190:
1223:
and depression; however, TAs have also been linked to other diseases such as migraine, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, substance abuse and eating disorders . Clinical studies report increased β-PEA plasma levels in patients suffering from acute schizophrenia and elevated urinary excretion of β-PEA in paranoid schizophrenics , which supports a role of TAs in schizophrenia. As a result of these studies, β-PEA has been referred to as the body's 'endogenous amphetamine'
695:
422:
43:
53:
33:
1222:
The dysregulation of TA levels has been linked to several diseases, which highlights the corresponding members of the TAAR family as potential targets for drug development. In this article, we focus on the relevance of TAs and their receptors to nervous system-related disorders, namely schizophrenia
1219:
In addition to the main metabolic pathway, TAs can also be converted by nonspecific N-methyltransferase (NMT) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) to the corresponding secondary amines (e.g. synephrine , N-methylphenylethylamine and N-methyltyramine ), which display similar activities
1063:
Brain levels of endogenous trace amines are several hundred-fold below those for the classical neurotransmitters noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin but their rates of synthesis are equivalent to those of noradrenaline and dopamine and they have a very rapid turnover rate (Berry, 2004). Endogenous
134:
Monoaminergic systems, i.e., the networks of neurons that use monoamine neurotransmitters, are involved in the regulation of processes such as emotion, arousal, and certain types of memory. It has also been found that monoamine neurotransmitters play an important role in the secretion and production
1060:
Trace amines are metabolized in the mammalian body via monoamine oxidase (MAO; EC 1.4.3.4) (Berry, 2004) (Fig. 2) ... It deaminates primary and secondary amines that are free in the neuronal cytoplasm but not those bound in storage vesicles of the sympathetic neurone ... Similarly, β-PEA
705:
A recent computational investigation of genetic origins shows that the earliest development of monoamines occurred 650 million years ago and that the appearance of these chemicals, necessary for active or participatory awareness and engagement with the environment, coincides with the emergence of
1008:
Unlike other monoamine neurotransmitters, the mechanism by which the brain's histamine content is regulated remains unclear. In mammals, vesicular monoamine transporters (VMATs) are expressed exclusively in neurons and mediate the storage of histamine and other
1235:
Wainscott DB, Little SP, Yin T, Tu Y, Rocco VP, He JX, Nelson DL (January 2007). "Pharmacologic characterization of the cloned human trace amine-associated receptor1 (TAAR1) and evidence for species differences with the rat TAAR1".
1349:
These data suggest that a D1/beta receptor gene duplication was required to elaborate novel catecholamine psychomotor adaptive responses and that a noradrenergic system specifically emerged at the origin of vertebrate
702:
Monoamine neurotransmitter systems occur in virtually all vertebrates, where the evolvability of these systems has served to promote the adaptability of vertebrate species to different environments.
1220:
on TAAR1 (TA1) as their primary amine precursors...Both dopamine and 3-methoxytyramine, which do not undergo further N-methylation, are partial agonists of TAAR1 (TA1). ...
1064:
extracellular tissue levels of trace amines measured in the brain are in the low nanomolar range. These low concentrations arise because of their very short half-life ...
373:
366:
189:
966:
Romero-CalderĂłn R, Uhlenbrock G, Borycz J, Simon AF, Grygoruk A, Yee SK, Shyer A, Ackerson LC, Maidment NT, Meinertzhagen IA, Hovemann BT, Krantz DE (November 2008).
671:, monoamine neurotransmitter action is ended by reuptake into the presynaptic terminal. There, they can be repackaged into synaptic vesicles or degraded by the
142:
Drugs used to increase or reduce the effect of monoamine neurotransmitters are used to treat patients with psychiatric and neurological disorders, including
1462:
1149:
Khan MZ, Nawaz W (October 2016). "The emerging roles of human trace amines and human trace amine-associated receptors (hTAARs) in central nervous system".
818:
Kurian MA, Gissen P, Smith M, Heales SJ, Clayton PT (2011). "The monoamine neurotransmitter disorders: An expanding range of neurological syndromes".
2188:
359:
352:
345:
338:
2197:
1580:
1081:"The emerging role of trace amine-associated receptor 1 in the functional regulation of monoamine transporters and dopaminergic activity"
324:
317:
310:
1319:
This "evolvability" of dopamine systems has been instrumental to adapt the vertebrate species to nearly all the possible environments.
121:
2373:
2368:
2689:
1455:
649:
1879:
2425:
1549:
2703:
1899:
1874:
1514:
775:
Mele T, ÄŚarman-KrĹľan M, JuriÄŤ DM (2010). "Regulatory role of monoamine neurotransmitters in astrocytic NT-3 synthesis".
715:
679:
396:
968:"A glial variant of the vesicular monoamine transporter is required to store histamine in the Drosophila visual system"
2724:
2378:
2181:
1448:
641:
1061:
would not be deaminated in the gut as it is a selective substrate for MAO-B which is not found in the gut ...
2450:
1967:
1654:
1585:
410:
403:
143:
2460:
1904:
1434:
706:
bilaterian or “mirror” body in the midst of (or perhaps in some sense catalytic of?) the
Cambrian Explosion.
2729:
2475:
2017:
1909:
1575:
2614:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2282:
2022:
1889:
1869:
1834:
1734:
548:
266:
155:
2200:
2174:
2012:
1929:
1544:
755:
730:
637:
629:
139:
by astrocytes, a chemical which maintains neuron integrity and provides neurons with trophic support.
2734:
2410:
1939:
1914:
1534:
1529:
1375:
735:
633:
1193:
Lindemann L, Hoener MC (May 2005). "A renaissance in trace amines inspired by a novel GPCR family".
896:
Lindemann L, Hoener MC (May 2005). "A renaissance in trace amines inspired by a novel GPCR family".
2415:
2522:
2319:
1919:
1760:
1739:
1688:
1310:
1261:
843:
800:
720:
561:
2166:
2688:
or in the associated compound articles. For TAAR2 and TAAR5 agonists and inverse agonists, see
1430:
2656:
2277:
2272:
1729:
1703:
1409:
1391:
1340:
1302:
1253:
1210:
1166:
1110:
1051:
999:
948:
913:
878:
835:
792:
725:
675:
661:
582:
437:
303:
128:
2290:
2133:
2090:
1884:
1471:
1399:
1383:
1292:
1245:
1202:
1158:
1100:
1092:
1043:
989:
979:
940:
905:
870:
827:
784:
750:
587:
276:
147:
66:
2540:
2483:
2465:
2455:
2306:
2298:
2085:
698:
A phylogenetic tree showing how a number of monoamine receptors are related to each other.
683:
603:
595:
426:
Phenethylaminergic trace amines and the catecholamines are derivatives of L-phenylalanine.
931:
Wang X, Li J, Dong G, Yue J (February 2014). "The endogenous substrates of brain CYP2D".
1404:
1379:
1363:
694:
2626:
2314:
2255:
2147:
1765:
1708:
1673:
1539:
1105:
1080:
994:
967:
740:
668:
542:
532:
259:
235:
136:
94:
70:
46:
1297:
1280:
831:
2718:
2342:
2334:
2138:
2065:
1780:
1509:
1096:
1047:
874:
645:
574:
566:
536:
495:
477:
198:
174:
151:
109:
1314:
1265:
1144:
847:
804:
2503:
2420:
2395:
2119:
2099:
1954:
1821:
1744:
1646:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1034:
Broadley KJ (March 2010). "The vascular effects of trace amines and amphetamines".
861:
Broadley KJ (March 2010). "The vascular effects of trace amines and amphetamines".
788:
1606:
1162:
984:
944:
2674:
2530:
2488:
2470:
2363:
2267:
2250:
2226:
1944:
1616:
1519:
745:
555:
503:
441:
182:
178:
78:
1387:
1206:
909:
2498:
2400:
2390:
2329:
2324:
1986:
1934:
1894:
1775:
1770:
1752:
1698:
1479:
618:
611:
483:
296:
286:
228:
117:
105:
1395:
2508:
2493:
2405:
2260:
2245:
2003:
1807:
1713:
1626:
1249:
515:
509:
470:
464:
98:
56:
42:
1413:
1306:
1257:
1214:
1170:
1114:
1055:
1003:
952:
917:
882:
839:
796:
1344:
2240:
1924:
1788:
1693:
1504:
489:
252:
242:
208:
113:
90:
36:
17:
2217:
2124:
2040:
1636:
1621:
1611:
1601:
1554:
1524:
1362:
Goulty M, Botton-Amiot G, Rosato E, Sprecher SG, Feuda R (2023-06-06).
1279:
Callier S, Snapyan M, Le Crom S, Prou D, Vincent JD, Vernier P (2003).
625:
52:
1631:
1559:
672:
382:
218:
124:
1440:
32:
632:
that transport monoamines in or out of a cell exist. These are the
2685:
2673:
References for all endogenous human TAAR1 ligands are provided at
2599:
2562:
2548:
2208:
1853:
1659:
693:
657:
653:
74:
51:
41:
31:
1281:"Evolution and cell biology of dopamine receptors in vertebrates"
2430:
421:
2170:
1444:
127:. They are deactivated in the body by the enzymes known as
27:
Monoamine that acts as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator
1238:
The
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
2684:
References for synthetic TAAR1 agonists can be found at
451:
447:
1364:"The monoaminergic system is a bilaterian innovation"
166:
2649:
2635:
2607:
2598:
2580:
2570:
2561:
2539:
2521:
2356:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2112:
2078:
2058:
2051:
2039:
2002:
1995:
1985:
1953:
1862:
1852:
1820:
1800:
1722:
1681:
1672:
1645:
1594:
1568:
1497:
1488:
1478:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
777:
International
Journal of Developmental Neuroscience
1331:Vincent JD, Cardinaud B, Vernier P (1998). "".
2182:
1456:
8:
1333:Bulletin de l'Académie Nationale de Médecine
2604:
2567:
2222:
2213:
2189:
2175:
2167:
2109:
2075:
2055:
2046:
1999:
1992:
1959:
1859:
1826:
1678:
1494:
1485:
1463:
1449:
1441:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1433:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1403:
1296:
1104:
993:
983:
104:All monoamines are derived from aromatic
1074:
1072:
767:
2198:Human trace amine-associated receptor
7:
660:) in the membrane of intracellular
898:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
81:by a two-carbon chain (such as -CH
25:
2489:Ralmitaront (RG-7906, RO-6889450)
1339:(7): 1505–14, discussion 1515–6.
122:aromatic amino acid decarboxylase
1097:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07109.x
1048:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.11.005
933:European Journal of Pharmacology
875:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.11.005
420:
188:
131:which clip off the amine group.
863:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
650:vesicular monoamine transporter
2256:Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
1709:Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
789:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.10.003
1:
2704:Receptor/signaling modulators
1298:10.1016/s0248-4900(03)00089-3
832:10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70141-7
1163:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.002
985:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000245
945:10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.12.025
716:Monoamine reuptake inhibitor
680:monoamine oxidase inhibitors
678:(MAO), which is a target of
2236:monoamine neurotransmitters
63:Monoamine neurotransmitters
2751:
1388:10.1038/s41467-023-39030-2
1207:10.1016/j.tips.2005.03.007
1079:Miller GM (January 2011).
910:10.1016/j.tips.2005.03.007
642:norepinephrine transporter
435:
173:Biosynthetic pathways for
2669:
1962:
1829:
1515:Glutamic acid (glutamate)
1510:Aspartic acid (aspartate)
498:(NAd; Norepinephrine, NE)
2251:Epinephrine (adrenaline)
1699:Epinephrine (adrenaline)
1435:Medical Subject Headings
436:Part of this section is
2386:-Dimethylphenethylamine
1250:10.1124/jpet.106.112532
667:After release into the
2509:Ulotaront (SEP-363856)
2451:β-Methylphenethylamine
2446:4-Methylphenethylamine
2441:3-Methylphenethylamine
2436:2-Methylphenethylamine
2134:Carbonyl sulfide (COS)
1735:N-Methylphenethylamine
699:
630:monoamine transporters
486:(Ad; Epinephrine, Epi)
77:group connected to an
59:
49:
39:
2431:MDMA (midomafetamine)
2357:Synthetic and natural
2286:-Methylphenethylamine
1875:2-AGE (noladin ether)
1368:Nature Communications
1195:Trends Pharmacol. Sci
756:Biology of depression
731:Monoamine transporter
697:
638:serotonin transporter
624:Specific transporter
552:-Methylphenethylamine
270:-Methylphenethylamine
55:
45:
35:
2675:List of trace amines
2411:4-Hydroxyamphetamine
2086:Carbon monoxide (CO)
1151:Biomed. Pharmacother
820:The Lancet Neurology
736:Monoamine Hypothesis
634:dopamine transporter
459:Classical monoamines
2636:Neutral antagonists
2622:-Dimethylethylamine
2581:Neutral antagonists
2523:Neutral antagonists
2426:MDA (tenamfetamine)
2416:Isopropyloctopamine
2091:Hydrogen sulfide (H
1945:Virodhamine (O-AEA)
1431:Biogenic+monoamines
1380:2023NatCo..14.3284G
1285:Biology of the Cell
644:(NET) in the outer
156:Parkinson's disease
2320:Phenylethanolamine
2148:Sulfur dioxide (SO
2059:Cholinergic system
1761:Phenylethanolamine
1740:N-Methyltryptamine
1704:NAS (normelatonin)
1491:inhibitory systems
1489:Major excitatory /
721:Monoamine receptor
700:
562:Phenylethanolamine
129:monoamine oxidases
60:
50:
40:
2725:Neurotransmitters
2712:
2711:
2707:
2693:
2677:
2665:
2664:
2657:3-Iodothyronamine
2594:
2593:
2557:
2556:
2549:EPPTB (RO5212773)
2517:
2516:
2278:3-Methoxytyramine
2273:3-Iodothyronamine
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2108:
2107:
2100:Nitric oxide (NO)
2074:
2073:
2047:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1816:
1815:
1730:3-Iodothyronamine
1668:
1667:
1472:Neurotransmitters
726:Monoamine oxidase
676:monoamine oxidase
583:3-Methoxytyramine
433:
432:
304:3-Methoxytyramine
221:
211:
201:
120:by the action of
89:-). Examples are
73:that contain one
67:neurotransmitters
16:(Redirected from
2742:
2698:
2683:
2672:
2650:Inverse agonists
2605:
2568:
2541:Inverse agonists
2223:
2214:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2168:
2139:Nitrous oxide (N
2110:
2079:Gasotransmitters
2076:
2056:
2000:
1993:
1960:
1895:Anandamide (AEA)
1863:Endocannabinoids
1860:
1827:
1714:Serotonin (5-HT)
1679:
1498:Glutamate system
1495:
1486:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1442:
1418:
1417:
1407:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1300:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1190:
1175:
1174:
1146:
1119:
1118:
1108:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1031:
1012:
1011:
997:
987:
978:(11): e1000245.
963:
957:
956:
928:
922:
921:
893:
887:
886:
858:
852:
851:
815:
809:
808:
772:
751:Monoamine nuclei
640:(SERT), and the
455:
424:
423:
413:
406:
399:
392:
385:
376:
369:
362:
355:
348:
341:
334:
327:
320:
313:
306:
299:
292:
282:
272:
262:
255:
248:
238:
231:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
192:
167:
21:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2696:
2694:
2692:for references.
2680:
2678:
2661:
2645:
2631:
2590:
2576:
2553:
2535:
2513:
2484:Propylhexedrine
2466:Norfenfluramine
2456:Methamphetamine
2352:
2294:-Methyltyramine
2203:
2195:
2165:
2156:
2151:
2142:
2128:
2104:
2094:
2070:
2027:
1973:
1949:
1840:
1812:
1796:
1718:
1674:Biogenic amines
1664:
1641:
1590:
1564:
1490:
1474:
1469:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1192:
1191:
1178:
1148:
1147:
1122:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1062:
1036:Pharmacol. Ther
1033:
1032:
1015:
965:
964:
960:
930:
929:
925:
895:
894:
890:
860:
859:
855:
817:
816:
812:
774:
773:
769:
764:
712:
692:
684:antidepressants
591:-Methyltyramine
533:Phenethylamines
465:Imidazoleamines
456:
445:
434:
429:
428:
427:
425:
417:
416:
415:
414:
409:
407:
402:
400:
395:
393:
390:
388:
386:
381:
379:
377:
372:
370:
365:
363:
358:
356:
351:
349:
344:
342:
337:
335:
332:
330:
328:
323:
321:
316:
314:
309:
307:
302:
300:
295:
293:
285:
283:
280:-Methyltyramine
275:
273:
265:
263:
258:
256:
251:
249:
241:
239:
234:
232:
227:
225:
217:
215:
207:
205:
197:
193:
185:
164:
88:
84:
71:neuromodulators
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2748:
2746:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2730:TAAR1 agonists
2727:
2717:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2682:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2627:Trimethylamine
2624:
2611:
2609:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2315:Phenethylamine
2312:
2304:
2296:
2288:
2280:
2275:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2231:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2007:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1786:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1766:Phenethylamine
1763:
1758:
1750:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1595:Glycine system
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1540:Kynurenic acid
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1492:
1483:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1426:
1425:External links
1423:
1420:
1419:
1354:
1323:
1291:(7): 489–502.
1271:
1227:
1201:(5): 274–281.
1176:
1120:
1091:(2): 164–176.
1068:
1042:(3): 363–375.
1013:
958:
923:
904:(5): 274–281.
888:
869:(3): 363–375.
853:
810:
766:
765:
763:
760:
759:
758:
753:
748:
743:
741:Biogenic amine
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
711:
708:
691:
688:
669:synaptic cleft
622:
621:
616:
615:
614:
609:
601:
593:
585:
580:
572:
564:
559:
546:
543:Phenethylamine
537:catecholamines
529:
528:
526:
522:
521:
520:
519:
513:
501:
500:
499:
493:
487:
478:Catecholamines
475:
474:
473:
461:
460:
431:
430:
419:
418:
408:
401:
394:
387:
378:
371:
364:
357:
350:
343:
336:
329:
322:
315:
308:
301:
294:
284:
274:
264:
260:Norepinephrine
257:
250:
240:
236:Phenethylamine
233:
226:
216:
206:
202:-Phenylalanine
196:
195:
194:
187:
186:
175:catecholamines
172:
171:
170:
165:
163:
160:
137:neurotrophin-3
95:norepinephrine
86:
82:
47:Norepinephrine
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2747:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2676:
2668:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2153:
2146:
2144:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2066:Acetylcholine
2064:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2052:Miscellaneous
2050:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1955:Neurosteroids
1952:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1822:Neuropeptides
1819:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1335:(in French).
1334:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1244:(1): 475–85.
1243:
1239:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
977:
973:
969:
962:
959:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
927:
924:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
892:
889:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
857:
854:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
826:(8): 721–33.
825:
821:
814:
811:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
771:
768:
761:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
709:
707:
703:
696:
689:
687:
685:
682:, a class of
681:
677:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
646:cell membrane
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
620:
617:
613:
610:
608:
606:
602:
600:
598:
594:
592:
590:
586:
584:
581:
579:
577:
573:
571:
569:
565:
563:
560:
557:
553:
551:
547:
544:
541:
540:
538:
534:
531:
530:
527:
524:
523:
517:
514:
511:
508:
507:
505:
502:
497:
496:Noradrenaline
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
481:
479:
476:
472:
469:
468:
466:
463:
462:
458:
457:
453:
449:
443:
439:
412:
405:
398:
384:
375:
368:
361:
354:
347:
340:
326:
319:
312:
305:
298:
291:
289:
281:
279:
271:
269:
261:
254:
247:
245:
237:
230:
223:
213:
203:
191:
184:
180:
176:
169:
168:
161:
159:
157:
153:
152:schizophrenia
149:
145:
140:
138:
132:
130:
126:
123:
119:
115:
111:
110:phenylalanine
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
80:
79:aromatic ring
76:
72:
68:
64:
58:
54:
48:
44:
38:
34:
30:
19:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2679:
2619:
2615:
2504:Solriamfetol
2476:
2421:Isoprenaline
2396:Halostachine
2383:
2379:
2343:
2335:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2268:Trace amines
2235:
2120:Acetaldehyde
1789:
1781:
1753:
1745:
1723:Trace amines
1371:
1367:
1357:
1348:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1318:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1218:
1198:
1194:
1154:
1150:
1088:
1085:J. Neurochem
1084:
1059:
1039:
1035:
1007:
975:
971:
961:
936:
932:
926:
901:
897:
891:
866:
862:
856:
823:
819:
813:
780:
776:
770:
704:
701:
666:
623:
604:
596:
588:
575:
567:
554:(endogenous
549:
535:(related to
525:Trace amines
287:
277:
267:
243:
179:trace amines
141:
133:
103:
62:
61:
29:
2735:Amphetamine
2531:RTI-7470-44
2471:Phentermine
2364:Amphetamine
2310:-Octopamine
2302:-Octopamine
2125:Ammonia (NH
1996:Nucleosides
1756:-Octopamine
1748:-Octopamine
1660:T-HCA (GHC)
1617:Hypotaurine
1569:GABA system
1520:Glutathione
1374:(1): 3284.
1157:: 439–449.
1009:monoamines.
939:: 211–218.
783:(1): 13–9.
746:Trace amine
607:-Octopamine
599:-Octopamine
556:amphetamine
504:Indolamines
442:Trace amine
438:transcluded
290:-Octopamine
229:Epinephrine
183:human brain
106:amino acids
2719:Categories
2499:Selegiline
2401:Higenamine
2391:Guanfacine
2330:Tryptamine
2325:Synephrine
2234:Classical
2227:Endogenous
2113:Candidates
1987:Nucleobase
1776:Tryptamine
1771:Synephrine
1682:Monoamines
1647:GHB system
1480:Amino acid
1350:evolution.
972:PLOS Genet
762:References
619:Tryptamine
612:Synephrine
484:Adrenaline
297:Synephrine
144:depression
118:tryptophan
2701:See also:
2494:RO5166017
2406:Hordenine
2346:-Tyramine
2338:-Tyramine
2261:Serotonin
2246:Histamine
2004:Adenosine
1808:Histamine
1792:-Tyramine
1784:-Tyramine
1627:Sarcosine
1607:β-Alanine
1602:α-Alanine
1396:2041-1723
690:Evolution
578:-Tyramine
570:-Tyramine
516:Melatonin
510:Serotonin
471:Histamine
246:-Tyramine
212:-Tyrosine
99:serotonin
57:Serotonin
18:Monoamine
2608:Agonists
2571:Agonists
2241:Dopamine
2218:Agonists
2043:-derived
1989:-derived
1970:instead.
1925:Oleamide
1856:-derived
1837:instead.
1694:Dopamine
1505:Agmatine
1482:-derived
1414:37280201
1405:10244343
1315:18277786
1307:14597267
1266:10829497
1258:17038507
1215:15860375
1171:27424325
1115:21073468
1056:19948186
1004:18989452
953:24374199
918:15860375
883:19948186
848:32271477
840:21777827
805:25734591
797:19854260
710:See also
662:vesicles
648:and the
626:proteins
490:Dopamine
253:Dopamine
162:Examples
114:tyrosine
91:dopamine
37:Dopamine
2201:ligands
2041:Vitamin
1935:RVD-Hpα
1890:AA-5-HT
1637:Taurine
1622:Proline
1612:Glycine
1555:Proline
1525:Glycine
1376:Bibcode
1345:9916344
1106:3005101
995:2570955
636:(DAT),
628:called
558:isomer)
452:history
450:|
391:pathway
333:pathway
331:primary
181:in the
148:anxiety
125:enzymes
2642:
2587:
2575:
2006:system
1880:2-ALPI
1801:Others
1632:Serine
1560:Serine
1437:(MeSH)
1412:
1402:
1394:
1343:
1313:
1305:
1264:
1256:
1213:
1169:
1113:
1103:
1054:
1002:
992:
951:
916:
881:
846:
838:
803:
795:
673:enzyme
512:(5-HT)
383:CYP2D6
116:, and
2686:TAAR1
2600:TAAR5
2563:TAAR2
2461:3-MMA
2209:TAAR1
1915:NAGly
1854:Lipid
1689:6-OHM
1581:GABOB
1311:S2CID
1262:S2CID
844:S2CID
801:S2CID
658:VMAT2
654:VMAT1
545:(PEA)
440:from
389:minor
380:brain
222:-DOPA
108:like
75:amino
2690:TAAR
2479:-PIT
2374:DOET
1968:here
1966:See
1910:NADA
1885:2-OG
1870:2-AG
1835:here
1833:See
1576:GABA
1550:NAAG
1535:GSSG
1530:GSNO
1410:PMID
1392:ISSN
1341:PMID
1303:PMID
1254:PMID
1211:PMID
1167:PMID
1111:PMID
1052:PMID
1000:PMID
949:PMID
914:PMID
879:PMID
836:PMID
793:PMID
656:and
518:(MT)
492:(DA)
448:edit
397:COMT
374:AAAH
367:AAAH
360:PNMT
353:PNMT
346:PNMT
339:PNMT
325:AADC
318:AADC
311:AADC
177:and
154:and
97:and
69:and
65:are
2369:DOB
2023:ATP
2018:AMP
2013:ADP
1940:SEA
1930:PEA
1920:OEA
1905:LPI
1900:DEA
1655:GHB
1586:GHB
1545:NAA
1400:PMC
1384:doi
1337:182
1293:doi
1246:doi
1242:320
1203:doi
1159:doi
1101:PMC
1093:doi
1089:116
1044:doi
1040:125
990:PMC
980:doi
941:doi
937:724
906:doi
871:doi
867:125
828:doi
785:doi
539:):
411:DBH
404:DBH
135:of
85:-CH
2721::
2143:O)
2095:S)
1408:.
1398:.
1390:.
1382:.
1372:14
1370:.
1366:.
1347:.
1317:.
1309:.
1301:.
1289:95
1287:.
1283:.
1260:.
1252:.
1240:.
1217:.
1209:.
1199:26
1197:.
1179:^
1165:.
1155:83
1153:.
1123:^
1109:.
1099:.
1087:.
1083:.
1071:^
1058:.
1050:.
1038:.
1016:^
1006:.
998:.
988:.
974:.
970:.
947:.
935:.
912:.
902:26
900:.
877:.
865:.
842:.
834:.
824:10
822:.
799:.
791:.
781:28
779:.
686:.
664:.
506::
480::
467::
444:.
158:.
150:,
146:,
112:,
101:.
93:,
2620:N
2618:,
2616:N
2477:o
2384:N
2382:,
2380:N
2344:p
2336:m
2308:p
2300:m
2292:N
2284:N
2190:e
2183:t
2176:v
2152:)
2150:2
2141:2
2129:)
2127:3
2093:2
1790:p
1782:m
1754:p
1746:m
1464:e
1457:t
1450:v
1416:.
1386::
1378::
1295::
1268:.
1248::
1205::
1173:.
1161::
1117:.
1095::
1046::
982::
976:4
955:.
943::
920:.
908::
885:.
873::
850:.
830::
807:.
787::
652:(
605:p
597:m
589:N
576:p
568:m
550:N
454:)
446:(
288:p
278:N
268:N
244:p
220:L
210:L
200:L
87:2
83:2
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
