405:
mentally and physically. We shall not have to struggle for our daily existence as we do now. No one shall live on the product of others. Every person shall produce as much as he can, and enjoy as much as he needs—receive according to his need. Instead of striving to get money, we shall strive towards education, towards knowledge. While at present the people of the world are divided into various groups, calling themselves nations, while one nation defies another — in most cases considers the others as competitive — we, the workers of the world, shall stretch out our hands towards each other with brotherly love. To the fulfillment of this idea I shall devote all my energy, and, if necessary, render my life for it.
535:, a veteran of the Makhnovist movement. Together they established an organization to aid political prisoners in Russia, for which they were arrested on November 1, 1922, and sentenced to exile in Siberia. But after they carried out a hunger strike, they were released on November 18, on the condition that they remain in Petrograd and report regularly to the authorities. Despite these conditions, they continued their activities, and were again arrested on July 9, 1923. Following another hunger strike and protests made to
559:
40:
426:, the sentence was appealed and the defendants were released on bail. Steimer returned to activism, for which she was arrested multiple times over the following year. On March 11, 1919, during a police raid against the Russian People's House on New York's East 15th Street, Steimer was arrested on charges of
484:
Her lawyer managed to secure her release, on the condition of her deportation. But she initially refused to accept this, due to her staunch opposition to state borders and her concern for fellow political prisoners of the United States. Nevertheless, after some convincing, she arrived back at Ellis
713:, where they kept up with the development of the international anarchist movement and received visitors from the United States. In the late 1970s, Steimer was interviewed by a number of film crews about Emma Goldman and her anarchist convictions, to which she remained a stalwart into her old age.
453:
upheld her conviction, her co-defendants informed her of a plan to flee the country into exile, but
Steimer herself refused to cooperate, as she did not want to dishonor the workers who had paid her $ 40,000 in bail (equivalent to $ 703,000 in 2023). In April 1920, Steimer was transferred to
480:
On August 22, 1920, two years after her arrest for anti-war agitation, she celebrated news of an international mass strike against the allied intervention in the
Russian Civil War, declaring: "At last our great hope, our beautiful ideal of international workers solidarity for the coming good of
404:
By anarchism, I understand a new social order, where no group of people shall be governed by another group of people. Individual freedom shall prevail in the full sense of the word. Private ownership shall be abolished. Every person shall have an equal opportunity to develop himself well, both
218:
and agitated for the rights of anarchist political prisoners in the country. For her activities, she and
Fleshin were again deported to western Europe, where they spent time organising aid for exiles and political prisoners, and took part in the debates of the international anarchist movement.
377:
Steimer herself distributed thousands of leaflets around New York. On August 23, 1918, she distributed copies around the factory she worked in and threw a handful of the leaflets out of an upper window, which alerted the police. Steimer was arrested after police received information from an
678:
462:, she was required to manufacture 100 jackets per day. She found this task difficult, injuring her arm while attempting to fulfil the quota, but persevered to not bring "further persecution" against her family.
409:
On
October 25, 1918, Steimer and her co-defendants were found guilty, with Steimer herself being sentenced to 15 years in prison and a $ 500 fine (equivalent to $ 10,000 in 2023). With support from both
1873:
1644:
442:, Steimer was released before she could be deported, although the government kept her under surveillance. Back in New York, she met Emma Goldman, with whom she developed a lifelong friendship.
481:
humanity, is coming true!" She also wrote letters inquiring about the condition of her fellow imprisoned anarchists, although she remained pessimistic about the possibility of their release.
1918:
507:, on December 15, 1921, they found that the Russian anarchist movement had been thoroughly repressed. Emma Goldman had left for exile, Peter Kropotkin had died of old age and both the
1893:
1863:
1908:
449:. For six months, she was again held in solitary confinement, which she likewise protested with another hunger strike and by loudly singing revolutionary songs. When the
1858:
1928:
494:
358:
204:; November 21, 1897 – July 23, 1980) was a Ukrainian anarchist activist. After settling in New York City in 1913, she quickly became involved in the local
357:
political stances. By the summer of 1918, the group had drawn the attention of the authorities after they had begun distributing leaflets denouncing the
473:. She attempted to support her mother and surviving siblings, but her appeal for compassionate release was rejected by the Supreme Court. Instead, the
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524:
555:
received news of
Steimer's treatment, he declared himself "moved humanly to condemn both governments involved and to give her such aid as I can."
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Following the rise of the Nazis in Europe, she and
Fleshin fled to Mexico, where they spent the rest of their lives working as photographers.
1913:
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638:, and was briefly reunited with her co-defendants Jack and Mary Abrams, who had also left Russia out of disillusionment with the Revolution.
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586:. From the German capital, Steimer wrote articles about her experiences in Russia for the British anarchist newspaper
260:
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Steimer died of heart failure in her
Cuernavaca home on July 23, 1980, aged 82. Fleshin died less than a year later.
298:. Following some internal conflict, in January 1918, the group reorganized and launched a new monthly journal titled
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and setting to work at a garment factory. At this time, she started to read radical political literature, such as
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group. Their apartment was subsequently raided and a number of their other members were arrested, on charges of
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Several of the collective's members, including
Steimer, lived and worked together in a six-room apartment on
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established a relief fund in her name, raising $ 1,000 (equivalent to $ 20,000 in 2023) for her family.
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214:. Charged with sedition, she was eventually deported to Soviet Russia, where she met her lifelong partner
600:. The couple also continued their activities in aiding Soviet political prisoners, now as members of the
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and were once again reunited with Jack and Mary Abrams. In 1963, Steimer and
Fleshin retired to
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Perilous Times: Free Speech in
Wartime from the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism
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Island, where she eagerly awaited her chance to participate in the Russian Revolution.
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Le Libertaire (1919–1956): De la Révolution espagnole à la Seconde Guerre mondiale
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for anarchist exiles from all countries and participated in the debate around the
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In 1929, the couple briefly returned to Berlin, where Fleshin worked as a
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On November 24, 1921, Steimer and her co-defendants were deported to the
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for six months before finally being released. She then fled south from
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Fighting Faiths: The Abrams Case, the Supreme Court, and Free Speech
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On October 30, 1919, Steimer was arrested again and imprisoned on
302:("Freedom"), which published articles by Jewish radicals such as
1751:
Shone, Steve J. (2019). "Forever an Anarchist: Mollie Steimer".
1544:
Marsh, Margaret S. (1981). "True Freedom: Anarchist Womanhood".
1821:"Women's History Collections at the IISH: International Guide"
574:
On September 27, 1923, Steimer and Fleshin were deported to
394:. During their trial, which came to be known as the case of
314:
quote: "That government is best which governs not at all" (
345:
in secret, as it had been among the papers banned by the
1688:
Fighters for Anarchism: Mollie Steimer and Senya Fleshin
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235:. At the age of 15, she and her family emigrated to the
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During her time in prison, Steimer's brother died from
1874:
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
1755:. Studies in Critical Social Sciences. Vol. 135.
320:
Yene regirung iz di beste, velkhe regirt in gantsn nit
290:, Steimer helped form a clandestine collective called
458:, where she was held for a year and a half. For her
294:("The Storm"), which published radical works in the
181:
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23:
337:and the tense political climate that preceded the
274:, inspired by the works of the Russian anarchists
657:in 1933, they returned to Paris to escape rising
578:, where they were reunited with Emma Goldman and
227:On November 21, 1897, Mollie Steimer was born in
1919:People convicted under the Espionage Act of 1917
400:, Steimer gave a speech in which she declared:
681:to the area controlled by the collaborationist
402:
1519:(1988). "Mollie Steimer: An Anarchist Life".
8:
1894:Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to France
689:, the couple escaped across the Atlantic to
359:allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
1864:American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
1637:"Double Jeopardy - The Abrams Case of 1919"
1909:Mexican people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
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604:. In 1924, they joined their fellow exile
341:, the collective was forced to distribute
38:
20:
1826:International Institute of Social History
1710:Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women
1468:
669:, on May 18, 1940, Steimer was sent to a
1704:Goldstein, Eric L. (December 31, 1999).
685:. Once she was reunited with Fleshin in
562:Mollie Steimer (right) with her partner
270:in 1917, Steimer had gravitated towards
16:Ukrainian anarchist activist (1897–1980)
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1929:People deported from the United States
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231:, a village in the south-west of the
7:
1645:The American Jewish Archives Journal
1859:American anti–World War I activists
365:in the United States by means of a
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1691:. Libertarian Publications Group.
602:International Workers' Association
14:
329:'s East 104th Street. Due to the
208:and was caught up in the case of
156:
133:
430:and subsequently transferred to
1790:Simkin, John (September 1997).
1884:Gurs internment camp survivors
503:. By the time they arrived in
438:against the conditions of her
373:Arrest, trial and imprisonment
1:
592:, to which she denounced the
527:, Steimer made a new home in
1914:People convicted of sedition
1577:Polenberg, Richard (1999) .
422:and other legal scholars of
310:. The journal's motto was a
1959:Soviet emigrants to Germany
1924:People deported from Russia
1730:"La Seconde Guerre Mondial"
1610:Stone, Geoffrey R. (2004).
612:, where they established a
515:had been suppressed by the
261:Sergey Stepnyak-Kravchinsky
1995:
1964:Soviet emigrants to Mexico
1954:Soviet emigrants to France
1618:W. W. Norton & Company
1547:Anarchist Women, 1870–1920
1527:Princeton University Press
1765:10.1163/9789004393226_011
1728:Magnone, Fabrice (1998).
1635:Szajkowski, Zosa (1971).
645:. However, following the
523:. Despite the climate of
201:
159:Opposition to World War I
107:United States (1913–1921)
37:
30:
1979:Yiddish-language writers
1585:Cornell University Press
707:Spanish anarchist exiles
566:(left) and their friend
456:Jefferson City, Missouri
31:
1552:Temple University Press
495:Russian Soviet Republic
397:Abrams v. United States
266:By the outbreak of the
223:Early life and activism
211:Abrams v. United States
1738:(Thesis) (in French).
1714:Jewish Women's Archive
571:
475:Workers' Defense Union
407:
286:. Together with other
1934:People from Dunaivtsi
1879:Free speech activists
1797:Spartacus Educational
726:Anarchist Black Cross
661:. In the wake of the
561:
489:Deportation and exile
335:Espionage Act of 1917
70:, Russian Empire
1969:Ukrainian anarchists
1759:. pp. 264–281.
1529:. pp. 214–226.
1447:, pp. 225–226;
1428:, pp. 225–226;
1408:, pp. 224–225;
1344:, pp. 223–224;
1272:, pp. 222–223;
1205:, pp. 221–222;
1133:, pp. 220–221;
1105:, pp. 220–221;
1017:, pp. 218–219;
897:, pp. 215–216;
833:, pp. 214–215;
801:, pp. 214–215;
781:, pp. 214–215;
679:Nazi-occupied France
525:political repression
469:and her father from
440:solitary confinement
418:, notably including
392:Sedition Act of 1918
331:political repression
1854:American anarchists
1522:Anarchist Portraits
1396:, pp. 224–225.
1360:, pp. 223–224.
1081:, pp. 232–233.
1065:, pp. 219–220.
1005:, pp. 218–219.
973:, pp. 216–218.
821:, pp. 214–215.
789:, pp. 138–139.
769:, pp. 138–139.
541:anarcho-syndicalist
513:Makhnovist movement
509:Kronstadt rebellion
312:Henry David Thoreau
249:Women and Socialism
1904:Mexican anarchists
1869:Anarcho-communists
1740:University of Nice
1554:. pp. 19–45.
1189:, pp. 32–38;
671:concentration camp
663:invasion of France
614:mutual aid society
572:
553:Roger Nash Baldwin
447:Blackwell's Island
424:Harvard University
361:and calling for a
347:federal government
268:Russian Revolution
257:Underground Russia
206:anarchist movement
122:Mexico (from 1948)
1939:Soviet anarchists
1889:Jewish anarchists
1774:978-90-04-39045-4
1627:978-0-393-05880-2
1561:978-0-87722-202-6
1225:, pp. 29–30.
1209:, pp. 27–28.
1193:, pp. 23–27.
1173:, pp. 17–18.
1121:, pp. 16–17.
809:, pp. 13–14.
580:Alexander Berkman
543:delegates of the
363:social revolution
288:Jewish anarchists
191:
190:
145:Years active
60:November 21, 1897
1986:
1944:Soviet expellees
1830:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1792:"Mollie Steimer"
1786:
1757:Brill Publishers
1753:Women of Liberty
1747:
1746:on May 11, 2008.
1742:. Archived from
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1720:
1706:"Mollie Steimer"
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594:authoritarianism
420:Zechariah Chafee
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296:Yiddish language
239:, settling in a
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164:prisoner support
82:
59:
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42:
21:
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1899:Jewish refugees
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1675:Further reading
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1330:Szajkowski 1971
1328:
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1318:Szajkowski 1971
1316:, p. 223;
1312:
1308:
1302:Szajkowski 1971
1300:, p. 233;
1292:, p. 223;
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1284:
1268:
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1258:Szajkowski 1971
1252:, p. 222;
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1223:Szajkowski 1971
1221:, p. 222;
1217:
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1207:Szajkowski 1971
1201:
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1191:Szajkowski 1971
1185:, p. 221;
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1171:Szajkowski 1971
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1159:Szajkowski 1971
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1147:Szajkowski 1971
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1135:Szajkowski 1971
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1119:Szajkowski 1971
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1101:
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1077:, p. 220;
1073:
1069:
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1049:
1045:
1037:, p. 219;
1033:
1029:
1023:Szajkowski 1971
1021:, p. 232;
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1001:
997:
991:Szajkowski 1971
989:, p. 139;
985:, p. 218;
981:
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969:
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959:Szajkowski 1971
957:, p. 139;
953:, p. 216;
949:
945:
937:, p. 216;
933:
929:
923:Szajkowski 1971
921:, p. 216;
917:
913:
909:, pp. 6–9.
907:Szajkowski 1971
905:, p. 139;
893:
889:
881:
877:
869:, p. 215;
865:
861:
855:Szajkowski 1971
853:, p. 139;
849:, p. 215;
845:
841:
829:
825:
817:
813:
807:Szajkowski 1971
805:, p. 139;
797:
793:
777:
773:
761:, p. 214;
757:
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745:
738:
734:
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699:
647:ascent to power
598:Communist Party
491:
375:
339:First Red Scare
333:brought by the
308:Maria Goldsmith
280:Peter Kropotkin
276:Mikhail Bakunin
225:
125:
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53:
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44:Steimer in 1919
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1974:Ukrainian Jews
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1815:
1814:External links
1812:
1810:
1809:
1787:
1773:
1748:
1725:
1701:
1685:, ed. (1983).
1683:Bluestein, Abe
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1502:, p. 233.
1488:
1486:, p. 226.
1473:
1471:, p. 361.
1469:Polenberg 1999
1467:, p. 38;
1457:
1455:, p. 233.
1451:, p. 38;
1434:
1418:
1416:, p. 233.
1412:, p. 38;
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1384:, p. 225.
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1280:, p. 233.
1276:, p. 38;
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943:
941:, p. 139.
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911:
901:, p. 32;
887:
885:, p. 215.
875:
873:, p. 139.
859:
839:
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785:, p. 32;
771:
765:, p. 32;
751:
749:, p. 214.
735:
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729:
728:
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718:
698:
695:
490:
487:
434:. Following a
374:
371:
367:general strike
233:Russian Empire
224:
221:
194:Mollie Steimer
189:
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216:Senya Fleshin
213:
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202:Моллі Штаймер
199:
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186:Senya Fleshin
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79:July 23, 1980
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29:
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1824:
1801:. Retrieved
1795:
1752:
1744:the original
1734:
1717:. Retrieved
1709:
1687:
1649:
1643:
1612:
1579:
1546:
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1517:Avrich, Paul
1509:Bibliography
1491:
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1309:
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862:
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826:
814:
794:
774:
754:
715:
700:
683:French State
667:Nazi Germany
659:antisemitism
651:Adolf Hitler
643:photographer
640:
636:Milly Witkop
628:Rose Pesotta
617:
587:
573:
537:Leon Trotsky
498:
492:
483:
479:
464:
444:
432:Ellis Island
408:
403:
395:
390:, under the
383:
376:
342:
324:
299:
291:
284:Emma Goldman
265:
256:
253:August Bebel
248:
226:
209:
193:
192:
138:photographer
104:(until 1913)
81:(1980-07-23)
32:מאלי שטיימער
18:
1949:Soviet Jews
1849:1980 deaths
1844:1897 births
1803:November 8,
1719:November 8,
1652:(1): 6–32.
1496:Avrich 1988
1484:Avrich 1988
1445:Avrich 1988
1426:Avrich 1988
1406:Avrich 1988
1394:Avrich 1988
1382:Avrich 1988
1370:Avrich 1988
1358:Avrich 1988
1342:Avrich 1988
1314:Avrich 1988
1290:Avrich 1988
1270:Avrich 1988
1250:Avrich 1988
1238:Avrich 1988
1219:Avrich 1988
1203:Avrich 1988
1183:Avrich 1988
1131:Avrich 1988
1103:Avrich 1988
1091:Avrich 1988
1075:Avrich 1988
1063:Avrich 1988
1051:Avrich 1988
1035:Avrich 1988
1015:Avrich 1988
1003:Avrich 1988
983:Avrich 1988
971:Avrich 1988
951:Avrich 1988
935:Avrich 1988
919:Avrich 1988
895:Avrich 1988
883:Avrich 1988
867:Avrich 1988
847:Avrich 1988
831:Avrich 1988
819:Avrich 1988
799:Avrich 1988
779:Avrich 1988
759:Avrich 1988
747:Avrich 1988
703:Mexico City
624:Harry Kelly
460:penal labor
382:within the
130:Occupations
119:(1923–1948)
113:(1921–1923)
95:Citizenship
1838:Categories
1500:Stone 2004
1465:Marsh 1981
1453:Stone 2004
1449:Marsh 1981
1430:Marsh 1981
1414:Stone 2004
1410:Marsh 1981
1346:Stone 2004
1298:Stone 2004
1294:Marsh 1981
1278:Stone 2004
1274:Marsh 1981
1254:Marsh 1981
1187:Marsh 1981
1107:Stone 2004
1079:Stone 2004
1039:Stone 2004
1019:Stone 2004
987:Stone 2004
955:Stone 2004
939:Stone 2004
903:Stone 2004
899:Marsh 1981
871:Stone 2004
851:Stone 2004
835:Stone 2004
803:Stone 2004
787:Stone 2004
783:Marsh 1981
767:Stone 2004
763:Marsh 1981
732:References
711:Cuernavaca
697:Later life
687:Marseilles
655:Nazi Party
545:Profintern
428:incitement
388:conspiracy
292:Der Shturm
87:Cuernavaca
56:1897-11-21
1783:213504609
1666:840433682
1658:0002-905X
1570:708544972
675:Camp Gurs
529:Petrograd
467:influenza
380:informant
272:anarchism
229:Dunaivtsi
198:Ukrainian
176:Anarchism
148:1917–1963
117:Stateless
64:Dunaivtsi
1697:11972287
1603:42275046
720:See also
619:Platform
570:(center)
551:founder
517:Red Army
511:and the
416:liberals
412:radicals
384:Frayhayt
355:far-left
351:anti-war
349:for its
343:Frayhayt
300:Frayhayt
172:Movement
89:, Mexico
596:of the
589:Freedom
576:Germany
500:Estonia
497:on the
316:Yiddish
182:Partner
68:Podilia
1781:
1771:
1695:
1664:
1656:
1624:
1601:
1591:
1568:
1558:
1533:
691:Mexico
584:Berlin
505:Moscow
327:Harlem
241:ghetto
135:Writer
1779:S2CID
1640:(PDF)
610:Paris
606:Volin
568:Volin
521:Cheka
471:shock
1805:2022
1769:ISBN
1721:2022
1693:OCLC
1662:OCLC
1654:ISSN
1622:ISBN
1599:OCLC
1589:ISBN
1566:OCLC
1556:ISBN
1531:ISBN
634:and
549:ACLU
414:and
353:and
306:and
282:and
255:and
76:Died
50:Born
1761:doi
701:In
665:by
653:'s
649:of
608:to
582:in
539:by
322:).
259:by
251:by
243:of
1840::
1823:.
1794:.
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1660:.
1650:23
1648:.
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1587:.
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1564:.
1550:.
1525:.
1476:^
1437:^
1230:^
739:^
693:.
630:,
626:,
369:.
318::
278:,
263:.
200::
66:,
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1807:.
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1763::
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1572:.
1539:.
196:(
58:)
54:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
