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1915:"By the nineteenth century, watercolor had become so popular that several art societies were formed, including the Society of Painters in Water Colours (1804, now the Royal Watercolour Society), the New Water Colour Society (1832, now the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours), and the Scottish Society of Painters in Water Colours (1878, now the Royal Scottish Society of Painters in Watercolour). The Watercolour Society of Ireland (WCSI) was established in Ireland in 1870, and the Ulster Watercolour Society (UWS) was founded in Northern Ireland. The Russian Watercolor Society was formed in St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1880."
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237:, wood, and watercolor canvas (coated with a gesso that is specially formulated for use with watercolors). Watercolor paper is often made entirely or partially with cotton. This gives the surface the appropriate texture and minimizes distortion when wet. Watercolor papers are usually cold-pressed papers that provide better texture and appearance with a weight at least 300 gsm (140 lb). Under 300 gsm (140 lb) is commonly not recommended for anything but sketching. Transparency is the main characteristic of watercolors. Watercolors can also be made opaque by adding
1524:"It consists of a mixture of pigments, binders such as gum arabic and humectants such as glycerin, which together with other components, allow the color pigment to join and form the paint paste, which we know as watercolor. With regard to the colors, the quality of the pigments and their degree of concentration, it is what determines how good the watercolor is and also its price. A paint that has a high concentration of pigment, professional type, allows us to use it with a large amount of water without losing the intensity of color."
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2026:"Watercolor extended its reach to the American continent with European painters documenting the "new world", and became popular there in the nineteenth century. In 1866, the American Society of Painters in Watercolor (now the American Watercolor Society) was established. Artists such as James A. M. Whistler (1834-1903), Thomas Moran (1837-1926), Thomas Eakins (1844-1916), John Singer Sargent (1856-1925), and many more had contributed to the American tradition of watercolor by the end of the nineteenth century."
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1712:"While families making the Grand Tour of Europe took along their art tutor, in effect to provide the holiday photographs, professional artists such as Alexander Cozens (1717â1786) and Francis Towne (1740â1816) travelled extensively in Italy. It became part of the English tradition that one went abroad to do watercolour paintings of exotic ruins â except that they were known as watercolour drawings, as the medium was not even dignified by the recognition that it was paint".
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binder will be absorbed by the paper, preventing the binder from changing the visibility of the pigment. The gum being absorbed does not decrease but increase the adhesion of the pigment to the paper, as its particles will then penetrate the fibres more easily. In fact, an important function of the gum is to facilitate the "lifting" (removal) of color, should the artist want to create a lighter spot in a painted area. Furthermore, the gum prevents
1776:"His study of stonework from the gateway at Battle Abbey, for example, is a colour exercise derived from an earlier watercolour by the eighteenth-century topographical painter, Michael Angelo Rooker (1746â 1801). Using part of Rooker's composition as a starting point, Turner has perfected the process of building up a picture using one application of colour at a time, gradually moving through a scale of tonality from light to dark."
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1801:"John 'Warwick' Smith has long been supposed to owe his nickname to the circumstance of his patronage by Lord Warwick, though it may come from his birthplace near the village of Warwick in Cumberland. He was in Rome from 1777 to 1781 and again in 1783. He shows the marks of his travel by an interest in Italian methods of composing landscape and in an enhanced sense of colour (Fig. 23)
1940:"J.S. Cotman was born in Norwich in 1782; and, having decided that he must devote himself to art, came to London at the age of sixteen or seventeen in 1798. Here he was befriended by Dr Monro, and became another instance of that connoisseur's remarkable flair in choosing promising young men. As were Turner and Girtin five years before, he was set to copy outlines and trace drawings."
1789:"Hearne's style is even more precise and unperturbed than Rooker's. He was born a year or two before Rooker, emerged into public notice about 1765, and after his foreign voyage settled down to a long life of drawing the places of interest in Great Britain, many for a well-known publication called Antiquities of Great Britain, to which he was still contributing as late as 1807."
505:(1775â1851), who brought watercolor painting to the highest pitch of power and refinement, and created hundreds of superb historical, topographical, architectural, and mythological watercolor paintings. His method of developing the watercolor painting in stages, starting with large, vague color areas established on wet paper, then refining the image through a sequence of
656:, has been out of print only once since it was first published in 1857. Commercial brands of watercolor were marketed and paints were packaged in metal tubes or as dry cakes that could be "rubbed out" (dissolved) in studio porcelain or used in portable metal paint boxes in the field. Breakthroughs in chemistry made many new pigments available, including synthetic
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1852:"The seemingly effortless freshness of these watercolours disguises the rigorous planning stage that lies behind them. For, between the pencil sketches and the finished watercolours, Turner evolved a creative process that enabled him to experiment in an open-ended fashion with the structure and relative dispositions of colour and light."
1725:"Turner's apprentice years in the 1790s coincided with the fashion for all things 'Picturesque', an aesthetic taste propagated by William Gilpin (1724â1804), which embraced asymmetrical, broken forms and rough textures, and was epitomised by tumbledown cottages and the ruined abbey-churches laid waste in the Reformation."
1903:"William Havell was, at the age of twenty-three, the youngest of the exhibiting members in 1805. His work typifies the common approach of the members of the Society: the dependence of composition on the seventeenth-century landscape painters, the aspiration to vie with oil paintings, the rich tonality of the piece."
1400:"Ancient Egyptians used water-soluble translucent paints to decorate papyrus scrolls. They used such earth pigments as ochres and siennas, as well as minerals like reds, cinnabar, blue azure, green malachite, and so on, with gum arabic and egg white. Technically, these water-soluble colors were watercolors."
1891:"When it is remembered that men of such diverse gifts and temperaments as David Cox and Samuel Palmer, F.O. Finch and Copley Fielding were his pupils it will be apparent that he did not impose his own vision on his scholars but, as education truly signifies, drew out of them what was latent in them."
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or paper. Botanical artists have traditionally been some of the most exacting and accomplished watercolor painters, and even today, watercolorsâwith their unique ability to summarize, clarify, and idealize in full colorâare used to illustrate scientific and museum publications. Wildlife illustration
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Modern commercial watercolor paints are available in tubes, pans and liquids. The majority of paints sold today are in collapsible small metal tubes in standard sizes and formulated to a consistency similar to toothpaste by being already mixed with a certain water component. For use, this paste has
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was used to increase the covering quality. That pigment tended to soon discolor into black under the influence of sulphurous air pollution, totally ruining the artwork. The traditional claim that "transparent" watercolors gain "luminosity" because they function like a pane of stained glass laid on
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surface; the transparency is caused by the paper being visible between the particles. Watercolors may appear more vivid than acrylics or oils because the pigments are laid down in a purer form, with few or no fillers (such as kaolin) obscuring the pigment colors. Typically, most or all of the gum
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industry is too small to exert any market leverage on global dye or pigment manufacture. With rare exceptions such as aureolin, all modern watercolor paints utilize pigments that have a wider industrial use. Paint manufacturers buy, by industrial standards very small, supplies of these pigments,
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From the late 18th century through the 19th century, the market for printed books and domestic art contributed substantially to the growth of the medium. Watercolors were used as the basic document from which collectible landscape or tourist engravings were developed, and hand-painted watercolor
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Several factors contributed to the spread of watercolor painting during the 18th century, particularly in
England. Among the elite and aristocratic classes, watercolor painting was one of the incidental adornments of a good education; mapmakers, military officers, and engineers valued it for its
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paintings inherited by the
British Museum in 1857, led to a negative reevaluation of the permanence of pigments in watercolor. This caused a sharp decline in their status and market value. Nevertheless, isolated practitioners continued to prefer and develop the medium into the 20th century.
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journeys throughout rural
England, and illustrated them with self-made sentimentalized monochrome watercolors of river valleys, ancient castles, and abandoned churches. This example popularized watercolors as a form of personal tourist journal. The confluence of these cultural, engineering,
595:.) These societies provided annual exhibitions and buyer referrals for many artists. They also engaged in petty status rivalries and aesthetic debates, particularly between advocates of traditional ("transparent") watercolor and the early adopters of the denser color possible with
937:(80% of his total work is watercolor). In this period, American watercolor painting often emulated European Impressionism and Post-Impressionism, but significant individualism flourished in "regional" styles of watercolor painting from the 1920s to 1940s. In particular, the "
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and glazes, permitted him to produce large numbers of paintings with "workshop efficiency" and made him a multimillionaire, partly by sales from his personal art gallery, the first of its kind. Among the important and highly talented contemporaries of Turner and Girtin were
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Anthony Van Dyck (1599 - 1641), a
Flemish artist, improved the watercolor painting method by incorporating transparent washes. This was a noteworthy advance in which painters allowed the color of the paper to show through pigments and play a major role in the artwork.
981:. The California Water Color Society, founded in 1921 and later renamed the National Watercolor Society, sponsored important exhibitions of their work. The largest watercolor in the world at the moment (at 9 feet (3 m) tall and 16 ft (5 m) wide) is
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Many
Western artists, especially in the early 19th century, used watercolor primarily as a sketching tool in preparation for the "finished" work in oil or engraving. Until the end of the eighteenth century, traditional watercolors were known as 'tinted drawings'.
2000:"Although he only lived to be twenty-five, Bonington crystallized the prevailing tendencies of his time so well that he not only left a body of great work behind him but he had a strong influence on his contemporaries and successors both in France and England."
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paperâthe color intensified because the light passes through the pigment, reflects from the paper, and passes a second time through the pigment on its way to the viewerâis false. Watercolor paints typically do not form a cohesive paint layer, as do acrylic or
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During the
Baroque era, watercolor was frequently used to decorate naturalist books, albums, and scientific publications, as well as to create hand-painted maps and building drawings. Watercolor portraiture on paper, vellum, and ivory was also quite popular.
837:, whose landscape paintings were widely collected. Gouache was used by a number of artists in France as well. In the 19th century, the influence of the English school helped popularize "transparent" watercolor in France, and it became an important medium for
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The term "watercolor" refers to paints that use water-soluble, complex carbohydrates as a binder. Originally (in the 16th to 18th centuries), watercolor binders were sugars and/or hide glues, but since the 19th century, the preferred binder is natural
648:, and brushes (called "pencils") manufactured expressly for watercolor. Watercolor tutorials were first published in this period by Varley, Cox, and others, establishing the step-by-step painting instructions that still characterize the genre today;
1686:"Yet in the Christian era in Britain, it was not appreciated as an art medium in its own right until the 19th century, when Queen Victoria gave the royal seal of approval that brought it firmly into the purview of the art establishment."
1865:"One charming account recalls how Turner would hang up his moist studies on cords spread across his room, so that his drying sheets, stained with 'pink and blue and yellow', would at first glance resemble the laundry of a washerwoman."
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or specialized "colorman", and mixing them with gum arabic or some other binder. The earliest commercial paints were small, resinous blocks that had to be wetted and laboriously "rubbed out" in water to obtain a usable color intensity.
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usefulness in depicting properties, terrain, fortifications, field geology, and for illustrating public works or commissioned projects. Watercolor artists were commonly taken on geological or archaeological expeditions, funded by the
1606:"In its simplest form, watercolour was used in Europe more than 10,000 years ago when cave-dwellers of the Upper Palaeolithic era mixed red earth with water and used it to paint pictures of hunters and their prey on the cave walls."
401:(founded in 1733), to document discoveries in the Mediterranean, Asia, and the New World. These expeditions stimulated the demand for topographical painters, who churned out memento paintings of famous sites (and sights) along the
1976:"Birket Foster applies these principles to landscapes in which the emphasis is laid on the charm of summer fields and country lanes and the inhabitants are idealized into the best behaved children or worthy, handsome peasantry."
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them with the vehicle, solvent, and additives, and package them. The milling process with inorganic pigments, in more expensive brands, reduces the particle size to improve the color flow when the paint is applied with water.
2233:"It consists of a mixture of pigments, binders such as gum arabic and humectants such as glycerin, which together with other components, allow the color pigment to join and form the paint paste, which we know as watercolor."
1632:"The origins of European watercolor, as we understand it now, may be traced back to the Northern Renaissance. Albrecht Durer (1471-1528), a German artist, was among the first to discover the possibilities of this medium.
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1537:"Turner himself was of the same opinion; he declared to me that water-colour painting would be totally mined, and lose all its individuality and beauty by the bad practice of mingling opaque with transparent colour."
304:(1471â1528), who painted several fine botanical, wildlife, and landscape watercolors, is generally considered among the earliest examples of watercolor. An important school of watercolor painting in Germany was led by
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The adoption of brightly colored, petroleum-derived aniline dyes (and pigments compounded from them), which all fade rapidly on exposure to light, and the efforts to properly conserve the twenty thousand
599:("opaque" watercolor). The late Georgian and Victorian periods produced the zenith of the British watercolor, among the most impressive 19th-century works on paper, due to artists Turner, Varley, Cotman,
1262:(PV 122). From such a set of three colors, in principle all others can be mixed, as in a classical technique no white is used. The modern development of pigments was not driven by artistic demand. The
2120:"The Cleveland Museum of Art was the epicenter of the "Cleveland" or "Ohio School" of artists. In 1921, the California Water Color Society was established (now the National Watercolor Society)."
1562:"Watercolors on silk were frequently used by Chinese and Japanese artists. Their artworks often included calligraphy as well as peaceful nature scenes, animals, and pictures of everyday life."
1750:"Many more artists influenced the English watercolor style, including Thomas Gainsborough (1727-1788), William Pars (1742-1782), John Sell Cotman (1782-1842), and Samuel Prout (1783â1852)."
1826:"He was born in London on 23 April 1775, and given the names Joseph Mallord William Turner. His family called him William but he is now usually referred to by initials as J. M. W. Turner."
1387:"Watercolor may be as old as art itself, going back to the Stone Age when early ancestors combined earth and charcoal with water to create the first wet-on-dry picture on a cave wall."
1000:, and the trivializing influence of amateur painters and advertising- or workshop-influenced painting styles, led to a temporary decline in the popularity of watercolor painting after
2246:"Turner's surviving watercolour palettes have been found to contain various gum mixtures that generally include arabic, tragacanth, cherry or sarcocolla, and traces of added sugar."
754:. By mid-century, the influence of John Ruskin led to increasing interest in watercolors, particularly the use of a detailed "Ruskinian" style by such artists as John W. Hill Henry,
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Watercolor was practiced by such masters as Claude
Lorrain (1600 or 1604/5 - 1682), Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione (1609 - 1664), and many more Dutch and Flemish baroque artists.
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to be further diluted with water. Pan paints (actually small dried cakes or bars of paint in an open plastic container) are usually sold in two sizes, full pans and half pans.
1964:"Lewis and Hunt were forerunners in an aesthetic shift which is apparent in the watercolours of the next thirty years, towards brilliance of colour and minuteness of touch."
1511:"a paper that weighs 300 grams x meterÂČ (140 pounds), has more body and looks more like a cardboard or thin cardboard, which makes it better to support the use of water."
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1435:"100% cotton papers are more absorbent in most brands, but there are papers that have only 50% cotton or even high quality papers, which have no blending with cotton."
2220:"However, artists such as Andrew Wyeth (1917-2009), Philip Pearlstein (born 1924), Joseph Raffael (born 1933), and many others continued to create in this medium."
1549:"With the discovery of paper in China around 2000 years ago, the watercolor media took a different route in which the color of the paper played an important role."
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1738:"The artist who most truly brought the eighteenth-century tradition of figurative composition into the early years of the nineteenth century was William Blake."
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perhaps form the oldest and most important traditions in watercolor painting. Botanical illustrations became popular during the
Renaissance, both as hand-tinted
1878:"John Varley (1778â1842), Thomas Girtin (1775â1802), John Sell Cotman (1782â1842) and David Cox (1783â1859) ushered in the golden age of British watercolour".
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created an international fad for watercolor painting, especially in
England and France in the 1820s. In the latter half of the 19th century, portrait painter
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1220:, a time-saving convenience, introduced in the "golden age" of English watercolor painting. The "cake" was immediately soluble when touched by a wet brush.
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or lack of "transparency"; "transparent" watercolors were exalted. The aversion to opaque paint had its origin in the fact that well into the 19th century
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Watercolor paint is an ancient form of painting, if not the most ancient form of art itself. In East Asia, watercolor painting with inks is referred to as
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In the partisan debates of the 19th-century
English art world, gouache was emphatically contrasted to traditional watercolors and denigrated for its high
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became a key player in the establishment of watercolour in England. Art critic Huntly Carter described Havill as a "founder of the water colour school."
1123:, hiding, durability or color of the pigment and vehicle mixture; and, evaporating water, as a solvent used to thin or dilute the paint for application.
1593:"They had a limited range of colours that did not replicate those found in nature and the colours were never applied at their maximum intensity.
1839:"Girtin and Turner in particular explored the capacity of watercolour for creating atmospheric effects, experimenting with texture and colour."
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scientific, tourist, and amateur interests culminated in the celebration and promotion of watercolor as a distinctly English "national art".
2259:"Gum arabic tends to dry out in the paint and is quite brittle, so the other main ingredient is glycerine, which keeps the paint soluble."
549:, created between 1808 and 1816, using watercolor, ink, and pencil. The use of partial pigmentation draws attention to the central subject.
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696:. These pigments, in turn, stimulated a greater use of color with all painting media, but in English watercolors, particularly by the
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started his business as a colorman around 1766. In 1781, he and his brother, Thomas Reeves, were awarded the Silver Palette of the
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as additives to improve plasticity and solubility of the binder, and with other chemicals added to improve product shelf life.
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Watercolor painting also became popular in the United States during the 19th century; outstanding early practitioners included
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2309:"...in general it can be liquid, creamy in tubes, solid, in the form of pans, chalk pastels, waxes, markers, pencils, etc."
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1763:"professional artists such as Alexander Cozens (1717â1786) and Francis Towne (1740â1816) travelled extensively in Italy."
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1952:"The early nineteenth century Girtin, Turner, Cotman, Cox, De Wint, Constable, Bonington, and the Exhibiting Societies".
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Watercolor painters before the turn of the 18th century had to make paints themselves using pigments purchased from an
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1619:"Monks used watercolor and body color to brighten hand-written texts and manuscripts during the European Middle Ages.
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1699:"By the 18th century, watercolour was well established as a means of making a topographical view of the landscape."
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2644:(3 volumes: I. The Eighteenth Century; II. The Romantic Period; III. The Victorian Period.). Batsford, 1966â1968.
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Despite this early start, watercolors were generally used by Baroque easel painters only for sketches, copies or
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originals or copies of famous paintings contributed to many upper class art portfolios. Satirical broadsides by
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The three English artists credited with establishing watercolor as an independent, mature painting medium are
1988:"In the next generation of artists the acknowledged leader of the illustrative school was Frederick Walker."
2094:"The European forms of Impressionism and Post-Impressionism were frequently emulated in the United States."
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1187:" refers to paint that is opaque rather than transparent. It usually refers to opaque watercolor, known as
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and many others. In particular, the graceful, lapidary, and atmospheric watercolors ("genre paintings") by
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or other pigments. India, Ethiopia and other countries have long watercolor painting traditions as well.
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The Winning Ways of Watercolor: Basic Techniques and Methods of Transparent Watercolor in Twenty Lessons
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2207:"Watercolor art in the United States declined after the 1950s, giving place to abstract expressionism."
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Brushing the surface: the practice and critical reception of watercolour techniques in England 1850-1880
1499:"I would not recommend a weight less than 140lb (300 gsm) to paint anything other than quick sketches."
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2296:"...more user-friendly soft watercolour blocks had been introduced by the artists' colourman Reeves."
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developed a watercolor painting style consisting entirely of overlapping small glazes of pure color.
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501:(1775â1802), who pioneered its use for large format, romantic or picturesque landscape painting; and
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1246:, and permanence of artists' colors available today has been vastly improved. Correct and non-toxic
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957:). The California painters exploited their state's varied geography, Mediterranean climate, and "
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for "aquarelle made with ink") by experts. However, this term has now tended to pass out of use.
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200:. Aquarelles painted with water-soluble colored ink instead of modern water colors are called
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961:" to reinvigorate the outdoor or "plein air" tradition. The most influential among them were
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Watercolor art dates back to the cave paintings of paleolithic Europe and has been used for
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refers to any painting medium that uses water as a solvent and that can be applied with a
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works in watercolor. Among the many other significant watercolorists of this period were
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1813:"In 1799 the Napoleonic Wars broke out and Europe was closed to the British traveller."
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The popularity of watercolors stimulated many innovations, including heavier and more
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343:(full-scale design drawings) Notable early practitioners of watercolor painting were
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Among the many 20th-century artists who produced important works in watercolor were
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774:) was founded in 1866. Late-19th-century American exponents of the medium included
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published several books of hand-tinted engraved poetry, provided illustrations to
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it has been the dominant medium, often in monochrome black or browns, often using
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was also widely known for his large format, romantic paintings in watercolor.
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2062:(Doctor of Philosophy thesis). Oxford Brookes University. pp. 202â203.
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1472:"Watercolor Paper: How to Choose the Right Paper for Use with Watercolors"
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Moorby, Nicola; Chaplin, Mike; Warrell, Ian; Smibert, Tony, eds. (2010).
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Watercolor was less popular in Continental Europe. In the 18th century,
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painters were often associated with Hollywood animation studios or the
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2107:"At about the same time, several of new regional schools sprung up."
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The confluence of amateur activity, publishing markets, middle class
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illustrations in books or broadsheets and as tinted ink drawings on
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853:. Other European painters who worked frequently in watercolor were
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497:(1730â1809), often called the "father of the English watercolor";
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paints, but simply scatter pigment particles randomly across the
993:, the work can be seen at MASS MoCA's Robert W. Wilson Building.
221:. Other supports or substrates include stone, ivory, silk, reed,
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The Watercolor Book: Materials and Techniques for Today's Artist
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that was undertaken by every fashionable young man of the time.
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The Tempting Prospect: A Social History of English Watercolours
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Het kunstschilderboek â handboek voor materialen en technieken
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as a binder to hold the pigment in suspension; additives like
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created an innovative style followed by his students, such as
43:
2160:"The World's Largest Watercolor Goes on Display at MASS MoCA"
2297:
2247:
1866:
1853:
1777:
1726:
1594:
1099:
Watercolor paint consists of four principal ingredients: a
2136:"The Story Behind the World's Largest Watercolor Painting"
380:
reached its peak in the 19th century with artists such as
1451:"Understanding the Different Grades of Watercolor Paper"
1383:
1381:
2729:(Revised and Expanded Edition). Watson-Guptill, 1999.
2508:(Second, Kindle ed.). London: Thames and Hudson.
1007:, watercolors continue to be utilized by artists like
412:
wrote a series of hugely popular books describing his
112:
An artist working on a watercolor using a round brush
2765:(Reprints from other publishers are also available.)
2658:. British Museum Publications, 1981. ASIN B000UCV0XO
2043:. Oxford University Press. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
941:" or "Ohio School" of painters centered around the
2341:
2322:
2185:"Barbara Ernst Prey Building 6 Portrait: Interior"
1351:
2565:The Great Age of British Watercolours (1750â1880)
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
593:Royal Scottish Society of Painters in Watercolour
388:are still illustrated with watercolor paintings.
1538:
885:created landscape and maritime watercolors, and
829:was an important medium for the Italian artists
37:"Aquarelle" redirects here. For other uses, see
2714:. Abbeville Press; 1st edition (October 1997).
2868:The Wilcox Guide To The Best Watercolor Paints
652:, a watercolor tutorial by English art critic
2579:British watercolours from the Oppé Collection
2523:How to Paint in Watercolor from the Beginning
408:In the late 18th century, the English cleric
8:
2840:Brushes: A Handbook for Artists and Artisans
2770:Watercolour Painting: A Handbook for Artists
2491:(Kindle ed.). New York: New Amsterdam.
1250:are now present through the introduction of
1216:, for the invention of the moist watercolor
589:Scottish Society of Painters in Water Colour
585:Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours
2467:A Century of Painters of the English School
2426:The Watercolour Book: How to Paint Anything
917:. In America, the major exponents included
201:
171:
2272:"so ox gall is added as a wetting agent."
1424:
768:American Society of Painters in Watercolor
94:Learn how and when to remove this message
2595:. Abbeville Press, 1991. ASIN B000IBDWGK
2378:The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists
2310:
2285:
2234:
2001:
1989:
1977:
1965:
1953:
1941:
1928:
1904:
1892:
1827:
1802:
1790:
1739:
1525:
1512:
1436:
57:This article includes a list of general
2870:. School of Colour Publications, 2000.
2826:The Watercolor Artist's Paper Directory
2273:
2260:
1879:
1840:
1814:
1764:
1713:
1700:
1687:
1607:
1343:
2712:Sargent Abroad: Figures and Landscapes
2221:
2208:
2121:
2108:
2095:
2027:
1916:
1751:
1674:
1661:
1647:
1633:
1620:
1563:
1550:
1401:
1388:
591:was founded in 1878, now known as the
428:, and he also experimented with large
2812:Complete Guide to Watercolor Painting
2385:Kraaijpoel, D.; Herenius, C. (2007).
2039:Brown, David Blayney. "Watercolour."
292:history as an art medium begins with
188:suspended in a water-based solution.
165:
7:
2489:English Watercolors: an introduction
2363:(Kindle ed.). London: Collins.
1500:
1413:
1372:participating institution membership
573:Society of Painters in Water Colours
284:, with particular prominence in the
2041:Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online
170:; from Italian diminutive of Latin
2538:Waterhouse, Ellis Kirkham (1994).
1449:Vloothuis, Johannes (2017-07-14).
63:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2893:National Watercolor Society (USA)
2581:. Tate Gallery Publishing, 1997.
2540:Painting in Britain, 1530 to 1790
2445:(Kindle ed.). London: Tate.
1140:, or sprayer. This includes most
1119:, and preservatives to alter the
213:The conventional and most common
2642:Water-Colour Painting in Britain
2563:Andrew Wilton & Anne Lyles.
2361:Painting Expressive Watercolours
955:California Institute of the Arts
558:Remains of the Vicars' College,
48:
2784:Watercolor: The Complete Course
2686:. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1973.
2630:. Royal Academy of Arts, 2001.
2577:Anne Lyles & Robin Hamlyn.
2476:Watercolours, A Concise History
2380:. USA: Oxford University Press.
2342:Kraaijpoel & Herenius (2007
2323:Kraaijpoel & Herenius (2007
1482:from the original on 2015-10-07
1191:. Modern acrylic paints use an
490:, were also extremely popular.
2798:Foundation Course: Watercolour
2600:Nineteenth-Century Watercolors
1539:Redgrave & Redgrave (1866)
983:Building 6 Portrait: Interior.
477:, 1798â99, watercolor on paper
353:Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione
347:(during his stay in England),
1:
2856:. Thames & Hudson, 1998.
2800:. Cassell Illustrated, 2003.
2743:. Cassell Illustrated, 2004.
2614:Twentieth-Century Watercolors
1001:
536:Abraham-Louis-Rodolphe Ducros
503:Joseph Mallord William Turner
2898:Belgian Watercolor Institute
2665:. Dorling Kindersley, 1994.
2521:Viscarra, Alejandra (2020).
2014:"Havill Frederick biography"
985:Produced by American artist
815:PejzaĆŒ jesienny z Rybiniszek
545:An unfinished watercolor by
384:, and today many naturalist
2888:American Watercolor Society
2739:Royal Watercolour Society.
1312:Acrylic painting techniques
1045:Rafael Alonso LĂłpez-Montero
772:American Watercolor Society
308:(1534â1593) as part of the
32:Watercolor (disambiguation)
2966:
2912:Victoria and Albert Museum
2663:Ultimate Visual Dictionary
2400:Cambridge University Press
1302:of the pigment particles.
1055:, the major exponents are
698:Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
39:Aquarelle (disambiguation)
36:
29:
2786:. Reader's Digest, 1995.
2616:. Abbeville Press, 1988.
2602:. Abbeville Press, 1991.
2504:Reynolds, Graham (2020).
2487:Reynolds, Graham (1998).
2474:Reynolds, Graham (1992).
2407:London, Vladimir (2021).
1359:Oxford English Dictionary
577:Royal Watercolour Society
563:by George Townsend; 1885.
225:, bark papers, plastics,
125:, an 1885 watercolor and
2908:Paintings & Drawings
2814:. Watson-Guptill, 1974.
2757:. Watson-Guptill, 1991.
2700:. Watson-Guptill, 1995.
2443:How to Paint Like Turner
1583:. The Collector's Guide.
1195:dispersion as a binder.
1083:, and Alberto Manrique.
682:potassium cobaltinitrite
632:Richard Parkes Bonington
583:(1832, now known as the
581:New Water Colour Society
575:(1804, now known as the
2755:The Elements of Drawing
2677:Tutorials and Technique
2389:(in Dutch). Cantecleer.
1364:Oxford University Press
1332:Category:Watercolorists
951:Chouinard Art Institute
943:Cleveland Museum of Art
893:20th and 21st centuries
847:Henri-Joseph Harpignies
650:The Elements of Drawing
520:Anthony Copley Fielding
328:, 1502, watercolor and
278:manuscript illustration
248:or scroll painting. In
131:Marie Spartali Stillman
78:more precise citations.
27:Type of painting method
2904:"Watercolour Painting"
2854:The Book of Fine Paper
2842:. Design Press, 1992.
2741:The Watercolour Expert
2628:The Great Watercolours
2424:Mann, Eleanor (2016).
2409:The Book on Watercolor
2376:Chilvers, Ian (2009).
2359:Chaplin, Mike (2001).
1228:
1199:Commercial watercolors
1126:The more general term
1096:
1049:Francesc TornĂ© GavaldĂ
998:abstract expressionism
872:
843:François Marius Granet
822:
756:William Trost Richards
735:
715:
688:, and a wide range of
564:
550:
478:
365:botanical illustration
336:
202:
172:
133:
113:
2828:. North Light, 2000.
2727:The Art of Watercolor
2626:Eric Shanes. Turner:
2544:Yale University Press
2134:Nalewicki, Jennifer.
1577:"What Is Watercolor?"
1226:
1094:
996:Although the rise of
867:
817:(Autumn landscape of
809:
794:, and, preeminently,
727:John Singer Sargent,
726:
706:
597:body color or gouache
556:
544:
466:
446:Michael Angelo Rooker
399:Society of Dilettanti
369:wildlife illustration
318:
119:
111:
2710:Donna Seldin Janis.
2593:American Watercolors
2394:Ling, Roger (1991).
2053:Mann, Fiona (2011).
1095:A set of watercolors
835:Francesco Zuccarelli
612:John Frederick Lewis
534:. The Swiss painter
486:, many published by
298:Northern Renaissance
286:European Middle Ages
203:aquarellum atramento
180:method in which the
153:spelling differences
30:For other uses, see
2945:Painting techniques
2935:Watercolor painting
2772:. Lee Press, 1997.
2612:Christopher Finch.
2598:Christopher Finch.
2591:Christopher Finch.
2525:(Kindle ed.).
2428:(Kindle ed.).
2411:(Kindle ed.).
2298:Moorby et al. (2010
2248:Moorby et al. (2010
1867:Moorby et al. (2010
1854:Moorby et al. (2010
1778:Moorby et al. (2010
1727:Moorby et al. (2010
1595:Moorby et al. (2010
1581:collectorsguide.com
1362:(Online ed.).
1317:History of painting
859:StanisĆaw MasĆowski
849:, and the satirist
821:), watercolor, 1902
811:StanisĆaw MasĆowski
788:John Singer Sargent
748:William H. Bartlett
744:Hudson River School
742:, as well as early
616:Myles Birket Foster
434:Thomas Gainsborough
403:Grand Tour to Italy
192:refers to both the
2810:Edgar A. Whitney.
2796:Curtis Tappenden.
2068:10.24384/P9Z8-JM16
1229:
1097:
1081:José Comas Quesada
1037:Francesco Clemente
989:on commission for
919:Charles Burchfield
873:
823:
740:John James Audubon
736:
716:
608:William Henry Hunt
565:
551:
479:
458:John Warwick Smith
438:John Robert Cozens
382:John James Audubon
363:artists. However,
337:
196:and the resulting
134:
114:
2876:978-0-9679628-0-1
2725:Charles LeClair.
2720:978-0-7892-0384-7
2567:. Prestel, 1993.
2480:Thames and Hudson
2459:Redgrave, Richard
2276:, pp. 25â26)
2030:, pp. 26â27)
1453:. Artists Network
1425:Waterhouse (1994)
1370:(Subscription or
1322:Ink wash painting
1240:organic chemistry
1021:Philip Pearlstein
1009:Martha Burchfield
899:Wassily Kandinsky
746:painters such as
488:Rudolph Ackermann
484:Thomas Rowlandson
334:Albertina, Vienna
310:DĂŒrer Renaissance
258:Japanese painting
167:[akwaÊÉl]
104:
103:
96:
16:(Redirected from
2957:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2866:Michael Wilcox.
2838:Jacques Turner.
2654:Michael Clarke.
2547:
2534:
2517:
2500:
2483:
2470:
2463:Redgrave, Samuel
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2070:. Archived from
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1392:
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1375:
1367:
1355:
1348:
1235:Owing to modern
1087:Watercolor paint
1073:Pastor VelĂĄzquez
1069:Vicente Mendiola
1006:
1003:
947:California Scene
939:Cleveland School
927:Georgia O'Keeffe
839:EugĂšne Delacroix
658:ultramarine blue
636:Frederick Havill
620:Frederick Walker
547:William Berryman
516:John Sell Cotman
219:watercolor paper
205:
175:
169:
164:
141:American English
122:Love's Messenger
99:
92:
88:
85:
79:
74:this article by
65:inline citations
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2852:Sylvie Turner.
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2560:
2555:
2553:Further reading
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1278:
1242:, the variety,
1214:Society of Arts
1201:
1089:
1061:Edgardo Coghlan
1057:Ignacio Barrios
1029:Gerhard Richter
1004:
895:
878:J. M. W. Turner
871:, self-portrait
857:in Germany and
804:
764:Fidelia Bridges
760:Roderick Newman
733:Brooklyn Museum
721:
628:Arthur Melville
394:
294:the Renaissance
288:. However, its
280:since at least
274:
176:'water'), is a
162:
149:British English
100:
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70:Please help to
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2895:
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2883:
2882:External links
2880:
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2396:Roman Painting
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2344:, p. 183)
2327:
2325:, p. 187)
2315:
2311:Viscarra (2020
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1931:, p. 102)
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1513:Viscarra (2020
1504:
1492:
1478:. Art Is Fun.
1476:art-is-fun.com
1463:
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1437:Viscarra (2020
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1277:
1274:
1248:primary colors
1210:William Reeves
1200:
1197:
1162:acrylic paints
1088:
1085:
1077:Canary Islands
1013:Joseph Raffael
979:Milford Zornes
967:Millard Sheets
931:Charles Demuth
894:
891:
851:Honoré Daumier
803:
800:
720:
717:
674:cadmium yellow
624:Thomas Collier
569:art collecting
528:William Havell
475:from the River
473:Jedburgh Abbey
410:William Gilpin
393:
392:English school
390:
349:Claude Lorrain
320:Albrecht DĂŒrer
302:Albrecht DĂŒrer
282:Egyptian times
273:
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246:brush painting
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2848:0-8306-3975-6
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2834:1-58180-034-7
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2824:Ian Sidaway.
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2806:1-84403-082-2
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2792:0-89577-653-7
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2778:0-9524727-4-0
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2768:Pip Seymour.
2767:
2764:
2763:0-8230-1602-1
2760:
2756:
2753:John Ruskin.
2752:
2750:
2749:1-84403-149-7
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2742:
2738:
2736:
2735:0-8230-0292-6
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2706:0-8230-5641-4
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2696:David Dewey.
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2692:0-442-21404-9
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2671:0-7513-1050-6
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2661:Moore, Sean.
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2650:1-131-84131-X
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2633:
2629:
2625:
2623:
2622:0-89659-811-X
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1918:
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1906:
1900:
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1885:
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1880:Chaplin (2001
1875:
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1869:, p. 26)
1868:
1862:
1859:
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1855:
1849:
1846:
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1653:
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1603:
1600:
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820:
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812:
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793:
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789:
785:
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780:Thomas Eakins
777:
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769:
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761:
757:
753:
752:George Harvey
749:
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718:
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709:
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705:
701:
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454:Thomas Hearne
451:
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415:
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295:
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2769:
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2079:. Retrieved
2072:the original
2055:
2048:
2040:
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1558:
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1545:
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1402:London (2021
1396:
1389:London (2021
1357:
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1327:Oil painting
1300:flocculation
1282:hiding power
1279:
1276:Transparency
1260:quinacridone
1256:phthalo blue
1252:hansa yellow
1234:
1230:
1227:A Reeves box
1217:
1202:
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1166:
1127:
1125:
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1041:Ceferà Olivé
1039:. In Spain,
1017:Andrew Wyeth
995:
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975:Dong Kingman
959:automobility
911:Egon Schiele
896:
887:Paul CĂ©zanne
874:
869:Paul CĂ©zanne
824:
814:
784:John LaFarge
776:Thomas Moran
767:
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694:madder lakes
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588:
580:
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566:
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532:Samuel Prout
492:
480:
471:
450:William Pars
424:
407:
395:
386:field guides
338:
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289:
275:
266:
243:
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189:
184:are made of
157:
156:
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136:
135:
120:
105:
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84:October 2019
81:
62:
2352:Works cited
2140:Smithsonian
1501:Mann (2016)
1414:Ling (1991)
1353:"aquarelle"
1146:watercolors
1065:Ăngel Mauro
1025:Eric Fischl
1005: 1950
883:Paul Signac
861:in Poland.
831:Marco Ricci
729:White Ships
662:cobalt blue
654:John Ruskin
646:wove papers
512:John Varley
495:Paul Sandby
414:picturesque
355:, and many
145:watercolour
76:introducing
2950:Watermedia
2929:Categories
2917:2007-08-21
2531:B0852QZCND
2514:B0BDRNNKVW
2497:B00FF9PY98
2478:. London:
2451:B00XULC1FI
2434:B01AIOM0Z0
2417:B0B1VFHMC1
2369:B00KV2RLEA
2194:2018-07-01
2170:2018-07-01
2145:2018-07-01
2081:2024-03-10
1486:2015-10-06
1457:2018-10-03
1374:required.)
1338:References
1286:lead white
1244:saturation
1237:industrial
1218:paint-cake
1205:apothecary
1183:The term "
1170:gum arabic
1129:watermedia
1105:gum arabic
971:Rex Brandt
945:, and the
935:John Marin
915:Raoul Dufy
903:Emil Nolde
819:Rybiniszki
686:zinc white
579:) and the
330:body color
325:Young Hare
290:continuous
190:Watercolor
137:Watercolor
59:references
18:Watercolor
2819:Materials
2189:MASS MoCA
1185:bodycolor
1121:viscosity
1075:. In the
991:MASS MoCA
963:Phil Dike
907:Paul Klee
770:(now the
601:David Cox
373:woodblock
158:aquarelle
2940:Painting
2465:(1866).
2164:Creators
1480:Archived
1306:See also
1174:glycerin
1158:gouaches
1150:temperas
1109:glycerin
678:aureolin
666:viridian
430:monotype
423:Dante's
345:Van Dyck
341:cartoons
306:Hans Bol
262:inkstick
186:pigments
178:painting
155:), also
2558:History
1189:gouache
1176:and/or
1172:, with
1154:caseins
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1101:pigment
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690:carmine
425:Inferno
361:Flemish
300:artist
272:History
250:Chinese
231:leather
223:papyrus
215:support
198:artwork
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127:tempera
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977:, and
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802:Europe
766:. The
762:, and
714:, 1892
587:). (A
560:Exeter
530:, and
507:washes
456:, and
377:vellum
254:Korean
235:fabric
227:vellum
194:medium
182:paints
151:; see
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2075:(PDF)
2060:(PDF)
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1178:honey
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1051:. In
953:(now
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357:Dutch
208:Latin
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2872:ISBN
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2527:ASIN
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1269:mill
1258:and
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
