Mongol invasions of Japan - Knowledge (XXG)

2245: 1242:

eastern tributary state. Japan is located near to Korea and since her founding has time and again established relations with the Middle Kingdom. However, since our accession you have not yet sent an envoy to our court; nor have you indicated a desire to establish friendly relations with us. We are afraid this is because Your Kingdom has not yet been well informed of this. Therefore we now send a special envoy bearing our state papers to inform you of our desire. We hope that henceforth you will enter into friendly relations with us, and that both our people and yours will enjoy peace and harmony. Moreover, the sages consider the entire universe one family. Therefore, if we should not establish friendly relations with each other, how could it be in accordance with the doctrine of one family? Who would care to appeal to arms?

1412: 2078: 2101:" and were fired from catapults, inflicting damage on enemy soldiers. An illustration of a bomb is depicted in the Japanese Mongol Invasion scrolls, but Thomas Conlan has shown that the illustration of the projectiles was added to the scrolls in the 18th century and should not be considered to be an eyewitness representation of their use. However, archaeological discoveries since Conlan's statement have confirmed the existence of bombs in the Yuan invasion's arsenal. Multiple bomb shells were discovered in an underwater shipwreck off the shore of Japan by the Kyushu Okinawa Society for Underwater Archaeology. X-rays by Japanese scientists of the excavated shells show that they contained gunpowder and were also packed with scrap iron. 2354: 2190: 1932: 1404: 1284: 2333: 2366: 1521:. Like Sukekuni, Taira no Kagetaka, the governor of Iki, gave a spirited defence with 100 samurai and the local armed populace before falling back to his castle by nightfall. The next morning, Yuan forces had surrounded the castle. Knowing that defeat was inevitable, Kagetaka sent his daughter with a trusted samurai, Sōzaburō, on a secret passage to the shore where a ship was waiting to take them to the mainland. Mongol archers spotted them and fired on the ship; Kagetaka's daughter was killed, but Sōzaburō managed to reach 52: 1916: 2064:("divine wind"). The fact that the typhoon that helped Japan defeat the Mongol navy in the first invasion occurred in late November, well after the normal Pacific typhoon season (May to October), perpetuated the Japanese belief that they would never be defeated or successfully invaded, which remained an important aspect of Japanese foreign policy until the very end of World War II. The failed invasions also demonstrated one of the Mongols' weaknesses: the inability to mount naval invasions successfully. 215: 382: 196: 1239:

mutual respect and trust. On our part, we, from the time of our forefathers, have received the Mandate of Heaven and have ruled the universe. Innumerable people in far-off lands have learned to fear our power and have longed for our virtuous rule. When we first ascended the throne, the innocent and helpless people of Korea had suffered for long from military struggles. We therefore ordered a cessation of hostilities, restored their land, and returned the captive Koreans, young and old.

2016: 311: 301: 1706: 1820: 2130: 1587:

frightened out of their wits by the thundering explosions; their eyes were blinded, their ears deafened, so that they could hardly distinguish east from west. According to our manner of fighting, we must first call out by name someone from the enemy ranks, and then attack in single combat. But they (the Mongols) took no notice at all of such conventions; they rushed forward all together in a mass, grappling with any individuals they could catch and killing them.

1176: 277: 176: 2321: 1722: 324: 2309: 257: 123: 1808: 2183:. They forged the blade using a combination of soft and hard steel to optimize the temperature and timing of the heating and cooling of the blade, resulting in a lighter but more robust blade. They made the curve of the blade more gentle, lengthened the tip linearly, widened the width from the cutting edge to the opposite side of the blade, and thinned the cross section to improve the penetration and cutting ability of the blade. 237: 2297: 1924: 2244: 293: 285: 269: 143: 332: 1634:, who had already encountered a Yuan detachment, driven them away and killed two. Kikuchi told him the "pirates" had already fled. Takezaki and his five companions charged the small Yuan detachment that Kikuchi had previously encountered, but their horses got stuck in the mud, and they were wounded by a barrage of arrows. Takezaki and three surviving retainers managed to retreat with the aid of 346: 133: 247: 166: 112: 1768:

southern China and 900 from Korea. Reportedly 40,000 troops were amassed in Korea and 100,000 in southern China. Those numbers are likely an exaggeration, but the addition of southern Chinese resources probably meant the second invasion force was still several times larger than the first invasion. Nothing is known about the size of the Japanese forces.

356: 186: 156: 1231:

receiving an answer. Kublai could not believe that his envoys had been treated with such disrespect and suspected that this was a ruse by Wonjong, so he sent Heuk Chŭk back to Japan, this time accompanied by the Goryeo envoy, Sim Sa-jŭn. The envoys had not returned by 1268 but ultimately left after their letter was rejected by the Japanese.

1795:, the Japanese commander Shōni Suketoki and Ryūzōji Suetoki led forces against the invasion force. The expeditionary forces discharged their firearms, and the Japanese were routed, with Suketoki killed in the process. More than 300 islanders were killed. The Yuan soldiers sought out the children and killed them as well. However, the 2189: 1968:

the Japanese killed all the Mongols, Koreans, and Northern Chinese. The Southern Chinese were spared but made slaves. According to a Korean source, of the 26,989 Koreans who set out with the Eastern Route fleet, 7,592 did not return. Chinese and Mongol sources indicate a casualty rate of 60 to 90 percent.

1223:, the two most influential officials of Goryeo, be brought to the Yuan court. Kim killed U-ya Son-dal. This frightened Wonjong, who did not want to offend the Mongols, but he dared not lay a hand on Kim. Having gone unpunished, Kim and his family started showing disrespect towards the king. Wonjong and 2006:

Turnbull believes that more than 140,000 is an exaggeration but does not offer his own estimate for the size of the army. Rather, he states that given the contributions of the Southern Song, the second invasion should have been around three times larger than the first. As he earlier listed the common

1954:

Now it happened one day that such a gale was blowing from the north that the troops declared that, if they did not get away, all their ships would be wrecked. So they all embarked and left the island and put out to sea. And let me tell you that when they had sailed about four miles, the gale began to

1581:

army perplexing. The Yuan forces disembarked and advanced in a dense body protected by a screen of shields. They wielded their polearms in a tightly packed fashion with no space between them. As they advanced they also threw paper and iron casing bombs on occasion, frightening the Japanese horses and

1895:

Japanese war craft, being small in size, were no match . Those which came up to attack were all beaten off. The whole country therefore was trembling with fear. In the markets there was no rice for sale. The Japanese ruler went in person to visit the Hachiman Shrine to make supplication. He also had

1241:

In gratitude both ruler and people of Korea now present themselves at our court. Although the legal relation between ourselves and the Koreans is that of sovereign and subjects, yet in feeling we are as father and children. We assume that Your Highness and your subjects have known this. Korea is our

1230:

Upon reaching the Japanese capital, the Mongol and Goryeo envoys were treated with disrespect and were not allowed to enter the gates. They lodged at a place called T'ă-jă-bu outside the west gate of the city. They remained there for five months with poor entertainment before being dismissed without

1862:

The next day, Kawano Michiari led a daytime raid with just two boats. His uncle Michitoki was immediately killed by an arrow, and Michiari was wounded both in the shoulder and the left arm. However, upon boarding the enemy ship, he slew a large Mongol warrior for which he was made a hero and richly

1586:

The commanding general kept his position on high ground, and directed the various detachments as need be with signals from hand-drums. But whenever the (Mongol) soldiers took to flight, they sent iron bomb-shells (tetsuho) flying against us, which made our side dizzy and confused. Our soldiers were

2161:

acting as a secondary weapon. As a result of the war, intellectuals of the Mongol Empire regarded Japanese swords as a threat. For example, Wang Yun, who served Kublai, and Zheng Si-xiao, a surviving retainer of the Song dynasty, mentioned in their book that "Japanese swords are long and extremely

1967:

According to a Chinese survivor, after the typhoon Commander Fan Wenhu picked the best remaining ships and sailed away, leaving more than 100,000 troops to die. After being stranded for three days on Taka island, the Japanese attacked and captured tens of thousands. They were moved to Hakata where

1767:

in 1279 and was able to launch a two-pronged attack. The invading force was drawn from several sources, including criminals with commuted death sentences and even those mourning the loss of their parents—a serious affair in China. More than 1,500 ships were requisitioned for the invasion: 600 from

1318:

fast boats. Goryeo was responsible for providing the labor, material, and cost of the construction, which they protested. The construction was finished on 5 July 1274. The invasion fleet was scheduled to depart in the seventh lunar month of 1274 but was delayed for three months due to the death of

1218:

and two of his officials, Son Kun-bi and Kim Ch'an, were appointed to join them on their journey. On their departure, they were met by a storm and the king sent the Mongol envoys back to the Yuan court. Kublai was unsatisfied with the outcome and sent Heuk Chŭk back ordering Wonjong to forward the

2023:

The defeated Mongol Empire lost most of its naval power, and its naval defense capability declined significantly. Korea, which was in charge of shipbuilding for the invasion, also lost its ability to build ships and its ability to defend the sea since a large amount of lumber was cut down. On the

1882:

After the Southern Route fleet convened with the Eastern Route fleet, the two fleets took some time rearranging themselves before they advanced on Taka island. After taking Taka island, the Yuan army advanced on Hakata. A two-week battle ensued throughout the countryside that entered a stalemate.

1787:

Orders for the second invasion came in the first lunar month of 1281. Two fleets were prepared, a force of 900 ships in Korea and 3,500 ships in southern China with a combined force of 142,000 soldiers and sailors. The Mongol general Arakhan was named supreme commander of the operation and was to

1665:

back on his ship. Holdon wanted to keep advancing through the night before more Japanese reinforcements arrived, but Hong was worried that their troops were too exhausted and needed rest. There was also fear of being ambushed in the night. Liu agreed with Hong and recalled the Yuan forces back to

1238:

The Emperor of the Great Mongols, being commissioned by Heaven, hereby respectfully presents a letter to the King of Japan. From time immemorial rulers of small states, the borders of which closely adjoin, have always endeavoured to maintain friendly relations with each other and have manifested

1886:

On 12 August, the Japanese repeated their small raids on the invasion fleet that lasted throughout the night. The Mongols responded by fastening their ships together with chains and planks to provide defensive platforms. There are no accounts of the raids from the Japanese side in this incident

1607:

Occupying the heights, his generals gave command by beating drums and the troops advanced or retreated according to the beat of the drums. When the enemy had moved into the pre-arranged positions, the invaders attacked from all sides. They also used firearms and slaughtered the enemy forces in

1259:

In late 1270, a final mission was dispatched by Kublai to Japan. The mission was led by Zhao Liangbi and consisted of 24 scribes. They were almost immediately attacked upon arrival in Japan in 1271. They were refused a visit to the "king of Japan". After delivering their letter and receiving no

1734:

and other defensive structures at many potential landing points, including Hakata Bay, where a two-meter (6.6 ft) high wall was constructed in 1276. In addition, a large number of stakes were driven into the mouth of the river and the expected landing sites to prevent the Mongol army from

1501:

describes as 8,000 warriors embarked on 900 ships. The Mongols landed at 02:00 in the morning on 4 November and ignored the Japanese negotiation attempts, shooting with their archers and forcing them to retreat. The fight was engaged by 04:00. The small garrison force was quickly defeated, but

1576:

forces were of similar size. Conlan estimates that both armies numbered around 3,000 each (not including the Yuan sailors) during this battle, while Japanese historians estimate 6,000 defenders on the Japanese side. The Japanese forces, being inexperienced with non-Japanese tactics, found the

1998:

writes that Conlan is correct in his assertion that the invasion force was much smaller than traditionally believed but argues that the expenditures lavished on the mission confirm that the fighting force was sizable and much larger than 10,000 soldiers and 4,000 sailors. He puts forward the

1532:

with his family. According to the Japanese, the Mongols held down the surviving women and stabbed them through their palms with knives, stripped them naked, and tied their corpses to the sides of their ships to demonstrate to other Japanese what their fate would be if they did not surrender.

1346:

putting the Japanese at 102,000, and the Japanese claiming they were outnumbered at least ten to one. In reality, there are no reliable records of the size of Japanese forces, but estimates put their total numbers at around 4,000 to 6,000. The Yuan invasion force was composed of 15,000

1374:, also known as Bukkō, for advice. Bukkō replied that he had to sit in meditation to find the source of his cowardice in himself. Tokimune went to Bukkō and said, "Finally there is the greatest happening of my life." Bukkō asked, "How do you plan to face it?" Tokimune screamed, " 1949:

Bay, where they were destroyed by the storm. Thousands of soldiers were left drifting on pieces of wood or washed ashore. The Japanese defenders killed all those they found except for the southern Chinese, who they felt had been coerced into joining the attack on Japan.

1738:

Kublai Khan sent five Yuan emissaries in September 1275 to Kyūshū, who refused to leave without a reply. Tokimune responded by having them sent to Kamakura and then beheading them. The graves of those five executed Yuan emissaries still exist at

2459:

Original text in Chinese: 上天眷命大蒙古國皇帝奉書日本國王朕惟自古小國之君境土相接尚務講信修睦況我祖宗受天明命奄有區夏遐方異域畏威懷德者不可悉數朕即位之初以高麗無辜之民久瘁鋒鏑即令罷兵還其疆域反其旄倪高麗君臣感戴來朝義雖君臣歡若父子計王之君臣亦已知之高麗朕之東藩也日本密邇高麗開國以來亦時通中國至於朕躬而無一乘之使以通和好尚恐王國知之未審故特遣使持書布告朕志冀自今以往通問結好以相親睦且聖人以四海為家不相通好豈一家之理哉以至用兵夫孰所好王其圖之不宣至元三年八月日

2057:

The Zen Buddhism of Hōjō Tokimune and his Zen master Bukkō gained credibility beyond national boundaries, and the first mass followings of Zen teachings among samurai began to flourish. The failed invasions also mark the first use of the word

1842:

Meanwhile, the rest of the Eastern Route army attacked Hakata Bay, which was heavily fortified with a defensive wall. Some Mongol ships came ashore but were unable to make it past the defensive wall and were driven off by volleys of arrows.

1984:, writes that they were likely exaggerated by an order of magnitude (140,000), implying that it was 14,000 soldiers and sailors instead, and expresses skepticism that a medieval-era kingdom could have managed an invasion on the scale of 1762:

In the autumn of 1280, Kublai held a conference at his summer palaces to discuss plans for a second invasion of Japan. The major difference between the first and the second invasion was that the Yuan dynasty had finished conquering the

1863:

rewarded. Takezaki Suenaga was also among those who raided the Yuan fleet. Takezaki also participated in driving the Mongols from Shika island, although in that instance, he was wounded and forced them to withdraw to Iki on 30 June.

1297:

In April 1274, the Yuan instructed Holdon and Hong Dagu to mobilize 15,000 men for the invasion of Japan. The Korean general Kim Panggyong led a force of 30,500 to build ships in the fashion of the Southern Chinese. A man from

1638:, who charged the Yuan detachment and drove them away. By nightfall the Yuan invasion force had forced the Japanese off the beach with a third of the defending forces dead, driving them several kilometres inland, and burning 1729:

After the invasion of 1274, the shogunate made efforts to defend against a second invasion, which they thought was sure to come. They better organized the samurai of Kyūshū and ordered the construction of forts and a large

1682:

courtier in his diary entry for 6 November 1274, a sudden reverse wind from the east blew back the Yuan fleet. A few ships were beached, and some 50 Yuan soldiers and sailors were captured and executed. According to the

1834:

by themselves. They departed on 23 June, a full week ahead of the expected arrival of the Southern Route army on 2 July. The Eastern Route army split their forces in half and simultaneously attacked Hakata Bay and

559: 1260:

reply, they went home. Zhao waited for a response until 1273 before returning to China. Zhao advised Kublai against attacking Japan because even though the country lacked wealth, the people were warlike.

901: 1381:" as if he wanted to scare all the enemies in front of him. Bukkō responded with satisfaction, "It is true that the son of a lion roars as a lion!" Since then, Tokimune was instrumental in spreading 2007:

figure of 23,000 for the first invasion uncritically—unlike the estimate of more than 140,000 for the second which would imply an invasion force of around 70,000, on par with Rossabbi's estimate.

1509:

After their victory at Komoda, the Yuan forces burnt down most of the buildings around Sasuura and slaughtered most of the inhabitants. They took the next few days to secure control of Tsushima.

1219:

Mongol envoy to Japan. Yi Changyong, a Goryeo minister, attempted to dissuade the Mongols from their plans on Japan. Kublai sent a general, U-ya Son-dal, to demand that Yi Changyong and

4855: 552: 1214:. Kublai agreed and appointed Heuk Chŭk and Eun Hong as envoys to Japan. They were ordered to go to Goryeo and take with them a Goryeo envoy as well. They delivered a message to the 1207:

From 1266 to 1273, a diplomatic mission composed of Mongols and Koreans sent envoys to Japan six times to demand submission to the Mongols, but the Japanese ignored their demands.

1271:

were instructed to pray for the repulsion of foreign troops and the central government suspended most of its normal duties to concentrate on fortifying its existing defenses in

4783: 2353: 545: 2332: 1830:

The Eastern Route army was supposed to wait for the Southern Route army at Iki, but their commanders, Hong Dagu and Kim Bang-gyeong, disobeyed orders and set out to invade

5859: 4850: 1697:

and encountered it on their way back. Some accounts offer casualty reports that suggest 200 ships were lost. Of the 30,000 strong invasion force, 13,500 did not return.

1366:

A story widely known in Japan is that back in Kamakura, Tokimune was overcome with fear when the invasion finally came and wanting to overcome his cowardice, he asked

2077: 1945:, struck the fleet at anchor from the west and devastated it. Sensing the oncoming typhoon, Korean and south Chinese mariners retreated and unsuccessfully docked in 3744: 1411: 1582:

making them uncontrollable in battle. When the grandson of a Japanese commander shot an arrow to announce the beginning of battle, the Mongols burst out laughing.

887: 5829: 4045: 2684: 2097:

warfare outside of China. One of the most notable technological innovations during the war was the use of explosive bombs. The bombs are known in Chinese as "

4253: 2035:

As a result of the war, there was a growing recognition in China that the Japanese were brave and violent and that invasion of Japan was futile. During the

5849: 1630:

that he was to wait until the Mongols advanced due to difficult terrain, but Takezaki attacked the Mongols anyway. On his way to the beach, he encountered

5333: 4297: 834: 5101: 5093: 705: 621: 5879: 1052: 1110:, after his death in 1203. The inner circle of the Hōjō clan had become so pre-eminent that they no longer consulted the council of the shogunate ( 5834: 4580: 3381:

Emanuel, Kerry; Emanuel, Professor Department of Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences Program in Atmospheres Oceans and Climate Kerry (2005).

1506:, one samurai, Sukesada, cut down 25 enemy soldiers in individual combat. The invaders defeated a final Japanese cavalry charge around nightfall. 2685:"Joint project celebrating the 50th anniversary of Japan-Mongolia diplomatic relations. Relations between Japan and Mongolia in the 13th century" 1314:

fast boats, and 300 tenders. Hong Dagu was put in charge of the construction of large transports while Chaqu supervised the construction of the

5869: 5341: 4248: 4137: 1287:

Two Samurai with a dead Mongol at their feet. The one on the right is possibly Sō Sukekuni, the defending commander at Tsushima. Votive image (

839: 5844: 2024:

other hand, in Japan there was no newly acquired land because it was a defensive war, and so the Kamakura shogunate could not give rewards to

5397: 4233: 3942: 3857: 3838: 3786: 3394: 2848: 2582: 859: 1931: 4221: 3574: 1855:

and Noko from which it had planned to launch raids against Hakata. Instead, the Japanese launched raids at night on board small ships. The

1403: 3216: 1649:(water castle), an earthwork moat fort dating back to 664. However the Yuan attack never came. One of the three commanding Yuan generals, 2656: 2028:

who participated in the battle, and its authority declined. Later, taking advantage of the situation, the number of Japanese joining the

894: 5424: 5373: 5349: 5148: 4798: 4226: 4103: 2280: 854: 844: 710: 652: 1791:

The Eastern Route army set sail first from Korea on 22 May and attacked Tsushima on 9 June and Iki Island on 14 June. According to the

5814: 5799: 5132: 5085: 3678: 3538: 642: 616: 1456:. Additional landings occurred in the strait between the two islands of Tsushima, as well as at two points on the northern island of 5381: 5293: 4038: 3992: 3914: 3522: 3468: 2637: 828: 783: 5309: 3633: 778: 1689:, "a great storm arose and many warships were dashed on the rocks and destroyed." It is not certain whether the storm occurred at 5365: 5325: 4443: 4306: 824: 813: 609: 1039:

outside of China. One of the most notable technological innovations during the war was the use of explosive, hand-thrown bombs.

5819: 5389: 5317: 5223: 5059: 4168: 817: 809: 600: 5874: 5440: 5285: 5197: 5189: 5122: 5114: 4793: 4408: 4193: 4149: 4098: 3973: 2903: 2365: 1048: 793: 722: 647: 637: 595: 569: 5496: 4840: 4173: 2320: 2308: 5864: 5770: 5467: 5357: 4813: 4808: 4489: 4476: 4347: 4071: 1725:

A stake driven into the mouth of a river to prevent the Mongol army from landing. It was excavated in 1905 (Genkō Museum).

849: 2435: 1896:

a royal rescript read at the shrine of the Sun Goddess, imploring that the country be saved in exchange for his own life.

1622:

The battle lasted for only a day, and the fighting, though fierce, was uncoordinated and brief. One low-ranking samurai,

5277: 5075: 4818: 4803: 4352: 4122: 4031: 2403: 1152: 798: 676: 1788:

travel with the Southern Route fleet, which was under the command of Fan Wenhu but was delayed by supply difficulties.

1167:, from 1264 to 1308. However, it is doubtful if Mongol activities in Sakhalin were part of the effort to invade Japan. 5839: 5448: 5416: 5267: 5215: 5067: 4573: 4372: 4132: 4063: 2048: 1302:

named Qi Gongzhi who helped Kublai design ships was ordered to Korea where he spent a few months before being sent to

760: 755: 727: 700: 695: 2692: 4258: 4088: 2688: 1870:. On 16 July, fighting commenced between the Japanese and Mongols at Iki Island, resulting in Mongol withdrawal to 1283: 43: 1263:

Japan took seriously the letter brought by the second diplomatic mission to Japan in 1268 as an omen of invasion;

5301: 5259: 5242: 5156: 5140: 4902: 4268: 2223: 1755:. Five more Yuan emissaries were sent on 29 July 1279, in the same manner, and were again beheaded, this time in 1452:. The principal landing was made at Komoda beach near Sasuura, on the northwestern tip of the southern island of 1441: 1268: 1058: 769: 745: 681: 671: 2296: 5166: 4287: 4263: 4093: 2869: 2392: 2126:

mentions a weapon shaped like a bell that made a noise like thunder-clap and shot out thousands of iron balls.

1717:. Currently, only the top of a few stone walls are exposed to the ground, and most of them have been reclaimed. 630: 218: 2039:, invasion into Japan was discussed three times but was never carried out considering the result of this war. 864: 5804: 5789: 5207: 4494: 4362: 4183: 4178: 4144: 3778: 3594:

Conlan, Thomas. "Myth, Memory and the Scrolls of the Mongol Invasions of Japan". in Lillehoj, Elizabeth ed.

2482:, pp. 261–263 cites a variety of estimate from various Japanese historians as well as the author's own. 2397: 2382: 2052: 1077:

in 1260 (although that was not widely recognized by the Mongols in the west) and established his capital at

750: 3598:(Chicago: Center for the Art of East Asia, University of Chicago and Art Media Resources, 2013), pp. 54–73. 4845: 4566: 4462: 4367: 4154: 2157:

were the main weapons of samurai in this period. Yumi is able to shoot while riding on horseback with the

1977: 51: 3706: 2112:(fire tubes) at the Battle of Tsushima in 1274 and the second coastal assault led by Holdon in 1281. The 1955:

freshen and there was such a crowd of ships that many of them were smashed by colliding with one another.

1635: 5809: 5794: 5588: 5532: 4865: 4273: 4198: 4188: 2227: 1022:. The invasions are referred to in many works of fiction and are the earliest events for which the word 5488: 5480: 4081: 77: 1976:

Many modern historians believe the figures for the invasion force to be exaggerated, as was common in

1915: 5854: 4960: 4330: 4317: 3884: 1981: 1036: 1003: 5726: 2621:[Several questions around "the Mongol attack from the north"]. In Kikuchi, Toshihiko (ed.). 2165:

The Mongol invasions facilitated a change in the designs of Japanese swords. The swordsmiths of the

2015: 1992:, across over ten times the distance, and questions if even 10,000 soldiers attacked Japan in 1281. 1654: 1627: 381: 195: 5736: 4690: 4525: 4108: 3952: 3934: 3924: 2408: 1819: 1705: 1558: 1398: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 921: 2129: 1839:. Three hundred ships attacked Nagato on 25 June but were driven off and forced to return to Iki. 1799:

merges events in June with the later battle in July, when Shōni Suketoki actually fell in battle.

1748: 1252:

demanding an answer from Japan to the khan's letter. The imperial court wished to respond but the

1018:

importance because they set a limit on Mongol expansion and rank as nation-defining events in the

310: 300: 261: 214: 4612: 4469: 4238: 2413: 2162:

sharp." They argued that the combination of a violent samurai and a Japanese sword was a threat.

2098: 1941: 1824: 1756: 1752: 1744: 1650: 1639: 1253: 1107: 1097: 1024: 115: 92: 5558: 4890: 4830: 3968:. Vol. 6, Alien Regime and Border States, 907–1368. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1175: 3208: 1721: 1319:

Wonjong on 23 July and Holdon and Liu Fuheng's tardiness. They did not arrive until September.

4925: 3998: 3988: 3969: 3938: 3910: 3872: 3853: 3834: 3792: 3782: 3690: 3674: 3550: 3534: 3518: 3500: 3497: 3480: 3464: 3390: 3190: 3187: 2844: 2662: 2633: 2578: 2387: 1985: 1867: 1777: 1731: 1714: 1710: 1528:

Kagetaka made a final failed sortie with 36 men, 30 of whom died in battle, before committing

1306:

for the invasion of southern China. Three types of ships were constructed: 300 large thousand

1215: 1184: 435: 276: 175: 3246: 3243: 2838: 2572: 2179:

that were broken or bent in battle, developed new production methods, and created innovative

1495:

With 80 mounted samurai and their retinue, Sukekuni confronted an invasion force of what the

5472: 5432: 4885: 4455: 4436: 4076: 2272: 2198: 2133: 1658: 1631: 1623: 1550: 1445: 1429: 1416: 1224: 1180: 1019: 1015: 717: 323: 314: 304: 39: 5566: 3566: 1807: 1463:

The following description of events is based on contemporary Japanese sources, notably the

256: 122: 5824: 4531: 4429: 4394: 4357: 4205: 4159: 4113: 2421: 1902: 1836: 1685: 1679: 1614: 1569: 1449: 1342: 1323: 1249: 477: 440: 250: 3533:

Michihiro Ishihara 新訂旧唐書倭国日本伝・宋史日本伝・元史日本伝―中国正史日本伝〈2〉, pp. 213–216. Iwanani bunko, 1986

2898: 1859:

credit Kusano Jirō with boarding a Mongol ship, setting fire to it, and taking 21 heads.

1093: 126: 17: 3621: 5579: 5553: 4835: 4415: 4401: 4243: 4017: 3983:

Winters, Harold A.; Galloway, Gerald E.; Reynolds, William J.; Rhyne, David W. (2001).

3822: 2251: 2166: 2158: 1995: 1923: 1831: 1740: 1481: 1264: 1256:

overruled them. A letter rejecting the Mongol demands was drafted but never delivered.

982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 955: 473: 349: 240: 236: 2864: 2089:(literally, heaven-shaking thunder), excavated from Takashima shipwreck, October 2011. 5783: 5640: 5635: 5571: 4878: 4696: 4589: 4547: 4515: 3673:

Michihiro Ishihara 新訂旧唐書倭国日本伝・宋史日本伝・元史日本伝—中国正史日本伝 (2), p. 213. Iwanani bunko, 1986

3383: 2345: 1871: 1646: 1453: 1188: 1074: 179: 146: 2884: 5540: 4980: 4897: 4873: 4788: 4722: 4645: 4625: 4422: 4054: 3506: 3252: 3196: 2429: 2219: 2036: 1989: 1852: 1764: 1675: 1573: 1542: 1474:

At Sasuura, the invasion fleet was spotted offshore, allowing the deputy governor (

1457: 1367: 1288: 1164: 1066: 1011: 999: 292: 284: 268: 207: 199: 189: 169: 142: 4985: 1340:. Both Yuan and Japanese sources exaggerate the opposing side's numbers, with the 3928: 3772: 1999:

alternative figure of 70,000 soldiers and sailors, half of what is stated in the

5706: 5655: 5615: 5584: 4685: 4388: 2605:

The conquest of Ainu lands: ecology and culture in Japanese expansion, 1590–1800

2231: 2214: 1946: 1376: 1352: 1192: 1160: 1133:

vassals, and they made their decisions at private meetings in their residences (

995: 537: 398: 331: 3517:

Wang Yong, 中国史のなかの日本像 Section 3 of Chapter 6. Nousangyoson bunka Kyōkai, 2000,

5751: 5660: 5010: 4995: 4732: 3796: 2340: 1960: 1690: 1662: 1546: 1522: 1518: 1497: 1468: 1371: 1334:. The Japanese plan of defense was simply to contest them at every point with 1331: 1327: 1196: 159: 136: 4002: 2267:

in the 14th century, but later it was cut from the root and converted into a

2032:

began to increase, and attacks on the coasts of China and Korea intensified.

1407:

Samurai Mitsui Sukenaga (right) defeating the Mongolian invasion army (left)

1210:

In 1265, a Goryeo citizen told Kublai that the Mongols should bring Japan to

5620: 5610: 4975: 4955: 4950: 4909: 4537: 4323: 4278: 3694: 3554: 3484: 2094: 1303: 1211: 1078: 879: 413: 3876: 1102: 3689:

Yasuhiro Kawagoe 汎海小録の弘安の役記事について軍事史学第11巻第1号, pp. 26–34. Kinseisha、1975,

3162: 2617:

Nakamura, Kazuyuki (2010). "Kita kara no mōko shūrai wo meguru shōmondai"

345: 165: 5746: 4965: 4825: 4707: 4520: 4312: 3724: 2264: 2170: 2153: 2122: 2060: 1485: 1356: 1299: 1220: 1156: 1028:(神風 "divine wind") is widely used, originating in reference to the two 132: 5716: 5711: 5701: 5686: 4990: 4945: 4940: 4727: 4717: 4655: 4542: 4510: 2025: 1812: 1578: 1529: 1475: 1386: 1360: 1348: 1336: 1130: 1089: 1082: 1062: 1029: 246: 111: 4023: 355: 185: 155: 5696: 5670: 5665: 5000: 4970: 4930: 4680: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4620: 2417: 2255: 1554: 1272: 1070: 1007: 803: 788: 2104:

The Yuan forces may have also used cannons during the invasion. The

1415:

The Mongol fleet destroyed in a typhoon, ink and water on paper, by

1248:

In early 1269, another mission of 70 Koreans and Mongols arrived on

3549:

Hiroki Ōta, 明朝による日本征討論の顛末-元帝国の遠征失敗から得た教訓 pp. 1–24,　政治経済史学478, 2006

1244:

I hereby leave the matter to Your Highness’s careful consideration.

1227:, an official who hated Kim, summoned him to court and killed him. 1179:

Letter from Kublai Khan of the "Great Mongol State" (大蒙古國) to the "

5741: 5721: 5650: 5630: 5625: 5605: 5545: 4712: 4702: 4650: 2425: 2208: 2175: 2128: 2076: 2029: 2014: 1930: 1922: 1914: 1851:

Unable to land, the Mongol invasion force occupied the islands of

1818: 1720: 1704: 1694: 1437: 1410: 1402: 1200: 1126: 81: 2120:"which caused a flash of light and a loud noise when fired." The 5691: 5645: 5005: 4935: 4558: 4484: 4449: 3985:

Battling the Elements: Weather and Terrain in the Conduct of War

2147: 1653:(Yu-Puk Hyong), was shot in the face by the retreating samurai, 1492:

of bad luck, but Sukekuni interpreted it as an omen of warning.

1489: 5520: 5031: 4753: 4600: 4562: 4027: 3479:

Hiroki Ōta, 高麗の艦船用材木事情元の日本遠征に関連して. pp. 2–20. Geirinkai, 1988,

1191:

in East Asia at the time, dated 8th Month, 1266. Now stored in

883: 541: 5731: 3167:

Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan

2492: 2490: 2488: 1657:, and seriously injured. Liu convened with the other generals 1382: 1061:

between 1231 and 1281, Goryeo signed a treaty in favor of the

3567:"The Mongols in World History | Asia Topics in World History" 2632:] (in Japanese). Hokkaido University Press. p. 428. 1517:

The Yuan fleet departed Tsushima on 13 November and attacked

5126:(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27) 3756:

Khubilai Khan's Lost Fleet: In Search of a Legendary Armada

2551: 2549: 2524: 2522: 3645: 3643: 3463:

Section 2 of Chapter 6. Nousangyoson bunka Kyōkai, 2000,

3364: 3362: 3337: 3335: 3262: 3260: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2916: 2914: 2772: 2770: 1891:, the Japanese ships were small and were all beaten off: 2950: 2948: 2509: 2507: 2505: 1561:(文永の役), also known as the "First Battle of Hakata Bay". 1484:

to organize a hasty defense. On that day, the shrine to

3774:

100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present

3501:

100 decisive battles: from ancient times to the present

3596:

Archaism and Antiquarianism in Korean and Japanese Art

1887:

unlike at the defence of Hakata Bay. According to the

1608:

countless numbers. Thus the Japanese were put to rout.

4856:

List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'

2400:– failed Japanese attempt to invade Mongolia in 1939. 1096:, who had intermarried with and wrested control from 1014:. Ultimately a failure, the invasion attempts are of 3727:[Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Touken world]. 1939:

On 15 August, a great typhoon, known in Japanese as

1645:

The Japanese were preparing to make a last stand at

5679: 5598: 5531: 5460: 5409: 5258: 5235: 5188: 5113: 5058: 5051: 4918: 4864: 4776: 4664: 4611: 4503: 4381: 4340: 4296: 4214: 4062: 1866:The Japanese defence of Hakata Bay is known as the 768: 737: 689: 660: 629: 608: 589: 584: 3898:The Origins of the Lost Fleet of the Mongol Empire 3385:Divine Wind: The History and Science of Hurricanes 3382: 2865:"여몽연합군의 일본 정벌, 실패한 까닭은 [윤명철의 한국, 한국인 재발견]" 1293:) at the Komodahama Shrine at Sasuura on Tsushima. 4851:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe 3003: 3001: 2999: 3930:Genghis Khan and the Mongol Conquests, 1190–1400 1035:The invasions were one of the earliest cases of 5271:(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64) 3850:A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500 1952: 1893: 1605: 1584: 1568:s account of the battle suggests that both the 1236: 1134: 1111: 32: 2661:(in Japanese). Japan Knowledge. Archived from 2566: 2564: 1444:, Korea) on 2 November 1274 (Dōngyuè 5 in the 1141: 1118: 1006:after the submission of the Korean kingdom of 4574: 4039: 3869:Japan: its History, Traditions, and Religions 3191:Japan: its History, Traditions, and Religions 2093:The Mongol invasions are an early example of 1847:Japanese counterattacks and Mongol withdrawal 1428:The Yuan invasion forces set off from Hoppo ( 1322:Kublai planned for the fleet to first attack 895: 553: 8: 4254:Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty 3987:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins Press. 3709:[Masamune Sword and Blade Workshop] 1911:Typhoon kamikaze and the end of the invasion 3957:The Mongol Invasions of Japan 1274 and 1281 2651: 2649: 2574:The Mongol Invasions of Japan 1274 and 1281 1935:Illustration by Katsushika Isai (1821–1880) 27:Late 13th-century failed invasion of Kyushu 5528: 5517: 5055: 5048: 5028: 4773: 4750: 4608: 4597: 4581: 4567: 4559: 4046: 4032: 4024: 3632:(1). Archaeological Institute of America. 902: 888: 880: 560: 546: 538: 56:Mongol invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281 50: 29: 5860:Naval battles involving the Mongol Empire 3455: 3453: 2496: 1693:or if the fleet had already set sail for 4018:Mongol Invasion of Japan - 1274 and 1281 3444: 3419: 3368: 3353: 3326: 3290: 3278: 3266: 3148: 3112: 3088: 3064: 3052: 3028: 2978: 2939: 2920: 2843:. Little, Brown Book Group. p. 93. 2788: 2776: 2761: 2725: 2630:A history and cultures of Northeast Asia 2555: 2540: 2528: 2513: 2019:Shōni Kagesuke and his forces in Akasaka 1806: 1553:, the ancient administrative capital of 1448:). Two days later they began landing on 1282: 1174: 1053:Mongol military tactics and organization 3649: 3341: 3314: 3302: 3136: 3124: 3100: 3076: 3040: 3016: 2990: 2966: 2954: 2749: 2737: 2713: 2472: 2452: 2292: 2185: 5201:(1277 / 1283 / 1287) 5160:(1236 / 1240 / 1252) 4249:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs 3661: 3607: 2479: 2081:Stoneware bombs, known in Japanese as 1678:ships had disappeared. According to a 1549:on 19 November, a short distance from 1488:caught fire, which would have been an 581: 3746:In Little Need of Divine Intervention 2577:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 41–42. 1732:stone wall (石塁, Sekirui or 防塁, Bōrui) 1603:gives a similar but shorter account: 994:Major military efforts were taken by 7: 4784:Administrative divisions and vassals 1545:fleet crossed the sea and landed in 3827:Science & Civilisation in China 3219:from the original on 12 August 2017 1626:, received word from his commander 498:: 100,000 and 40,000 with 900 ships 407:Liu Fuheng/Liu Fuxiang/Yu-Puk Hyong 5850:Military campaigns involving Japan 3433:Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times. 2824: 2812: 2800: 1363:troops, and 7,000 Korean sailors. 25: 3817:. The Methodist Publishing House. 1803:Landings in Nagato and Hakata Bay 5830:History of China–Korea relations 4444:The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars 4307:Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns 3636:from the original on 2013-12-29. 3620:Delgado, James (February 2003). 2364: 2352: 2331: 2319: 2307: 2295: 2243: 2188: 2108:, written around 1300, mentions 1980:chronicles. Thomas Conlan, from 1919:Wooden anchor of Mongol invasion 1557:. The following day brought the 1002:in 1274 and 1281 to conquer the 963:Battle of Tsushima Island (1281) 492:: 28,000–30,000 with 3,500 ships 380: 354: 344: 330: 322: 309: 299: 291: 283: 275: 267: 255: 245: 235: 213: 194: 184: 174: 164: 154: 141: 131: 121: 110: 5880:Wars involving the Yuan dynasty 4169:Second Mongol invasion of Burma 3577:from the original on 2007-09-27 3389:. Oxford University Press, US. 2623:Hokutō Ajia no rekishi to bunka 2314:Mongol soldiers, second version 1927:Stone anchor of Mongol invasion 5835:Invasions by the Mongol Empire 4194:Red Turban invasions of Goryeo 3966:The Cambridge History of China 3833:. Cambridge University Press. 3765:China as a Sea Power 1127-1368 3406:– via Internet Archive. 2904:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 2840:A Brief History of the Samurai 2218:, by Yasutsuna. 12th century, 2085:(iron bomb), or in Chinese as 1049:Mongol invasions and conquests 1: 5870:Wars involving Imperial China 5771:Timeline of the Mongol Empire 5468:Division of the Mongol Empire 4477:The Story of the Western Wing 4348:Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass 4072:Division of the Mongol Empire 2885:"충렬왕 – Chungnyeong of Goryeo" 1670:Disappearance of the invaders 4353:Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing) 4104:conquest of the Song dynasty 3891:. Stanford University Press. 2404:Mongol invasions of Sakhalin 2326:Mongol ships, second version 1815:boarding Yuan ships in 1281. 1701:Second invasion preparations 1389:in Japan among the samurai. 1088:Japan was then ruled by the 40:Mongol invasion of East Asia 4718:Manghit / Mangudai 4373:Jinan Great Southern Mosque 3896:Sasaki, Randall J. (2015). 3815:The History of Korea Vol. 1 3806:Korea: The Mongol Invasions 3749:. Cornell University Press. 2281:Important Cultural Property 2230:. This sword is one of the 2049:Mongol invasions of Vietnam 2003:and later Japanese claims. 1783:Attacks on Tsushima and Iki 1279:First invasion preparations 1135: 1112: 1092:(shogunate regents) of the 973:Battle of Iki Island (1281) 939:Hirato, Taka, Nokono Island 934:Battle of Iki Island (1274) 5896: 5497:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war 4259:Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia 4138:Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288) 3909:. Kodansha International. 3889:A History of Japan to 1334 3813:Hulbert, HOMER B. (1999). 3754:Delgado, James P. (2010). 2837:Jonathan Clements (2013). 2689:National Archives of Japan 2571:Turnbull, Stephen (2013). 2046: 1775: 1396: 1330:before making landfall in 1153:made attempts to subjugate 1046: 1032:faced by the Yuan fleets. 823:Hungary and Croatia ( 480:: 60,000 (not yet arrived) 5815:1281 in the Mongol Empire 5800:1274 in the Mongol Empire 5768: 5527: 5516: 5312:(1223 / 1236–40) 5218:(1257 / 1284–88) 5047: 5027: 4841:Byzantine–Mongol Alliance 4772: 4749: 4607: 4596: 4174:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war 3964:Twitchett, Denis (1994). 3408:mongol invasion of japan. 3213:www.kamakura-burabura.com 2607:By Brett L. Walker, p.133 2283:, Tokyo National Museum. 2275:, it was commonly called 1525:and report Iki's defeat. 1442:South Gyeongsang Province 1433: 1359:soldiers, 6,000 to 8,000 1142: 1125:), the Imperial Court of 1119: 1059:Mongol invasions of Korea 929:Battle of Tsushima (1274) 917: 911:Mongol Invasions of Japan 808:Poland and Bohemia ( 775: 661:East Asia (other regions) 579: 505: 452: 226: 103: 60: 49: 37: 33:Mongol invasions of Japan 18:Mongol Invasions of Japan 5845:Japan–Mongolia relations 4288:Goryeo under Mongol rule 4094:Mongol conquest of China 3867:Reed, Edward J. (1880). 3804:Henthorn, W. E. (1963). 3622:"Relics of the Kamikaze" 3185:Reed, Edward J. (1881). 2870:The Korea Economic Daily 2657: 2625: 2618: 2436:Japan–Mongolia relations 2393:Goryeo under Mongol rule 2359:Mongol brigandine armour 2232:Five Swords Under Heaven 1674:By morning, most of the 4794:Invasions and conquests 4713:Paiza / Gerege 4363:Pagoda of Bailin Temple 4184:1344 Yellow River flood 4179:War of the Two Capitals 4089:Kublai Khan's campaigns 3779:Oxford University Press 3771:Davis, Paul K. (1999). 3743:Conlan, Thomas (2001). 3495:Davis, Paul K. (2001). 2383:Mongol invasion of Java 2136:and escaping Mongolians 2053:Mongol invasion of Java 1564:Conlan argues that the 44:Kublai Khan's campaigns 5820:13th-century conflicts 5451:(1260 / 1301) 5179:(1274 / 1281) 4846:Franco-Mongol alliance 4463:The Injustice to Dou E 4368:Temple of Azure Clouds 4298:Science and technology 4155:Battle of Ngasaunggyan 4099:anti-Mongol fortresses 4020:‐ Princeton University 3848:Purton, Peter (2010). 3763:Lo, Jung-pang (2012), 3571:afe.easia.columbia.edu 2398:Battles of Khalkin Gol 2259:. It was originally a 2137: 2116:of 1360 mentions iron 2090: 2020: 1965: 1936: 1928: 1920: 1908: 1827: 1823:The defensive wall at 1816: 1772:Second invasion (1281) 1726: 1718: 1709:A stone defense wall ( 1620: 1597: 1513:Invasion of Iki Island 1420: 1408: 1294: 1246: 1204: 1155:the native peoples of 1069:. Kublai was declared 968:Battle of Shika Island 956:Second Invasion (1281) 949:Battle of Torikai-Gata 227:Commanders and leaders 5875:Wars involving Goryeo 4199:Battle of Lake Poyang 4189:Red Turban Rebellions 3905:Satō, Kanzan (1983). 3871:. London: J. Murray. 3808:. Leiden E. J. Brill. 3247:Battling the Elements 2344:, National Treasure, 2302:Japanese attack ships 2271:. As it was owned by 2228:Tokyo National Museum 2132: 2080: 2068:Military significance 2018: 1934: 1926: 1918: 1822: 1810: 1724: 1708: 1537:Landing in Hakata Bay 1414: 1406: 1393:First invasion (1274) 1286: 1183:" (日本國王), written in 1178: 983:Battle of Taka Island 922:First Invasion (1274) 506:Casualties and losses 5865:Wars involving Japan 5342:Serbia and Bulgaria 3935:Taylor & Francis 1982:Princeton University 1972:Size of the invasion 1713:) at Nishijin, near 1424:Invasion of Tsushima 1004:Japanese archipelago 570:Mongol invasions and 5589:Khagans of the Yuan 5318:Poland and Bohemia 5094:Khwarazmian Empire 4819:Society and economy 4382:Society and culture 4109:Battle of Xiangyang 2827:, pp. 254–255. 2815:, pp. 253–254. 2740:, pp. 345–346. 2716:, pp. 344–345. 2499:, pp. 437–442. 2409:Mongolians in Japan 2346:Kasuga grand shrine 2099:thunder crash bombs 1878:Stalemate at Hakata 1751:Execution Place in 1636:Shiroishi Michiyasu 1467:, a history of the 1234:The letter stated: 840:Bulgaria and Serbia 319:Shiroishi Michiyasu 5840:Invasions of Japan 5334:Holy Roman Empire 4789:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug 4470:The Orphan of Zhao 4239:Imperial Preceptor 3907:The Japanese Sword 3831:The Gunpowder Epic 2414:Battle of Baekgang 2138: 2091: 2043:Cultural influence 2021: 1937: 1929: 1921: 1828: 1817: 1745:Fujisawa, Kanagawa 1727: 1719: 1421: 1409: 1295: 1254:Kamakura shogunate 1205: 1108:Kamakura shogunate 1098:Minamoto no Yoriie 1057:After a series of 978:Battle of Mikuriya 116:Kamakura shogunate 5777: 5776: 5764: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5512: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5489:Kaidu–Kublai war 5481:Berke–Hulagu war 5473:Toluid Civil War 5254: 5253: 5023: 5022: 5019: 5018: 4826:House of Borjigin 4745: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4556: 4555: 3953:Turnbull, Stephen 3944:978-0-415-96862-1 3925:Turnbull, Stephen 3859:978-1-84383-449-6 3852:. Boydell Press. 3840:978-0-521-30358-3 3829:. Vol. V:7: 3788:978-0-19-514366-9 3431:Rossabi, Morris. 3396:978-0-19-514941-8 3163:"福岡市今津元寇防塁発掘調査概報" 3161:福岡市教育委員会 (1969). 3151:, pp. 48–50. 3103:, pp. 95–96. 3091:, pp. 47–48. 2993:, pp. 93–94. 2850:978-1-4721-0772-5 2764:, pp. 12–13. 2728:, pp. 68–69. 2695:on 25 August 2022 2665:on 5 October 2022 2619:「北からの蒙古襲来」をめぐる諸問題 2584:978-1-4728-0045-9 2558:, pp. 69–76. 2543:, pp. 49–50. 2531:, pp. 55–57. 2416:– battle between 2224:National Treasure 2114:Hachiman Gudoukun 2106:Nihon Kokujokushi 2073:Bombs and cannons 1715:Seinan University 1502:according to the 1216:Wonjong of Goryeo 1185:Classical Chinese 1151:The Mongols also 1037:gunpowder warfare 991: 990: 944:Battle of Akasaka 877: 876: 872: 871: 835:Holy Roman Empire 536: 535: 359:Taira no Kagetaka 99: 98: 16:(Redirected from 5887: 5575: 5562: 5559:Töregene Khatun 5549: 5529: 5518: 5500: 5492: 5484: 5476: 5452: 5444: 5436: 5428: 5420: 5401: 5393: 5385: 5377: 5369: 5361: 5353: 5345: 5337: 5329: 5321: 5313: 5305: 5297: 5289: 5281: 5273: 5272: 5246: 5227: 5219: 5211: 5203: 5202: 5180: 5170: 5162: 5161: 5152: 5144: 5136: 5128: 5127: 5105: 5097: 5089: 5079: 5071: 5056: 5049: 5029: 4991:Shangdu (Xanadu) 4981:Sarai Batu/Berke 4886:Chagatai Khanate 4774: 4751: 4609: 4598: 4583: 4576: 4569: 4560: 4526:ʼPhags-pa script 4456:The Chalk Circle 4437:Zhongyuan Yinyun 4324:Shiyi Dexiaofang 4082:Kaidu–Kublai war 4077:Toluid Civil War 4048: 4041: 4034: 4025: 4006: 3979: 3960: 3948: 3920: 3901: 3892: 3880: 3863: 3844: 3818: 3809: 3800: 3767: 3759: 3750: 3729: 3728: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3703: 3697: 3687: 3681: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3638: 3637: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3582: 3563: 3557: 3547: 3541: 3531: 3525: 3515: 3509: 3493: 3487: 3477: 3471: 3457: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3405: 3403: 3388: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3255: 3237:Winters, Harold 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3205: 3199: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3173: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3005: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2943: 2937: 2924: 2918: 2909: 2908: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2691:. Archived from 2681: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2653: 2644: 2643: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2568: 2559: 2553: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2517: 2511: 2500: 2494: 2483: 2477: 2460: 2457: 2368: 2356: 2338:Japanese armour 2335: 2323: 2311: 2299: 2273:Ishida Mitsunari 2247: 2236:天下五剣 Tenka Goken 2192: 2134:Takezaki Suenaga 1963: 1906: 1857:Hachiman Gudōkun 1632:Kikuchi Takefusa 1624:Takezaki Suenaga 1618: 1595: 1593:Hachiman Gudōkun 1566:History of Yuan' 1559:Battle of Bun'ei 1446:Chinese calendar 1435: 1399:Battle of Bun'ei 1269:Buddhist temples 1147: 1145: 1144: 1138: 1124: 1122: 1121: 1115: 1020:history of Japan 1016:macro-historical 912: 904: 897: 890: 881: 855:Byzantine Thrace 582: 574: 562: 555: 548: 539: 384: 358: 348: 334: 327:Fukuda Kaneshige 326: 315:Takezaki Suenaga 313: 305:Kikuchi Takefusa 303: 295: 287: 279: 271: 259: 249: 239: 217: 198: 188: 178: 168: 158: 145: 135: 125: 114: 62: 61: 54: 30: 21: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5773: 5756: 5675: 5594: 5573: 5560: 5547: 5523: 5504: 5498: 5490: 5482: 5474: 5456: 5450: 5442: 5434: 5426: 5418: 5405: 5399: 5391: 5383: 5375: 5367: 5359: 5351: 5343: 5335: 5327: 5319: 5311: 5303: 5295: 5294:Volga Bulgaria 5287: 5279: 5270: 5268: 5250: 5244: 5231: 5225: 5217: 5209: 5200: 5198: 5184: 5178: 5168: 5159: 5157: 5150: 5149:Southern China 5142: 5134: 5133:Northern China 5125: 5123: 5109: 5103: 5095: 5087: 5077: 5069: 5043: 5042: 5015: 4914: 4891:House of Ögedei 4860: 4831:House of Ögedei 4799:Destructiveness 4768: 4767: 4737: 4674: 4660: 4603: 4592: 4587: 4557: 4552: 4532:History of Yuan 4499: 4430:Wenxian Tongkao 4395:History of Liao 4377: 4358:Miaoying Temple 4336: 4292: 4210: 4206:Ispah rebellion 4058: 4052: 4014: 4009: 3995: 3982: 3976: 3963: 3951: 3945: 3923: 3917: 3904: 3895: 3883: 3866: 3860: 3847: 3841: 3823:Needham, Joseph 3821: 3812: 3803: 3789: 3770: 3762: 3753: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3732: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3710: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3688: 3684: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3648: 3641: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3593: 3589: 3580: 3578: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3548: 3544: 3532: 3528: 3516: 3512: 3494: 3490: 3478: 3474: 3458: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3435:1988. p. xiii. 3430: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3265: 3258: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3184: 3180: 3171: 3169: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3006: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2977: 2973: 2965: 2961: 2953: 2946: 2938: 2927: 2919: 2912: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2851: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2775: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2659: 2655: 2654: 2647: 2640: 2627: 2620: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2570: 2569: 2562: 2554: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2527: 2520: 2512: 2503: 2495: 2486: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2379: 2372: 2369: 2360: 2357: 2348: 2336: 2327: 2324: 2315: 2312: 2303: 2300: 2291: 2284: 2277:Ishida Masamune 2248: 2239: 2193: 2169:represented by 2143: 2075: 2070: 2055: 2045: 2013: 1974: 1964: 1959: 1913: 1907: 1903:History of Yuan 1900: 1889:History of Yuan 1880: 1849: 1837:Nagato Province 1805: 1797:History of Yuan 1793:History of Yuan 1785: 1780: 1774: 1703: 1686:History of Yuan 1672: 1619: 1615:History of Yuan 1612: 1601:History of Yuan 1596: 1591: 1539: 1515: 1450:Tsushima Island 1426: 1401: 1395: 1343:History of Yuan 1324:Tsushima Island 1281: 1243: 1240: 1173: 1139: 1116: 1081:(within modern 1055: 1045: 992: 987: 913: 910: 908: 878: 873: 739: 575: 571: 568: 566: 532: 501: 483: 478:Rokuhara Tandai 448: 445:Kim Bang-gyeong 441:King Chungnyeol 430:Goryeo dynasty: 428: 427: 388: 341:Mitsui Yasunaga 288:Shōni Tsuneyasu 272:Shōni Sukeyoshi 251:Prince Koreyasu 84: 78:Northern Kyūshū 55: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5893: 5891: 5883: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5805:1280s in Japan 5802: 5797: 5792: 5790:1270s in Japan 5782: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5582: 5577: 5572:Oghul Qaimish 5569: 5564: 5556: 5551: 5543: 5537: 5535: 5525: 5524: 5521: 5514: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5494: 5486: 5478: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5446: 5438: 5430: 5422: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5395: 5387: 5379: 5371: 5363: 5355: 5347: 5339: 5331: 5323: 5315: 5307: 5299: 5291: 5283: 5275: 5264: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5248: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5221: 5213: 5205: 5194: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5182: 5173: 5172: 5164: 5154: 5146: 5138: 5130: 5119: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5107: 5099: 5091: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5064: 5062: 5053: 5045: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5037: 5033: 5032: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4912: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4870: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4836:Mongol Armenia 4833: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4780: 4778: 4770: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4754: 4747: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4669: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4617: 4615: 4605: 4604: 4601: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4578: 4571: 4563: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4426: 4419: 4416:Shilin Guangji 4412: 4405: 4398: 4391: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4327: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4302: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4290: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4282: 4281: 4271: 4266: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4244:Zhongshu Sheng 4241: 4236: 4231: 4230: 4229: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4202: 4201: 4196: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4147: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4119: 4118: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4101: 4086: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4068: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4043: 4036: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4013: 4012:External links 4010: 4008: 4007: 3993: 3980: 3974: 3961: 3949: 3943: 3921: 3915: 3902: 3893: 3885:Sansom, George 3881: 3864: 3858: 3845: 3839: 3819: 3810: 3801: 3787: 3768: 3760: 3751: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3725:"五箇伝（五ヵ伝、五ヶ伝）" 3716: 3707:"なぜ「正宗」は名刀なのか" 3698: 3682: 3679:978-4003340219 3666: 3664:, p. 109. 3654: 3652:, p. 295. 3639: 3612: 3600: 3587: 3558: 3542: 3539:978-4003340219 3526: 3510: 3488: 3472: 3449: 3437: 3424: 3412: 3395: 3373: 3358: 3346: 3344:, p. 107. 3331: 3319: 3317:, p. 106. 3307: 3305:, p. 105. 3295: 3283: 3271: 3256: 3230: 3200: 3178: 3153: 3141: 3129: 3117: 3105: 3093: 3081: 3069: 3057: 3045: 3043:, p. 178. 3033: 3021: 3009: 3007:Conlan, p. 264 2995: 2983: 2971: 2959: 2944: 2925: 2910: 2890: 2876: 2856: 2849: 2829: 2817: 2805: 2803:, p. 253. 2793: 2781: 2766: 2754: 2752:, p. 346. 2742: 2730: 2718: 2706: 2676: 2645: 2638: 2609: 2597: 2583: 2560: 2545: 2533: 2518: 2501: 2497:Twitchett 1994 2484: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2433: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2370: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2351: 2349: 2337: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2249: 2242: 2240: 2194: 2187: 2159:Japanese sword 2151:(longbow) and 2142: 2141:Japanese sword 2139: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2044: 2041: 2012: 2009: 1996:Morris Rossabi 1978:post-classical 1973: 1970: 1957: 1912: 1909: 1898: 1879: 1876: 1868:Battle of Kōan 1848: 1845: 1832:Mainland Japan 1804: 1801: 1784: 1781: 1778:Battle of Kōan 1776:Main article: 1773: 1770: 1702: 1699: 1671: 1668: 1655:Shōni Kagesuke 1628:Shōni Kagesuke 1610: 1589: 1538: 1535: 1514: 1511: 1425: 1422: 1397:Main article: 1394: 1391: 1280: 1277: 1265:Shinto shrines 1172: 1169: 1044: 1041: 989: 988: 986: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 959: 958: 952: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 925: 924: 918: 915: 914: 909: 907: 906: 899: 892: 884: 875: 874: 870: 869: 868: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 821: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 784:Volga Bulgaria 781: 773: 772: 766: 765: 764: 763: 758: 753: 748: 741: 735: 734: 733: 732: 731: 730: 720: 715: 714: 713: 703: 698: 691: 687: 686: 685: 684: 679: 674: 669: 662: 658: 657: 656: 655: 650: 645: 640: 633: 627: 626: 625: 624: 619: 612: 606: 605: 604: 603: 598: 591: 587: 586: 580: 577: 576: 567: 565: 564: 557: 550: 542: 534: 533: 531: 530: 524: 517: 515: 508: 507: 503: 502: 500: 499: 493: 486: 484: 482: 481: 474:Reinforcements 471: 465: 458: 455: 454: 450: 449: 447: 446: 443: 438: 432: 426: 425: 422: 419: 416: 411: 408: 405: 402: 394: 389: 387: 386: 378: 375: 372: 369: 366: 363: 360: 352: 342: 339: 336: 335:Togō Korechika 328: 320: 317: 307: 297: 296:Shōni Kageyasu 289: 281: 280:Ōtomo Yoriyasu 273: 265: 253: 243: 241:Emperor Go-Uda 232: 229: 228: 224: 223: 222: 221: 204: 203: 202: 192: 182: 172: 162: 152: 149: 139: 129: 106: 105: 101: 100: 97: 96: 90: 86: 85: 76: 74: 70: 69: 66: 58: 57: 47: 46: 35: 34: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5892: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5772: 5767: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5641:Chagatai Khan 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5519: 5515: 5501: 5495: 5493: 5487: 5485: 5479: 5477: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5445: 5439: 5437: 5431: 5429: 5423: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5394: 5388: 5386: 5380: 5378: 5372: 5370: 5364: 5362: 5356: 5354: 5350:Latin Empire 5348: 5346: 5340: 5338: 5332: 5330: 5324: 5322: 5316: 5314: 5308: 5306: 5300: 5298: 5292: 5290: 5284: 5282: 5276: 5274: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5257: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5220: 5214: 5212: 5206: 5204: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5165: 5163: 5155: 5153: 5147: 5145: 5139: 5137: 5131: 5129: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5100: 5098: 5092: 5090: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4896: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4887: 4884: 4880: 4879:Northern Yuan 4877: 4876: 4875: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4804:Imperial Seal 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4698: 4697:Pax Mongolica 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4590:Mongol Empire 4584: 4579: 4577: 4572: 4570: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4549: 4548:Northern Yuan 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4516:Mongol Empire 4514: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4406: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4286: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4204: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4145:Java invasion 4143: 4139: 4136: 4135: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4049: 4044: 4042: 4037: 4035: 4030: 4029: 4026: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3994:9780801866487 3990: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3916:9780870115622 3912: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3735: 3726: 3720: 3717: 3708: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3613: 3610:, p. 69. 3609: 3604: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3588: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3523:9784540001710 3520: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505:, p. 146, at 3504: 3503: 3499: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3469:9784540001710 3466: 3462: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3447:, p. 57. 3446: 3445:Turnbull 2013 3441: 3438: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3422:, p. 75. 3421: 3420:Turnbull 2010 3416: 3413: 3409: 3398: 3392: 3387: 3386: 3377: 3374: 3371:, p. 71. 3370: 3369:Turnbull 2010 3365: 3363: 3359: 3356:, p. 70. 3355: 3354:Turnbull 2010 3350: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3329:, p. 69. 3328: 3327:Turnbull 2010 3323: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3296: 3293:, p. 62. 3292: 3291:Turnbull 2010 3287: 3284: 3281:, p. 59. 3280: 3279:Turnbull 2010 3275: 3272: 3269:, p. 58. 3268: 3267:Turnbull 2010 3263: 3261: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3231: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3195:, p. 291, at 3194: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3182: 3179: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3149:Turnbull 2010 3145: 3142: 3139:, p. 97. 3138: 3133: 3130: 3127:, p. 96. 3126: 3121: 3118: 3115:, p. 48. 3114: 3113:Turnbull 2010 3109: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3089:Turnbull 2010 3085: 3082: 3079:, p. 95. 3078: 3073: 3070: 3067:, p. 40. 3066: 3065:Turnbull 2010 3061: 3058: 3055:, p. 41. 3054: 3053:Turnbull 2010 3049: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3034: 3031:, p. 49. 3030: 3029:Turnbull 2010 3025: 3022: 3019:, p. 94. 3018: 3013: 3010: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2984: 2981:, p. 37. 2980: 2979:Turnbull 2010 2975: 2972: 2969:, p. 93. 2968: 2963: 2960: 2957:, p. 92. 2956: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2942:, p. 34. 2941: 2940:Turnbull 2010 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2923:, p. 33. 2922: 2921:Turnbull 2010 2917: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2905: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2886: 2880: 2877: 2873:. 2020-08-09. 2872: 2871: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2852: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2794: 2791:, p. 13. 2790: 2789:Turnbull 2010 2785: 2782: 2779:, p. 14. 2778: 2777:Turnbull 2010 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2762:Turnbull 2010 2758: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2731: 2727: 2726:Henthorn 1963 2722: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2707: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2639:9784832967342 2635: 2631: 2624: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2598: 2586: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2556:Turnbull 2010 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2541:Turnbull 2010 2537: 2534: 2530: 2529:Turnbull 2010 2525: 2523: 2519: 2516:, p. 32. 2515: 2514:Turnbull 2010 2510: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2473: 2466: 2456: 2453: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2371:Mongol helmet 2367: 2362: 2355: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2342: 2334: 2329: 2322: 2317: 2310: 2305: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2200: 2191: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2150: 2149: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2072: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2062: 2054: 2050: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2017: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1971: 1969: 1962: 1956: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1943: 1933: 1925: 1917: 1910: 1905: 1904: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1884: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1872:Hirado Island 1869: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1838: 1833: 1826: 1821: 1814: 1809: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1782: 1779: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1723: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1687: 1681: 1677: 1669: 1667: 1666:their ships. 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1617: 1616: 1609: 1604: 1602: 1594: 1588: 1583: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1500: 1499: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1472: 1471:of Tsushima. 1470: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1431: 1423: 1418: 1417:Kikuchi Yōsai 1413: 1405: 1400: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1292: 1291: 1285: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1245: 1235: 1232: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1189:lingua franca 1186: 1182: 1181:King of Japan 1177: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1165:Nivkh peoples 1162: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1075:Mongol Empire 1072: 1068: 1065:and became a 1064: 1060: 1054: 1050: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 960: 957: 954: 953: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 926: 923: 920: 919: 916: 905: 900: 898: 893: 891: 886: 885: 882: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 830: 826: 822: 819: 815: 811: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 776: 774: 771: 767: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 743: 742: 736: 729: 726: 725: 724: 721: 719: 716: 712: 709: 708: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 693: 692: 688: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 664: 663: 659: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 635: 634: 632: 628: 623: 620: 618: 615: 614: 613: 611: 607: 602: 599: 597: 594: 593: 592: 588: 583: 578: 573: 563: 558: 556: 551: 549: 544: 543: 540: 528: 525: 522: 519: 518: 516: 513: 510: 509: 504: 497: 494: 491: 488: 487: 485: 479: 475: 472: 469: 466: 464:: 4,000–6,000 463: 460: 459: 457: 456: 451: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 433: 431: 423: 420: 417: 415: 412: 409: 406: 403: 401: 400: 396: 395: 393: 392:Yuan dynasty: 390: 385:Yamashiro Kai 383: 379: 376: 373: 370: 367: 364: 362:Sashi Fusashi 361: 357: 353: 351: 347: 343: 340: 338:Hida Nagamoto 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 318: 316: 312: 308: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 264: 263: 262:Hōjō Tokimune 258: 254: 252: 248: 244: 242: 238: 234: 233: 231: 230: 225: 220: 216: 212: 211: 210: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 191: 187: 183: 181: 177: 173: 171: 167: 163: 161: 157: 153: 150: 148: 144: 140: 138: 134: 130: 128: 124: 120: 119: 118: 117: 113: 108: 107: 102: 94: 91: 88: 87: 83: 79: 75: 72: 71: 67: 64: 63: 59: 53: 48: 45: 41: 36: 31: 19: 5810:1281 in Asia 5795:1274 in Asia 5541:Genghis Khan 5310:Kievan Rus' 5288:(1237–1300s) 5280:(1237–1300s) 5176: 5124:Western Xia 5086:Qara Khitai 4919:Major cities 4898:Golden Horde 4874:Yuan dynasty 4761:Organization 4695: 4646:Khong Tayiji 4530: 4504:Other topics 4475: 4468: 4461: 4454: 4442: 4435: 4428: 4423:Menggu Ziyun 4421: 4414: 4407: 4400: 4393: 4341:Architecture 4329: 4322: 4305: 4127: 4055:Yuan dynasty 3984: 3965: 3956: 3929: 3906: 3897: 3888: 3868: 3849: 3830: 3826: 3814: 3805: 3773: 3764: 3755: 3745: 3719: 3701: 3685: 3669: 3657: 3650:Needham 1986 3629: 3625: 3615: 3603: 3595: 3590: 3579:. Retrieved 3570: 3561: 3545: 3529: 3513: 3507:Google Books 3502: 3496: 3491: 3475: 3460: 3440: 3432: 3427: 3415: 3407: 3400:. Retrieved 3384: 3376: 3349: 3342:Delgado 2010 3322: 3315:Delgado 2010 3310: 3303:Delgado 2010 3298: 3286: 3274: 3253:Google Books 3251:, p. 14, at 3248: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3221:. Retrieved 3212: 3203: 3197:Google Books 3192: 3186: 3181: 3170:. Retrieved 3166: 3156: 3144: 3137:Delgado 2010 3132: 3125:Delgado 2010 3120: 3108: 3101:Delgado 2010 3096: 3084: 3077:Delgado 2010 3072: 3060: 3048: 3041:Needham 1986 3036: 3024: 3017:Delgado 2010 3012: 2991:Delgado 2010 2986: 2974: 2967:Delgado 2010 2962: 2955:Delgado 2010 2902: 2893: 2879: 2868: 2859: 2839: 2832: 2820: 2808: 2796: 2784: 2757: 2750:Hulbert 1999 2745: 2738:Hulbert 1999 2733: 2721: 2714:Hulbert 1999 2709: 2697:. Retrieved 2693:the original 2679: 2667:. Retrieved 2663:the original 2629: 2622: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2588:. Retrieved 2573: 2536: 2475: 2455: 2422:Yamato Japan 2339: 2276: 2268: 2260: 2254: 2252:Sōshū school 2235: 2220:Heian period 2213: 2207: 2203: 2196: 2180: 2174: 2167:Sōshū school 2164: 2152: 2146: 2144: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2103: 2092: 2086: 2082: 2059: 2056: 2037:Ming dynasty 2034: 2022: 2005: 2000: 1994: 1990:World War II 1975: 1966: 1953: 1940: 1938: 1901: 1894: 1888: 1885: 1881: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1850: 1841: 1829: 1796: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1765:Song dynasty 1761: 1749:Tatsunokuchi 1737: 1728: 1684: 1673: 1644: 1621: 1613: 1606: 1600: 1598: 1592: 1585: 1565: 1563: 1540: 1527: 1516: 1508: 1503: 1496: 1494: 1476: 1473: 1464: 1462: 1427: 1375: 1368:Mugaku Sogen 1365: 1341: 1335: 1321: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1296: 1289: 1262: 1258: 1247: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1209: 1206: 1150: 1101: 1087: 1067:vassal state 1056: 1034: 1023: 1000:Yuan dynasty 993: 845:Latin Empire 711:Nizari state 690:Western Asia 666: 610:Central Asia 526: 520: 511: 495: 489: 470:: 40,000 (?) 467: 461: 436:King Wonjong 429: 397: 391: 260: 208:Yuan dynasty 206: 200:Matsura clan 190:Shimazu clan 170:Kikuchi clan 109: 104:Belligerents 38:Part of the 5855:Kublai Khan 5616:Sartaq Khan 5585:Kublai Khan 5580:Möngke Khan 5554:Ögedei Khan 5533:Great Khans 5499:(1314–1318) 5491:(1268–1301) 5443:(1260–1323) 5427:(1253–1256) 5410:Middle East 5304:(1238–1239) 5245:(1221–1327) 5104:(1219–1256) 5096:(1219–1221) 5078:(1264–1308) 5070:(1207-1308) 4936:Azov (Azaq) 4602:Terminology 4389:Yuan poetry 4227:family tree 3695:40000814544 3662:Purton 2010 3626:Archaeology 3608:Sasaki 2015 3555:40015220057 3485:40000975703 3459:Wang Yong, 2626:北東アジアの歴史と文化 2480:Conlan 2001 2424:, against 2388:Genkō Bōrui 2087:zhentianlei 1747:, near the 1711:Genkō Bōrui 1651:Liu Fuxiang 1504:Sō Shi Kafu 1498:Sō Shi Kafu 1482:Sō Sukekuni 1465:Sō Shi Kafu 1353:Han Chinese 1310:ships, 300 1129:, or their 1085:) in 1264. 996:Kublai Khan 648:Eastern Xia 638:Western Xia 617:Qara Khitai 399:Kublai Khan 377:Ishiji Jirō 374:Ishiji Kane 371:Sashi Isamu 350:Sō Sukekuni 5784:Categories 5752:Nogai Khan 5636:Özbeg Khan 5567:Güyük Khan 5461:Civil wars 5449:Palestine 5358:Lithuania 5278:Circassia 5011:Xacitarxan 4996:Soltaniyeh 4733:Darughachi 4215:Government 3975:0521243319 3933:. London: 3797:0195143663 3581:2018-04-05 3461:中国史のなかの日本像 3172:2016-09-02 2699:29 January 2669:29 January 2442:References 2430:Tang China 2263:forged by 2195:A typical 2047:See also: 1961:Marco Polo 1547:Hakata Bay 1523:Hakata Bay 1519:Iki Island 1372:Zen master 1332:Hakata Bay 1328:Iki Island 1047:See also: 1043:Background 794:Durdzuketi 779:Kievan Rus 368:Sashi Tōdō 180:Ōtomo clan 160:Taira clan 151:Sashi clan 147:Shōni clan 68:1274, 1281 5621:Orda Khan 5611:Batu Khan 5475:(1260–64) 5419:(1241–43) 5417:Anatolia 5392:(1287–88) 5384:(1285–86) 5376:(1264–65) 5368:(1259–60) 5360:(1258–59) 5336:(1241–42) 5328:(1241–42) 5320:(1240–41) 5296:(1229–36) 5286:Chechnya 5226:(1300–02) 5190:Southeast 5169:(1253–56) 5151:(1235–79) 5143:(1231–60) 5135:(1211–34) 5088:(1216–18) 5076:Sakhalin 5036:Campaigns 4986:Saray-Jük 4976:Samarkand 4951:Karakorum 4910:Ilkhanate 4668:Political 4538:Khanbaliq 4279:Dpon-chen 4269:Manchuria 4234:Empresses 4003:492683854 3959:. Osprey. 2467:Citations 2447:Footnotes 2206:) school 2095:gunpowder 2011:Aftermath 1811:Japanese 1735:landing. 1663:Hong Dagu 1304:Xiangyang 1212:vassalage 1094:Hōjō clan 1079:Khanbaliq 1012:vassaldom 850:Lithuania 799:Circassia 740:invasions 728:Palestine 696:Caucassus 572:conquests 529:: 100,000 512:1274/1281 421:Fan Wenhu 418:Ala Temür 414:Hong Dagu 365:Sashi Nao 127:Hōjō clan 5747:Boroldai 5727:Khubilai 5707:Bo'orchu 5680:Military 5574:(regent) 5561:(regent) 5548:(regent) 5433:Baghdad 5382:Hungary 5326:Hungary 5269:Georgia 5216:Vietnam 5068:Siberia 4966:Maragheh 4866:Khanates 4814:Religion 4809:Military 4758:Politics 4708:Kurultai 4671:Military 4521:Borjigin 4331:Nong Shu 4313:Jiaochao 4264:Mongolia 4222:Emperors 4123:Sakhalin 3955:(2010). 3927:(2003). 3887:(1958). 3825:(1986). 3634:Archived 3575:Archived 3402:30 April 3241:(2001). 3223:30 April 3217:Archived 2590:16 April 2377:See also 2265:Masamune 2215:Dōjigiri 2173:studied 2171:Masamune 2154:naginata 2123:Taiheiki 2110:huo tong 2061:kamikaze 1958:— 1942:kamikaze 1899:— 1753:Kamakura 1741:Jōryū-ji 1680:Japanese 1611:— 1590:— 1570:Japanese 1486:Hachiman 1300:Shandong 1250:Tsushima 1221:Kim Chun 1193:Tōdai-ji 1157:Sakhalin 1030:typhoons 1025:kamikaze 701:Anatolia 677:Sakhalin 622:Khwarezm 523:: 13,500 514:: ? 453:Strength 424:Li T'ing 93:Japanese 73:Location 5717:Boroqul 5712:Guo Kan 5702:Negudar 5687:Subutai 5587: ( 5425:Alamut 5398:Serbia 5390:Poland 5374:Thrace 5366:Poland 5302:Alania 5167:Yunnan 5102:Persia 5060:Central 5039:Battles 4946:Bolghar 4941:Bukhara 4926:Almalik 4728:Kheshig 4656:Tarkhan 4543:Shangdu 4511:Mongols 4495:Fashion 4318:Coinage 4133:Vietnam 4064:History 3877:1309476 3736:Sources 2825:Lo 2012 2813:Lo 2012 2801:Lo 2012 2341:ō-yoroi 2289:Gallery 2083:tetsuhō 2026:gokenin 2001:Yuanshi 1988:during 1813:samurai 1551:Dazaifu 1530:suicide 1477:jitodai 1469:Sō clan 1454:Shimono 1430:Chinese 1387:Bushido 1357:Jurchen 1337:gokenin 1171:Contact 1131:gokenin 1106:of the 1090:Shikken 1083:Beijing 1073:of the 1063:Mongols 998:of the 865:Gazaria 789:Cumania 761:Vietnam 756:Siberia 718:Baghdad 137:Sō clan 95:victory 5825:Goryeo 5697:Muqali 5671:Ghazan 5666:Arghun 5656:Hulegu 5546:Tolui 5522:People 5483:(1262) 5441:Syria 5435:(1258) 5400:(1291) 5352:(1242) 5344:(1242) 5260:Europe 5243:India 5224:Burma 5210:(1293) 5199:Burma 5177:Japan 5158:Tibet 5141:Korea 5001:Tabriz 4971:Qarshi 4931:Avarga 4777:Topics 4681:Jarlig 4641:Jinong 4636:Khanum 4631:Khatun 4621:Khagan 4613:Titles 4057:topics 4001: 3991: 3972: 3941: 3913: 3875: 3856: 3837: 3795: 3785: 3693: 3677: 3553: 3537: 3521: 3483: 3467: 3393: 3239:et al. 2899:"일본원정" 2847: 2636: 2581: 2418:Baekje 2269:katana 2256:katana 1825:Hakata 1757:Hakata 1691:Hakata 1659:Holdon 1647:Mizuki 1640:Hakata 1579:Mongol 1555:Kyushu 1458:Kamino 1436:, now 1432:: 1419:, 1847 1370:, his 1361:Korean 1355:, and 1349:Mongol 1316:batulu 1312:batulu 1273:Kyushu 1225:Im Yŏn 1187:, the 1159:, the 1136:yoriai 1103:shōgun 1071:Khagan 1008:Goryeo 860:Serbia 829:Second 814:Second 804:Alania 770:Europe 723:Levant 706:Persia 601:Second 410:Atagai 404:Holdon 219:Goryeo 89:Result 5742:Kadan 5737:Bayan 5722:Jelme 5661:Abaqa 5651:Kebek 5631:Toqta 5626:Berke 5606:Jochi 5599:Khans 5236:South 5208:Java 4961:Majar 4903:Wings 4723:Tümen 4703:Yassa 4686:Örtöö 4651:Noyan 4490:Islam 4274:Tibet 4160:Pagan 4150:Burma 4128:Japan 4114:Yamen 3711:(PDF) 3209:"常立寺" 2628:[ 2426:Silla 2261:tachi 2209:tachi 2202:(old 2181:tachi 2176:tachi 2030:wokou 1986:D-Day 1947:Imari 1853:Shika 1743:, in 1695:Korea 1438:Masan 1377:Katsu 1201:Japan 1127:Kyoto 1113:Hyōjō 825:First 818:Third 810:First 746:India 738:Other 682:Tibet 672:Korea 667:Japan 631:China 596:First 590:Burma 82:Japan 5692:Jebe 5646:Duwa 5115:East 5052:Asia 5006:Ukek 4956:Dadu 4764:Life 4691:Orda 4626:Khan 4485:Semu 4450:Zaju 4409:Song 3999:OCLC 3989:ISBN 3970:ISBN 3939:ISBN 3911:ISBN 3873:OCLC 3854:ISBN 3835:ISBN 3793:OCLC 3783:ISBN 3691:NAID 3675:ISBN 3551:NAID 3535:ISBN 3519:ISBN 3481:NAID 3465:ISBN 3404:2018 3391:ISBN 3225:2018 2845:ISBN 2701:2023 2671:2023 2634:ISBN 2592:2013 2579:ISBN 2428:and 2420:and 2204:Hōki 2199:Hōki 2148:yumi 2145:The 2051:and 1676:Yuan 1661:and 1599:The 1574:Yuan 1572:and 1543:Yuan 1541:The 1490:omen 1385:and 1326:and 1267:and 1197:Nara 1163:and 1161:Ainu 1051:and 751:Java 653:Song 585:Asia 527:1281 521:1274 496:1281 490:1274 468:1281 462:1274 65:Date 42:and 5732:Aju 4402:Jin 2234:. ( 2197:Ko- 2118:pao 1383:Zen 1308:dan 1290:ema 1148:). 1010:to 643:Jin 476:by 5786:: 3997:. 3937:. 3791:. 3781:. 3777:. 3642:^ 3630:56 3628:. 3624:. 3573:. 3569:. 3452:^ 3361:^ 3334:^ 3259:^ 3215:. 3211:. 3165:. 2998:^ 2947:^ 2928:^ 2913:^ 2901:. 2867:. 2769:^ 2687:. 2658:元寇 2648:^ 2563:^ 2548:^ 2521:^ 2504:^ 2487:^ 2279:. 2250:A 2226:, 2222:, 2212:. 1874:. 1759:. 1642:. 1480:) 1460:. 1440:, 1434:合浦 1351:, 1275:. 1199:, 1195:, 1143:寄合 1120:評定 1100:, 827:, 816:, 812:, 80:, 5591:) 4582:e 4575:t 4568:v 4047:e 4040:t 4033:v 4005:. 3978:. 3947:. 3919:. 3900:. 3879:. 3862:. 3843:. 3799:. 3758:. 3713:. 3584:. 3227:. 3175:. 2907:. 2887:. 2853:. 2703:. 2673:. 2642:. 2594:. 2432:. 2238:) 1379:! 1203:. 1146:) 1140:( 1123:) 1117:( 903:e 896:t 889:v 831:) 820:) 561:e 554:t 547:v 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index