996:
450:
island promoter hypermethylation is supposed to be the most frequent epigenetic modification in cancer cells. Epigenetic characteristics of cells may be modified by several factors including environmental exposure, deficiencies of certain nutrients, radiation, etc. Some of the alterations have been correlated with the formation of aneuploid cells in vivo. In this study it is suggested on a growing basis of evidence, that not only genetics but also epigenetics, contribute to aneuploid cell formation.
576:
43:
376:(AML). However, these forms of mosaic aneuploidy occur through mechanisms distinct from those typically associated with genetic syndromes involving complete or mosaic aneuploidy, such as chromosomal instability (due to mitotic segregation defects in cancer cells). Therefore, the molecular processes that lead to aneuploidy are targets for the development of cancer drugs. Both
463:, where an individual carries a derivative chromosome formed through the breakage and fusion of two different chromosomes. In this situation, the individual would have three copies of part of one chromosome (two normal copies and the portion that exists on the derivative chromosome) and only one copy of part of the other chromosome involved in the derivative chromosome.
345:
aneuploidy appears to arise from chromosomal segregation defects during cell division in neuronal precursor cells, and neurons containing such aneuploid chromosome content reportedly integrate into normal circuits. However, recent research using single-cell sequencing has challenged these findings, and has suggested that aneuploidy in the brain is actually very rare.
541:
have been reported to increase spermatozoa aneuploidy. Occupational exposure of pesticide factory workers to fenvalerate is associated with increased spermatozoa DNA damage. Exposure to fenvalerate raised sex chromosome disomy 1.9-fold and disomy of chromosome 18 by 2.6-fold. Exposure of male workers
449:
modifications comprise two of the main epigenetic modifications important for many physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer. Aberrant DNA methylation is the most common molecular lesion in cancer-cells, even more frequent than gene mutations. Tumor suppressor gene silencing by CpG
335:
may be produced as the end-result of the monopolar spindle mechanism. In such a case, the cell has double the copy number of a normal cell, and produces double the number of spindle poles as well. This results in four daughter cells with an unpredictable complement of chromosomes, but in the normal
344:
Mosaicism for aneuploid chromosome content may be part of the constitutional make-up of the mammalian brain. In the normal human brain, brain samples from six individuals ranging from 2–86 years of age had mosaicism for chromosome 21 aneuploidy (average of 4% of neurons analyzed). This low-level
1910:
Klaasen, Sjoerd J.; Truong, My Anh; van
Jaarsveld, Richard H.; Koprivec, Isabella; Štimac, Valentina; de Vries, Sippe G.; Risteski, Patrik; Kodba, Snježana; Vukušić, Kruno; de Luca, Kim L.; Marques, Joana F.; Gerrits, Elianne M.; Bakker, Bjorn; Foijer, Floris; Kind, Jop (July 2022).
2325:
Van Den Bos, H.; Spierings, D. C.; Taudt, A. S.; Bakker, B.; Porubský, D.; Falconer, E.; Novoa, C.; Halsema, N.; Kazemier, H. G.; Hoekstra-Wakker, K.; Guryev, V.; Den Dunnen, W. F.; Foijer, F.; Tatché, M. C.; Boddeke, H. W.; Lansdorp, P. M. (2016).
286:, as these checkpoints tend to arrest or delay cell division until all components of the cell are ready to enter the next phase. For example, if a checkpoint is weakened, the cell may fail to 'notice' that a chromosome pair is not lined with the
216:, when germ cells divide to create sperm and egg (gametes), each half should have the same number of chromosomes. But sometimes, the whole pair of chromosomes will end up in one gamete, and the other gamete will not get that chromosome at all.
3297:
3278:
290:. In such a case, most chromosomes would separate normally (with one chromatid ending up in each cell), while others could fail to separate at all. This would generate a daughter cell lacking a copy and a daughter cell with an extra copy.
417:
The ability to evade the immune system appears to be enhanced in tumoral cells with strong aneuploidy. This has therefore suggested that the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes might be an effective predictive
458:
The terms "partial monosomy" and "partial trisomy" are used to describe an imbalance of genetic material caused by loss or gain of part of a chromosome. In particular, these terms would be used in the situation of an
140:
are detected in 1 of 160 live human births. Autosomal aneuploidy is more dangerous than sex chromosome aneuploidy, as autosomal aneuploidy is almost always lethal to embryos that cease developing because of it.
1450:
refers to lack of one chromosome of the normal complement. Partial monosomy can occur in unbalanced translocations or deletions, in which only a portion of the chromosome is present in a single copy (see
3410:
258:
trisomies, only mosaic cases survive to term. However, mitotic aneuploidy may be more common than previously recognized in somatic tissues, and aneuploidy is a characteristic of many types of
1565:
are the presence of four or five copies of a chromosome, respectively. Although rarely seen with autosomes, sex chromosome tetrasomy and pentasomy have been reported in humans, including
246:
Changes in chromosome number may not necessarily be present in all cells in an individual. When aneuploidy is detected in a fraction of cells in an individual, it is called chromosomal
207:
3368:
3039:
Xia Y, Bian Q, Xu L, Cheng S, Song L, Liu J, Wu W, Wang S, Wang X (2004). "Genotoxic effects on human spermatozoa among pesticide factory workers exposed to fenvalerate".
441:
origin of aneuploid cells. Epigenetic inheritance is defined as cellular information other than the DNA sequence itself, that is still heritable during cell division.
175:
have a nucleus at first but those red blood cells that are active in blood lose their nucleus and thus they end up having no nucleus and therefore no chromosomes.)
312:
poles. One daughter cell would have a normal complement of chromosomes; the second would lack one. A third daughter cell may end up with the 'missing' chromosome.
296:
may cause nondisjunction at multiple chromosomes, possibly all. Such a scenario could result in each daughter cell possessing a disjoint set of genetic material.
227:
and fetuses affected with the full version of this chromosome abnormality do not survive to term, although it is possible for surviving individuals to have the
3937:
322:
form. Such a mitotic division would result in one daughter cell for each spindle pole; each cell may possess an unpredictable complement of chromosomes.
395:
Alteration of normal mitotic checkpoints are also important tumorigenic events, and these may directly lead to aneuploidy. Loss of tumor suppressor
1533:, respectively, are the two other autosomal trisomies recognized in live-born humans. Trisomy of the sex chromosomes is also possible, for example
542:
to carbaryl increased DNA fragmentation in spermatozoa, and also increased sex chromosome disomy by 1.7-fold and chromosome 18 disomy by 2.2-fold.
3361:
598:, a process in which a sample of cells is fixed and stained to create the typical light and dark chromosomal banding pattern and a picture of the
250:. In general, individuals who are mosaic for a chromosomal aneuploidy tend to have a less severe form of the syndrome compared to those with full
231:, where trisomy 16 exists in some cells but not all. The most common aneuploidy that infants can survive with is trisomy 21, which is found in
178:
One copy of each pair is inherited from the mother and the other copy is inherited from the father. The first 22 pairs of chromosomes (called
1888:
2941:
Xing C, Marchetti F, Li G, Weldon RH, Kurtovich E, Young S, Schmid TE, Zhang L, Rappaport S, Waidyanatha S, Wyrobek AJ, Eskenazi B (2010).
3336:
2577:
Kops, Geert J. P. L.; Beth A. A. Weaver; Don W. Cleveland (October 2005). "On the road to cancer: aneuploidy and the mitotic checkpoint".
357:
was first to propose a causative role for aneuploidy in cancer. However, the theory of Boveri was forgotten until the molecular biologist
4050:
4181:
3354:
3201:
3184:
640:
Recent advances have allowed for less invasive testing methods based on the presence of fetal genetic material in maternal blood. See
603:
361:
reappraised it. Understanding through what mechanisms it can affect tumor evolution is an important topic of current cancer research.
487:, for example, may cause aneuploidy by fragmenting the chromosome; it may also target the spindle apparatus. Other chemicals such as
4040:
1477:
is the presence of two copies of a chromosome. For organisms such as humans that have two copies of each chromosome (those that are
619:
3623:
3331:
1388:
410:) are frequently associated with increased risk for various types of cancer, thus highlighting the role of somatic aneuploidy in
83:, for example a human cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46. It does not include a difference of one or more
4022:
3965:
3555:
1661:
Santaguida, Stefano; Amon, Angelika (2015-08-01). "Short- and long-term effects of chromosome mis-segregation and aneuploidy".
1125:
407:
206:
4016:
3955:
3893:
509:
contains chemicals that cause DNA damage. Smoking can also induce aneuploidy. For instance, smoking increases chromosome 13
2740:
3510:
2559:
3539:
2992:"Study on the relation between occupational fenvalerate exposure and spermatozoa DNA damage of pesticide factory workers"
2328:"Single-cell whole genome sequencing reveals no evidence for common aneuploidy in normal and Alzheimer's disease neurons"
1106:
530:
are released to the environment in sufficiently large quantities that most individuals have some degree of exposure. The
3959:
3951:
3907:
3599:
3474:
3452:
1481:), it is the normal condition. For organisms that normally have three or more copies of each chromosome (those that are
1027:
475:
results in partial trisomy of the genes present in the isochromosome and partial monosomy of the genes in the lost arm.
389:
369:
3128:"Chromosomal aneuploidies and DNA fragmentation of human spermatozoa from patients exposed to perfluorinated compounds"
4150:
4138:
3518:
3405:
791:
761:
3595:
3591:
1310:
1306:
1410:
In the strict sense, a chromosome complement having a number of chromosomes other than 46 (in humans) is considered
3897:
1621:
464:
3660:
2857:
Shi Q, Ko E, Barclay L, Hoang T, Rademaker A, Martin R (2001). "Cigarette smoking and aneuploidy in human sperm".
1279:
437:
A research work published in 2008 focuses on the mechanisms involved in aneuploidy formation, specifically on the
4064:
4026:
3825:
630:
460:
3514:
3312:
1064:
1015:
995:
2515:
Hassold, Terry; Patricia Hunt (April 2001). "To err (meiotically) is human: the genesis of human aneuploidy".
54:, one of the most common human conditions due to aneuploidy. There are three chromosomes 21 (in the last row).
3341:
2727:
Duesberg, P.; Rasnick, D. (2000). "Aneuploidy, the somatic mutation that makes cancer a species of its own".
4080:
4072:
4058:
4044:
4002:
3923:
3635:
1384:
546:
198:. The characteristics of the chromosomes in a cell as they are seen under a light microscope are called the
1873:
Griffiths, Anthony JF; Miller, Jeffrey H; Suzuki, David T; Lewontin, Richard C; Gelbart, William M (2000).
3526:
3377:
1606:
1601:
1190:
1079:
1060:
388:(in mice) to selectively destroy tetraploid cells that may be precursors of aneuploid cells, and activate
373:
300:
271:
137:
524:
is associated with a 2.8-fold increase of XX disomy and a 2.6-fold increase of YY disomy in spermatozoa.
4186:
4154:
1019:
121:
4134:
4130:
2468:"Tumor aneuploidy correlates with markers of immune evasion and with reduced response to immunotherapy"
328:: only a single spindle pole forms. This produces a single daughter cell with its copy number doubled.
1770:
Duijf, P.H.G.; Schultz, N.; Benezra, R. (2013), "Cancer cells preferentially lose small chromosomes",
1489:, both copies of a chromosome come from the same parent (with no contribution from the other parent).
3881:
3806:
3745:
3551:
2279:
2220:
2014:
1924:
1538:
796:
756:
989:
case where complete non-mosaic trisomy can frequently (barring other complications) survive to term
4054:
3867:
3501:
3301:
1452:
951:
645:
611:
587:
575:
501:
Exposure of males to lifestyle, environmental and/or occupational hazards may increase the risk of
483:
Agents capable of causing aneuploidy are called aneugens. Many mutagenic carcinogens are aneugens.
400:
315:
2062:"Neuronal DNA content variation (DCV) with regional and individual differences in the human brain"
1874:
1209:
1205:
946:
916:
4158:
4146:
4142:
4106:
4101:
4036:
3650:
3430:
3165:
3064:
2882:
2602:
2540:
2445:
2402:
1747:
1704:
1486:
1171:
1167:
941:
911:
881:
625:
These tests can also be performed prenatally to detect aneuploidy in a pregnancy, through either
510:
406:
In addition, genetic syndromes in which an individual is predisposed to breakage of chromosomes (
283:
1849:
1358:
1346:
1315:
1284:
1265:
1241:
1229:
982:
case where complete non-mosaic trisomy can rarely (barring other complications) survive to term
936:
906:
876:
846:
1157:
1142:
1130:
1111:
1096:
1084:
1069:
931:
901:
871:
841:
811:
4120:
3737:
3656:
3611:
3579:
3567:
3241:
3206:
3157:
3105:
3056:
3021:
2972:
2923:
2874:
2839:
2785:
2744:
2709:
2643:
2594:
2532:
2497:
2437:
2394:
2377:
Rajagopalan, Harith; Christoph
Lengauer (18 November 2004). "Progress Aneuploidy and cancer".
2359:
2307:
2248:
2189:
2140:
2091:
2042:
1958:
1940:
1884:
1831:
1797:
1739:
1696:
1688:
1534:
1380:
1275:
1224:
1152:
926:
866:
766:
558:
427:
426:
patients, high somatic copy number alterations are associated with less effective response to
287:
59:
3126:
Governini L, Guerranti C, De Leo V, Boschi L, Luddi A, Gori M, Orvieto R, Piomboni P (2014).
891:
4115:
4111:
4008:
3885:
3853:
3484:
3233:
3196:
3149:
3139:
3095:
3048:
3011:
3003:
2962:
2954:
2913:
2866:
2829:
2819:
2775:
2736:
2699:
2691:
2633:
2586:
2524:
2487:
2479:
2429:
2386:
2349:
2339:
2297:
2287:
2238:
2228:
2179:
2171:
2130:
2122:
2081:
2073:
2032:
2022:
1948:
1932:
1823:
1787:
1779:
1731:
1678:
1670:
1526:
1393:
1334:
1011:
856:
634:
615:
607:
584:
570:
236:
182:) are numbered from 1 to 22, from largest to smallest. The 23rd pair of chromosomes are the
129:
97:
64:
3224:
Linden MG, Bender BG, Robinson A (October 1995). "Sex chromosome tetrasomy and pentasomy".
2160:"Chromosome segregation defects contribute to aneuploidy in normal neural progenitor cells"
821:
4125:
3714:
3082:
Xia Y, Cheng S, Bian Q, Xu L, Collins MD, Chang HC, Song L, Liu J, Wang S, Wang X (2005).
2900:
Rubes J, Lowe X, Moore D, Perreault S, Slott V, Evenson D, Selevan SG, Wyrobek AJ (1998).
2620:
Clemens A. Schmitt; Fridman, JS; Yang, M; Baranov, E; Hoffman, RM; Lowe, SW (April 2002).
2560:"Aspirin and resveratrol could prevent cancer by killing tetraploid cells, research shows"
1814:
Driscoll DA, Gross S (June 2009). "Clinical practice. Prenatal screening for aneuploidy".
1460:
786:
751:
506:
442:
309:
2060:
Westra JW, Rivera RR, Bushman DM, Yung YC, Peterson SE, Barral S, Chun J (October 2010).
2283:
2224:
2018:
1928:
618:
dosage analysis, Quantitative Mass
Spectrometry of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, and
42:
3799:
3765:
3760:
3435:
3016:
2991:
2967:
2942:
2834:
2807:
2803:
2704:
2679:
2492:
2467:
2420:
Marx J. (26 July 2002). "Debate surges over the origins of genomic defects in cancer".
2354:
2327:
2302:
2267:
2243:
2208:
2184:
2175:
2159:
2135:
2110:
2086:
2061:
2003:"Chromosomal variation in neurons of the developing and adult mammalian nervous system"
1953:
1912:
1792:
1611:
1586:
1530:
1456:
1253:
1023:
836:
495:
411:
358:
354:
278:
240:
183:
168:
156:
133:
113:
80:
2943:"Benzene exposure near the U.S. permissible limit is associated with sperm aneuploidy"
2918:
2901:
2638:
2621:
637:
because the chance of chromosomal aneuploidy increases as the mother's age increases.
243:
affects 1 in 10,000 births. 10% of infants with trisomy 18 or 13 reach 1 year of age.
4175:
3994:
3794:
3755:
3750:
3678:
3664:
3640:
3628:
3616:
3604:
3584:
3489:
3467:
3462:
3440:
2037:
2002:
1878:
1735:
1708:
1574:
1570:
1514:
1510:
1370:
1329:
831:
801:
626:
472:
468:
259:
232:
125:
109:
51:
3306:
3169:
3068:
2886:
2544:
2449:
2406:
1751:
223:(numbered chromosome) and are miscarried. The most frequent aneuploidy in humans is
3789:
3696:
3692:
3572:
3560:
3544:
3532:
3522:
3425:
2990:
Bian Q, Xu LC, Wang SL, Xia YK, Tan LF, Chen JF, Song L, Chang HC, Wang XR (2004).
2606:
2126:
1542:
1505:
refers to the presence of three copies, instead of the normal two, of a particular
826:
514:
502:
353:
Aneuploidy is consistently observed in virtually all cancers. The German biologist
319:
195:
191:
187:
2268:"Single cell sequencing reveals low levels of aneuploidy across mammalian tissues"
2001:
Rehen SK, McConnell MJ, Kaushal D, Kingsbury MA, Yang AH, Chun J (November 2001).
3317:
2466:
Davoli, Teresa; Uno, Hajime; Wooten, Eric C.; Elledge, Stephen J. (20 Jan 2017).
2433:
3811:
3782:
3777:
3674:
1977:
1578:
1566:
1325:
1186:
1121:
776:
771:
641:
595:
550:
534:
531:
492:
438:
377:
305:
172:
150:
117:
105:
2695:
2662:
2272:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2213:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2209:"Aneuploid neurons are functionally active and integrated into brain circuitry"
2007:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1936:
1645:
3931:
3927:
3479:
3457:
3447:
3052:
2344:
1522:
1518:
1506:
1397:
1296:
1214:
599:
580:
488:
224:
160:
76:
2902:"Smoking cigarettes is associated with increased sperm disomy in teenage men"
2824:
2764:"New insights on the origin and relevance of aneuploidy in human spermatozoa"
1944:
1692:
3772:
3728:
3420:
3415:
3291:
3287:
3100:
3083:
3007:
2780:
2763:
2483:
2292:
2233:
1557:
1195:
1176:
1033:
1007:
1000:
527:
419:
247:
228:
199:
179:
3346:
3210:
3161:
3109:
3060:
3025:
2976:
2878:
2843:
2789:
2748:
2713:
2647:
2598:
2536:
2501:
2441:
2398:
2363:
2311:
2252:
2193:
2144:
2095:
2046:
2027:
1962:
1835:
1801:
1743:
1700:
3245:
3237:
2927:
1827:
3888:
3838:
3834:
3706:
3385:
3202:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0223(199902)19:2<142::AID-PD486>3.0.CO;2-7
2678:
Herrera, L. A.; Prada, D.; Andonegui, M. A.; Dueñas-González, A. (2008).
1683:
1582:
1446:
896:
806:
538:
423:
255:
220:
17:
3153:
2958:
2390:
3941:
3724:
3397:
1501:
1419:
1415:
1004:
861:
521:
446:
381:
251:
213:
3270:
3144:
3127:
2077:
1783:
3282:
2870:
2528:
1616:
1482:
1478:
431:
365:
164:
112:
when the chromosomes do not separate properly between the two cells (
101:
89:
84:
2590:
1913:"Nuclear chromosome locations dictate segregation error frequencies"
1674:
104:
cells also have abnormal numbers of chromosomes. About 68% of human
4030:
3969:
3945:
3875:
2207:
Kingsbury MA, Friedman B, McConnell MJ, et al. (April 2005).
994:
574:
554:
549:(PFCs) in many commercial products. Men contaminated with PFCs in
484:
975:
case where complete non-mosaic trisomy can never survive to term
87:. A cell with any number of complete chromosome sets is called a
4076:
4068:
4012:
3998:
3973:
3901:
3871:
3861:
2741:
10.1002/1097-0169(200010)47:2<81::AID-CM1>3.0.CO;2-#
3350:
3857:
3084:"Genotoxic effects on spermatozoa of carbaryl-exposed workers"
396:
1485:
or above), disomy is an aneuploid chromosome complement. In
2158:
Yang AH, Kaushal D, Rehen SK, et al. (November 2003).
2109:
Rehen SK, Yung YC, McCreight MP, et al. (March 2005).
2266:
Knouse, K. A.; Wu, J.; Whittaker, C. A.; Amon, A. (2014).
96:
An extra or missing chromosome is a common cause of some
434:(cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated protein 4) therapy.
422:
for response to precise immunotherapy. For example, in
163:, or a total of 46 chromosomes. (The sperm and egg, or
116:). Most cases of aneuploidy in the autosomes result in
27:
Presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell
1875:"Chromosome Mutation II: Changes in Chromosome Number"
2111:"Constitutional aneuploidy in the normal human brain"
1022:, both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the
3260:
467:, for example, account for a very small minority of
219:
Most embryos cannot survive with a missing or extra
4094:
3987:
3916:
3846:
3833:
3824:
3723:
3705:
3691:
3500:
3393:
3384:
3264:
2622:"Dissecting p53 tumor suppressor functions in vivo"
58:
35:
633:. Pregnant women of 35 years or older are offered
594:Germline aneuploidy is typically detected through
2667:. Vol. 7th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman.
3121:
3119:
2661:Griffiths, AJF; Miller, JH; Suzuki, DT (2000).
1722:Sen S (January 2000). "Aneuploidy and cancer".
403:, which could lead to the aneuploidy genotype.
4116:46,XX testicular disorders of sex development
3362:
2461:
2459:
8:
108:are aneuploid. Aneuploidy originates during
3938:Acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation
1765:
1763:
1761:
1644:Griffiths AJ, Miller JH, Suzuki DT (2000).
282:usually occurs as the result of a weakened
3843:
3830:
3702:
3390:
3369:
3355:
3347:
3261:
1639:
1637:
614:, quantitative fluorescence PCR (QF-PCR),
557:have spermatozoa with increased levels of
364:Somatic mosaicism occurs in virtually all
41:
32:
3200:
3185:"Fetal loss in Down syndrome pregnancies"
3143:
3099:
3015:
2966:
2917:
2833:
2823:
2779:
2703:
2637:
2491:
2353:
2343:
2301:
2291:
2242:
2232:
2183:
2134:
2085:
2036:
2026:
1952:
1883:(7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman.
1791:
1682:
491:can also produce aneuploidy by affecting
167:, each have 23 unpaired chromosomes, and
75:is the presence of an abnormal number of
1424:
1039:
958:
719:
686:Klinefelter syndrome (non-typical male)
655:
392:, which may be involved in the process.
1978:"Nondisjunction - The Definitive Guide"
1633:
707:Turner's syndrome (non-typical female)
693:polysomy X and/or Y (non-typical male)
340:Somatic mosaicism in the nervous system
294:Completely inactive mitotic checkpoints
602:is analyzed. Other techniques include
274:, which can go wrong in several ways.
2680:"The Epigenetic Origin of Aneuploidy"
1663:Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
471:cases (<5%). The formation of one
7:
3183:Morris JK, Wald NJ, Watt HC (1999).
2762:Templado C, Uroz L, Estop A (2013).
1976:Ph.D, Katy McLaughlin (2016-10-27).
1418:chromosome complement is considered
517:by 3-fold, and YY disomy by 2-fold.
4051:Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor
2808:"Smoking, immunity, and DNA damage"
2664:An Introduction to Genetic Analysis
1880:An Introduction to Genetic Analysis
1816:The New England Journal of Medicine
1647:An Introduction to Genetic Analysis
159:in the human body have 23 pairs of
2812:Translational Lung Cancer Research
2729:Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton
2176:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-32-10454.2003
1650:(7 ed.). pp. Chapter 18.
604:fluorescence in situ hybridization
25:
620:comparative genomic hybridization
270:Aneuploidy arises from errors in
3624:22q11.2 distal deletion syndrome
2066:Journal of Comparative Neurology
1736:10.1097/00001622-200001000-00014
1389:22q11.2 distal deletion syndrome
1014:as used for the nomenclature of
714:polysomy X (non-typical female)
408:chromosome instability syndromes
205:
4023:Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
3966:Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia
3894:Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma
3556:Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome
1414:while an exact multiple of the
1026:(bottom right), as well as the
1003:of a human, showing the normal
368:cells, including trisomy 12 in
239:affects 1 in 6,000 births, and
190:, while typical males have one
2127:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4560-04.2005
561:and chromosomal aneuploidies.
1:
3746:Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY)
3511:1q21.1 copy number variations
2919:10.1016/S0015-0282(98)00261-1
2639:10.1016/S1535-6108(02)00047-8
237:Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome)
235:, affecting 1 in 800 births.
3952:Acute promyelocytic leukemia
3908:Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
3600:17q12 microdeletion syndrome
3475:22q11.2 duplication syndrome
3453:16p11.2 duplication syndrome
2434:10.1126/science.297.5581.544
1850:"Whitehead Institute of MIT"
370:chronic lymphocytic leukemia
120:, and the most common extra
85:complete sets of chromosomes
3519:1q21.1 duplication syndrome
3406:1q21.1 duplication syndrome
2164:The Journal of Neuroscience
2115:The Journal of Neuroscience
1724:Current Opinion in Oncology
1509:. The presence of an extra
465:Robertsonian translocations
349:Somatic mosaicism in cancer
241:trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome)
186:. Typical females have two
4203:
2696:10.2174/138920208783884883
1937:10.1038/s41586-022-04938-0
1854:Whitehead Institute of MIT
1622:Robertsonian translocation
1031:
1030:(to scale at bottom left).
568:
148:
4182:Chromosomal abnormalities
4065:Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma
3800:XYYYY syndrome (49,XYYYY)
3766:XXXXY syndrome (49,XXXXY)
3761:XXXYY syndrome (49,XXXYY)
3053:10.1016/j.tox.2004.05.018
2345:10.1186/s13059-016-0976-2
922:
887:
852:
817:
782:
747:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
725:
700:typical female phenotype
631:chorionic villus sampling
520:Occupational exposure to
49:
40:
3540:Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome
3515:1q21.1 deletion syndrome
3378:Chromosome abnormalities
2947:Environ. Health Perspect
2825:10.21037/tlcr.2019.03.02
1517:, is called trisomy 21.
1385:Phelan–McDermid syndrome
1107:Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome
1065:1q21.1 deletion syndrome
1016:chromosome abnormalities
547:perfluorinated compounds
461:unbalanced translocation
138:Chromosome abnormalities
3924:Philadelphia chromosome
3795:XYYY syndrome (48,XYYY)
3756:XXXY syndrome (48,XXXY)
3751:XXYY syndrome (48,XXYY)
3636:22q13 deletion syndrome
3411:2q31.1 microduplication
3008:10.1136/oem.2004.014597
2517:Nature Reviews Genetics
2484:10.1126/science.aaf8399
2293:10.1073/pnas.1415287111
2234:10.1073/pnas.0408171102
679:typical male phenotype
372:(CLL) and trisomy 8 in
333:tetraploid intermediate
3783:Pentasomy X (49,XXXXX)
3715:Turner syndrome (45,X)
3596:Smith–Magenis syndrome
3592:Miller–Dieker syndrome
3527:1p36 deletion syndrome
3342:Genetics of Aneuploids
2028:10.1073/pnas.231487398
1607:Chromosome segregation
1602:Chromosome abnormality
1311:Smith–Magenis syndrome
1307:Miller–Dieker syndrome
1080:2q37 deletion syndrome
1061:1p36 deletion syndrome
1037:
1020:homologous chromosomes
591:
545:Humans are exposed to
399:gene often results in
374:acute myeloid leukemia
272:chromosome segregation
124:among live births are
3790:XYY syndrome (47,XYY)
3778:Tetrasomy X (48,XXXX)
3661:Prader–Willi syndrome
3238:10.1542/peds.96.4.672
3101:10.1093/toxsci/kfi066
2781:10.1093/molehr/gat039
2579:Nature Reviews Cancer
1828:10.1056/NEJMcp0900134
1428:Number of chromosomes
1280:Prader–Willi syndrome
1032:Further information:
1010:. It shows annotated
998:
578:
569:Further information:
122:autosomal chromosomes
3882:Mantle cell lymphoma
3552:Cri du chat syndrome
1513:, which is found in
1126:5q deletion syndrome
1028:mitochondrial genome
612:short tandem repeats
308:is attached to both
301:Merotelic attachment
3868:Follicular lymphoma
2959:10.1289/ehp.0901531
2806:, Nise (May 2019).
2391:10.1038/nature03099
2284:2014PNAS..11113409K
2225:2005PNAS..102.6143K
2019:2001PNAS...9813361K
1929:2022Natur.607..604K
1553:tetrasomy/pentasomy
1455:). Monosomy of the
1453:deletion (genetics)
1042:
1012:bands and sub-bands
961:
722:
658:
646:Cell-free fetal DNA
588:short tandem repeat
401:genomic instability
316:Multipolar spindles
4107:Uniparental disomy
4102:Fragile X syndrome
4037:Myxoid liposarcoma
3889:t(11 CCND1:14 IGH)
3773:Trisomy X (47,XXX)
3651:genomic imprinting
3431:Distal trisomy 10q
3332:Aneuploidy Testing
3232:(4 Pt 1): 672–82.
2478:(6322): eaaf8399.
1982:Biology Dictionary
1487:uniparental disomy
1191:Kleefstra syndrome
1040:
1038:
959:
720:
656:
592:
454:Partial aneuploidy
284:mitotic checkpoint
254:. For many of the
4169:
4168:
4121:Marker chromosome
4090:
4089:
3983:
3982:
3820:
3819:
3687:
3686:
3657:Angelman syndrome
3612:DiGeorge syndrome
3580:Jacobsen syndrome
3568:Williams syndrome
3327:
3326:
3145:10.1111/and.12371
2996:Occup Environ Med
2428:(5581): 544–546.
2385:(7015): 338–341.
2078:10.1002/cne.22436
2072:(19): 3981–4000.
1923:(7919): 604–609.
1890:978-0-7167-3520-5
1784:10.1002/ijc.27924
1778:(10): 2316–2326,
1593:
1592:
1403:
1402:
1381:DiGeorge syndrome
1276:Angelman syndrome
1225:Jacobsen syndrome
1153:Williams syndrome
993:
992:
957:
956:
718:
717:
559:DNA fragmentation
428:immune checkpoint
326:Monopolar spindle
288:spindle apparatus
98:genetic disorders
70:
69:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4194:
4112:XX male syndrome
4009:Synovial sarcoma
3886:Multiple myeloma
3854:Burkitt lymphoma
3844:
3831:
3734:other karyotypes
3703:
3485:Cat-eye syndrome
3391:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3348:
3262:
3250:
3249:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3204:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3147:
3123:
3114:
3113:
3103:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3019:
3002:(12): 999–1005.
2987:
2981:
2980:
2970:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2921:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2871:10.1002/mrd.1048
2859:Mol. Reprod. Dev
2854:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2827:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2783:
2768:Mol. Hum. Reprod
2759:
2753:
2752:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2707:
2684:Current Genomics
2675:
2669:
2668:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2641:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2529:10.1038/35066065
2512:
2506:
2505:
2495:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2347:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2305:
2295:
2278:(37): 13409–14.
2263:
2257:
2256:
2246:
2236:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2187:
2170:(32): 10454–62.
2155:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2089:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2040:
2030:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1795:
1767:
1756:
1755:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1686:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1641:
1527:Edwards syndrome
1425:
1394:Cat eye syndrome
1335:Edwards syndrome
1043:
962:
723:
659:
635:prenatal testing
616:quantitative PCR
608:quantitative PCR
585:quantitative PCR
571:Prenatal testing
384:have been found
318:: more than two
304:occurs when one
209:
65:Medical genetics
45:
33:
21:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4126:Ring chromosome
4086:
3979:
3912:
3816:
3732:
3719:
3683:
3496:
3395:
3380:
3375:
3328:
3323:
3322:
3273:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3125:
3124:
3117:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3038:
3037:
3033:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2591:10.1038/nrc1714
2585:(10): 773–785.
2576:
2575:
2571:
2558:Marcia Malory.
2557:
2556:
2552:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2013:(23): 13361–6.
2000:
1999:
1995:
1986:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1822:(24): 2556–62.
1813:
1812:
1808:
1769:
1768:
1759:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1675:10.1038/nrm4025
1660:
1659:
1655:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1630:
1598:
1461:Turner syndrome
1457:sex chromosomes
1408:
1396:
1387:
1383:
1328:
1309:
1278:
1208:
1189:
1187:Alfi's syndrome
1170:
1124:
1063:
1036:
654:
573:
567:
481:
456:
443:DNA methylation
351:
342:
310:mitotic spindle
268:
184:sex chromosomes
169:red blood cells
153:
147:
50:Chromosomes in
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4200:
4198:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4174:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4123:
4118:
4109:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4062:
4048:
4034:
4020:
4006:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3963:
3949:
3935:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3891:
3879:
3865:
3850:
3848:
3841:
3828:
3826:Translocations
3822:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3700:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3506:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3436:Patau syndrome
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3337:Aneuploidy FAQ
3334:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3309:
3294:
3274:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:Classification
3258:
3257:External links
3255:
3252:
3251:
3216:
3175:
3115:
3074:
3047:(1–3): 49–60.
3031:
2982:
2933:
2906:Fertil. Steril
2892:
2849:
2795:
2774:(10): 634–43.
2754:
2719:
2670:
2653:
2632:(3): 289–298.
2612:
2569:
2564:Medical Xpress
2550:
2523:(4): 280–291.
2507:
2455:
2412:
2369:
2332:Genome Biology
2317:
2258:
2219:(17): 6143–7.
2199:
2150:
2121:(9): 2176–80.
2101:
2052:
1993:
1968:
1902:
1889:
1865:
1841:
1806:
1757:
1714:
1669:(8): 473–485.
1653:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1612:Nondisjunction
1609:
1604:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1531:Patau syndrome
1498:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1459:(45,X) causes
1443:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1391:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1254:Patau syndrome
1251:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1024:sex chromosome
1018:. It shows 22
991:
990:
987:
984:
983:
980:
977:
976:
973:
970:
969:
966:
955:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
920:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
885:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
850:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
815:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
780:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
745:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
721:Non-autosomal
716:
715:
712:
709:
708:
705:
702:
701:
698:
695:
694:
691:
688:
687:
684:
681:
680:
677:
674:
673:
670:
667:
666:
663:
653:
650:
566:
563:
555:seminal plasma
496:polymerization
480:
477:
455:
452:
430:blockade anti–
412:carcinogenesis
359:Peter Duesberg
355:Theodor Boveri
350:
347:
341:
338:
279:Nondisjunction
267:
264:
149:Main article:
146:
143:
114:nondisjunction
68:
67:
62:
56:
55:
47:
46:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4199:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3995:Ewing sarcoma
3993:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3680:
3679:Proximal 18q-
3676:
3673:
3672:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3463:Down syndrome
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3394:Duplications,
3392:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3367:
3365:
3360:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3138:(9): 1012–9.
3137:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3094:(1): 615–23.
3093:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2912:(4): 715–23.
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2865:(4): 417–21.
2864:
2860:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2735:(2): 81–107.
2734:
2730:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2657:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1903:
1892:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1684:1721.1/117201
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1515:Down syndrome
1512:
1511:chromosome 21
1508:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:Down syndrome
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1330:Proximal 18q-
1327:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1002:
997:
988:
986:
985:
981:
979:
978:
974:
972:
971:
968:significance
967:
964:
963:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
921:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
886:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
851:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
816:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
781:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
746:
724:
713:
711:
710:
706:
704:
703:
699:
697:
696:
692:
690:
689:
685:
683:
682:
678:
676:
675:
671:
669:
668:
665:significance
664:
661:
660:
651:
649:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
627:amniocentesis
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
589:
586:
583:detected via
582:
577:
572:
564:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
540:
536:
533:
529:
525:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
507:Tobacco smoke
504:
499:
497:
494:
490:
486:
478:
476:
474:
473:isochromosome
470:
469:Down syndrome
466:
462:
453:
451:
448:
444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
415:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
348:
346:
339:
337:
336:copy number.
334:
329:
327:
323:
321:
320:spindle poles
317:
313:
311:
307:
303:
302:
297:
295:
291:
289:
285:
281:
280:
275:
273:
265:
263:
261:
260:tumorigenesis
257:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
234:
233:Down syndrome
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
210:
208:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
188:X chromosomes
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
152:
144:
142:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
110:cell division
107:
103:
99:
94:
92:
91:
86:
82:
78:
74:
66:
63:
61:
57:
53:
52:Down syndrome
48:
44:
39:
34:
19:
4187:Cytogenetics
3733:
3649:
3523:TAR syndrome
3426:Tetrasomy 9p
3311:
3296:
3277:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3195:(2): 142–5.
3192:
3189:Prenat Diagn
3188:
3178:
3154:11365/982323
3135:
3131:
3091:
3088:Toxicol. Sci
3087:
3077:
3044:
3040:
3034:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2953:(6): 833–9.
2950:
2946:
2936:
2909:
2905:
2895:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2818:(1): S3–S6.
2815:
2811:
2798:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2690:(1): 43–50.
2687:
2683:
2673:
2663:
2656:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2563:
2553:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2475:
2471:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2335:
2331:
2320:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1985:. Retrieved
1981:
1971:
1920:
1916:
1905:
1894:. Retrieved
1879:
1868:
1857:. Retrieved
1853:
1844:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1775:
1772:Int J Cancer
1771:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1646:
1562:
1556:
1500:
1474:
1445:
1434:Description
1411:
1409:
1210:Monosomy 10q
1206:Monosomy 10p
639:
624:
593:
544:
532:insecticides
526:
519:
505:aneuploidy.
500:
482:
457:
436:
416:
405:
394:
385:
363:
352:
343:
332:
330:
325:
324:
314:
299:
298:
293:
292:
277:
276:
269:
245:
218:
211:
204:
196:Y chromosome
192:X chromosome
177:
154:
106:solid tumors
95:
88:
72:
71:
3812:46,XX/46,XY
3729:tetrasomies
3675:Distal 18q-
2626:Cancer Cell
1730:(1): 82–8.
1525:, known as
1412:heteroploid
1406:Terminology
1326:Distal 18q-
1172:Monosomy 8q
1168:Monosomy 8p
1122:Cri du chat
642:Triple test
600:chromosomes
596:karyotyping
579:Example of
551:whole blood
535:fenvalerate
515:spermatozoa
503:spermatozoa
493:microtubule
378:resveratrol
306:kinetochore
229:mosaic form
173:bone marrow
161:chromosomes
151:Chromosomes
145:Chromosomes
118:miscarriage
77:chromosomes
4176:Categories
3807:45,X/46,XY
3707:Monosomies
3480:Trisomy 22
3458:Trisomy 18
3448:Trisomy 16
3396:including
3226:Pediatrics
3132:Andrologia
3041:Toxicology
2338:(1): 116.
1987:2023-02-22
1896:2009-06-21
1859:2023-02-22
1628:References
1523:Trisomy 13
1519:Trisomy 18
1507:chromosome
1398:Trisomy 22
1359:Trisomy 20
1347:Trisomy 19
1316:Trisomy 17
1297:Trisomy 16
1285:Trisomy 15
1266:Trisomy 14
1242:Trisomy 12
1230:Trisomy 11
1215:Trisomy 10
1041:Autosomal
999:Schematic
952:XXXXXYYYYY
581:Trisomy 21
528:Pesticides
489:colchicine
439:epigenetic
266:Mechanisms
225:trisomy 16
73:Aneuploidy
36:Aneuploidy
3725:Trisomies
3502:Deletions
3421:Trisomy 9
3416:Trisomy 8
3398:trisomies
3386:Autosomal
2804:Yamaguchi
1945:1476-4687
1709:205495880
1693:1471-0080
1563:pentasomy
1558:Tetrasomy
1196:Trisomy 9
1177:Trisomy 8
1158:Trisomy 7
1143:Trisomy 6
1131:Trisomy 5
1112:Trisomy 4
1097:Trisomy 3
1085:Trisomy 2
1070:Trisomy 1
1034:Karyotype
1008:karyotype
1001:karyogram
947:XXXXYYYYY
917:XXXXXYYYY
565:Diagnosis
420:biomarker
256:autosomal
248:mosaicism
200:karyotype
180:autosomes
60:Specialty
18:Monosomic
3847:Lymphoid
3839:lymphoma
3835:Leukemia
3211:10215072
3170:13484513
3162:25382683
3110:15615886
3069:36073841
3061:15363581
3026:15550606
2977:20418200
2887:35230655
2879:11468778
2844:31211100
2790:23720770
2749:11013390
2714:19424483
2648:12086865
2599:16195750
2545:22264575
2537:11283700
2502:28104840
2450:37252047
2442:12142522
2407:43357853
2399:15549096
2364:27246599
2312:25197050
2253:15837924
2194:14614104
2145:15745943
2096:20737596
2047:11698687
1963:35831506
1836:19516035
1802:23124507
1752:24886651
1744:10687734
1701:26204159
1596:See also
1543:(47,XYY)
1539:(47,XXY)
1535:(47,XXX)
1483:triploid
1447:Monosomy
1442:Monosomy
1052:trisomy
1049:monosomy
942:XXXYYYYY
912:XXXXYYYY
882:XXXXXYYY
606:(FISH),
539:carbaryl
479:Aneugens
424:melanoma
221:autosome
194:and one
4075:) t (1
3942:RUNX1T1
3917:Myeloid
3738:mosaics
3318:D000782
3246:7567329
3017:1740696
2968:2898861
2928:9797104
2835:6546629
2705:2674307
2607:2515388
2493:5592794
2472:Science
2422:Science
2355:4888403
2303:4169915
2280:Bibcode
2244:1087909
2221:Bibcode
2185:6740997
2136:6726097
2087:2932632
2015:Bibcode
1954:9300461
1925:Bibcode
1793:3587043
1585:, and
1502:Trisomy
1497:Trisomy
1479:diploid
1420:euploid
1416:haploid
1005:diploid
937:XXYYYYY
907:XXXYYYY
877:XXXXYYY
847:XXXXXYY
672:lethal
622:(CGH).
522:benzene
447:histone
386:in vivo
382:aspirin
252:trisomy
214:meiosis
212:During
165:gametes
100:. Some
90:euploid
4027:COL1A1
3699:linked
3244:
3209:
3168:
3160:
3108:
3067:
3059:
3024:
3014:
2975:
2965:
2926:
2885:
2877:
2842:
2832:
2788:
2747:
2712:
2702:
2646:
2605:
2597:
2543:
2535:
2500:
2490:
2448:
2440:
2405:
2397:
2379:Nature
2362:
2352:
2310:
2300:
2251:
2241:
2192:
2182:
2143:
2133:
2094:
2084:
2045:
2035:
1961:
1951:
1943:
1917:Nature
1887:
1834:
1800:
1790:
1750:
1742:
1707:
1699:
1691:
1617:Ploidy
1541:, and
1475:Disomy
1471:Disomy
932:XYYYYY
923:YYYYY
902:XXYYYY
872:XXXYYY
842:XXXXYY
812:XXXXXY
743:XXXXX
511:disomy
485:X-rays
366:cancer
102:cancer
93:cell.
4095:Other
4081:FOXO1
4079:; 13
4073:FOXO1
4071:; 13
4057:; 22
4053:t(11
4043:; 16
4041:DDIT3
4039:t(12
4031:PDGFB
4025:t(17
4001:; 22
3997:t(11
3988:Other
3970:RBM15
3954:t(15
3946:RUNX1
3930:; 22
3870:t(14
3166:S2CID
3065:S2CID
2883:S2CID
2603:S2CID
2541:S2CID
2446:S2CID
2403:S2CID
2038:60876
1748:S2CID
1705:S2CID
1587:XYYYY
1583:XXXXY
1579:XXXXX
965:color
927:YYYYY
897:XYYYY
888:YYYY
867:XXYYY
837:XXXYY
807:XXXXY
777:XXXXX
740:XXXX
662:color
652:Types
590:assay
432:CTLA4
157:cells
155:Most
79:in a
4077:PAX7
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