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plummeting and their commanders were losing confidence. When they reached
Sanfengshan (Three-peaked Hill), a snowstorm suddenly broke out, and it was so cold that the faces of the Jin troops went as white as corpses, and they could hardly march. Rather than attack them when they were desperate with their backs to the wall, the Mongols left them an escape route and then ambushed them when they let down their guard during the retreat. The Jin army collapsed without a fight, and the Mongols pursued the fleeing Jin troops relentlessly. Wanyan Heda was killed, and most of his commanders also lost their lives. After the
1944:, declared war upon the Jurchens, and placed a large army in the field. The remainder of the Jin army took shelter in Caizhou, where they were closely besieged by the Mongols on one side and the Song army on the other. Driven thus into a corner, the Jurchens fought with the courage of despair and long held out against the combined efforts of their enemies. At last, Emperor Aizong saw that the struggle could not be prolonged, and he prepared himself to end his life. When the enemy breached the city walls, Emperor Aizong committed suicide after passing the throne to his general
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point the
Mongols had arrived outside Guide and were preparing to besiege the city. The Mongol general Sajisibuhua had set up camp north of the city, on the bank of a river. Guannu then led his 450 troops out on boats from the southern gate at night, armed with fire-lances. They rowed along the river by the eastern side of the city, reaching the Mongol camp early in the morning. Emperor Aizong watched the battle from the northern gate of the city, with his imperial boat prepared for him to flee to Xuzhou if the Jin troops were defeated.
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1561:. When the Mongols besieged Zhongdu, the Jin government temporarily agreed to become a tributary state of the Mongol Empire, presenting a Jurchen princess to Genghis Khan. But when the Mongols withdrew in 1214, believing the war was over after being given a large tribute by the Jurchens, Li Ying wanted to ambush them on the way with his forces (which had grown to several tens of thousands). However, the Jin ruler,
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demonstrate submission, Genghis Khan reportedly turned to the south and spat on the ground; then he mounted his horse, and rode toward the north, leaving the stunned envoy choking in his dust. He gave the Jin emperor a very insulting message which the envoy dared not repeat upon his return to the Jin court. His defiance of the Jin envoys was tantamount to a declaration of war between the
Mongols and Jurchens.
1618:. Moran Jinzhong's second-in-command, Pucha Qijin, surrendered to the Mongols with all the troops under him, throwing Zhongdu into crisis. Emperor Xuanzong then sent reinforcements north: Yongxi leading the troops from Zhending and Zhongshan (numbers not given), and Wugulun Qingshou leading 18,000 imperial guards, 11,000 infantry and cavalry from the southwestern route, and 10,000 soldiers from
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smaller force of light cavalry to skirt around the valley and attack the Jin troops from behind. Wanyan Heda saw that his plan had been foiled and prepared his troops for a Mongol assault. At Mount Yu, southwest of
Dengzhou, the two armies met in a pitched battle. The Jin army had an advantage in numbers, and fought fiercely. The Mongols then withdrew from Mount Yu by about 30
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had achieved a remarkable victory and was promoted by
Emperor Aizong. But Guide was not defensible in the long term, and the other courtiers urged Emperor Aizong to move to Caizhou, which had stronger walls and more provisions and troops. Pucha Guannu opposed the move, afraid that his power base would be weakened and arguing that Caizhou's advantages had been overstated.
1483:, and recounted the generations of grievances his people held against the Jurchens and detailed the torture and murder of his ancestors. He explained that he had not sought this war against the Jurchens. At the dawn on the fourth day, Genghis Khan emerged with the verdict: "The Eternal Blue Sky has promised us victory and vengeance".
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In A.D. 1232 an army of 30,000 Mongol warriors invaded the
Chinese city of Kai-fung-fu, where the Chinese fought back with fire arrows ... Mongol leaders learned from their enemies and found ways to make fire arrows even more deadly as their invasion spread toward Europe. On Christmas Day 1241 Mongol
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dispatched diplomats to implore the Song for supplies. Jin envoys reported to the Song that the
Mongols would invade the Song after they were done with the Jin – a forecast that would later be proven true – but the Song ignored the warning and rebuffed the request. They
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There are great men of the vanquished Jin who have gotten mixed up in odd jobs falling as low as butchering and peddling, or leaving to become Yellow Caps. All of them are still referred to by their old government . The family of
Pacification Commissioner Wang has a number of men who push carts and
1919:
The Jin troops assaulted the Mongol camp from two directions, using their fire-lances to throw the
Mongols into a panic. More than 3,500 Mongols drowned in the river while trying to flee, and the Mongol stockades were all burned to the ground. Sajisibuhua was also killed in the battle. Pucha Guannu
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On the way from
Dengzhou to Kaifeng, the Mongols easily took county after county, and burnt all the supplies they captured so as to cut off Wanyan Heda's supply lines. Wanyan Heda was forced to withdraw, and ran into the Mongols at Three-peaked Hill in Junzhou. At this point, the Jin troops on the
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Three months later, Emperor Aizong used a plot to assassinate Guannu, and then quickly began preparations to move to Caizhou. By the time new reports reached him that Caizhou was still too weak in defences, troops and supplies, he was already on the way there. The fate of the Jin dynasty was then
1915:
Pucha Guannu then launched a coup with his troops, killing Ma Yong and more than 300 other courtiers, as well as about 3,000 officers, palace guards and civilians who refused to cooperate with him. He made Emperor Aizong a puppet ruler and became the real master of the Jin imperial court. At this
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and the Tatars, they claimed sovereignty over all the tribes of the steppe. High court officials in the Jin government defected to the Mongols and urged Genghis Khan to attack the Jin dynasty. But fearful of a trap or some other nefarious scheme, Genghis Khan refused. Upon receiving the order to
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Wanyan Heda's army still had more than 100,000 men after the battle at Mount Yu, and the Mongols adopted a strategy of exhausting the enemy. The Jin troops had little rest all the way from Dengzhou, and had not eaten for three days because of the severing of their supply lines. Their morale was
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Wanyan Heda learned of this plan and led 200,000 men to intercept Tolui. At Dengzhou, he set an ambush in a valley with several tens of thousands of cavalry hidden behind the crest of either mountain, but Tolui's spies alerted him and he kept his main force with the supply train, sending only a
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Yellow River were also diverted southwards to meet Tolui's attack, and the Mongol northern force under Ăgedei Khan seized this opportunity to cross the frozen river and join up with Tolui â even at this point, their combined strength was only about 50,000. By 1232, the Jurchen ruler,
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against the Jurchen Jin dynasty. Towns which surrendered were spared from sacking and massacre by Kublai Khan. The Khitan reluctantly left their homeland in Manchuria as the Jin moved their primary capital from Beijing south to Kaifeng and defected to the Mongols.
1541:), in 1213, Li Ying, Li Xiong and a few other Jin generals assembled a militia of more than 10,000 men who inflicted several defeats on the Mongols. The Mongols smashed the Jin armies, each numbering in the hundreds of thousands, and broke through
1518:, who promptly defected and told the Mongols that the Jin army was waiting on the other side of the pass. At this engagement, fought at Yehuling, the Mongols massacred thousands of Jin troops. While Genghis Khan headed southward, his general
1888:). Scattered Jin armies began to gather at Guide from the surrounding region and Hebei, and the supplies in the city could no longer feed all these soldiers. Thus Emperor Aizong was left with only 450 Han Chinese troops under the command of
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with 100,000 men. The siege dragged on for months and the Mongols were harassed by local militia, while Jin reinforcements were about to arrive. Muqali then died of illness, and the Mongols retreated. This was the siege in which the
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or died of disease and famine as agricultural and urban city infrastructure were destroyed. The Mongols spared cities from massacre and sacking if they surrendered, such as Kaifeng, which was surrendered to
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1782:, and Tolui changed his strategy. Leaving a part of his force to keep Wanyan Heda occupied, he sent most of his men to strike northwards at Kaifeng in several dispersed contingents to avoid alerting Heda.
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by Xu Li, Yangzhou, which was surrendered to Bayan by Li Tingzhi's second in command after Li Tingzhi was executed by the Southern Song, and Hangzhou, which was spared from sacking when it surrendered to
2022:. Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols. There were four Han tumens and three Khitan tumens, with each tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan generals
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which took place in 1211. There, Wanyan Jiujin, the Jin field commander, made a tactical mistake in not attacking the Mongols at the first opportunity. Instead, he sent a messenger to the Mongol side,
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1866:, the most daring of all their commanders. Emperor Aizong was driven south again, and by this time Kaifeng had been taken by the Mongols so he established his new capital at Caizhou (present-day
1479:. By organising a long discussion, everyone in the community was included in the process. The Khan prayed privately on a nearby mountain. He removed his hat and belt, bowed down before the
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troops supporting the Mongols gave up and went home, incurring the wrath of Genghis Khan. In the wars against the Mongols, therefore, the Jin relied heavily on subjects or allies like the
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Wanyan Yongji, angry on hearing how Genghis Khan behaved, sent the message to the Khan that "Our Empire is like the sea; yours is but a handful of sand ... How can we fear you?"
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1948:. Wanyan Chenglin, historically known as Emperor Mo, ruled for less than a day before he was finally killed in battle. Thus the Jin dynasty came to an end on February 9, 1234.
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James Waterson cautioned against attributing the population drop in northern China to Mongol slaughter since much of the population may have moved to southern China under the
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In 1233, after Emperor Aizong had abandoned Kaifeng and failed to raise a new army for himself in Hebei, he returned to Henan and established his base in Guide (present-day
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The Mongols valued physicians, craftsmen and religious clerics and ordered them to be spared from death and brought to them when cities were taken in northern China.
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1506:, supported Genghis Khan and showed him a safe road to the Jin dynasty's heartland. The first important battle between the Mongol Empire and the Jin dynasty was the
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in a vain attempt to reestablish himself there. Thousands of people offered a stubborn resistance to the Mongols, who entrusted the conduct of the attack to
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2556:. Vol. 1 of Global Connections: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 356.
1565:, was afraid of offending the Mongols again so he stopped Li Ying. Emperor Xuanzong and the general Zhuhu Gaoqi then decided to shift the capital south to
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1569:, above the objections of many courtiers including Li Ying. From then on, the Jin were strictly on the defensive and Zhongdu fell to the Mongols in 1215.
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2665:"çȘéć°æ±ć·±äžćčŽæ±ćäžæ·è§æćè蟚--ć
Œèźșéć
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çæ±ć°äžäžæ· A Study of XIAO Zha-la the Han Army Commander of 10,000 Families in the Year of 1229 during the Period of Khan (O)gedei"
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were left to guard Zhongdu. At this point, one of the Jin armies defected to the Mongols and launched an attack on Zhongdu from the south, taking
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The Jurchens used fire arrows against the Mongols during the defence of Kaifeng in 1232. The Mongols adopted this weapon in later conquests.
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empire started, there were multiple raids between 1207 and 1209. When the Mongols invaded Jin territory in 1211, Ala 'Qush, the chief of the
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led troops to pursue Emperor Aizong as he retreated, and destroyed an 80,000-strong Jin army led by Wanyan Chengyi (ćźéĄæżèŁ) at Pucheng (èČć).
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to destroy them, but the Mongols were able to drive Jin forces out of their territory. The Tatars eventually captured Khabul's successor,
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1961:, escape taxes and corvée labor, and receive clothing and food. It is to a great extent the cause for the people's sorrow and distress.
1398:. The war, which started in 1211, lasted over 23 years and ended with the complete conquest of the Jin dynasty by the Mongols in 1234.
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instead formed an alliance with the Mongols against the Jin. The Song provided supplies to the Mongols in return for parts of Henan.
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Jin armies under Emperor Aizong successfully stopped several Mongol offensives, with major victories in the process, such as at the
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troops used fire arrows to capture the city of Budapest in Hungary, and in 1258 to capture the city of Baghdad in what is now Iraq.
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provinces from 1217 to 1223. Genghis Khan did however need to turn his attention to the east in 1219, due to another event in
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2018:(èæć) defected and commanded the three tumens in the Mongol army. Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Genghis Khan's successor,
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Coatsworth, John; Cole, Juan Ricardo; Hanagan, Michael P.; Perdue, Peter C.; Tilly, Charles; Tilly, Louise (2015).
1858:, Mongol troops took the city of Yuzhou. Kaifeng was doomed and Emperor Aizong soon abandoned the city and entered
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with all the city's population. One month later, the Mongols decided to use a three-pronged attack to converge on
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Palace, 'Palace of Long Spring,' there are many gentlemen of the vanquished Jin court, who by being there avoid
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dynasty and defected to the Mongols helped build the structure for the administration of the new Mongol state.
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This Is Rocket Science: True Stories of the Risk-Taking Scientists Who Figure Out Ways to Explore Beyond Earth
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tribes living on the Mongol steppes and encouraged rivalries among them. When the Mongols were unified under
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2638:. European Science Foundation by School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. p. 130.
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1670:. The garrison in Chang'an, 200,000 under Wanyan Heda, was too strong and Muqali had to turn to besieging
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to withdraw in 1230. In 1231, the Mongols attacked again and finally took Fengxiang. The Jin garrison in
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succeeded his father, he rebuffed Jin offers of peace talks but the Jin officers murdered Mongol envoys.
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Chan, Hok-Lam (1997). "A Recipe to Qubilai Qa'an on Governance: The Case of Chang Te-hui and Li Chih".
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2653:. Ethnographics Press, Center for Visual Anthropology, University of Southern California. p. 175.
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leader Liu-ke had declared his allegiance to Genghis in 1212 and conquered Manchuria from the Jin.
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plain. In 1214, Genghis Khan surrounded the court of the Golden Khan in Zhongdu. The Jin general
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The Mechanics of Conquest and Governance: The Rise and Expansion of the Mongol Empire, 1185â1265
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and Zijing Gap by November 1213. From 1213 until early 1214, the Mongols pillaged the entire
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1602:. Genghis Khan then dispatched his troops to attack Zhongdu again, led by the surrendered
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would start from Fengxiang, enter Tong Pass, and then pass through Song territory at the
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2814:. Needham Research Institute Series (illustrated ed.). Routledge. pp. 24â29.
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state. Because the Jurchens defeated the powerful steppe nomads and allied with the
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was more humane, and under his advice Ăgedei Khan rejected the cruel proposal.
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to guard the city, and dispersed the rest of the troops to forage in Su (in
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When the Mongol army besieged the Jin central capital, Zhongdu (present-day
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2608:. Ăditions de l'Ăcole des hautes Ă©tudes en sciences sociales. p. 147.
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sealed for good, despite the earlier victory against great odds at Guide.
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The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States
2046:. Shi Tianze, Zhang Rou, Yan Shi and other Han Chinese who served in the
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The Jurchen rulers of the Jin dynasty collected tribute from some of the
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2808:"2 The Mongol conquest and the new configuration of power, 1206â76"
2042:(ćŽćŻŠ), Shi Tianze and Liu Heima commanded the four Han tumens under
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to the Jin throne and demanded the submission of the Mongols as a
1436:(nailed to a wooden mule). The Jin dynasty also conducted regular
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Rulers from the steppe: state formation on the Eurasian periphery
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Balfour, Alan H.; Zheng, Shiling (2002). Balfour, Alan H. (ed.).
1576:'s daughter, Jurchen Princess Qiguo was married to Mongol leader
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2330:(illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 94.
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are called 'Transport Commissioner' or 'Attendant Courtier.' In
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commander Doqolqu was dispatched to attempt a frontal attack on
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1874:). Subutai wished to massacre the whole of the population. But
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Aufzeichnungen ĂŒber die Mongolischen Tatan von Chao Hung, 1221
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800,000 infantry and 150,000 elite cavalry spread across the
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against the Mongol nomads, either enslaving or killing them.
3414:(1205 / 1207 / 1209â10 / 1225â27)
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Herbert Franke; Denis Twitchett; John King Fairbank (1994).
2374:(illustrated ed.). National Geographic Books. p.
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Mongol Warrior 1200–1350 Publisher: Osprey Publishing
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continued possessing their titles in the Mongol empire and
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and Khitans defected to the Mongols to fight against the
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Haywood, John; Jotischky, Andrew; McGlynn, Sean (1998).
1990:. Han Chinese and Khitan soldiers defected en masse to
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After the shift of the Jin capital to Kaifeng, the Jin
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List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
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Weatherford, Jack (2004), "2: Tale of Three Rivers",
1584:(Beijing) in the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty.
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Sverdrup, Carl (2010). "Numbers in Mongol Warfare".
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of the Jin dynasty had ordered Ambaghai executed by
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2502:(illustrated ed.). Wiley-Academy. p. 25.
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Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600â1492
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Conquest of Jurchen Jin by Mongols and Song dynasty
1760:from north, east and west. The western force under
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2812:The Politics of Chinese Medicine Under Mongol Rule
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3139:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
1752:panicked and abandoned the city, pulling back to
1645:The Mongol Empire in 1227 at Genghis Khan's death
1428:, and handed him over to the Jin imperial court.
1420:in the 12th century, the Jurchens encouraged the
2526:Defending Heaven: China's Mongol Wars, 1209â1370
2472:Defending Heaven: China's Mongol Wars, 1209â1370
2445:Defending Heaven: China's Mongol Wars, 1209â1370
2418:Defending Heaven: China's Mongol Wars, 1209â1370
3559:(1220â22 / 1226â31 / 1237â64)
2690:"çȘéć°æ±ć·±äžćčŽæ±ćäžæ·è§æćè蟚-ć
Œèźșéć
äčé
çæ±ć°äžäžæ·-ćœćź¶ćČćŠç€ŸäŒç§ćŠćŠæŻæćæ°æźćș"
2623:. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 50.
2216:Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World
1950:
136:
2636:Foundations and Limits of State Power in China
2286:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
1833:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty (1230â1234)
1443:In 1210, a delegation arrived at the court of
4083:
2862:
1322:
1308:
1204:
1041:
914:
572:
8:
2580:Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection
4090:
4076:
4068:
3816:
3805:
3343:
3336:
3316:
3061:
3038:
2896:
2885:
2869:
2855:
2847:
2779:(2). Cambridge University Press: 257â283.
2355:. Cambridge University Press. p. 263.
2171:
2169:
1447:(r. 1206â27) to proclaim the ascension of
1331:
1211:
1197:
1189:
1048:
1034:
1026:
921:
907:
899:
579:
565:
557:
133:
2327:Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1844:
1836:
1828:
1816:
2717:[New Yuan History/Volume 146].
2606:Revue bibliographique de sinologie 2001
2129:
2106:
529:
486:
3489:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
3448:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
2756:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2749:
2402:
1938:, wishing to give the Jin dynasty the
1557:and enthroned Wanyan Yongji's nephew,
1467:Mongol cavalry battle Jurchen warriors
1290:
600:
277:
7:
3072:Administrative divisions and vassals
2773:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
2178:Journal of Medieval Military History
2143:. Barnes & Noble. p. 3.21.
69:"Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty"
58:adding citations to reliable sources
27:1211â1234 campaign in northern China
1725:in 1229, Battle of Weizhou (1230),
1471:After Genghis Khan returned to the
4171:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
2649:Gary Seaman; Daniel Marks (1991).
2282:Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004).
2006:dynasty. Two Han Chinese leaders,
1490:Mongol conquest under Genghis Khan
1372:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
137:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
25:
2248:The Secret History of the Mongols
1691:Mongol conquest under Ăgedei Khan
1526:and captured Mukden (present-day
1522:travelled even further east into
2634:Schram, Stuart Reynolds (1987).
437:
426:
150:
34:
4306:Wars involving the Yuan dynasty
4236:Jin dynasty coinage (1115â1234)
1687:and Khitans to supply cavalry.
1475:, in early 1211, he summoned a
45:needs additional citations for
4291:Invasions by the Mongol Empire
2068:since the previous dynasties.
1580:in exchange for relieving the
1353:
1323:
1309:
497:40,000 Han Chinese defectors
1:
4296:Wars involving Imperial China
4059:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
3756:Division of the Mongol Empire
2619:May, Timothy Michael (2004).
2324:Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018).
2088:Timeline of the JinâSong Wars
488:
4286:Mongol conquest of Jin China
1654:In 1223, the Mongol general
3006:Manghit / Mangudai
1807:The fall of the Jin dynasty
4352:
4326:1230s in the Mongol Empire
4321:1220s in the Mongol Empire
4316:1210s in the Mongol Empire
3785:Esen BuqaâAyurbarwada war
2692:. Nssd.org. Archived from
2366:Gloria Skurzynski (2010).
2184:. Boydell Press: 109â117.
1810:
1405:
842:Hungary and Croatia (
4114:Alliance Conducted at Sea
4056:
3815:
3804:
3600:(1223 / 1236â40)
3506:(1257 / 1284â88)
3335:
3315:
3129:ByzantineâMongol Alliance
3060:
3037:
2895:
2884:
2785:10.1017/S1356186300008877
2290:. Facts on File. p.
2190:10.1515/9781846159022-004
2095:Manchuria under Yuan rule
1908:), and Chen (present-day
1582:Mongol siege upon Zhongdu
1553:had murdered the emperor
1494:When the conquest of the
1378:, was fought between the
1364:
1330:
1298:
1228:
1068:
939:
827:Poland and Bohemia (
794:
680:East Asia (other regions)
598:
474:
263:
199:
163:
149:
141:
2841:A New Kind of Northerner
2839:Garcia, Chad D. (2012),
2523:Waterson, James (2013).
2469:Waterson, James (2013).
2442:Waterson, James (2013).
2415:Waterson, James (2013).
1923:The Han Chinese general
1849:Mongol conquest of China
1744:defeated him and forced
1572:The Jurchen Jin emperor
1304:Traditional Chinese
144:Mongol conquest of China
4311:Jin dynasty (1115â1234)
4257:Zhaocheng Jin Tripitaka
4166:1194 Yellow River flood
4099:Jin dynasty (1115â1234)
3082:Invasions and conquests
3001:Paiza / Gerege
2529:. Casemate Publishers.
2475:. Casemate Publishers.
2448:. Casemate Publishers.
2421:. Casemate Publishers.
2314:Weatherford 2004 p. 96.
2056:The Han Chinese nobles
1821:Mongol invasion of the
1813:Mongol siege of Kaifeng
1649:
1318:Simplified Chinese
500:30,000 Liao defectors
386:Emperor Xuanzong of Jin
156:An illustration of the
4336:History of Zhangjiakou
3739:(1260 / 1301)
3467:(1274 / 1281)
3134:Franco-Mongol alliance
2806:Shinno, Reiko (2016).
2272:Weatherford 2004 p. 85
2014:(ćé»éŠŹ), and the Khitan
1969:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1711:
1666:when Genghis Khan was
1646:
1510:at a mountain pass in
1468:
483:Total: 180,000â210,000
264:Commanders and leaders
4331:13th century in China
1936:Southern Song dynasty
1856:Battle of Sanfengshan
1848:
1840:
1832:
1820:
1723:Battle of Dachangyuan
1698:
1644:
1466:
503:20,000 Song soldiers
492: 90,000â120,000
397:Emperor Aizong of Jin
3630:Serbia and Bulgaria
1794:MongolâSong alliance
1668:attacking Khwarezmia
1438:punitive expeditions
1374:, also known as the
944:Rise of Genghis Khan
589:Mongol invasions and
54:improve this article
3877:Khagans of the Yuan
3606:Poland and Bohemia
3382:Khwarazmian Empire
3107:Society and economy
2405:, pp. 337â338.
1912:, Henan Province).
1900:), Xu (present-day
1178:Bulgaria and Serbia
859:Bulgaria and Serbia
542:1212: 30,000â50,000
191:MongolâSong victory
4241:Huining Prefecture
4159:Treaty of Shaoxing
3622:Holy Roman Empire
3077:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
2669:wanfangdata.com.cn
2604:Collectif (2002).
2577:Man, John (2013).
2553:Global Connections
2225:Three Rivers Press
2078:History of Beijing
1892:and 280 men under
1851:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1727:Battle of Daohuigu
1712:
1647:
1508:Battle of Yehuling
1469:
1354:MĂ©ng JÄ«n zhĂ nzhÄng
531:800,000 infantry
410:Wanyan Chenheshang
158:Battle of Yehuling
4273:
4272:
4134:Jingkang incident
4065:
4064:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4047:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3777:KaiduâKublai war
3769:BerkeâHulagu war
3761:Toluid Civil War
3542:
3541:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3114:House of Borjigin
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
2385:978-1-4263-0597-9
2234:978-0-609-80964-8
2199:978-1-843-83596-7
2150:978-0-760-71976-3
2062:Celestial Masters
1368:
1367:
1360:
1359:
1341:Standard Mandarin
1286:
1285:
1186:
1185:
1023:
1022:
896:
895:
891:
890:
854:Holy Roman Empire
555:
554:
458:Emperor Mo of Jin
195:
194:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
4343:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4069:
3863:
3850:
3847:Töregene Khatun
3837:
3817:
3806:
3788:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3689:
3681:
3673:
3665:
3657:
3649:
3641:
3633:
3625:
3617:
3609:
3601:
3593:
3585:
3577:
3569:
3561:
3560:
3534:
3515:
3507:
3499:
3491:
3490:
3468:
3458:
3450:
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3440:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3415:
3393:
3385:
3377:
3367:
3359:
3344:
3337:
3317:
3279:Shangdu (Xanadu)
3269:Sarai Batu/Berke
3174:Chagatai Khanate
3062:
3039:
2897:
2886:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2848:
2843:
2826:
2825:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2755:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2735:. Archived from
2729:
2723:
2722:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2646:
2640:
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2595:
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2412:
2406:
2400:
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2363:
2357:
2356:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2289:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2264:
2259:Meng Ta Peu Lu,
2257:
2251:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2173:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2134:
2117:
2111:
1967:
1906:Jiangsu Province
1709:
1699:Mongol Empire's
1660:Shaanxi Province
1658:had struck into
1650:Muqali's advance
1563:Emperor Xuanzong
1559:Emperor Xuanzong
1356:
1355:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1312:
1311:
1291:
1223:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1190:
1063:
1062:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1027:
934:
923:
916:
909:
900:
874:Byzantine Thrace
601:
593:
581:
574:
567:
558:
534:150,000 cavalry
493:
490:
466:
453:
441:
430:
418:
405:
355:
339:
303:
279:
256:
235:
225:
165:
164:
154:
134:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4301:Jurchen history
4276:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4207:
4102:
4096:
4066:
4061:
4044:
3963:
3882:
3861:
3848:
3835:
3811:
3792:
3786:
3778:
3770:
3762:
3744:
3738:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3706:
3693:
3687:
3679:
3671:
3663:
3655:
3647:
3639:
3631:
3623:
3615:
3607:
3599:
3591:
3583:
3582:Volga Bulgaria
3575:
3567:
3558:
3556:
3538:
3532:
3519:
3513:
3505:
3497:
3488:
3486:
3472:
3466:
3456:
3447:
3445:
3438:
3437:Southern China
3430:
3422:
3421:Northern China
3413:
3411:
3397:
3391:
3383:
3375:
3365:
3357:
3331:
3330:
3303:
3202:
3179:House of Ăgedei
3148:
3119:House of Ăgedei
3087:Destructiveness
3056:
3055:
3025:
2962:
2948:
2891:
2880:
2875:
2838:
2835:
2830:
2829:
2822:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2733:"Archived copy"
2731:
2730:
2726:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2699:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2658:
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2647:
2643:
2633:
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2628:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2386:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2258:
2254:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2074:
1974:
1972:Mongol policies
1968:
1965:
1946:Wanyan Chenglin
1815:
1809:
1796:
1703:
1693:
1652:
1592:Wanyan Chenghui
1492:
1410:
1404:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1187:
1182:
1164:
1134:
1064:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1024:
1019:
935:
929:
927:
897:
892:
758:
594:
590:
587:
585:
551:
538:
537:
528:
527:
520:
507:
506:
494:horse archers
491:
485:
484:
470:
462:
449:
414:
401:
368:
345:
329:
297:
259:
254:
240:
233:
223:
183:
155:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4349:
4347:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4278:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4264:History of Jin
4260:
4253:
4251:Yanqing Temple
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4219:Jurchen people
4215:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4168:
4163:
4162:
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4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4072:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3870:
3865:
3860:Oghul Qaimish
3857:
3852:
3844:
3839:
3831:
3825:
3823:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3718:
3710:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3683:
3675:
3667:
3659:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3627:
3619:
3611:
3603:
3595:
3587:
3579:
3571:
3563:
3552:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3482:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3461:
3460:
3452:
3442:
3434:
3426:
3418:
3407:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3387:
3379:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3352:
3350:
3341:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3158:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3124:Mongol Armenia
3121:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2821:978-1317671602
2820:
2798:
2763:
2724:
2706:
2681:
2656:
2641:
2626:
2611:
2596:
2590:978-1466861565
2589:
2569:
2563:978-0521191890
2562:
2542:
2536:978-1783469437
2535:
2515:
2508:
2488:
2482:978-1783469437
2481:
2461:
2455:978-1783469437
2454:
2434:
2428:978-1783469437
2427:
2407:
2395:
2384:
2358:
2343:
2337:978-1108636629
2336:
2316:
2307:
2300:
2274:
2265:
2252:
2239:
2233:
2227:, p. 83,
2205:
2198:
2165:
2156:
2149:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2024:Shimo Beidi'er
1973:
1970:
1963:
1898:Anhui Province
1872:Henan Province
1860:Hebei Province
1811:Main article:
1808:
1805:
1800:Emperor Aizong
1795:
1792:
1788:Emperor Aizong
1754:Henan Province
1710:in North China
1692:
1689:
1651:
1648:
1620:Hebei Province
1596:Moran Jinzhong
1491:
1488:
1430:Emperor Xizong
1406:Main article:
1403:
1400:
1376:MongolâJin War
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1335:Transcriptions
1328:
1327:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:MongolâJin War
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:MongolâJin War
1218:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1127:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1030:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
975:
970:
969:
968:
958:
953:
952:
951:
940:
937:
936:
928:
926:
925:
918:
911:
903:
894:
893:
889:
888:
887:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
840:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
803:Volga Bulgaria
800:
792:
791:
785:
784:
783:
782:
777:
772:
767:
760:
754:
753:
752:
751:
750:
749:
739:
734:
733:
732:
722:
717:
710:
706:
705:
704:
703:
698:
693:
688:
681:
677:
676:
675:
674:
669:
664:
659:
652:
646:
645:
644:
643:
638:
631:
625:
624:
623:
622:
617:
610:
606:
605:
599:
596:
595:
586:
584:
583:
576:
569:
561:
553:
552:
550:
549:
546:
543:
539:
536:
535:
532:
526:Total: 950,000
525:
524:
523:
521:
519:
518:
515:
512:
508:
505:
504:
501:
498:
495:
482:
481:
480:
477:
476:
472:
471:
469:
468:
455:
442:
431:
420:
407:
394:
393:Moran Jinzhong
391:
388:
383:
371:
369:
367:
366:
361:
356:
340:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
292:
287:
282:
269:
266:
265:
261:
260:
258:
257:
249:
243:
241:
239:
238:
237:
236:
228:
227:
226:
218:
205:
202:
201:
197:
196:
193:
192:
189:
185:
184:
179:
177:
173:
172:
169:
161:
160:
147:
146:
139:
138:
132:
131:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
18:MongolâJin War
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4348:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4139:Huangtiandang
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4124:JinâSong Wars
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4093:
4088:
4086:
4081:
4079:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4060:
4055:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3929:Chagatai Khan
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3803:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3735:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3719:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3644:
3642:
3638:Latin Empire
3636:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3564:
3562:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3443:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3167:Northern Yuan
3165:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3092:Imperial Seal
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2985:Pax Mongolica
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2878:Mongol Empire
2872:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2823:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2739:on 2016-03-04
2738:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2721:(in Chinese).
2720:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2696:on 2020-04-13
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2615:
2612:
2607:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2583:. Macmillan.
2582:
2581:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2465:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2438:
2435:
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2424:
2420:
2419:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2399:
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2372:
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2344:
2339:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2320:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2301:9780816046713
2297:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2278:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2133:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2083:JinâSong Wars
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:Duke Yansheng
2054:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1978:Southern Song
1971:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1941:coup de grĂące
1937:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1608:Shimo Ming'an
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1574:Wanyan Yongji
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1555:Wanyan Yongji
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1516:Shimo Ming'an
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1473:Kherlen River
1465:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:Wanyan Yongji
1446:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1408:JinâSong Wars
1401:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:Mongol Empire
1377:
1373:
1363:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1073:Volga Bulgars
1071:
1070:
1067:
1060:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1016:
1015:Volga Bulgars
1013:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
979:
976:
974:
971:
967:
964:
963:
962:
959:
957:
954:
950:
947:
946:
945:
942:
941:
938:
932:
924:
919:
917:
912:
910:
905:
904:
901:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
849:
845:
841:
838:
834:
830:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
795:
793:
790:
786:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
762:
761:
755:
748:
745:
744:
743:
740:
738:
735:
731:
728:
727:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
712:
711:
707:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
683:
682:
678:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
654:
653:
651:
647:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
632:
630:
626:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
611:
607:
602:
597:
592:
582:
577:
575:
570:
568:
563:
562:
559:
548:1233: 100,000
547:
545:1231: 200,000
544:
541:
540:
533:
530:
522:
516:
513:
510:
509:
502:
499:
496:
487:
479:
478:
473:
467:
465:
459:
456:
454:
452:
446:
443:
440:
435:
432:
429:
424:
421:
419:
417:
411:
408:
406:
404:
398:
395:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
381:
376:
375:Wanyan Yongji
373:
372:
370:
365:
362:
360:
357:
353:
349:
344:
341:
337:
333:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
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296:
293:
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288:
286:
283:
280:
274:
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268:
267:
262:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
242:
232:
229:
222:
219:
217:
214:
213:
212:
211:Mongol Empire
209:
208:
207:
206:
204:
203:
198:
190:
187:
186:
182:
178:
175:
174:
170:
167:
166:
162:
159:
153:
148:
145:
140:
135:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: â
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4262:
4255:
4170:
3829:Genghis Khan
3598:Kievan Rus'
3576:(1237â1300s)
3568:(1237â1300s)
3420:
3412:Western Xia
3374:Qara Khitai
3207:Major cities
3186:Golden Horde
3162:Yuan dynasty
3049:Organization
2983:
2934:Khong Tayiji
2840:
2833:Bibliography
2811:
2801:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2741:. Retrieved
2737:the original
2727:
2718:
2709:
2698:. Retrieved
2694:the original
2684:
2672:. Retrieved
2668:
2659:
2650:
2644:
2635:
2629:
2620:
2614:
2605:
2599:
2579:
2572:
2552:
2545:
2525:
2518:
2498:
2491:
2471:
2464:
2444:
2437:
2417:
2410:
2398:
2389:
2369:
2361:
2352:
2346:
2326:
2319:
2310:
2285:
2277:
2268:
2260:
2255:
2246:
2242:
2221:Random House
2219:, New York:
2215:
2208:
2181:
2177:
2159:
2139:
2132:
2109:
2066:Yuan dynasty
2055:
2052:
2032:Xiao Zhongxi
2030:(ćĄäžć·Čć
), and
1997:
1992:Genghis Khan
1975:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1890:Pucha Guannu
1883:
1880:
1868:Runan County
1852:
1797:
1784:
1777:
1774:
1731:
1720:
1713:
1662:, attacking
1653:
1632:Central Asia
1626:, Hebei and
1600:Lugou Bridge
1594:and general
1586:
1578:Genghis Khan
1571:
1536:
1493:
1485:
1470:
1445:Genghis Khan
1442:
1411:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1348:Hanyu Pinyin
1220:
1095:Eastern Liao
1077:
1061:'s campaigns
960:
933:'s campaigns
931:Genghis Khan
864:Latin Empire
730:Nizari state
709:Western Asia
661:
629:Central Asia
517:1233: 15,000
514:1231: 50,000
511:1212: 90,000
463:
450:
434:Pucha Guannu
415:
402:
379:
273:Genghis Khan
231:Song dynasty
224:(until 1219)
216:Eastern Liao
200:Belligerents
142:Part of the
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
4224:Wanyan clan
4191:Sanfengshan
4181:Dachangyuan
3904:Sartaq Khan
3873:Kublai Khan
3868:Möngke Khan
3842:Ăgedei Khan
3821:Great Khans
3787:(1314â1318)
3779:(1268â1301)
3731:(1260â1323)
3715:(1253â1256)
3698:Middle East
3592:(1238â1239)
3533:(1221â1327)
3392:(1219â1256)
3384:(1219â1221)
3366:(1264â1308)
3358:(1207-1308)
3224:Azov (Azaq)
2890:Terminology
2674:26 February
2403:Garcia 2012
2044:Ăgedei Khan
2020:Ăgedei Khan
2000:Han Chinese
1988:Kublai Khan
1876:YelĂŒ Chucai
1825:(1211â1215)
1823:Jin dynasty
1742:Wanyan Heda
1716:Ăgedei Khan
1704: [
1677:Western Xia
1672:Feng County
1547:North China
1543:Juyong Pass
1512:Zhangjiakou
1500:Western Xia
1481:Eternal Sky
1434:crucifixion
1396:North China
1388:Jin dynasty
1268:Sanfengshan
1253:Dachangyuan
1120:Kievan Rus'
1078:Jin dynasty
1059:Ăgedei Khan
1010:Kalka River
973:Qara Khitai
961:Jin dynasty
956:Western Xia
667:Eastern Xia
657:Western Xia
636:Qara Khitai
423:Wanyan Heda
346: [
330: [
298: [
255:(1225â1227)
252:Western Xia
247:Jin dynasty
234:(from 1233)
221:Western Xia
181:North China
110:August 2020
4280:Categories
4040:Nogai Khan
3924:Ăzbeg Khan
3855:GĂŒyĂŒk Khan
3749:Civil wars
3737:Palestine
3646:Lithuania
3566:Circassia
3299:Xacitarxan
3284:Soltaniyeh
3021:Darughachi
2743:2016-05-03
2719:Wikisource
2715:"æ°ć
ćČ/ć·146"
2700:2018-02-26
2509:0471877336
2124:References
2115:Great Wall
2016:Xiao Zhala
2008:Shi Tianze
1925:Shi Tianze
1616:YelĂŒ Tuhua
1589:chancellor
1402:Background
1100:Khwarazmia
978:Khwarazmia
949:Chakirmaut
813:Durdzuketi
798:Kievan Rus
364:Xiao Zhala
322:Shi Tianze
80:newspapers
3909:Orda Khan
3899:Batu Khan
3763:(1260â64)
3707:(1241â43)
3705:Anatolia
3680:(1287â88)
3672:(1285â86)
3664:(1264â65)
3656:(1259â60)
3648:(1258â59)
3624:(1241â42)
3616:(1241â42)
3608:(1240â41)
3584:(1229â36)
3574:Chechnya
3514:(1300â02)
3478:Southeast
3457:(1253â56)
3439:(1235â79)
3431:(1231â60)
3423:(1211â34)
3376:(1216â18)
3364:Sakhalin
3324:Campaigns
3274:Saray-JĂŒk
3264:Samarkand
3239:Karakorum
3198:Ilkhanate
2956:Political
2793:161851226
2036:Zhang Rou
2026:(çłæčćèżć
),
2012:Liu Heima
1966:Zhao Gong
1955:Changchun
1798:In 1233,
1770:Xiangyang
1766:Han River
1738:Tong Pass
1612:YelĂŒ Ahai
1606:generals
1524:Manchuria
1392:Manchuria
1130:Sit River
988:Samarkand
869:Lithuania
818:Circassia
759:invasions
747:Palestine
715:Caucassus
591:conquests
359:Liu Heima
327:Zhang Rou
171:1211â1234
4231:Jiaochao
4212:See also
4186:Daohuigu
4176:Yehuling
4144:Yancheng
4129:Timeline
4119:Military
4035:Boroldai
4015:Khubilai
3995:Bo'orchu
3968:Military
3862:(regent)
3849:(regent)
3836:(regent)
3721:Baghdad
3670:Hungary
3614:Hungary
3557:Georgia
3504:Vietnam
3356:Siberia
3254:Maragheh
3154:Khanates
3102:Religion
3097:Military
3046:Politics
2996:Kurultai
2959:Military
2752:cite web
2499:Shanghai
2263:, p. 61.
2072:See also
1964:â
1910:Huaiyang
1750:Chang'an
1729:(1231).
1664:Chang'an
1628:Shandong
1528:Shenyang
1477:kurultai
1457:Keraites
1426:Ambaghai
1382:and the
1263:Daohuigu
1233:Yehuling
966:Yehuling
720:Anatolia
696:Sakhalin
641:Khwarezm
475:Strength
176:Location
4246:Zhongdu
4201:Caizhou
4196:Kaifeng
4149:Tangdao
4107:History
4005:Boroqul
4000:Guo Kan
3990:Negudar
3975:Subutai
3875: (
3713:Alamut
3686:Serbia
3678:Poland
3662:Thrace
3654:Poland
3590:Alania
3455:Yunnan
3390:Persia
3348:Central
3327:Battles
3234:Bolghar
3229:Bukhara
3214:Almalik
3016:Kheshig
2944:Tarkhan
2040:Yan Shi
2028:Tabuyir
1983:Subetai
1959:baijiao
1894:Ma Yong
1864:Subutai
1758:Kaifeng
1746:Subutai
1734:Kheshig
1685:Tanguts
1681:Uighurs
1567:Kaifeng
1551:Hushahu
1539:Beijing
1530:). The
1414:nomadic
1384:Jurchen
1278:Caizhou
1273:Kaifeng
1258:Weizhou
1248:Zhongdu
1243:Zhenyou
1238:Huailai
1166:Hungary
1158:Legnica
1136:Kozelsk
1115:Armenia
1110:Georgia
1088:Caizhou
1083:Kaifeng
983:Bukhara
884:Gazaria
808:Cumania
780:Vietnam
775:Siberia
737:Baghdad
464:†
451:†
445:Ma Yong
416:†
403:†
390:Li Ying
343:Yan Shi
317:Subutai
295:Doqolqu
275: (
94:scholar
4154:Caishi
4101:topics
3985:Muqali
3959:Ghazan
3954:Arghun
3944:Hulegu
3834:Tolui
3810:People
3771:(1262)
3729:Syria
3723:(1258)
3688:(1291)
3640:(1242)
3632:(1242)
3548:Europe
3531:India
3512:Burma
3498:(1293)
3487:Burma
3465:Japan
3446:Tibet
3429:Korea
3289:Tabriz
3259:Qarshi
3219:Avarga
3065:Topics
2969:Jarlig
2929:Jinong
2924:Khanum
2919:Khatun
2909:Khagan
2901:Titles
2818:
2791:
2587:
2560:
2533:
2506:
2479:
2452:
2425:
2382:
2334:
2298:
2231:
2196:
2147:
2038:(ćŒ”æ),
1902:Xuzhou
1886:Anyang
1768:(near
1740:, but
1701:Ayimaq
1656:Muqali
1636:Persia
1624:Shanxi
1604:Khitan
1532:Khitan
1496:Tangut
1453:vassal
1422:Tatars
1418:Khabul
1153:Poland
1125:Ryazan
1105:Goryeo
998:Parwan
879:Serbia
848:Second
833:Second
823:Alania
789:Europe
742:Levant
725:Persia
620:Second
460:
447:
436:
425:
412:
399:
377:
312:Ăgedei
290:Muqali
188:Result
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
4030:Kadan
4025:Bayan
4010:Jelme
3949:Abaqa
3939:Kebek
3919:Toqta
3914:Berke
3894:Jochi
3887:Khans
3524:South
3496:Java
3249:Majar
3191:Wings
3011:TĂŒmen
2991:Yassa
2974:Ărtöö
2939:Noyan
2789:S2CID
2101:Notes
1998:Many
1762:Tolui
1714:When
1708:]
1504:Ongut
1498:-led
1386:-led
1148:Tibet
1003:Indus
844:First
837:Third
829:First
765:India
757:Other
701:Tibet
691:Korea
686:Japan
650:China
615:First
609:Burma
354:]
338:]
307:Tolui
302:]
101:JSTOR
87:books
3980:Jebe
3934:Duwa
3403:East
3340:Asia
3294:Ukek
3244:Dadu
3052:Life
2979:Orda
2914:Khan
2816:ISBN
2758:link
2676:2017
2585:ISBN
2558:ISBN
2531:ISBN
2504:ISBN
2477:ISBN
2450:ISBN
2423:ISBN
2380:ISBN
2376:1958
2332:ISBN
2296:ISBN
2229:ISBN
2194:ISBN
2145:ISBN
2060:and
2010:and
1934:The
1732:The
1634:and
1614:and
1520:Jebe
1394:and
1370:The
1324:èéæäș
1310:èéæ°ç
1171:Mohi
1141:Kiev
993:Merv
770:Java
672:Song
604:Asia
285:Jebe
168:Date
73:news
4020:Aju
2781:doi
2292:277
2186:doi
2048:Jin
2004:Jin
1390:in
662:Jin
278:DOW
56:by
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2775:.
2754:}}
2750:{{
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2168:^
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