294:
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779:-Prebble, Matthew; Kennedy, Jean; Southern, Wendy (2010). "Holocene lowland vegetation change and human ecology in Manus Province, Papua New Guinea". In Haberle, S.; Stevenson, J.; Prebble, M. Altered Ecologies: Fire, Climate and Human Influence on Terrestrial Landscapes. Terra Australis Series 32. ANU E Press.
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can be attained. The first is by fast regrowth in unstable habitats with high disturbance rates. The second is through competitive exclusion in stable habitats that have low disturbance rates. Explanations of persistent monodominace include the monodominant species being more resistant than others to
41:
comprises a single species of tree. Monodominant forests are quite common under conditions of extra-tropical climate types. Although monodominance is studied across different regions, most research focuses on the many prominent species in tropical forests. Connel and Lowman, originally called it
623:
like mycorrihizae appear not to harm the leaves and even display a symbiotic relationship. ECM fungi are derived from saprotrophs and retain some ability to decompose organic material. Because tropical soils are often nutrient-poor, ECM trees are predicted to have a competitive advantage over
310:
association causing the replacement of other species as one of two mechanisms by which a species becomes persistently monodominant; the other is the simple colonization of large gaps. However, subsequent research over the years has shown that there is not a single, simple mechanism by which
384:
forest understory only receives 0.57% full sunlight while a mixed-forest understory received 1.15% full sunlight. This difference may prohibit many plant species from living in that environment due to the low light conditions and their resulting inability to sufficiently and effectively
920:
Read, Jennifer; Hallam, Patricia; Cherrier, Jean-François (1995). "The anomaly of monodominant tropical rainforests: some preliminary observations in the
Nothofagus-dominated rainforests of New Caledonia". Journal of Tropical Ecology (Cambridge University Press) 11(03): 359–389.
966:
Visser, Marco D.; Jongejans, Eelke; van
Breugel, Michiel; Zuidema, Pieter A.; Chen, Yu-Yun; Rahman Kassim, Abdul; de Kroon, Hans (2011). "Strict mast fruiting for a tropical dipterocarp tree: a demographic cost-benefit analysis of delayed reproduction and seed predation".
763:
Peh, Kelvin S.-H.; Lewis, Simon L.; Lloyd, Jon (July 2011). "Mechanisms of monodominance in diverse tropical tree-dominated systems". Journal of
Ecology (British Ecological Society) 99 (4): 891–898.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01827.x.
715:. Even though this is inconvenient for the plant species that were there, there has not been any evidence that suggests that this is a negative effect of monodominance. Monodominant forests are also found to have significantly less
660:
tree species rely on ECM associations to accumulate these requisite nutrients for reproduction during inter-mast years. Associations between resource levels stowed in plant tissue, timing of masting, and ECM patterns propose that
930:
McGuire, K. L. (2007). "Recruitment dynamics and ectomycorrhizal colonization of
Dicymbe corymbosa, a monodominant tree in the Guiana Shield". Journal of Tropical Ecology 23 (3): 297–307.doi:10.1017/s0266467406003968.
319:
have not been demonstrated. Instead, multiple traits of adult monodominant species hinder the ability of other species to grow, including a dense canopy, a uniform canopy, deep leaf litter, slow nutrient processing,
831:
Torti, Sylvia D.; Coley, Phyllis D.; Kursar, Thomas A. (February 2001). "Causes and
Consequences of Monodominance in Tropical Lowland Forests". The American Naturalist 157 (2): 141–153. doi:10.1086/318629.
847:
Torti, Sylvia D.; Coley, Phyllis D. (June 1999). "Tropical
Monodominance: A Preliminary Test of the Ectomycorrhizal Hypothesis". Biotropica (The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation) 31 (2):
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species do not need all of the described traits to overwhelm the area. Though many have a combination, all monodominant forests have at least one of these traits to create the monodominant habitat.
703:. ECM fungi may be suppressing saprotrophs in the monodominant forest to slow decomposition and return organically bound nutrients back to the tree. This is also called the "Gadgil" hypothesis.
911:
Hart, Terese (January 1990). "Monospecific dominance in tropical rain forests.". Trends in
Ecology and Evolution (Elsevier Ltd) 5 (1): 6–11.doi:10.1016/0169-5347(90)90005-X.
803:
Connel, Joseph H.; Lowman, Margaret D. (1989). "Low diversity tropical rainforests: Some possible mechanisms for their existence.". The
American Naturalist 134: 88–119.
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Brookshire, E. J., & Thomas, S. A. (2013). Ecosystem
Consequences of Tree Monodominance for Nitrogen Cycling in Lowland Tropical Forest. PLoS ONE,8(7), e70491.
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can be found in Asia, Africa, and the
Neotropics. There is a strong correlation between the ECM association in tropical trees and the occurrence of monodominance.
293:
1011:
Arnold, A. E., and F. Lutzoni. 2007. Diversity and host range of folier fungal endophytes: Are tropical leaves biodiversity hotspots? Ecology 88: 541-549.
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All of the traits that contribute to creating a monodominant forest over time hinder the growth of other plant species and force them to move to a more
70:
Examples of monodominant forests under temperate climate conditions include widespread boreal coniferous forests of the northern hemisphere, temperate
684:
of these seedlings in mixed forest. Another mechanism that can be important for seedling and growth survival is a connection to a common
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though that prevents other plants from taking root. Manganese can poison other trees if the levels are too high and possibly cause leaf
315:
clearance, though this has not been shown to be a predictor of monodominant species persistence. Reliance upon ectomycorrhizae and poor
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neighboring trees because of their ability to attain more nutrients. With time this could lead to dominance in a tropical rainforest.
784:
939:
McGuire, K. L. 2007. Common ectomycorrhizal networks may maintain monodominance in a tropical rain forest" Ecology 88(3) 567–574.
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network. By connecting their small root systems to ECM networks that emanate from larger adults, more benefits can be received.
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could be the result of this slow decomposition which in turn, means less nutrients in the soil for other plant species to use.
648:, which allow their perseverance over time. Hence, if one stem of the tree dies, it is replaced by another living stem in the
211:
dominated forests are more widespread on the highlands adjacent to the central basin of the Zaire River. This species in the
50:
in the decades prior to Connel and Lowman's work either ignored monodominance entirely or predicted that it would not exist.
948:
Van der Velden, N., Ferry Slik, J. W., Hu, Y. H., Lan, G., Lin, L., Deng, X., & Poorter, L. (2014). "Monodominance of
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Mueller-Dombois, D., Fosberg, F. R., (1998). Vegetation of the tropical Pacific Islands. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
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62:. With persistent monodominance, the monodominant species successfully remains so from generation to generation.
282:
662:
575:
459:
220:
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Hart, T. B., Hart, J. A., & Murphy, P. G. (1989). Monodominant and species-rich forests of the humid
676:. Monodominant seedlings planted in mixed forests have significantly lower levels of ECM colonization of
696:
339:
260:
230:
174:, found in central Guyana, creates wide ranges of monodominant forests containing more than 80% of the
735:. Nitrogen fixation creates compounds that help a plant to grow in otherwise low nutrient conditions.
464:
203:
122:
526:
this does induce fitness benefits and sometimes is actually important to monodominant maintenance.
874:. Z.A. Siddiqui, et al. Netherlands: Springer Science + Business Media B.V., 2008. 287-302. Print.
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614:
559:
539:
351:
343:
325:
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92:
54:
389:. Even some species that are more shade tolerant cannot survive the severe low light conditions.
870:
McGuire, Krista L. "Ectomycorrhizal Associations Function to Maintain Tropical Monodominance."
994:
780:
732:
579:
273:
72:
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is a mass fruiting event that overwhelms the animals that consume fruit and helps the seeds'
417:. In some monodominant forests the decomposition rates can be two to three times slower than
311:
monodominance occurs. Monodominant species have been recorded forming at various times after
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371:
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rates in monodominant forests have been hypothesized to be a result of competition between
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are known to create monodominant forests. Examples of persistent monodominance are seen in
645:
240:
148:
102:
47:
331:
Several causal mechanisms have been proposed for the formation of monodominant forest in
652:. This creates same-species regrowth at stem level. All of this requires high levels of
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are pronounced as exclusive dominants in their individual forests in equatorial Africa.
685:
591:
469:
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307:
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59:
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In tropical lowland forest environments, a minimum of 22 species from eight different
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and nutrients that are accumulated from the ECM association. There is evidence that
712:
673:
653:
610:. This has been suggested to provide a competitive advantage to such tree species.
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555:
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43:
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are essential in the procurement of nutrients required for large masting trees.
607:
547:
406:
218:
Monodominance often occurs also on oceanic islands in the tropics. Examples are
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forest forms monodominant stands that occupy more than 90% of the canopy trees.
186:
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38:
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path around the parent tree that results in a "tree-by-tree replacement" in a
523:
367:
245:
182:
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27:
Condition where more than 60% of the tree canopy are a single species of tree
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587:
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347:
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265:
297:
View from the top, Falealupo Rainforest canopy walkway, Savaii, Samoa 2009
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due to the low levels in the leaves that fall to the ground and the slow
451:
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640:) the adult trees dominate resources and space. Additionally, they form
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are just dropped from the parent tree and fall to the ground where they
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887:
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and seedling survival when planted in monodominant forests rather than
657:
571:
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forests this mast fruiting does not assist in lesser predation, but in
485:
426:
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34:
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than mixed forests. In these monodominant forests there are a lot of
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535:
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is one example of a plant family that is recognized as persistently
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Connel and Lowman hypothesized two contrasting mechanisms by which
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292:
117:
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890:: causes for their co-occurrence. American Naturalist, 613-633.
96:(quaking aspen) forests in mountainous regions of the western
668:
Seeds of monodominant trees typically have higher rates of
680:. The lower percent of ECM colonization can cause the low
542:
because of the lack of animal dispersers, so many of the
58:
seasonal flooding, or that the monodominance is simply a
508:. Well-defended leaves also assist in the prevention of
366:
of the adult trees prevents light from getting into the
350:, high seedling shade-tolerance, and the formation of
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on fertile soils in a Chinese tropical rain forest".
598:
through a more effectual use of larger capacities of
338:, including features of the environment such as low
872:Mycorrhizae: Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry
472:than in other areas. There is a large amount of
848:220–228.doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.1999.tb00134.x.
462:because the soil lacks necessary nutrients. In
42:single-dominance. Conventional explanations of
458:. This could prevent other plant species from
405:A monodominant forest has generally very deep
8:
342:rates, and intrinsic characteristics of the
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797:
795:
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306:Connel and Lowman originally hypothesized
86:(Eastern hemlock) forests in northeastern
988:
843:
841:
839:
837:
775:
773:
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636:individuals show that (in terms of total
468:forests, trees are known to require more
354:between individuals of the same species.
907:
905:
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574:monodominant trees are associated with
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613:Examples of ectomycorrhizal trees in
450:forests there is low availability of
185:and Africa are usually in the family
76:(American beech) forests in southern
7:
106:(European beech) forests in central
628:Ectomycorrhizal mediated mechanisms
484:and prevent the nutrient uptake of
594:relations with trees can increase
25:
981:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01825.x
550:. This can create a regular and
376:Democratic Republic of the Congo
120:, or high-altitude monodominant
558:. In a monodominant forest the
440:is somewhat different from one
37:in which more than 60% of the
1:
921:doi:10.1017/s026646740000883x
132:(mountain beech) forests in
116:(Japanese beech) forests in
954:Journal of Tropical Ecology
576:ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi
566:Ectomycorrhizal association
409:because the leaves are not
1052:
582:are known to effect plant
192:Gilbertiodendron dewevrei
586:trends in a variety of
413:as quickly as in other
283:Metrosideros polymorpha
181:Dominant plants in the
727:tree species from the
602:or through the direct
402:
298:
221:Ochrosia oppositifolia
697:saprotrophic bacteria
400:
346:species: escape from
296:
261:Leucaena leucocephala
231:Barringtonia asiatica
950:Parashorea chinensis
615:tropical rainforests
465:Parashorea chinensis
352:mycorrhizal networks
204:Julbernardia seretii
169:ectomycorrhizal tree
123:Nothofagus menziesii
35:ecological condition
444:to another. In the
438:Nutrient processing
433:Nutrient processing
198:Cynometra alexandri
129:Nothofagus solandri
126:(silver beech) and
93:Populus tremuloides
18:Monodominant forest
969:Journal of Ecology
956:, 30(04), 311-322.
707:Ecological impacts
590:around the world.
403:
299:
733:nitrogen fixation
731:family that have
634:Dicymbe corymbosa
596:nutrient supplies
580:Mycorrhizal fungi
274:Marquesas Islands
172:Dicymbe corymbosa
73:Fagus grandifolia
16:(Redirected from
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975:(4): 1033–1044.
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646:epicormic shoots
644:, also known as
515:Gilbertiodendron
447:Gilbertiodendron
381:Gilbertiodendron
288:Hawaiian Islands
251:Palaquium hornei
226:Marshall Islands
161:Dipterocarpaceae
83:Tsuga canadensis
48:tropical forests
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378:a monodominant
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308:ectomycorrhizal
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286:forests on the
241:Pisonia grandis
234:forests on the
224:forests on the
103:Fagus sylvatica
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530:Poor dispersal
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374:Forest of the
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236:Samoan Islands
189:. The species
178:tree species.
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44:biodiversity
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670:germination
632:A study of
608:leaf litter
411:decomposing
407:leaf litter
401:Leaf litter
393:Leaf-litter
340:disturbance
324:, and poor
264:forests on
254:forests on
244:forests on
209:G. dewevrei
187:Leguminosae
134:New Zealand
78:New England
39:tree canopy
990:2066/92377
739:References
638:basal area
588:ecosystems
578:networks.
524:Neotropics
460:colonizing
370:. In the
368:understory
362:The dense
348:herbivores
336:ecosystems
246:Rose Atoll
183:Neotropics
999:0022-0477
719:in their
663:ECM fungi
584:diversity
548:germinate
540:dispersal
538:has poor
512:. In the
510:predation
490:magnesium
478:chlorosis
474:manganese
326:dispersal
266:Nuka Hiva
258:Islands,
55:dominance
1030:Category
725:dominant
717:nitrogen
642:coppices
572:tropical
560:dominant
522:and the
502:fruiting
482:necrosis
452:nitrogen
423:ammonium
344:dominant
333:tropical
165:dominant
141:families
66:Examples
1036:Ecology
888:tropics
691:Slower
658:masting
486:calcium
427:nitrate
415:forests
278:Vanuatu
276:and on
272:of the
149:Central
997:
783:
729:legume
650:canopy
552:radial
536:forest
442:forest
421:. Low
364:canopy
358:Canopy
313:forest
302:Causes
280:, and
270:Ua Pou
201:, and
176:canopy
155:, and
145:Africa
108:Europe
33:is an
701:fungi
678:roots
621:Fungi
600:soils
544:seeds
500:Mast
372:Ituri
317:soils
213:Ituri
118:Japan
995:ISSN
781:ISBN
721:soil
699:and
520:Asia
488:and
480:and
425:and
268:and
256:Fiji
157:Asia
151:and
60:sere
985:hdl
977:doi
686:ECM
606:of
46:in
1032::
993:.
983:.
973:99
971:.
904:^
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492:.
328:.
290:.
248:,
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110:,
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987::
979::
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20:)
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