherd of Hermas
3848:Catholicism portal
2763:God, Freedom, and Evil
2004:10.2478/perc-2018-0008
1936:: CS1 maint: others (
1805:Law of excluded middle
1733:
1490:Molinism differs from
1452:unconditional election
1084:Catholicism portal
436:Gregory (of Nazianzus)
300:Christian Neoplatonism
38:
5035:Marie-Dominique Chenu
4954:Marie-Joseph Lagrange
4939:Désiré-Joseph Mercier
4823:Clement Mary Hofbauer
4818:Johann Michael Sailer
4245:Maximus the Confessor
3937:History of the papacy
3860:Philosophy portal
3675:Infused righteousness
3035:by Alfred J. Freddoso
2771:"On Ockham's Way Out"
2437:Craig, William Lane.
1807: â Logic theorem
1799:Formulary controversy
1729:
1502:It also differs from
1497:double predestination
1096:Philosophy portal
33:
5500:Catholic terminology
5495:Christian philosophy
5211:Raniero Cantalamessa
5181:Alice von Hildebrand
5130:Edward Schillebeeckx
4808:Maria Gaetana Agnesi
4693:Lawrence of Brindisi
4623:Francisco de Vitoria
4413:Beatrice of Nazareth
4388:Hugh of Saint Victor
4368:Bernard of Clairvaux
4348:Anselm of Canterbury
4310:John Scotus Eriugena
4305:Paschasius Radbertus
4152:Gregory of Nazianzus
4046:Epistle to Diognetus
3808:Doctor of the Church
3690:Ontological argument
3048:Faith and Philosophy
2996:Faith and Philosophy
2969:Faith and Philosophy
2892:Faith and Philosophy
2846:Faith and Philosophy
2778:Faith and Philosophy
2475:Faith and Philosophy
2424:Question of the Week
2405:Question of the Week
2386:Question of the Week
2222:Faith and Philosophy
2147:God of the possible.
1865:for the books listed
1835:Crypto-Protestantism
1617:Deuteronomy 28:51â57
1577:biblical inspiration
1150:): the knowledge of
332:Second scholasticism
5364:Liturgical struggle
5336:Six Articles (1539)
5316:Proto-Protestantism
5186:Carlo Maria Martini
5150:Johann Baptist Metz
5120:Frederick Copleston
4944:Friedrich von HĂŒgel
4904:Joseph Hergenröther
4884:Gaetano Sanseverino
4864:Ignaz von Döllinger
4788:Nicolas Malebranche
4628:Thomas of Villanova
4589:Counter-Reformation
4569:Girolamo Savonarola
4383:Hildegard of Bingen
4192:Cyril of Alexandria
4035:Aristides of Athens
4022:Epistle of Barnabas
4011:Ignatius of Antioch
3949:Ecumenical councils
3635:Divine illumination
3291:Augustinian realism
3159:Theological virtues
3098:Catholic philosophy
2944:Philosophia Christi
2803:Tiessen, Terrance.
2696:Philosophia Christi
2605:Philosophia Christi
2544:Philosophia Christi
2525:"Divine Providence"
2445:. Reasonable Faith.
2426:. Reasonable Faith.
2407:. Reasonable Faith.
2388:. Reasonable Faith.
2271:"What Is Molinism?"
1829:School of Salamanca
1557:papal infallibility
1479:A modified view of
1446:Sovereign Election
162:Liberation Theology
63:Catholic philosophy
5201:Alasdair MacIntyre
5080:Nouvelle théologie
4969:ThérÚse of Lisieux
4813:Alfonso Muzzarelli
4753:Jean-Jacques Olier
4723:Tommaso Campanella
4638:Francisco de Osuna
4633:Ignatius of Loyola
4502:Catherine of Siena
4398:Robert Grosseteste
4295:Benedict of Aniane
4235:Isidore of Seville
4177:Augustine of Hippo
4142:Cyril of Jerusalem
4137:Hilary of Poitiers
3803:Islamic philosophy
3757:Trademark argument
3650:Formal distinction
3600:Augustinian values
3273:Analytical Thomism
3253:Christian humanism
3044:William Lane Craig
2956:10.5840/pc20035112
2879:10.1111/phc3.12057
2867:Philosophy Compass
2708:10.5840/pc20024239
2665:William Lane Craig
2617:10.5840/pc20013242
2556:10.5840/pc20035112
2359:10.1007/BF00133805
2275:The Christian Post
2067:"Middle Knowledge"
2030:. Wipf and Stock.
1768:William Lane Craig
1641:William Lane Craig
1548:Other implications
1440:, man can respond.
1438:irresistible grace
1422:Radical Depravity
1327:William Lane Craig
1164:William Lane Craig
441:Gregory (of Nyssa)
169:Christian Humanism
39:
5482:
5481:
5459:Anglo-Catholicism
5447:
5446:
5390:Crypto-Protestant
5269:
5268:
5196:Gustavo Gutiérrez
5191:Pope Benedict XVI
5176:Pope John Paul II
5075:JosemarĂa EscrivĂĄ
5065:Henri Daniel-Rops
4949:Vladimir Solovyov
4929:Neo-scholasticism
4869:John Henry Newman
4803:Louis de Montfort
4798:Alphonsus Liguori
4793:Giambattista Vico
4728:Pierre de BĂ©rulle
4714:French Revolution
4683:Robert Bellarmine
4663:John of the Cross
4549:Julian of Norwich
4507:Bridget of Sweden
4497:John of Ruusbroec
4487:William of Ockham
4403:Francis of Assisi
4393:Dominic de GuzmĂĄn
4363:Decretum Gratiani
4338:Berengar of Tours
4227:Early Middle Ages
4197:Peter Chrysologus
4147:Basil of Caesarea
4132:Ephrem the Syrian
4072:Antipope Novatian
3868:
3867:
3783:Catholic theology
3730:Seven deadly sins
3700:Peripatetic axiom
3610:Cartesian dualism
3345:
3344:
3311:Scotistic realism
3268:Neo-scholasticism
2915:Religious Studies
2799:on June 13, 2010.
2744:978-0-8054-3198-8
2677:The Only Wise God
2258:The Only Wise God
2199:978-0-8308-7493-4
2172:The Only Wise God
2130:Wisdom of Solomon
1971:978-0-8054-3198-8
1915:978-0-19-959062-9
1892:
1891:
1684:Deuteronomy 30:19
1613:1 Corinthians 2:8
1609:Jeremiah 38:17â18
1569:divine providence
1534:Pope Clement VIII
1481:limited atonement
1432:Overcoming Grace
1408:and the Arminian
1156:divine providence
1133:
1132:
1066:
1065:
951:Garrigou-Lagrange
260:Divine Attributes
25:Miguel de Molinos
5522:
5399:
5386:
5372:
5367:
5359:
5351:
5348:Augsburg Interim
5328:
5296:
5289:
5282:
5273:
5259:
5258:
5100:Emmanuel Mounier
5095:Bernard Lonergan
5020:Georges Bernanos
5005:Jacques Maritain
4985:G. K. Chesterton
4874:Henri Lacordaire
4773:Cornelius Jansen
4768:François Fénelon
4698:Francis de Sales
4688:Francisco SuĂĄrez
4559:Nicholas of Cusa
4443:Siger of Brabant
4428:Boetius of Dacia
4408:Anthony of Padua
4353:Joachim of Fiore
4333:Gregory of Narek
4320:High Middle Ages
4265:John of Damascus
4157:Gregory of Nyssa
3895:
3888:
3881:
3872:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3846:
3845:
3670:Homo unius libri
3615:Cogito, ergo sum
3605:Cardinal virtues
3306:Moderate realism
3198:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3114:Cardinal virtues
3091:
3084:
3077:
3068:
3013:
3011:
2986:
2984:
2959:
2938:
2909:
2907:
2882:
2861:
2836:
2800:
2798:
2792:. Archived from
2775:
2748:
2719:
2680:
2645:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2575:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2520:
2514:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2490:
2466:
2460:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2342:
2333:
2332:, pages 179-250.
2326:
2320:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2267:
2261:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2181:
2175:
2168:
2162:
2155:
2149:
2139:
2133:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2041:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2006:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1957:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1927:
1900:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1854:
1846:
1710:semi-Pelagianism
1621:Matthew 23:27â32
1593:1 Samuel 23:8â14
1536:established the
1349:necessary truths
1332:necessary truths
1299:necessary truths
1284:middle knowledge
1276:necessary truths
1176:Michael Bergmann
1125:
1118:
1111:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1082:
1081:
471:John of Damascus
379:
209:Moderate realism
117:Cardinal virtues
89:
88:
84:
81:
80:
76:
73:
72:
48:
41:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5478:
5474:Taizé Community
5443:
5402:
5394:
5381:
5370:
5362:
5354:
5346:
5322:
5303:
5300:
5270:
5265:
5253:
5245:
5226:Jean-Luc Marion
5164:
5115:Marcel Lefebvre
5040:Romano Guardini
4995:Joseph Maréchal
4973:
4964:Maurice Blondel
4859:Antonio Rosmini
4854:Luigi Taparelli
4832:
4758:Louis Thomassin
4733:Pierre Gassendi
4716:
4712:
4702:
4653:Teresa of Ăvila
4591:
4587:
4578:
4564:Marsilio Ficino
4554:Thomas Ă Kempis
4544:Devotio Moderna
4517:Johannes Tauler
4512:Meister Eckhart
4482:Dante Alighieri
4457:
4423:Albertus Magnus
4314:
4221:
4167:John Chrysostom
4095:
4091:
4081:
3994:Clement of Rome
3975:
3913:
3904:
3899:
3869:
3864:
3854:
3852:
3840:
3832:
3793:Aristotelianism
3771:
3620:Dehellenization
3568:
3341:
3337:Foundationalism
3315:
3277:
3234:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3154:Social teaching
3100:
3095:
3020:
2989:
2962:
2941:
2912:
2885:
2864:
2839:
2810:
2796:
2773:
2768:
2759:Alvin Plantinga
2745:
2732:
2693:
2674:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2628:
2624:
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2601:
2597:
2573:
2568:
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2563:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2508:
2504:
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2463:
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2417:
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2255:
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2214:
2207:
2200:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2169:
2165:
2156:
2152:
2140:
2136:
2126:1Samuel 23:1â14
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2065:Laing, John D.
2064:
2063:
2059:
2042:
2038:
2025:
2024:
2020:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1959:
1958:
1945:
1928:
1916:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1868:
1855:
1844:
1789:
1760:counterfactuals
1737:counterfactuals
1725:counterfactuals
1696:
1589:
1550:
1522:
1516:
1402:
1365:
1353:possible worlds
1341:counterfactuals
1306:counterfactuals
1288:possible worlds
1280:counterfactuals
1272:
1192:
1172:Alvin Plantinga
1168:Alfred Freddoso
1152:counterfactuals
1129:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1060:
895:
887:
886:
885:
705:
697:
696:
695:
515:
507:
506:
505:
385:
376:
366:
365:
273:
265:
264:
194:
184:
183:
157:Social teaching
112:
102:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5528:
5526:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5487:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5392:
5387:
5378:
5376:
5369:
5368:
5360:
5352:
5344:
5339:
5333:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5276:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5055:Henri de Lubac
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5030:Gabriel Marcel
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5010:Ătienne Gilson
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4959:George Tyrrell
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4919:Ămile Boutroux
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4899:Giuseppe Pecci
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4748:AntĂłnio Vieira
4745:
4740:
4738:René Descartes
4735:
4730:
4725:
4719:
4717:
4709:Baroque period
4707:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4673:Luis de Molina
4670:
4668:Peter Canisius
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4648:Francis Xavier
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4603:Thomas Cajetan
4600:
4594:
4592:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4534:Heinrich Seuse
4531:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4466:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4438:Thomas Aquinas
4435:
4433:Henry of Ghent
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4378:Anselm of Laon
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4324:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4300:Rabanus Maurus
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4231:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4217:Pope Gregory I
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4093:Pope Gregory I
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3985:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3964:Biblical canon
3961:
3954:Catholic Bible
3951:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3875:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3850:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3695:Pascal's wager
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3655:Guardian angel
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
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3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3210:Augustinianism
3206:
3204:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3119:Divine command
3116:
3110:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3037:
3029:
3019:
3018:External links
3016:
3015:
3014:
2987:
2975:(3): 348â357.
2960:
2950:(1): 187â204.
2939:
2921:(4): 473â477.
2910:
2898:(1): 126â131.
2883:
2873:(8): 755â770.
2862:
2852:(2): 236â240.
2837:
2808:
2801:
2766:
2756:
2749:
2743:
2730:
2723:William Hasker
2720:
2702:(2): 361â375.
2691:
2681:
2672:
2662:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2637:
2622:
2611:(2): 447â457.
2595:
2561:
2550:(1): 187â204.
2534:
2515:
2509:Thomas Flint,
2502:
2461:
2448:
2429:
2410:
2391:
2372:
2334:
2328:Thomas Flint,
2321:
2312:
2306:978-1490323961
2305:
2287:
2262:
2260:. 1999 p. 127.
2249:
2205:
2198:
2176:
2174:. 1999 p. 134.
2163:
2157:Takashi Onuki
2150:
2134:
2117:
2104:978-1498289191
2103:
2083:
2057:
2037:978-1725276116
2036:
2018:
1977:
1970:
1943:
1914:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1858:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1788:
1785:
1745:possible world
1705:scientia media
1695:
1692:
1680:Ephesians 1:11
1588:
1585:
1573:predestination
1549:
1546:
1518:Main article:
1515:
1512:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1416:Timothy George
1401:
1398:
1364:
1361:
1322:
1321:
1320:of the world).
1314:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1271:
1268:
1244:counterfactual
1233:
1232:
1191:
1188:
1180:Dave Armstrong
1148:scientia media
1144:Luis de Molina
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1099:
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1086:
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773:
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753:
748:
743:
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728:
723:
718:
713:
707:
706:
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702:
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694:
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673:
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658:
653:
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628:
623:
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583:
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568:
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558:
553:
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523:
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516:
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498:
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488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
387:
386:
383:
382:
377:
372:
371:
368:
367:
364:
363:
362:
361:
356:
346:
341:
340:
339:
334:
324:
319:
314:
309:
308:
307:
305:Friends of God
297:
292:
287:
286:
285:
278:Augustinianism
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:
263:
262:
257:
256:
255:
250:
243:Predestination
240:
235:
230:
216:
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201:
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190:
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186:
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179:Works of mercy
176:
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139:
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119:
113:
108:
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103:
90:
66:
65:
59:
58:
50:
49:
35:Luis de Molina
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5527:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5397:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5326:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5297:
5292:
5290:
5285:
5283:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5251:
5248:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5236:Aidan Nichols
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5216:MichaĆ Heller
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5206:Walter Kasper
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5135:Thomas Merton
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5105:Jean Daniélou
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
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5041:
5038:
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5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4844:Joseph Görres
4842:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4828:Bruno Lanteri
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4783:Blaise Pascal
4781:
4778:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
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4715:
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4699:
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4694:
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4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4643:John of Ăvila
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
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4609:
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4604:
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4586:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4570:
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4565:
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4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4523:
4522:Walter Hilton
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4492:Richard Rolle
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
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4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4373:Peter Lombard
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:Peter Abelard
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4250:Monothelitism
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4240:John Climacus
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4127:Monophysitism
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4041:
4040:Justin Martyr
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3942:Papal primacy
3940:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3912:
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3828:Phenomenology
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3725:Rota Fortunae
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3685:Occam's razor
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3665:Head of a pin
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3580:Actus Essendi
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3427:
3425:
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3420:
3417:
3415:
3414:Chateaubriand
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
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3367:
3365:
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3357:
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3348:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3301:Conceptualism
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
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3284:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
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3259:
3256:
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3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:Scholasticism
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3165:
3164:Virtue ethics
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3149:Seven virtues
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3087:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3053:172â88, 1989.
3052:
3049:
3045:
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3038:
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3034:
3030:
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3017:
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2830:
2826:
2822:
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2814:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2784:(3): 235â69.
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2610:
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2599:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2584:(2): 109â17.
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2481:(3): 337â52.
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2277:. 17 May 2018
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2228:(3): 337â52.
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2019:
2014:
2010:
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1996:
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1981:
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1967:
1963:
1956:
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1925:
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1911:
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1872:
1871:add the ISBNs
1866:
1864:
1859:This article
1857:
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1797:
1794:
1793:Compatibilism
1791:
1790:
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1780:
1776:
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1707:
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1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1669:Matthew 26:24
1666:
1662:
1658:
1657:John 15:22â24
1654:
1650:
1649:Matthew 17:27
1646:
1642:
1638:
1637:Luke 22:67â68
1634:
1633:Luke 16:30â31
1630:
1629:Matthew 24:43
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1605:Ezekiel 3:6â7
1602:
1601:Matthew 11:23
1598:
1597:Proverbs 4:11
1594:
1586:
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1407:
1399:
1397:
1393:
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1387:
1382:
1378:
1375:. Ever since
1374:
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1259:
1257:
1253:
1252:Deut 31:16â17
1249:
1248:foreknowledge
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1213:Matthew 11:23
1209:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1184:J.P. Moreland
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787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
756:Chateaubriand
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
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719:
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621:Gundissalinus
619:
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609:
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584:
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328:
327:Scholasticism
325:
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317:Ressourcement
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296:
293:
291:
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261:
258:
254:
253:Compatibilism
251:
249:
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245:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
228:
224:
220:
217:
215:
212:
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200:
199:Conceptualism
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174:Virtue ethics
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97:
93:
68:
67:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:
47:
43:
42:
36:
32:
26:
22:
5429:Febronianism
5398:(pejorative)
5385:(pejorative)
5331:preachership
5221:Peter Kreeft
5169:21st century
5160:Henri Nouwen
5070:Jean Guitton
5050:Fulton Sheen
4978:20th century
4879:Jaime Balmes
4837:19th century
4676:
4658:Luis de LeĂłn
4539:Geert Groote
4526:
4343:Peter Damian
4182:John Cassian
4122:Nestorianism
4044:
4027:
4020:
4003:
3981:Early Church
3798:Neoplatonism
3720:Ressentiment
3715:Quinque viae
3680:Memento mori
3640:Double truth
3585:Actus primus
3351:Philosophers
3262:
3258:Cartesianism
3050:
3047:
3032:
3024:
3002:(1): 85â98.
2999:
2995:
2972:
2968:
2947:
2943:
2918:
2914:
2895:
2891:
2870:
2866:
2849:
2845:
2819:(1): 11â33.
2816:
2812:
2804:
2794:the original
2781:
2777:
2762:
2752:
2734:
2726:
2699:
2695:
2687:
2684:Thomas Flint
2676:
2668:
2658:
2640:
2631:
2625:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2581:
2577:
2564:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2528:
2518:
2510:
2505:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2456:
2451:
2442:
2432:
2423:
2413:
2404:
2394:
2385:
2375:
2353:(2): 65â74.
2350:
2346:
2329:
2324:
2315:
2296:
2290:
2279:. Retrieved
2274:
2265:
2257:
2252:
2225:
2221:
2189:
2179:
2171:
2166:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2143:Gregory Boyd
2137:
2120:
2108:. Retrieved
2093:
2086:
2074:. Retrieved
2070:
2060:
2027:
2021:
1997:(2): 17â29.
1994:
1991:Perichoresis
1990:
1980:
1961:
1904:
1898:
1880:
1875:citation bot
1869:Please help
1860:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1757:
1753:truth values
1734:
1730:
1721:metaphysical
1718:
1713:
1703:
1697:
1673:
1665:Luke 4:24â44
1625:Matthew 12:7
1590:
1553:Thomas Flint
1551:
1523:
1508:
1501:
1489:
1478:
1465:
1461:Eternal life
1449:
1435:
1425:
1409:
1403:
1394:
1370:
1366:
1357:
1344:
1335:
1323:
1292:
1283:
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1260:
1238:
1234:
1210:
1203:
1195:
1193:
1147:
1135:
1134:
996:John Paul II
921:Benedict XVI
894:Contemporary
374:Philosophers
311:
295:Cartesianism
238:Quinque Viae
23:doctrine of
5452:Present-day
5439:Cisalpinism
5434:Josephinism
5424:Gallicanism
5323: [
5231:TomĂĄĆĄ HalĂk
5155:Jean Vanier
5140:René Girard
5125:Alfred Delp
5090:Yves Congar
5085:Karl Rahner
5060:Dorothy Day
5045:Edith Stein
5015:Ronald Knox
4613:John Fisher
4608:Thomas More
4585:Reformation
4477:Duns Scotus
4472:Ramon Llull
4465:and reforms
4453:Roger Bacon
4418:Bonaventure
4328:Roscellinus
4117:Pelagianism
4088:Constantine
3911:Key figures
3818:Rationalism
3813:Renaissance
3745:Augustinian
3630:Disputation
3625:Differentia
3590:Actus purus
3494:Malebranche
3409:Bonaventure
3144:Personalism
3139:Natural law
3134:Probabilism
1883:August 2012
1873:or run the
1817:Open theism
1749:libertarian
1714:de Auxiliis
1542:Pope Paul V
1504:Arminianism
1390:Arminianism
1200:omniscience
1142:theologian
811:Malebranche
671:Roscellinus
616:Grosseteste
576:Bonaventure
396:Athenagoras
192:Metaphysics
152:Personalism
147:Natural law
142:Probabilism
5489:Categories
5396:Nicodemite
5338:(Anglican)
5308:Historical
5241:Scott Hahn
4618:Johann Eck
4270:Iconoclasm
4202:Pope Leo I
4062:Tertullian
3823:Empiricism
3645:Evil demon
3419:Chesterton
3296:Nominalism
3283:Universals
3124:Just price
2513:, page 11.
2281:2021-09-12
1811:Amyraldism
1741:antecedent
1688:Luke 13:34
1661:John 18:36
1530:Dominicans
1474:redemption
1386:Calvinists
1256:Israelites
1158:and human
991:Hildebrand
931:Chesterton
796:La Mennais
726:Bellarmine
721:Azpilcueta
666:Paschasius
546:Autrecourt
501:Tertullian
461:Chrysostom
401:Athanasius
283:Victorines
214:Nominalism
122:Just price
5419:Jansenism
5414:Modernism
5145:Hans KĂŒng
4934:LĂ©on Bloy
4924:Modernism
4777:Jansenism
4463:Mysticism
4057:Montanism
3788:Platonism
3762:Univocity
3660:Haecceity
3539:Ratzinger
3504:Montaigne
3484:MacIntyre
3439:Dionysius
3434:Descartes
3394:Augustine
3248:Salamanca
2833:169668539
2716:171716863
2497:170723396
2367:159974214
2244:170723396
2046:cite book
2013:2284-7308
1932:cite book
1924:751726095
1694:Criticism
1676:Acts 4:28
1653:John 21:6
1492:Calvinism
1472:Singular
1377:Augustine
1373:salvation
1221:Capernaum
1219:And you,
1160:free will
1011:MacIntyre
971:Gutiérrez
941:Copleston
911:Balthasar
766:Descartes
626:Hildegard
611:Gregory I
586:Catherine
536:Alexander
486:Dionysius
406:Augustine
359:Salamanca
233:Haecceity
137:Casuistry
4677:Molinism
4255:Ecthesis
4207:Boethius
4112:Arianism
4102:Eusebius
4052:Irenaeus
4016:Polycarp
3930:Timeline
3750:Irenaean
3740:Theodicy
3710:Quiddity
3573:Concepts
3499:Maritain
3469:Krasicki
3459:Gassendi
3449:Eriugena
3404:Boethius
3379:Anscombe
3369:Albertus
3263:Molinism
3230:Occamism
3202:Medieval
3129:Just war
3033:Molinism
3025:Molinism
2935:67791278
2590:20009657
2256:Craig.
2170:Craig.
2110:17 April
2076:17 April
1787:See also
1561:prophecy
1381:Pelagius
1318:ontology
1136:Molinism
1026:Maritain
1001:Lonergan
981:Guardini
906:Anscombe
881:Caramuel
791:Krasicki
786:KoĆĆÄ
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741:Brentano
601:Eriugena
566:Berengar
514:Medieval
466:Climacus
446:Irenaeus
416:Boethius
411:Benedict
354:Analytic
322:Occamism
312:Molinism
290:Llullism
219:Quiddity
127:Just war
55:a series
53:Part of
21:quietist
4598:Erasmus
4448:Thomism
4187:Orosius
4162:Ambrose
4077:Cyprian
4005:Didache
3959:Vulgate
3918:General
3776:Related
3564:WojtyĆa
3544:Scheler
3489:Maistre
3479:Lombard
3464:Isidore
3444:Erasmus
3424:Clement
3389:Aquinas
3359:Abelard
3225:Scotism
3220:Thomism
3194:Schools
1823:Thomism
1743:of any
1700:Thomism
1526:Jesuits
1240:Matthew
1036:Mounier
1031:McLuhan
986:Haldane
926:Blondel
876:Vitoria
851:Rosmini
826:Mercado
821:Meinong
816:Mariana
806:Maistre
801:Liguori
781:GraciĂĄn
776:FĂ©nelon
771:Erasmus
751:Cajetan
736:Bossuet
711:Arnauld
691:Thierry
646:Lombard
636:Isidore
596:Eckhart
581:Buridan
571:Bernard
551:Aquinas
521:Abelard
481:Maximus
456:Cassian
426:Cyprian
421:Clement
391:Ambrose
384:Ancient
349:Thomism
344:Scotism
272:Schools
223:essence
204:Realism
92:Aquinas
5358:(1560)
5329:, and
4290:Alcuin
4172:Jerome
4067:Origen
3767:Utopia
3559:SuĂĄrez
3549:Scotus
3534:Rahner
3524:Pascal
3514:Newman
3454:Ficino
3384:Anselm
3374:Alcuin
3240:Modern
3106:Ethics
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1021:Marion
1016:Marcel
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846:Pascal
841:Newman
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761:Cortés
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704:Modern
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2829:S2CID
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2774:(PDF)
2712:S2CID
2586:JSTOR
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2240:S2CID
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