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is a featureless plate. It contains no features that will impart any definition to successive prints. The most common feature would be the etched or engraved line on a metal plate. In the absence of any permanent features on the surface of the plate, all articulation of imagery is dependent on one unique inking, resulting in one unique print. Additionally, the term monotype is often used for an image made by inking a non-absorbent surface with a solid colour, laying over it a piece of paper and drawing onto the back of the paper. When the paper is pulled off the resulting print consists of the line surrounded by ink picked up from the inked plate. The result has a chance element, often random and irregular which gives the print a certain charm, a technique famously used by
British artist
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144:(1609–64) is often credited as being the first artist to produce monotypes. He made brushed sketches intended as finished and final works of art. He began to make monotypes in the mid 1640s, normally working from black to white, and produced over twenty surviving ones, over half of which are set at night. It is believed that the Flemish artist
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were often used interchangeably. More recently, however, they have come to refer to two different, though similar, types of printmaking. Both involve the transfer of ink from a plate to the paper, canvas, or other surface that will ultimately hold the work of art. In the case of monotypes, the plate
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Monoprints, on the other hand, now refers to the results of plates that have permanent features on them. Monoprints can be thought of as variations on a theme, with the theme resulting from some permanent features being found on the plate—lines, textures—that persist from print to print. Variations
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created his first monotypes in the early 1640s and is therefore to be regarded as the inventor of this printing process. Both artists used the new technique in different ways. Castiglione created most of his monotypes as black-field images by wiping away ink on a prepared plate thus producing white
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or rags, removing ink to create a subtractive image, e.g. creating lights from a field of opaque colour. The inks used may be oil or water-based. With oil-based inks, the paper may be dry, in which case the image has more contrast, or the paper may be damp, in which case the image has a 10 percent
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Monotyping produces a unique print, or monotype; most of the ink is removed during the initial pressing. Although subsequent reprintings are sometimes possible, they differ greatly from the first print and are generally considered inferior. These prints from the original plate are called "ghost
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or by techniques such as rubbing with the back of a wooden spoon or the fingers which allow pressure to be controlled selectively. Monotypes can also be created by inking an entire surface and then, using
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are confined to those resulting from how the plate is inked prior to each print. The variations are endless, but certain permanent features on the plate will tend to persist from one print to the next.
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and grey lines. Sallaert, on the other hand, brushed bold, tapering lines onto the printing surface with meticulous precision. It is likely that
Sallaert's monotype style was influenced by the
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prints." A print made by pressing a new print onto another surface, effectively making the print into a plate, is called a "cognate".
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Etchers of the Renaissance and Baroque, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 1989, pp 262–5,
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to produce both new works and coloured impressions of his prints and book illustrations, including his
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There is still no certainty as to who was the inventor of the monotype process. The
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Singular impressions: the monotype in
America. Joann Moser. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997.
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Prints and
Printmaking, Antony Griffiths, British Museum Press (in UK), 2nd ed., 1996
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An
Exhibition of the Finest Monotypes from the Cleveland Museum of Art's Collection
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Monotype by
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used a variant technique involving tracing, later taken up by
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in the 1960s. Twenty-first century examples include works by
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on a smooth, non-absorbent surface. The surface, or
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Mythological scene with Apollo, Fame, and the Muses
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391:"Monotype"
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