Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty

3411: 1582:

trebuchet built by the Persians were, practically speaking, greater in range, and so could assist in destroying the walls at Fancheng with greater safety to the Mongol forces. The Muslim and additional Chinese engineers operated the artillery and siege engines for the Mongol armies. Hence, the Chinese, who were the first to invent the traction trebuchet, now faced Persian-designed counterweight trebuchets on the side of the Mongol army, so by 1273 the Chinese were led to build their own counterweight trebuchets; as a Chinese account states, "In 1273 the frontier cities had all fallen. But Muslim trebuchets were constructed with new and ingenious improvements, and different kinds became available, far better than those used before."

930:, began a slow, steady invasion of the south. Song resistance was fierce, resulting in a prolonged series of campaigns; however, the primary obstacles to the prosecution of the Mongol campaigns was unfamiliar terrain that was inhospitable to their horses, new diseases, and the need to wage naval battles, a form of warfare completely alien to the masters of the steppe. This combination resulted in one of the most difficult and prolonged wars of the Mongol conquests. The Chinese offered the fiercest resistance among all people that the Mongols fought, and the Mongols required every single advantage they could gain and "every military artifice known at that time" in order to win. 1967:

cities from massacre and sacking if they surrendered, such as Kaifeng, which was surrendered to Subetai by Xu Li, Yangzhou, which was surrendered to Bayan by Li Tingzhi's second in command after Li Tingzhi was executed by the Southern Song, and Hangzhou, which was spared from sacking when it surrendered to Kublai Khan. Han Chinese and Khitan soldiers defected en masse to Genghis Khan against the Jurchen Jin dynasty. Towns which surrendered were spared from sacking and massacre by Kublai Khan. The Khitan reluctantly left their homeland in Manchuria as the Jin moved their primary capital from Beijing south to Kaifeng and defected to the Mongols.

1921:, who had been tasked with holding the child-emperor Zhao Bing of the Song in his arms during the battle, also elected to join the Song leaders in death. It is uncertain whether he or others decided that the young Emperor should die as well. In any event, the councilor jumped into the sea, still holding the child in his arms. Tens of thousands of Song officials and women also threw themselves into the sea and drowned. With the death of the last Song emperor, the final remnants of the Song resistance were eliminated. The victory of this naval campaign marked the completion of Kublai's conquest of China, and the onset of the consolidated Mongol 1514:. The walls of Xiangyang were approximately 6 to 7 metres (20 to 23 ft) thick and encompassed an area 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) wide. The main entrances in the wall led out to a waterway impossible to ford in the summer, and impassable as a swamp and a series of ponds and mud flats in the winter. Xiangyang was linked to its twin city, Fancheng (樊城), on the opposite riverbank, by a pontoon bridge spanning the river from where the defenders of the twin settlements attempted to break the siege. However, the Mongols under 1612: 1394: 1034: 1589:, a type of incendiary gunpowder weapon of cast iron, filled with gunpowder and which was delivered via trebuchet or other means. The effects of these shells on men and natural materials was devastating; the noise was thunderous and resounded for many miles, while the bomb's casing could penetrate iron armor during the explosion. The Mongols also utilized siege crossbows, while the Song used fire arrows and fire lances. 5864: 1898: 1747: 1418: 796: 54: 1499:

during their invasion of Korea as war booty. The many Song Chinese troops who defected to the Mongols were given oxen, clothes and land. As prizes for battlefield victories, lands sectioned off as appanages were handed by the Yuan dynasty to Chinese military officers who defected to the Mongol side. The Yuan gave defecting Song Chinese soldiers juntun, a type of military farmland.

1876:

disastrous for the Song: they could neither attack nor maneuver. Escape was also impossible, for the Song warships lacked any nearby base. On 12 March, a number of Song combatants defected to the Mongol side. On 13 March, a Song squadron attacked some of the Mongols' northern patrol boats, in what may have been an attempted breakout. However, the attempt failed.

842: 1330:

Lu Yunsheng. In 1260, Jia Sidao became chancellor who took control over the new emperor Zhao Qi (posthumous title Song Duzong) and expelled his opponents like Wen Tianxiang and Li Fu. Because the financial revenue of the late Southern Song state was very low, Jia Sidao tried to reform the regulations for the merchandise of lands with his state field law.

1800: 1604:, the Mongol commander, then sent half of his force up-river to wade to the south bank in order to build a bridge across to take the Yang lo fortress; three thousand Song boats came up the Han river and were repulsed, with fifty boats destroyed and 2,000 dead. In the maritime engagements, the Song forces used 1880:

heavy fog and rain obscured the approach of Li Heng's dawn attack. The movement of the tide and the southwestern similarly benefited the movement of the Mongol fleet which, in short order, appeared to the north of the Song. It was an unusual attack in that the Mongol fleet engaged the Song fleet stern first.

1894:. Before midday, the Song lost three of their ships to the Mongols. By forenoon, Li's ships broke through the Song's outer line, and two other Mongol squadrons destroyed the Song formation in the northwest corner. Around this time, the tide shifted; Li's ships drifted to the opposite direction, the north. 915:, to which the last Jin emperor had fled. With the help of the Mongols, the Song armies were finally able to extinguish the Jin that had occupied northern China for more than a century. A year later, the Song generals fielded their armies to occupy the old capitals of the Song. They advanced as far as 1631:

In 1273, Fancheng capitulated, the Mongols putting the entire population to death by sword to terrorize the inhabitants of Xiangyang. After the surrender of Xiangyang, several thousand ships were deployed. The Song fleet, despite their deployment as a coastal defense fleet or coast guard more than an

1329:

The central government of the Southern Song meanwhile was unable to cope with the challenge of the Mongols and new peasant uprisings in the region of modern Fujian led by Yan Mengbiao and Hunan. The court of Emperor Lizong was dominated by consort clans, Yan and Jia, and the eunuchs Dong Songchen and

828:

refused during his life, upon his death in 1227 he bequeathed a plan to attack the Jin capital by passing through Song territory. Subsequently, a Mongol ambassador was killed by the Song governor in uncertain circumstances. Before receiving any explanation, the Mongols marched through Song territory

1909:

The Song believed that the Mongols were halting the attack and dropped their guard. Zhang Hongfan's fleet, riding the northern current, then attacked the Song ships. Zhang was determined to capture the Song admiral, Zuo Tai. The Yuan flagship was protected by shields to negate the Song missile fire.

1498:

The Yuan dynasty created a "Han Army" (漢軍) out of defected Jin troops and an army of defected Song troops called the "Newly Submitted Army" (新附軍). Southern Song Chinese troops who defected and surrendered to the Mongols were granted Korean women as wives by the Mongols, whom the Mongols earlier took

1162:

or proto-gunpowder, sometimes lowered on chains, that sent forth "fire... out of every part", with an incendiary effect over many yards that could pierce metal to which it was attached, producing a "noise like thunder" that could be heard for miles, with the result that "the men and the oxhides were

1966:

James Waterson cautioned against attributing the population drop in northern China to Mongol slaughter since much of the population may have moved to southern China under the Southern Song or died of disease and famine as agricultural and urban city infrastructure were destroyed. The Mongols spared

1643:

in 1271, and by 1273, the Mongols had emerged victorious on the Han River. The Yangtse River was opened for a large fleet that could conquer the Southern Song empire. A year later, the child-prince Zhao Xian was made emperor. Resistance continued, resulting in Bayan's massacre of the inhabitants of

1581:

Explosive shells had been in use in China for centuries, but the counterweight system of the trebuchet (as opposed to the torsion-type) gave greater range and accuracy while also making it easier to judge the force generated (versus by the torsion from repeated windings). As such, the counterweight

1623:

Xiangyang's commander Lü Wenhuan from the Lü family then surrendered to the Mongol commander and was appointed as governor of Xiangyang. The entire force, now including the yielding commander, sailed down the Yangtze, and the forts along the way surrendered, as this commander - now allied with the

2841:

overthrown, as we shall see—since the final counter-offensive launched by the Chinese against their Mongol overlords of the Yuan dynasty is a story in which artillery features significantly. By 1259 at least, if not earlier during the first Mongol invasions, the Chinese were using tubes that shot

1879:

By 17 March, Li Heng and Zhang Hongfan opted for a decisive battle. Four Mongol fleets moved against the Song: Li Heng attacked from the north and northwest; Zhang would proceed from the southwest; and the last two fleets attacked from the south and west. Weather favored the Mongols that morning;

1699:

and his mother, as well as the civilians inside it, allowing them to go about their normal business and even rehiring Southern Song officials. The Mongols did not take the southern Song palace women for themselves but instead had Han Chinese artisans in Shangdu marry the palace women. The Mongol

2621:

had a cast-iron casing a genuine fragmentation bomb. were used by the Jin in defense of Kaifeng..., by the Song defenders of Xiangyang... and other cities, and in the Mongol invasions of Japan. They were launched from trebuchets, or even lowered on chains into besiegers approach trenches. The

1875:

From the outset, there was a defect in the Song tactics that would later be exploited by Yuan at the conclusion of the battle. The Song wanted a stronger defensive position, and the Song fleet "roped itself together in a solid mass" in an attempt to create a nautical skirmish line. Results were

1597:

himself from the command. Li Tingzhi, an enemy of the Lü family, was appointed commander. Jia permitted the Lüs to ignore Li's orders, resulting in a fractious command. Li was then unable to relieve Xiangyang and Fancheng, managing only temporary resupply during several breaks in the siege.

933:

More stubborn resistance was put up by Korea and Song towards the Mongol invasions than the others in Eurasia who were swiftly crushed by the Mongols at a lightning pace. The Mongol force that invaded southern China was far greater than the force they sent to invade the Middle East in 1256.

1577:

vassals, having been sent to the Levant by French crusaders by 1242 at the latest. According to the Ilkhanate historian Rashid Al-Din, the introduction of these weapons in 1268 was decisive and allowed the Mongols to rapidly conquer fortified cities they had previously deemed untakeable.

2524: 1887:. The position enabled the archers to direct a higher, more concentrated rate of missile fire against the enemy. Fire teams of seven or eight archers manned these platforms, and they proved devastatingly effective as the battle commenced at close quarters. 1636:, was more than a match for the Mongols. Under his great general Bayan, Khublai unleashed a riverine attack upon the defended city of Xiangyang on the Han River. The Mongols ultimately prevailed, but only after five more years of struggle. 1872:. Catapults as a weapon system were rejected by Kublai's court, for they feared the Song fleet would break out if they used such weapons. Instead, they developed a plan for a maritime siege, in order to starve the Song into submission. 1270:(now known as Hanoi). While Chinese source material incorrectly stated that Uriyangkhadai withdrew from Vietnam after nine days due to poor climate, Uriyangkhadai left Thang Long in 1259 to invade the Song dynasty in modern-day 1694:

when they defeated him earlier. However, Ebrey also notes the Mongols were comparatively lenient on the Han Chinese Zhao royal family of the Southern Song, sparing both the Southern Song royals in the capital Hangzhou like the

2065:

which said "When the Song was lost, its people came to us. Nhật Duật took them in. There was Zhao Zhong who served as his personal guard. Therefore, among the accomplishments in defeating the Yuan , Nhật Duật had the most."

1010:). From this point, Yu Jie was able to hold Sichuan for a further ten years. In 1239, General Meng Gong defeated the Mongols and retook Xiangyang, contesting Sichuan against the Mongols for years. The only permanent gain was 2061:) after the Mongol invasion of China and helped the Trần fighting against the Mongol invasion. The Daoist Chinese cleric Xu Zongdao, who recorded the Mongol invasion, referred to them as "Northern bandits". He quoted the 3093:"无影有踪追溯洪山无影塔历史 ("No Shadow But With History": (play on the name of the pagoda and the Chinese phrase 无影无踪 'Disappear without a Trace') Tracing the History of the Hongshan Wuying Pagoda (Mount Hong Shadowless Pagoda))" 1592:

Political infighting in the Song also contributed to the fall of Xiangyang and Fancheng, due to the power of the Lü family. Many questioned their allegiance to the Song as morale was collapsing, and the Emperor barred

1910:

Later, when Zhang captured the Song flagship, his own vessel was riddled with arrows. Li Heng's fleet also returned to the battle. By late afternoon, the battle was over, and the last of the Song navy surrendered.

332: 675: 1700:

emperor Kublai Khan even granted a Mongol princess from his own Borjigin family as a wife to the surrendered Han Chinese Southern Song Emperor Gong of Song and they fathered a son together named Zhao Wanpu.

1652:

in January 1276. When the Yuan Mongol-Chinese troops and fleet advanced and one prefecture after the other submitted to the Yuan, Jia Sidao offered his own submission, but the Yuan chancellor Bayan refused.

3072:[Uncovering the Secrets of the over 730-year-old Wuying Ancient Pagoda: Wuhan's Oldest Extant Ancient Architectural Structure (with Photographs)]. Hubei Daily Online. 13 June 2014 1359:. The Luo clan in Shuixi led by Ahua were recognized by the Yuan emperors, as they were by the Song emperors when led by Pugui and Tang emperors when led by Apei. They descended from the 4202: 2552:

John Merton Patrick, 1961, "Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries (Monograph series)," Vol. 8, No. 3, Logan, Utah:Utah State University Press, p. 10, see

325: 668: 1624:

Mongols - had also commanded many of the down-river garrisons. Lü Wenhuan persuaded the rest of his family to switch sides. In 1270, Kublai ordered the construction of five thousand

2046:

Southern Song military officers and civilian officials fled to overseas countries, namely Vietnam and Champa. In Vietnam, they intermarried with the Vietnamese ruling elite, and in

3806: 1347:

chieftains and local tribe leaders and kingdoms in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan submitted to Yuan rule and were allowed to keep their titles. The Han Chinese Yang family ruling the

1660:

were heavily defeated, the old city of Jiankang (Jiangsu) fell, and Jia Sidao was killed. The capital of Song, Lin'an (Hangzhou), was defended by Wen Tianxiang and Zhang Shijie.

4130: 3447: 1764: 1435: 883:. In July, the Mongols returned to the north. Genghis Khan further realized that to destroy the Jin dynasty the Mongol army must make its way via the Song. The 1227 incident ( 899:), they entered into a series of battles with the Song army. This was the second and largest armed conflict between them before the Mongol conquest of Song officially began. 318: 2617:) (Chinese 'heaven-shaking thunder') medieval Chinese explosive bombs first used by the Jurchen Jin dynasty at the siege of the Song Chinese city of Qizhou in 1221... the 661: 4197: 2689: 2062: 1946: 1254: 1158:

where the translation of the term for the device is that of Prof. Partington, who describes it as an iron pot filled with yao, literally "fire drug", a low-nitrate

1573:

in 1258. The counterweight trebuchets Hulagu used (referred to as "Frankish mangonels" in an official Ilkhanate history) were almost certainly borrowed from his

5895: 5683: 5148: 2573: 1523: 895:

From the winter of 1230 to the autumn of 1231, the Mongols forcibly passed through regions of the Song. In the region centered on the three passes of Shukou (

6109: 5356: 1245:

invaded Dai Viet in December 1257 with generals Trechecdu and Aju in the rear. In October 1257, Möngke had set out for South China and fixed his camps near

3704:. Vol. 1 of Global Connections: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 356. 6565: 5400: 4680: 2483: 608: 5744: 4448: 4440: 401: 375: 1723:. After the battle, as a last defiant act against the invaders, Lu Xiufu embraced the eight-year-old emperor and the pair leapt to their deaths from 1711:

far from the capital in the region of Fuzhou, but he died soon afterwards on the flight southwards into modern Guangdong. Zhao Bing was enthroned as

6794: 6784: 6789: 3927: 1150:

As the Mongols had dug themselves pits under the earth where they were sheltered from missiles, we decided to bind with iron the machines called

2595:(entry), in The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare, Matthew Bennett, Ed., 1998, Abingdon, UK:Taylor & Francis, p. 356, 1979:

chiefdoms and kingdoms in southwestern China which existed before the Mongol invasions were allowed to retain their integrity as vassals of the

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battled the larger Trần army led by emperor Trần in Bình Lệ steppe (Bạch Hạc) on 17 January 1258, northwest of Thăng Long. On 22 January 1258,

613: 6578: 5883: 5336: 4744: 3867: 3387: 3220: 3186: 3133: 2196: 2168: 2130: 633: 2457: 1958:, in the winter of 1276 aboard thirty ships and eventually settled in the Nhai-Tuân district and opened a market selling medicine and silk. 1628:. Three years later, an additional two thousand ships were ordered built; these would carry about 50,000 troops to give battle to the Song. 1479:

to the south, but at great cost. From 1260 to 1264, he first faced civil insurrection within the Mongol empire, led by his younger brother,

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The end of the Mongol-Song war occurred on 19 March 1279, when 1000 Chinese warships faced a fleet of 300 to 700 Yuan Mongol warships at

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thwarted every attempt and crushed all reinforcements from the Song, each detachment numbering in the thousands. According to Professor

628: 618: 406: 2050:, they served the government there as recorded by Zheng Sixiao. Former Song soldiers served in the Vietnamese army prepared by emperor 6010: 5774: 4479: 4432: 3790: 3763: 3736: 3709: 3682: 3624: 3593: 3562: 3482: 3423: 2973: 2946: 2827: 2674: 2646: 2534: 451: 370: 6799: 5676: 5141: 4728: 4640: 3512: 3360: 3328: 3301: 3269: 3033: 2359: 2286: 2259: 2232: 1786: 1457: 602: 557: 4656: 552: 3726: 6652: 6000: 5546: 5409: 4712: 4672: 598: 587: 363: 5271: 4736: 4664: 4570: 4406: 3699: 2842:

bullets. The t'u huo ch'iang ("rushing- forth fire- gun") was a long bamboo tube into which bullets in the true sense (tzu-k'o)

591: 583: 509: 5732: 5511: 5296: 5252: 5201: 4787: 4632: 4544: 4536: 4469: 4461: 4140: 3651: 3000: 2892: 2865: 2817: 2600: 2569: 1768: 1439: 567: 505: 456: 446: 418: 342: 5276: 4843: 4187: 887:) was the first armed conflict between the Mongols and the Song, but it was incidental to the Mongol conflict with the Jin. 2395: 958:

plain. The occupation of this region had often been an important step for the conquest of the south. The important city of

6538: 5836: 5727: 5592: 5579: 5450: 5174: 5117: 4814: 4704: 4160: 4155: 1503: 784: 623: 1565:, and traction trebuchets as well. The design of the critical new counterweight trebuchets were taken from those used by 6036: 5705: 5669: 5455: 5225: 5134: 4624: 4422: 4165: 4150: 1131:. During a Mongol attack against the Song, there were only 3,000 Mongol cavalry at one point under the Mongol commander 959: 572: 478: 1608:, and on some ships at least, fire lance, siege crossbows, and incendiary devices were deployed against Mongol forces. 1050: 817: 6497: 6028: 6024: 5950: 5922: 5701: 5475: 5235: 5166: 4795: 4763: 4614: 4562: 4414: 3920: 1668: 1204: 1108: 803: 534: 499: 423: 396: 391: 3832: 3641: 2920: 1495:

in Sichuan in 1265. The Mongols eventually defeated the Song land and naval armies and captured more than 100 ships.

3379:

Dictionary of battles and sieges: a guide to 8,500 battles from antiquity through the twenty-first century, Volume 3

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Professor Liam Kelley noted that people from Song like Zhao Zhong and Xu Zongdao escaped to Vietnam (then under the

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Coatsworth, John; Cole, Juan Ricardo; Hanagan, Michael P.; Perdue, Peter C.; Tilly, Charles; Tilly, Louise (2015).

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in modern Yunnan in 1253. The Mongols besieged Ho-chiou and lifted the siege very soon in 1254. Möngke's brother

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J. R. Partington, 1960, "A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder," Baltimore, Md.:Johns Hopkins University Press,

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First Congress of the Asian Association of World Historians 29–31 May 2009 Osaka University Nakanoshima-Center

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in Guangxi. Uriyangkhada's army subsequently fought its way north to rejoin Kublai Khan's army north of the

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demanding passage through southern China. After the three successive envoys were imprisoned in the capital

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which was recognized by the Song dynasty and Tang dynasty also received recognition by the Mongols in the

845: 704: 6746: 5985: 5376: 5301: 5291: 4935: 4879: 4212: 2887:. Vol. 28 of Studies on China (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 143. 1707:

successively enthroned the emperor's younger brothers Zhao Shi and Zhao Bing. Zhao Shi was enthroned as

851:

In the early spring of 1227, Genghis Khan ordered a small fraction of the army to advance into the Song

699: 5184: 4835: 4827: 3463:"Chapter 6 The Journey of Zhao Xian and the Exile of Royal Descendants in the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1358)" 3161:

Paul E. Chevedden, "Black Camels and Blazing Bolts: The Bolt-Projecting Trebuchet in the Mamluk Army",

2008: 1062: 907:

In 1233, the Song finally became allies with the Mongols, who agreed to share territories south of the

3502: 1561:

that could use explosive shells. The engineers from Mosul built the new siege trebuchets, and smaller

1340:(突火槍), which fired bullets from bamboo tubes, were deployed by the Chinese against the Mongol forces. 1146:

was given in a Chinese annal, describing the Chinese defenders' use of gunpowder against the Mongols:

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was rebuilt in 1270 (咸淳六年) in the throes of the overthrow of the Southern Song during the reign of

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elite were unwilling to submit to Mongol rule, and opted for death by suicide. The Song councilor

1033: 983: 816:

of China arrived at the court of the Mongols, perhaps to negotiate a united offensive against the

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Li Heng's first attack cut the Song rope that held the Chinese fleet together. Fighting raged in

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treated the Jurchen Wanyan royal family harshly, butchering them by the hundreds as well as the

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Haw, Stephen G. (2013). "The deaths of two Khaghans: a comparison of events in 1242 and 1260".

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Emperor Gong abdicated, but faithful loyalists like Zhang Jue, Wen Tianxiang, Zhang Shijie and

1070: 1058: 975: 214: 6686: 6526: 6521: 6458: 5995: 5819: 5804: 5794: 4272: 3877:

Smith, John Masson Jr. (January–March 1998). "Review: Nomads on Ponies vs. Slaves on Horses".

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China's Encounters on the South and Southwest: Reforging the Fiery Frontier Over Two Millennia

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China's Encounters on the South and Southwest: Reforging the Fiery Frontier Over Two Millennia

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Fighting techniques of the Oriental world, AD 1200–1860: equipment, combat skills, and tactics

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with the Song. Song general Meng Gong defeated Jin general Wu Xian and directed his troops to

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In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300)

2120: 2058: 1719:, Hong Kong. On 19 March 1279, the Mongols defeated the last of the Song forces at the naval 1208: 1116: 1093: 991: 6597: 6531: 6078: 6046: 5829: 5824: 5558: 5539: 5179: 4819: 4779: 4232: 3886: 3470: 3025: 2738: 2024: 1488: 995: 979: 912: 413: 249: 240: 4913: 2526:

Between winds and clouds: the making of Yunnan (second century BCE to twentieth century CE)

1845:, one of the Song loyalists, was captured, transported to and executed at the Yuan capital 1027: 6264: 5851: 5754: 5714: 5634: 5532: 5497: 5460: 5308: 5262: 5216: 2622:

fragments pierced iron armor and the explosion could be heard 50 km / 31 miles away."

1984: 1940:. Zhao Mengfu spent his time painting at the Yuan court and was personally interviewed by 1736: 1720: 1492: 1315: 1192: 1112: 729: 3528:

Lien, Vu Hong (2017). "The Mongol Navy: Kublai Khan's Invasions in Đại Việt and Champa".

2941:(illustrated ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 52. 779:; upon its completion, the Mongols ruled all of continental East Asia under the Chinese 6584: 6234: 5955: 5917: 5518: 5504: 5346: 4926: 4900: 4182: 1902: 1605: 1574: 1531: 1074: 927: 872: 852: 754: 492: 230: 225: 3069: 1526:, in 1269 (咸淳五年), the Mongols invaded the Yangtze River valley but were repulsed. The 653: 6778: 6663: 6657: 6642: 6464: 6452: 5932: 5927: 5650: 5618: 4987: 4982: 4918: 4225: 4043: 3936: 3856: 3018: 2822:. Vol. 8, Issue 3 of Monograph series. Utah State University Press. p. 14. 2031: 1869: 1861: 1842: 1716: 1687: 1538: 1527: 1475:

was elected Great Khan of the Mongols in 1260, he was eventually able to conquer the

1263: 1259: 1242: 1230: 1218: 1200: 1176: 1132: 1100:. When they pillaged Song territory, the Song court sent a delegation to negotiate a 1019: 776: 277: 209: 194: 124: 2344: 2086:

at roughly two-thirds strength, including Mongols, Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Alan

2038:

continued possessing their titles in the Yuan dynasty since the previous dynasties.

1249:

in May 1258. Möngke entered Sichuan in 1258 with two-thirds of the Mongol strength.

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in 1242. Their commanders ordered Han Chinese tumen general Zhang Rou and Chagaan (

1054: 967: 919:

but were completely repelled by the Mongol garrisons under Tachir, a descendant of

908: 825: 813: 780: 272: 245: 149: 141: 130: 105: 59: 4332: 1480: 1088:

sent her envoys to negotiate peace, the Song imprisoned them. The Mongols invaded

3668: 3610: 3579: 3548: 3412:"9 State-Forced Relocations in China, 900–1300 The Mongols and the State of Yuan" 3123: 2604: 2553: 2222: 1483:, who had been left in command of the north and stationed at the Mongol capital, 6752: 6709: 6602: 6592: 6554: 6543: 6433: 6409: 6283: 6252: 6156: 6083: 6041: 5491: 5053: 5002: 4962: 4931: 4032: 2665:

Lien, Vu Hong; Sharrock, Peter (2014). "The First Mongol Invasion (1257–8 CE)".

2541: 1941: 1933: 1928:

Remnants of the Song imperial family continued to live in the Yuan dynasty like

1897: 1746: 1691: 1417: 1397: 1364: 1120: 1080:

The conflicts between the Mongols and the Song troops took place in the area of

1042: 1022:'s commanders remained on the defensive, taking few major Song cities, although 999: 920: 856: 795: 765: 310: 174: 169: 83: 2857:

Political Frontiers, Ethnic Boundaries and Human Geographies in Chinese History

53: 6548: 6505: 6403: 6366: 6336: 6330: 6307: 6289: 6198: 6186: 6162: 5098: 5007: 4357: 4342: 4079: 3474: 2742: 2091: 1992: 1401: 1246: 1184: 1066: 1015: 204: 2884:

Empire at the Margins: Culture, Ethnicity, and Frontier in Early Modern China

1663:

When Bayan and Dong Wenbing camped outside Lin'an in February 1276, the Song

1104:. Chagaan and Zhang Rou returned north after the Mongols accepted the terms. 1057:, with each tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The four Han Chinese generals 6573: 6482: 6427: 6421: 6342: 6210: 6204: 6192: 6180: 6174: 6098: 6061: 6051: 5640: 5426: 5381: 4967: 4957: 4322: 4302: 4297: 4256: 3507:. Translated by Boyle, John Andrew. Columbia University Press. p. 287. 2731:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

2191:] (in Chinese). Hohhot: Inner Mongolia People's Publishing House. 2010. 2095: 1846: 1834: 1822: 1645: 1594: 1558: 1550: 1542: 1484: 1319: 1286:. Around 17 November 1259, Kublai Khan received a messenger while besieging 1159: 1101: 434: 384: 258: 3418:(illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. pp. 325, 326. 3209:

Michael E. Haskew; Christer Joregensen; Eric Niderost; Chris McNab (2008).

2016: 1180: 986:

because the main Mongol forces were at that time moving towards Europe. In

179: 164: 3836: 1314:

on their way back to northern China. While conducting the war in China at

1221:

led successful campaigns in the southwest of China and pacified tribes in

6734: 6722: 6703: 6627: 6516: 6476: 6348: 6324: 6301: 6258: 6240: 6066: 5623: 5415: 5093: 4312: 4172: 4054: 3100: 2909:

East Asia at the center: four thousand years of engagement with the world

1918: 1883:

Prior to the battle, the Mongols constructed archery platforms for their

1818: 1704: 1649: 1562: 1557:, arrived in South China to construct a new type of counterweight-driven 1511: 1368: 1295: 1279: 1226: 947: 876: 2750: 2705:

Buell, P.D. "Mongols in Vietnam: end of one era, beginning of another".

2606:, accessed 30 December 2014. The entry reads, substantially, as follows: 841: 6740: 6728: 6617: 6372: 6150: 6144: 6071: 6056: 5779: 5759: 5645: 5613: 5063: 5058: 5048: 5033: 4337: 4292: 4287: 4074: 4064: 4002: 3096: 1865: 1850: 1838: 1771: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1507: 1442: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1360: 1323: 1311: 1303: 1275: 1271: 1212: 1188: 1143: 1128: 1089: 1081: 1046: 1011: 1007: 987: 963: 955: 951: 916: 880: 5661: 5126: 3898: 2995:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 14. 2881:

Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Siu, Helen F.; Sutton, Donald S., eds. (2006).

2315: 1971:

Capitulation of Nobles and Tusi vassal chiefdoms in southwestern China

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The Mongols made heavy use of indigenous ethnic minority soldiers in

943: 577: 562: 184: 27:

Invasion of Song-dynasty China by the Mongol Empire from 1235 to 1279

2819:

Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries

2302:

Smith, John Masson (1998). "Nomads on Ponies vs. Slaves on Horses".

3890: 6415: 6385: 5088: 5068: 4997: 4977: 4972: 4952: 4892: 4059: 4049: 3997: 2042:

Chinese exile in Vietnam and Champa helping anti-Mongol resistance

1951: 1896: 1798: 1625: 1610: 1392: 1299: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1278:

under Möngke Khan and other Mongol armies attacking in modern-day

1267: 1238: 1222: 1032: 974:, capitulated in 1236. In the east, meanwhile, Song generals like 840: 830: 794: 3640:

Balfour, Alan H.; Zheng, Shiling (2002). Balfour, Alan H. (ed.).

2224:

The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane

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Nalanda-Sriwijaya Centre, ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute, Singapore

2854:

Herman, John. E. (2005). Di Cosmo, Nicola; Wyatt, Don J (eds.).

2087: 1976: 1633: 1554: 1344: 1274:

as part of a coordinated Mongol attack with armies attacking in

775:) . It is considered the last great military achievement of the 5665: 5130: 4867: 4378: 4100: 3947: 3909: 1294:

who described Uriyangkhadai's army advances from Thang Long to

657: 314: 5078: 3465:. In Heirman, Ann; Meinert, Carmen; Anderl, Christoph (eds.). 3253: 3251: 1950:

recorded that remnants of the Song imperial family arrived in

1740: 1619:

under Kublai Khan after the conquest of Southern Song dynasty.

1515: 1411: 1037:

Mongol warrior on horseback, preparing a mounted archery shot.

199: 3807:"Giặc Bắc đến xâm lược!: Translations and Exclamation Points" 3128:(illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 64. 3125:

City of heavenly tranquility: Beijing in the history of China

1829:

in 1279. The loyalists fought the Mongols in the mountainous

4473:(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27) 2523:

Yang, Bin (2009). "Chapter 4 Rule Based on Native Customs".

1506:, situated on the Han River, which controlled access to the 1901:

The Mongol dominions, c. 1300. The gray area is the later

998:

to fortify important locations in mountainous areas, like

879:

were ravaged. Then the Mongols moved southward and seized

3353:

War, politics and society in early modern China, 900–1795

3294:

War, politics and society in early modern China, 900–1795

1817:. The strongholds of the Song loyalists fell one by one: 3414:. In Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Smith, Paul Jakov (eds.). 3323:(illustrated ed.). Osprey Publishing. p. 12. 3264:(illustrated ed.). Osprey Publishing. p. 63. 3181:(illustrated ed.). Osprey Publishing. p. 53. 1585:

During the siege, both the Mongol and Song forces used

982:(杜杲) withstood the pressure of the Mongol armies under 2350:(reprint ed.). Rutgers University Press. p. 1813:

had secretly sent the child emperor's two brothers to

1502:

In 1268, the Mongol advance was halted at the city of

1127:

army sent to attack the Song during battles along the

4203:

List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'

2667:

Descending Dragon, Rising Tiger: A History of Vietnam

1537:

After this defeat, Aju asked Kublai for the powerful

3858:

The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia

2346:

The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia

2254:(Illustrated ed.). Courier Dover. p. 173. 1727:, thus marking the extinction of the Southern Song. 6696: 6564: 6496: 6317: 6131: 6023: 5976: 5941: 5871: 5700: 5606: 5484: 5443: 5399: 5317: 5165: 5026: 4945: 4878: 4807: 4756: 4605: 4582: 4535: 4460: 4405: 4398: 4265: 4211: 4123: 4011: 3958: 3646:(illustrated ed.). Wiley-Academy. p. 25. 3467:

Buddhist Encounters and Identities Across East Asia

3024:(illustrated ed.). Osprey Publishing. p. 2939:

Empire's Twilight: Northeast Asia Under the Mongols

990:, governor Yu Jie adopted the plan of the brothers 542: 523: 491: 433: 383: 362: 357: 3855: 3261:Genghis Khan & the Mongol conquests, 1190–1400 3017: 2343: 2227:(Illustrated ed.). Brockhampton. p. 57. 4198:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe 3785:(reprint, revised ed.). Brill. p. 123. 3758:(reprint, revised ed.). Brill. p. 122. 2414:"窝阔台汗己丑年汉军万户萧札剌考辨 – 兼论金元之际的汉地七万户-国家哲学社会科学学术期刊数据库" 1510:, the gateway to the important trading centre of 1491:and was followed by a major confrontation at the 3670:Defending Heaven: China's Mongol Wars, 1209–1370 3612:Defending Heaven: China's Mongol Wars, 1209–1370 3581:Defending Heaven: China's Mongol Wars, 1209–1370 3550:Defending Heaven: China's Mongol Wars, 1209–1370 3446:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3428:. Archived from the original on 8 September 2023 3215:(illustrated ed.). Macmillan. p. 190. 3152:, pp. 290–291 (John Andrew Boyle's translation). 2860:(illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 260. 2660: 2658: 1326:, near the site of the siege on 11 August 1259. 1135:, and the majority of his army were native Cuan- 820:, who the Song had previously fought during the 4618:(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64) 2968:(reprint ed.). Random House. p. 168. 2804:Genghis Khan and the making of the modern world 2607: 2583: 2581: 1148: 74:11 February 1235 – 19 March 1279 34: 3779:Anderson, James A.; Whitmore, John K. (2014). 3752:Anderson, James A.; Whitmore, John K. (2014). 2641:. University of California Press. p. 27. 2383:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire 2147:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire 2082:An initial coalition invasion force of ninety 1187:in 1251. Passing through the Chengdu Plain in 1123:were the majority of the forces in the Mongol 5677: 5142: 3921: 1648:in 1275 and mass suicide of the defenders at 1524:Huazhong University of Science and Technology 923:, who was a famed companion of Genghis Khan. 669: 326: 8: 6110:Along the River During the Qingming Festival 5357:Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty 3382:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1115. 1731:Last stand of the Song loyalists (1276–1279) 1233:addressed three letters to Dai Viet emperor 1073:commanded the four Han Chinese tumens under 3728:Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection 3469:. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 213. 1266:successfully captured the Dai Viet capital 1030:ordered their generals to attack the Song. 6693: 6128: 5938: 5684: 5670: 5662: 5149: 5135: 5127: 4875: 4864: 4402: 4395: 4375: 4120: 4097: 3955: 3944: 3928: 3914: 3906: 3833:"Liam Kelley | Department of History" 3320:Siege weapons of the Far East: AD 960–1644 2632: 2630: 2529:. Columbia University Press. p. 112. 1379:Prelude, and surrender of Song (1260–1276) 676: 662: 654: 333: 319: 311: 52: 31: 3016:Stephen Turnbull; Wayne Reynolds (2003). 2935:"1. Northeast Asia and the Mongol Empire" 2090:, Turkic people, Central Asians, Cuan-bo 1987:, the Han Chinese Yang family ruling the 1787:Learn how and when to remove this message 1458:Learn how and when to remove this message 3879:Journal of the American Oriental Society 3355:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 84–87. 3242: 2700: 2698: 2304:Journal of the American Oriental Society 2125:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 42. 1404:of the Mongol Empire and Emperor of the 3885:(1). American Oriental Society: 54–62. 3376:Tony Jaques (2007). Tony Jaques (ed.). 2511:Mongol hiiged Eurasiin diplomat shastir 2111: 2075: 1322:, Möngke died, perhaps of dysentery or 926:Mongol forces, headed by Genghis's son 6678:Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified 6603:Endless power transmitting chain drive 5352:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs 4548:(1277 / 1283 / 1287) 4507:(1236 / 1240 / 1252) 3439: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2482:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2475: 2221:Nicolle, David; Hook, Richard (1998). 354: 3175:Stephen Turnbull; Steve Noon (2009). 2251:A Short History of the Chinese People 1864:(1238–1280), a northern Chinese, and 7: 4131:Administrative divisions and vassals 3296:. Taylor & Francis. p. 84. 3178:Chinese Walled Cities 221 BC–AD 1644 2054:against the second Mongol invasion. 1769:adding citations to reliable sources 1440:adding citations to reliable sources 1154:... and lowered them into the places 2765:The history of the Mongol conquests 1371:. They were also recognized by the 1142:An account of the Mongol attack on 855:, in the name of attacking Jin and 743:Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty 687:Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty 35:Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty 18:Mongol conquest of the Song Dynasty 2163:. Franklin Classics. p. 228. 1983:after surrendering, including the 1860:. The Yuan fleet was commanded by 25: 3835:. 14 October 2014. Archived from 3809:. 4 December 2015. Archived from 2639:Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times 2396:"窝阔台汗己丑年汉军万户萧札剌考辨 – 兼论金元之际的汉地七万户" 1806:, the last Song emperor claimant. 1179:intensified with the election of 966:plain, which was defended by the 5862: 5547:The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars 5410:Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns 3410:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2016). 2248:Goodrich, L. Carrington (2002). 1745: 1571:batter down the walls of Baghdad 1416: 1241:(modern-day Hanoi) of Dai Viet, 1229:by 1257. In the autumn of 1257, 1014:for the Mongols in 1241. In the 950:started to attack the region of 104:Southern China conquered by the 58:Mongol invasion of the Southern 6795:Wars involving the Song dynasty 6785:Wars involving the Yuan dynasty 5272:Second Mongol invasion of Burma 3673:, Casemate Publishers, p. 3615:, Casemate Publishers, p. 3584:, Casemate Publishers, p. 3553:, Casemate Publishers, p. 2778:Daily life in the Mongol empire 1756:needs additional citations for 1427:needs additional citations for 770: 759: 6790:Invasions by the Mongol Empire 6104:Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding 5297:Red Turban invasions of Goryeo 3504:The Successors of Genghis Khan 3416:State Power in China, 900–1325 3150:The Successors of Genghis Khan 2159:Howorth, Henry Hoyle (2018) . 1841:borderland. In February 1279, 1675:along with the imperial seal. 1203:pacified Yunnan and Tibet and 829:to enter the Jin's redoubt in 1: 6539:Southern Song dynasty coinage 5580:The Story of the Western Wing 5451:Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass 5175:Division of the Mongol Empire 5118:Timeline of the Mongol Empire 4815:Division of the Mongol Empire 3091:范 Fàn, 宁 Níng (15 May 2013). 2189:History of the Song–Yuan Wars 1167:) flying in all directions". 812:escalated, an envoy from the 785:division of the Mongol Empire 749:) was the final phase of the 5456:Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing) 5207:conquest of the Song dynasty 3862:. Rutgers University Press. 3258:Stephen R. Turnbull (2003). 2992:China's Entrepreneurial Army 2816:John Merton Patrick (1961). 2575:, accessed 30 December 2014. 2555:, accessed 30 December 2014. 1991:with its seat at the castle 1656:The last contingents of the 1225:before turning east towards 1191:, the Mongols conquered the 764:) and being completed under 5951:Department of State Affairs 5476:Jinan Great Southern Mosque 4065:Manghit / Mangudai 3070:"揭秘730多年无影古塔为武汉现存最早古建筑（图）" 2933:Robinson, David M. (2009). 2119:Igor de Rachewiltz (1993). 1333:Gunpowder weapons like the 1163:all broken into fragments ( 1053:. There were 4 Han Chinese 804:History of the Song dynasty 783:that had been founded as a 6821: 5913:Bureau of Military Affairs 5362:Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia 5241:Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288) 4844:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war 3351:Peter Allan Lorge (2005). 3292:Peter Allan Lorge (2005). 2278:Warfare in Chinese History 2275:van Derven, H. J. (2000). 1734: 1382: 1363:era king Huoji who helped 859:. The five prefectures of 801: 597:Hungary and Croatia ( 5860: 5785:Alliance Conducted at Sea 5775:Song–Viet war (1075–1077) 5277:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war 5115: 4874: 4863: 4659:(1223 / 1236–40) 4565:(1257 / 1284–88) 4394: 4374: 4188:Byzantine–Mongol Alliance 4119: 4096: 3954: 3943: 3475:10.1163/9789004366152_008 3317:Stephen Turnbull (2002). 3099:Dachuwang. Archived from 2989:Cheung, Ming Tai (2001). 2743:10.1017/S0041977X13000475 2572:, pp. 243, 268, 244, see 2098:from the Kingdom of Dali. 1671:surrendered the underage 1665:Grand Empress Dowager Xie 1306:(modern-day Nanning) and 1298:(modern-day Changsha) in 1111:rather than Mongols. The 903:After the conquest of Jin 896: 884: 695: 582:Poland and Bohemia ( 549: 352: 304: 299: 286: 155: 115: 66: 51: 39: 6800:Mongol conquest of China 6116:Four Great Books of Song 5391:Goryeo under Mongol rule 5197:Mongol conquest of China 3667:Waterson, James (2013), 3609:Waterson, James (2013), 3578:Waterson, James (2013), 3547:Waterson, James (2013), 3020:Mongol Warrior 1200–1350 2637:Rossabi, Morris (2009). 2440:"新元史/卷146 – 維基文庫，自由的圖書館" 2184: 1713:Emperor Huaizong of Song 1709:Emperor Duanzong of Song 1171:Second stage (1251–1260) 751:Mongol conquest of China 42:Mongol conquest of China 5967:Secretariat-Chancellery 5466:Pagoda of Bailin Temple 5287:1344 Yellow River flood 5282:War of the Two Capitals 5192:Kublai Khan's campaigns 4141:Invasions and conquests 4060:Paiza / Gerege 3854:Grousset, René (1970). 2690:Đại Việt Sử ký toàn thư 2063:Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư 2030:The Han Chinese nobles 2021:Korea under Mongol rule 1639:Kublai had founded the 1255:Đại Việt Sử ký toàn thư 938:First stage (1235–1248) 46:Kublai Khan's campaigns 6598:Early Bessemer process 6566:Science and technology 5765:Nong Zhigao rebellions 5566:The Injustice to Dou E 5471:Temple of Azure Clouds 5401:Science and technology 5258:Battle of Ngasaunggyan 5202:anti-Mongol fortresses 4798:(1260 / 1301) 4526:(1274 / 1281) 4193:Franco-Mongol alliance 3499:Rašīd-ad-Dīn Faḍlallāh 3122:Jasper Becker (2008). 2624: 2400:www.wanfangdata.com.cn 2342:René Grousset (1970). 2281:. Brill. p. 222. 2161:History of the Mongols 1906: 1807: 1682:notes that the Mongol 1680:Patricia Buckley Ebrey 1620: 1409: 1258:, Mongol forces under 1175:The Mongol attacks on 1156: 1038: 848: 846:Emperor Lizong of Song 799: 156:Commanders and leaders 5986:Ministry of Personnel 5891:Imperial examinations 5302:Battle of Lake Poyang 5292:Red Turban Rebellions 3163:Mamluk Studies Review 2763:John Joseph Saunders 2498:The Mongols A History 1954:, the capital of the 1900: 1892:close quarters combat 1802: 1614: 1408:. Painting from 1294. 1396: 1049:to fight against the 1036: 962:, the gateway to the 844: 798: 300:Casualties and losses 6122:Dongjing Meng Hua Lu 5896:Administrative units 5770:Song–Tibet relations 5745:Song–Đại Cồ Việt war 4689:Serbia and Bulgaria 2013:Chiefdom of Yongning 2001:Chiefdom of Shuidong 1930:Emperor Gong of Song 1765:improve this article 1697:Emperor Gong of Song 1673:Emperor Gong of Song 1669:Empress Dowager Quan 1436:improve this article 1139:with Duan officers. 343:Mongol invasions and 6672:Forensic entomology 6633:Watertight bulkhead 6512:Joint-stock company 6006:Ministry of Justice 5991:Ministry of Revenue 5901:Sixteen Prefectures 5485:Society and culture 5212:Battle of Xiangyang 4936:Khagans of the Yuan 4665:Poland and Bohemia 4441:Khwarazmian Empire 4166:Society and economy 3839:on 14 October 2014. 3461:Hua, Kaiqi (2018). 1997:Chiefdom of Lijiang 1811:Empress Dowager Xie 1602:Bayan of the Baarin 1587:thunder crash bombs 1389:Battle of Xiangyang 614:Bulgaria and Serbia 6608:Astronomical clock 5815:Treaty of Shaoxing 5573:The Orphan of Zhao 5342:Imperial Preceptor 4681:Holy Roman Empire 4136:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug 3725:Man, John (2013). 3701:Global Connections 3165:8 (2004): 232–233. 3103:on 1 December 2017 2962:Man, John (2012). 2669:. Reaktion Books. 2009:Chiefdom of Yao'an 2005:Chiefdom of Sizhou 1989:Chiefdom of Bozhou 1907: 1808: 1621: 1487:. This led to the 1410: 1349:Chiefdom of Bozhou 1039: 942:From 1235 on, the 849: 800: 753:, beginning under 6772: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6687:Dream Pool Essays 6579:Gunpowder weapons 6492: 6491: 6019: 6018: 6011:Ministry of Works 5996:Ministry of Rites 5943:Three Departments 5780:Fang La rebellion 5760:Wang Ze rebellion 5659: 5658: 5124: 5123: 5111: 5110: 5107: 5106: 4859: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4836:Kaidu–Kublai war 4828:Berke–Hulagu war 4820:Toluid Civil War 4601: 4600: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4173:House of Borjigin 4092: 4091: 4088: 4087: 3869:978-0-8135-1304-1 3813:on 6 October 2016 3532:. Working Paper. 3389:978-0-313-33539-6 3222:978-0-312-38696-2 3188:978-1-84603-381-0 3135:978-0-19-530997-3 2802:Jack Weatherford 2513:, vol. II, p. 224 2444:zh.wikisource.org 2198:978-7-204-10293-8 2170:978-0-342-39959-8 2132:978-3-447-03339-8 2036:Celestial Masters 1947:Vietnamese Annals 1797: 1796: 1789: 1468: 1467: 1460: 1355:and later by the 1252:According to the 1121:Duan royal family 891:Battles of Shukou 837:The 1227 incident 738: 737: 651: 650: 646: 645: 609:Holy Roman Empire 309: 308: 111: 110: 16:(Redirected from 6812: 6718: 6715: 6694: 6442: 6441: 1174–1189 6439: 6381: 6380: 1050–1080 6378: 6273: 6272: 1111–1117 6270: 6129: 6079:Longquan celadon 6047:Five Great Kilns 5939: 5866: 5686: 5679: 5672: 5663: 5629:ʼPhags-pa script 5559:The Chalk Circle 5540:Zhongyuan Yinyun 5427:Shiyi Dexiaofang 5185:Kaidu–Kublai war 5180:Toluid Civil War 5151: 5144: 5137: 5128: 4922: 4909: 4906:Töregene Khatun 4896: 4876: 4865: 4847: 4839: 4831: 4823: 4799: 4791: 4783: 4775: 4767: 4748: 4740: 4732: 4724: 4716: 4708: 4700: 4692: 4684: 4676: 4668: 4660: 4652: 4644: 4636: 4628: 4620: 4619: 4593: 4574: 4566: 4558: 4550: 4549: 4527: 4517: 4509: 4508: 4499: 4491: 4483: 4475: 4474: 4452: 4444: 4436: 4426: 4418: 4403: 4396: 4376: 4338:Shangdu (Xanadu) 4328:Sarai Batu/Berke 4233:Chagatai Khanate 4121: 4098: 3956: 3945: 3930: 3923: 3916: 3907: 3902: 3873: 3861: 3841: 3840: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3695: 3689: 3687: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3637: 3631: 3629: 3606: 3600: 3598: 3575: 3569: 3567: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3445: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3255: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3172: 3166: 3159: 3153: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3066: 3060: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3023: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2907:Warren I. Cohen 2905: 2899: 2898: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2838: 2836: 2813: 2807: 2800: 2794: 2787: 2781: 2774: 2768: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2726: 2711: 2710: 2702: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2662: 2653: 2652: 2634: 2625: 2585: 2576: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2540: 2520: 2514: 2507: 2501: 2496:Jeremiah Curtin 2494: 2488: 2487: 2481: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2460:. Archived from 2454: 2448: 2447: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2420:on 13 April 2020 2416:. Archived from 2410: 2404: 2403: 2392: 2386: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2349: 2339: 2333: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2218: 2212: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2156: 2150: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2116: 2099: 2080: 2025:Kingdom of Qocho 1792: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1772: 1749: 1741: 1489:Toluid Civil War 1463: 1456: 1452: 1449: 1443: 1420: 1412: 1119:army led by the 1096:) to attack the 1045:defected to the 898: 886: 774: 773: 1260–1294 772: 763: 762: 1229–1241 761: 690: 688: 678: 671: 664: 655: 629:Byzantine Thrace 355: 347: 335: 328: 321: 312: 254: 241:Emperor Duanzong 135: 68: 67: 56: 32: 21: 6820: 6819: 6815: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6810: 6809: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6764: 6716: 6692: 6648:Horner's method 6560: 6488: 6440: 6392:Emperor Huizong 6379: 6313: 6271: 6127: 6015: 6001:Ministry of War 5972: 5937: 5867: 5858: 5837:Mongol conquest 5755:Chanyuan Treaty 5715:Chenqiao mutiny 5696: 5690: 5660: 5655: 5635:History of Yuan 5602: 5533:Wenxian Tongkao 5498:History of Liao 5480: 5461:Miaoying Temple 5439: 5395: 5313: 5309:Ispah rebellion 5161: 5155: 5125: 5120: 5103: 5022: 4941: 4920: 4907: 4894: 4870: 4851: 4845: 4837: 4829: 4821: 4803: 4797: 4789: 4781: 4773: 4765: 4752: 4746: 4738: 4730: 4722: 4714: 4706: 4698: 4690: 4682: 4674: 4666: 4658: 4650: 4642: 4641:Volga Bulgaria 4634: 4626: 4617: 4615: 4597: 4591: 4578: 4572: 4564: 4556: 4547: 4545: 4531: 4525: 4515: 4506: 4504: 4497: 4496:Southern China 4489: 4481: 4480:Northern China 4472: 4470: 4456: 4450: 4442: 4434: 4424: 4416: 4390: 4389: 4362: 4261: 4238:House of Ögedei 4207: 4178:House of Ögedei 4146:Destructiveness 4115: 4114: 4084: 4021: 4007: 3950: 3939: 3934: 3876: 3870: 3853: 3850: 3845: 3844: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3712: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3654: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3485: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3438: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3257: 3256: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3160: 3156: 3148:Rashid al-Din, 3147: 3143: 3136: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3106: 3104: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3003: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2949: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2906: 2902: 2895: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2868: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2801: 2797: 2788: 2784: 2775: 2771: 2762: 2758: 2728: 2727: 2714: 2704: 2703: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2664: 2663: 2656: 2649: 2636: 2635: 2628: 2586: 2579: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2537: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2508: 2504: 2495: 2491: 2474: 2467: 2465: 2464:on 4 March 2016 2458:"Archived copy" 2456: 2455: 2451: 2438: 2437: 2433: 2423: 2421: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2327: 2323: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2289: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2262: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2235: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2199: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2171: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2144: 2140: 2133: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2102: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2052:Trần Thánh Tông 2044: 1985:Kingdom of Dali 1973: 1964: 1868:(1236–1285), a 1793: 1782: 1776: 1773: 1762: 1750: 1739: 1737:Battle of Yamen 1733: 1721:Battle of Yamen 1493:Diaoyu Fortress 1470: 1464: 1453: 1447: 1444: 1433: 1421: 1391: 1381: 1316:Diaoyu Fortress 1193:Kingdom of Dali 1173: 1113:Kingdom of Dali 1086:Töregene Khatun 1024:Töregene Khatun 940: 913:besiege Caizhou 905: 893: 839: 806: 793: 769: 758: 739: 734: 691: 686: 684: 682: 652: 647: 524:Other invasions 348: 344: 341: 339: 282: 250: 219: 146: 136: 133: 100: 86: 57: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6818: 6816: 6808: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6777: 6776: 6770: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6762: 6756: 6750: 6744: 6738: 6732: 6726: 6720: 6717: 10th c. 6707: 6700: 6698: 6691: 6690: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6660: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6585:Wujing Zongyao 6581: 6570: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6558: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6535: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6514: 6509: 6502: 6500: 6494: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6431: 6425: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6370: 6364: 6358: 6352: 6346: 6340: 6334: 6328: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6305: 6299: 6293: 6287: 6281: 6275: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6238: 6235:Huang Tingjian 6232: 6226: 6220: 6214: 6208: 6202: 6196: 6190: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6166: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6135: 6133: 6126: 6125: 6118: 6113: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6044: 6039: 6033: 6031: 6021: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5982: 5980: 5978:Six Ministries 5974: 5973: 5971: 5970: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5947: 5945: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5918:Qingli Reforms 5915: 5910: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5893: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5868: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5738:Gaoliang River 5735: 5730: 5725: 5717: 5711: 5709: 5698: 5697: 5691: 5689: 5688: 5681: 5674: 5666: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5576: 5569: 5562: 5550: 5543: 5536: 5529: 5522: 5519:Shilin Guangji 5515: 5508: 5501: 5494: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5430: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5405: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5374: 5369: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5347:Zhongshu Sheng 5344: 5339: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5250: 5245: 5244: 5243: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5222: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5204: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5171: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5146: 5139: 5131: 5122: 5121: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4929: 4924: 4919:Oghul Qaimish 4916: 4911: 4903: 4898: 4890: 4884: 4882: 4872: 4871: 4868: 4861: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4849: 4841: 4833: 4825: 4817: 4811: 4809: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4793: 4785: 4777: 4769: 4760: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4742: 4734: 4726: 4718: 4710: 4702: 4694: 4686: 4678: 4670: 4662: 4654: 4646: 4638: 4630: 4622: 4611: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4576: 4568: 4560: 4552: 4541: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4520: 4519: 4511: 4501: 4493: 4485: 4477: 4466: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4446: 4438: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4411: 4409: 4400: 4392: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4372: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4259: 4254: 4253: 4252: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4230: 4229: 4228: 4217: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4183:Mongol Armenia 4180: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4127: 4125: 4117: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4094: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4016: 4012: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3964: 3962: 3952: 3951: 3948: 3941: 3940: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3925: 3918: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3891:10.2307/606298 3874: 3868: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3842: 3824: 3798: 3792:978-9004282483 3791: 3771: 3765:978-9004282483 3764: 3744: 3738:978-1466861565 3737: 3717: 3711:978-0521191890 3710: 3690: 3684:978-1783469437 3683: 3659: 3652: 3632: 3626:978-1783469437 3625: 3601: 3595:978-1783469437 3594: 3570: 3564:978-1783469437 3563: 3539: 3520: 3513: 3490: 3484:978-9004366152 3483: 3453: 3425:978-0295998480 3424: 3402: 3388: 3368: 3361: 3343: 3329: 3309: 3302: 3284: 3270: 3247: 3245:, p. 283. 3235: 3221: 3201: 3187: 3167: 3154: 3141: 3134: 3114: 3083: 3061: 3048: 3034: 3008: 3001: 2981: 2975:978-1446486153 2974: 2954: 2948:978-0674036086 2947: 2925: 2913: 2900: 2893: 2873: 2866: 2846: 2829:978-0874210262 2828: 2808: 2795: 2782: 2769: 2756: 2737:(3): 361–371. 2712: 2694: 2692:, pp. 283–284. 2682: 2676:978-1780233888 2675: 2654: 2648:978-0520261327 2647: 2626: 2615:chen t'ien lei 2593:chen t'ien lei 2577: 2557: 2545: 2536:978-0231142540 2535: 2515: 2502: 2489: 2449: 2431: 2405: 2387: 2381:C. P. Atwood. 2374: 2360: 2334: 2321: 2294: 2287: 2267: 2260: 2240: 2233: 2213: 2204: 2197: 2176: 2169: 2151: 2149:, p. 509. 2138: 2131: 2110: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2043: 2040: 1972: 1969: 1963: 1960: 1903:Timurid Empire 1849:(Dadu, modern 1795: 1794: 1753: 1751: 1744: 1735:Main article: 1732: 1729: 1575:Crusader state 1553:, from Mosul, 1539:siege machines 1532:Emperor Duzong 1520:Zhang Lianggao 1466: 1465: 1424: 1422: 1415: 1380: 1377: 1318:in modern-day 1235:Trần Thái Tông 1172: 1169: 1115:'s indigenous 1109:southern China 939: 936: 904: 901: 892: 889: 853:Lizhou Circuit 838: 835: 810:Mongol–Jin war 792: 789: 736: 735: 733: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 696: 693: 692: 683: 681: 680: 673: 666: 658: 649: 648: 644: 643: 642: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 595: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 558:Volga Bulgaria 555: 547: 546: 540: 539: 538: 537: 532: 525: 521: 520: 519: 518: 513: 502: 495: 493:Southeast Asia 489: 488: 487: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 465: 464: 459: 454: 449: 437: 431: 430: 429: 428: 427: 426: 416: 411: 410: 409: 399: 394: 387: 381: 380: 379: 378: 373: 366: 360: 359: 353: 350: 349: 340: 338: 337: 330: 323: 315: 307: 306: 302: 301: 297: 296: 293: 289: 288: 284: 283: 281: 280: 275: 270: 267: 264: 261: 256: 243: 238: 233: 231:Emperor Duzong 228: 226:Emperor Lizong 222: 220: 218: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 161: 158: 157: 153: 152: 147: 145: 144: 139: 138: 137: 129: 121: 118: 117: 113: 112: 109: 108: 102: 96: 95: 92: 88: 87: 82: 80: 76: 75: 72: 64: 63: 49: 48: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6817: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6760: 6757: 6754: 6751: 6748: 6745: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6733: 6730: 6727: 6724: 6721: 6711: 6708: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6679: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6670: 6666: 6665: 6664:Yingzao Fashi 6661: 6659: 6658:Liaodi Pagoda 6656: 6655: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6643:Tianchi basin 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6495: 6484: 6481: 6478: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6466: 6465:Zhao Mengjian 6463: 6460: 6457: 6454: 6453:Wuzhun Shifan 6451: 6448: 6445: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6426: 6423: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6411: 6408: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6396: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6384: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6356: 6353: 6350: 6347: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6309: 6306: 6303: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6285: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6158: 6155: 6152: 6149: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6111: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5968: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5934: 5933:Three Bureaus 5931: 5929: 5928:Baojia system 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5865: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5800:Huangtiandang 5798: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5790:Jin–Song Wars 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5750:Song–Xia wars 5748: 5746: 5743: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5733:Southern Tang 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5694: 5687: 5682: 5680: 5675: 5673: 5668: 5667: 5664: 5652: 5651:Northern Yuan 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5619:Mongol Empire 5617: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5556: 5555: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5530: 5528: 5527: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5431: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5389: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5326: 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4866: 4862: 4848: 4842: 4840: 4834: 4832: 4826: 4824: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4792: 4786: 4784: 4778: 4776: 4770: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4741: 4735: 4733: 4727: 4725: 4719: 4717: 4711: 4709: 4703: 4701: 4697:Latin Empire 4695: 4693: 4687: 4685: 4679: 4677: 4671: 4669: 4663: 4661: 4655: 4653: 4647: 4645: 4639: 4637: 4631: 4629: 4623: 4621: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4567: 4561: 4559: 4553: 4551: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4512: 4510: 4502: 4500: 4494: 4492: 4486: 4484: 4478: 4476: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4445: 4439: 4437: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4258: 4255: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4243: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4234: 4231: 4227: 4226:Northern Yuan 4224: 4223: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4151:Imperial Seal 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4045: 4044:Pax Mongolica 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3937:Mongol Empire 3931: 3926: 3924: 3919: 3917: 3912: 3911: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3860: 3859: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3825: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3794: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3775: 3772: 3767: 3761: 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Macmillan. 3730: 3729: 3721: 3718: 3713: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3694: 3691: 3686: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3671: 3663: 3660: 3655: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3636: 3633: 3628: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3613: 3605: 3602: 3597: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3582: 3574: 3571: 3566: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3543: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3521: 3516: 3514:0-231-03351-6 3510: 3506: 3505: 3500: 3494: 3491: 3486: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3454: 3449: 3443: 3427: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3406: 3403: 3391: 3385: 3381: 3380: 3372: 3369: 3364: 3362:0-415-31690-1 3358: 3354: 3347: 3344: 3332: 3330:1-84176-340-3 3326: 3322: 3321: 3313: 3310: 3305: 3303:0-415-31690-1 3299: 3295: 3288: 3285: 3273: 3271:1-84176-523-6 3267: 3263: 3262: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3243:Grousset 1970 3239: 3236: 3224: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3205: 3202: 3190: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3171: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3137: 3131: 3127: 3126: 3118: 3115: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3087: 3084: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3037: 3035:1-84176-583-X 3031: 3027: 3022: 3021: 3012: 3009: 3004: 2998: 2994: 2993: 2985: 2982: 2977: 2971: 2967: 2966: 2958: 2955: 2950: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2904: 2901: 2896: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2877: 2874: 2869: 2863: 2859: 2858: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2831: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2683: 2678: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2644: 2640: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2620: 2619:zhen tian lei 2616: 2612: 2611:zhen tian lei 2605: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2589:zhen tian lei 2584: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2538: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2493: 2490: 2485: 2479: 2463: 2459: 2453: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2435: 2432: 2419: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2375: 2363: 2361:0-8135-1304-9 2357: 2353: 2348: 2347: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2298: 2295: 2290: 2288:90-04-11774-1 2284: 2280: 2279: 2271: 2268: 2263: 2261:0-486-42488-X 2257: 2253: 2252: 2244: 2241: 2236: 2234:1-86019-407-9 2230: 2226: 2225: 2217: 2214: 2208: 2205: 2200: 2194: 2190: 2180: 2177: 2172: 2166: 2162: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2145:C. 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Atwood 2142: 2139: 2134: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2115: 2112: 2105: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2076: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2032:Duke Yansheng 2028: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1968: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1893: 1888: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1862:Zhang Hongfan 1859: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1843:Wen Tianxiang 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1805: 1801: 1791: 1788: 1780: 1770: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1754:This section 1752: 1748: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1717:Lantau Island 1714: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1629: 1627: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1596: 1590: 1588: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1528:Wuying Pagoda 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1462: 1459: 1451: 1448:December 2014 1441: 1437: 1431: 1430: 1425:This section 1423: 1419: 1414: 1413: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1331: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1312:Yangtze river 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1264:Uriyangkhadai 1261: 1260:Uriyangkhadai 1257: 1256: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1243:Uriyangkhadai 1240: 1236: 1232: 1231:Uriyangkhadai 1228: 1224: 1220: 1219:Uriyangkhadai 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1201:Uriyangkhadai 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1177:Southern Song 1170: 1168: 1166: 1161: 1155: 1153: 1152:zhen tian lei 1147: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1133:Uriyangkhadai 1130: 1129:Yangtze river 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1035: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1020:Mongol Empire 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 937: 935: 931: 929: 924: 922: 918: 914: 910: 902: 900: 890: 888: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 847: 843: 836: 834: 832: 827: 823: 822:Jin–Song wars 819: 815: 811: 805: 797: 790: 788: 786: 782: 778: 777:Mongol Empire 767: 756: 752: 748: 747:Song–Yuan War 744: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 697: 694: 689: 679: 674: 672: 667: 665: 660: 659: 656: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 604: 600: 596: 593: 589: 585: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 550: 548: 545: 541: 536: 533: 531: 528: 527: 526: 522: 517: 514: 511: 507: 503: 501: 498: 497: 496: 494: 490: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 444: 443: 440: 439: 438: 436: 432: 425: 422: 421: 420: 417: 415: 412: 408: 405: 404: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 389: 388: 386: 382: 377: 374: 372: 369: 368: 367: 365: 361: 356: 351: 346: 336: 331: 329: 324: 322: 317: 316: 313: 303: 298: 294: 291: 290: 285: 279: 278:Wen Tianxiang 276: 274: 271: 268: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 253: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 223: 221: 216: 213: 211: 210:Zhang Hongfan 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 195:Uriyangkhadai 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 162: 160: 159: 154: 151: 148: 143: 140: 132: 128: 127: 126: 125:Mongol Empire 123: 122: 120: 119: 114: 107: 103: 98: 97: 93: 90: 89: 85: 81: 78: 77: 73: 70: 69: 65: 61: 55: 50: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 6759:Guo Shoujing 6685: 6676: 6662: 6653:Architecture 6638:Fishing reel 6613:Movable type 6583: 6553: 6447:Zhou Jichang 6398:Zhang Zeduan 6247:Zhou Bangyan 6139:Fan Zhongyan 6120: 6108: 6094:Yaozhou ware 6089:Qingbai ware 5923:New Policies 5728:Southern Han 5719:Unification 5693:Song dynasty 5633: 5607:Other topics 5578: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5526:Menggu Ziyun 5524: 5517: 5510: 5503: 5496: 5444:Architecture 5432: 5425: 5408: 5206: 5158:Yuan dynasty 4888:Genghis Khan 4657:Kievan Rus' 4635:(1237–1300s) 4627:(1237–1300s) 4495: 4471:Western Xia 4433:Qara Khitai 4266:Major cities 4245:Golden Horde 4221:Yuan dynasty 4108:Organization 4042: 3993:Khong Tayiji 3882: 3878: 3857: 3837:the original 3827: 3815:. 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As were 1993:Hailongtun 1952:Thăng Long 1678:Historian 1551:Al-aud-Din 1402:Great Khan 1383:See also: 1268:Thang Long 1239:Thang Long 1185:Great Khan 1067:Shi Tianze 1028:Güyük Khan 1018:area, the 1016:Huai River 972:Cao Youwen 802:See also: 791:Background 568:Durdzuketi 553:Kievan Rus 305:Very heavy 269:Li Tingzhi 266:Cao Youwen 263:Lü Wenhuan 205:Shi Tianze 6697:Inventors 6574:Gunpowder 6483:Qian Xuan 6449:(12th c.) 6428:Liang Kai 6422:Zhao Boju 6361:Wang Shen 6343:Yi Yuanji 6339:(10th c.) 6211:Cheng Hao 6205:Zhang Zai 6193:Zeng Gong 6181:Cai Xiang 6175:Shao Yong 6099:Jian ware 6062:Guan ware 6052:Ding ware 5847:Xiangyang 5723:Later Shu 5641:Khanbaliq 5382:Dpon-chen 5372:Manchuria 5337:Empresses 4968:Orda Khan 4958:Batu Khan 4822:(1260–64) 4766:(1241–43) 4764:Anatolia 4739:(1287–88) 4731:(1285–86) 4723:(1264–65) 4715:(1259–60) 4707:(1258–59) 4683:(1241–42) 4675:(1241–42) 4667:(1240–41) 4643:(1229–36) 4633:Chechnya 4573:(1300–02) 4537:Southeast 4516:(1253–56) 4498:(1235–79) 4490:(1231–60) 4482:(1211–34) 4435:(1216–18) 4423:Sakhalin 4383:Campaigns 4333:Saray-Jük 4323:Samarkand 4298:Karakorum 4257:Ilkhanate 4015:Political 3442:cite book 3055:John Man 2911:, p. 136 2789:John Man 2767:, p. 120. 2328:John Man 2211:陈世松等，第22页 2096:Yi people 1938:Zhao Yong 1847:Khanbaliq 1835:Guangdong 1823:Chongqing 1821:in 1276, 1646:Changzhou 1595:Jia Sidao 1563:mangonels 1559:trebuchet 1543:Ilkhanate 1504:Xiangyang 1485:Karakorum 1481:Ariq Böke 1320:Chongqing 1165:chieh sui 1160:gunpowder 1102:ceasefire 1071:Liu Heima 1059:Zhang Rou 978:(孟珙) and 976:Meng Gong 960:Xiangyang 715:Xiangyang 705:Jingxiang 624:Lithuania 573:Circassia 435:East Asia 424:Palestine 392:Caucassus 385:West Asia 345:conquests 259:Jia Sidao 215:Zhang Rou 6735:Shen Kuo 6723:Jia Xian 6704:Bi Sheng 6628:Dry dock 6517:Banknote 6477:Gong Kai 6349:Wen Tong 6325:Fan Kuan 6318:Painters 6302:Xin Qiji 6259:Zhu Bian 6241:Cai Jing 6217:Cheng Yi 6067:Jun ware 6037:Religion 5908:Military 5879:Emperors 5810:Yancheng 5795:Jingkang 5706:Timeline 5624:Borjigin 5434:Nong Shu 5416:Jiaochao 5367:Mongolia 5325:Emperors 5226:Sakhalin 5094:Boroldai 5074:Khubilai 5054:Bo'orchu 5027:Military 4921:(regent) 4908:(regent) 4895:(regent) 4780:Baghdad 4729:Hungary 4673:Hungary 4616:Georgia 4563:Vietnam 4415:Siberia 4313:Maragheh 4213:Khanates 4161:Religion 4156:Military 4105:Politics 4055:Kurultai 4018:Military 3643:Shanghai 3501:(1971). 3059:, p. 168 2923:, p. 66. 2806:, p. 188 2793:, p. 98. 2751:24692275 2500:, p. 343 2478:cite web 2385:, p. 509 2332:, p. 158 2023:and the 1956:Đại Việt 1919:Lu Xiufu 1819:Yangzhou 1777:May 2020 1725:Mount Ya 1705:Lu Xiufu 1650:Changsha 1512:Hangzhou 1369:Meng Huo 1367:against 1304:Yongzhou 1280:Shandong 1227:Dai Viet 1002:(modern 970:general 946:general 921:Bo'orchu 877:Tianshui 824:. While 700:Mianzhou 479:Sakhalin 397:Anatolia 376:Khwarezm 287:Strength 170:Töregene 79:Location 40:Part of 6741:Song Ci 6729:Su Song 6618:Compass 6498:Economy 6459:Li Song 6373:Cui Bai 6151:Song Qi 6145:Yan Shu 6132:Writers 6072:Ru ware 6057:Ge ware 6029:Society 6025:Culture 5830:Caizhou 5820:Tangdao 5702:History 5646:Shangdu 5614:Mongols 5598:Fashion 5421:Coinage 5236:Vietnam 5167:History 5064:Boroqul 5059:Guo Kan 5049:Negudar 5034:Subutai 4934: ( 4772:Alamut 4745:Serbia 4737:Poland 4721:Thrace 4713:Poland 4649:Alania 4514:Yunnan 4449:Persia 4407:Central 4386:Battles 4293:Bolghar 4288:Bukhara 4273:Almalik 4075:Kheshig 4003:Tarkhan 3848:Sources 3817:5 April 3097:Tencent 2780:, p. 9. 2542:Alt URL 2509:J. Bor 1885:marines 1866:Li Heng 1851:Beijing 1839:Jiangxi 1541:of the 1508:Yangtze 1361:Shu Han 1324:cholera 1296:Tanzhou 1276:Sichuan 1272:Guangxi 1213:Vietnam 1205:invaded 1189:Sichuan 1183:as the 1144:Nanjing 1117:Cuan-Bo 1094:Tsagaan 1090:Sichuan 1084:. When 1082:Chengdu 1063:Yan Shi 1047:Mongols 1012:Chengdu 1008:Sichuan 1004:Hechuan 992:Ran Jin 988:Sichuan 964:Yangtze 956:Chengdu 952:Sichuan 917:Kaifeng 881:Wenzhou 639:Gazaria 563:Cumania 535:Siberia 504:Burma ( 500:Vietnam 414:Baghdad 295:Unknown 252:† 101:changes 6527:Guanzi 6522:Jiaozi 6355:Guo Xi 6296:Zhu Xi 6278:Lu You 6265:Zhu Yu 6229:Su Zhe 6223:Su Shi 6169:Su Xun 6042:Poetry 5825:Caishi 5695:topics 5160:topics 5044:Muqali 5018:Ghazan 5013:Arghun 5003:Hulegu 4893:Tolui 4869:People 4830:(1262) 4788:Syria 4782:(1258) 4747:(1291) 4699:(1242) 4691:(1242) 4607:Europe 4590:India 4571:Burma 4557:(1293) 4546:Burma 4524:Japan 4505:Tibet 4488:Korea 4348:Tabriz 4318:Qarshi 4278:Avarga 4124:Topics 4028:Jarlig 3988:Jinong 3983:Khanum 3978:Khatun 3968:Khagan 3960:Titles 3899:606298 3897: 3866: 3789: 3762: 3735: 3708: 3681: 3650: 3623: 3592: 3561: 3511: 3481: 3422: 3386: 3359: 3327: 3300: 3268: 3219: 3185: 3132: 3032: 2999: 2972: 2945: 2891: 2864: 2826: 2749: 2673: 2645: 2603:, see 2599: 2568: 2533: 2358: 2316:606298 2314: 2285: 2258: 2231: 2195: 2167: 2129: 2084:Tumens 2048:Champa 2017:Mu'ege 1944:. The 1936:, and 1870:Tangut 1831:Fujian 1827:Hezhou 1815:Fuzhou 1688:Tangut 1567:Hulagu 1547:Ismail 1473:Kublai 1471:After 1400:, the 1308:Guilin 1197:Kublai 1181:Möngke 1069:, and 1055:tumens 996:Ran Pu 980:Du Gao 944:Mongol 634:Serbia 603:Second 588:Second 578:Alania 544:Europe 510:Second 419:Levant 402:Persia 248: 185:Kublai 180:Möngke 165:Ögedei 91:Result 6747:Li Ye 6532:Huizi 6416:Li Di 6386:Mi Fu 5852:Yamen 5805:De'an 5593:Islam 5377:Tibet 5263:Pagan 5253:Burma 5231:Japan 5217:Yamen 5089:Kadan 5084:Bayan 5069:Jelme 5008:Abaqa 4998:Kebek 4978:Toqta 4973:Berke 4953:Jochi 4946:Khans 4583:South 4555:Java 4308:Majar 4250:Wings 4070:Tümen 4050:Yassa 4033:Örtöö 3998:Noyan 3895:JSTOR 2747:JSTOR 2591:, or 2468:3 May 2312:JSTOR 2187:[ 2185:宋元战争史 2088:Asuds 2070:Notes 1975:Many 1858:Yamen 1626:ships 1336:tuhuo 1300:Hunan 1292:Hubei 1288:Ezhou 1284:Henan 1223:Tibet 1041:Many 948:Köden 831:Henan 730:Yamen 720:Ezhou 599:First 592:Third 584:First 530:India 506:First 484:Japan 474:Korea 469:Tibet 442:China 190:Bayan 175:Güyük 6593:Coke 6471:Muqi 6027:and 5588:Semu 5553:Zaju 5512:Song 5039:Jebe 4993:Duwa 4462:East 4399:Asia 4353:Ukek 4303:Dadu 4111:Life 4038:Orda 3973:Khan 3864:ISBN 3819:2016 3787:ISBN 3760:ISBN 3733:ISBN 3706:ISBN 3679:ISBN 3648:ISBN 3621:ISBN 3590:ISBN 3559:ISBN 3509:ISBN 3479:ISBN 3448:link 3434:2021 3420:ISBN 3397:2010 3384:ISBN 3357:ISBN 3338:2010 3325:ISBN 3298:ISBN 3279:2010 3266:ISBN 3230:2010 3217:ISBN 3196:2010 3183:ISBN 3130:ISBN 3109:2017 3078:2017 3043:2010 3030:ISBN 2997:ISBN 2970:ISBN 2943:ISBN 2889:ISBN 2862:ISBN 2837:2011 2824:ISBN 2671:ISBN 2643:ISBN 2613:(or 2597:ISBN 2566:ISBN 2531:ISBN 2484:link 2470:2016 2426:2016 2369:2010 2356:ISBN 2283:ISBN 2256:ISBN 2229:ISBN 2193:ISBN 2165:ISBN 2127:ISBN 2094:and 2034:and 2015:and 1977:Tusi 1913:The 1667:and 1634:navy 1615:The 1555:Iraq 1549:and 1477:Song 1387:and 1345:Tusi 1343:The 1302:via 1282:and 1207:the 1125:Yuan 1098:Song 1026:and 994:and 968:Song 885:丁亥之變 875:and 869:Chen 865:Feng 745:(or 741:The 516:Java 462:Song 358:Asia 71:Date 44:and 6714:fl. 6438:fl. 6377:fl. 6269:fl. 5505:Jin 5079:Aju 3887:doi 3883:118 3617:230 3471:doi 2739:doi 2352:282 2308:118 1853:). 1767:by 1715:on 1569:to 1522:of 1516:Aju 1438:by 1338:gun 1290:in 1211:in 1051:Jin 861:Jie 452:Jin 200:Aju 6781:: 3893:. 3881:. 3677:, 3675:84 3619:, 3588:, 3586:92 3557:, 3555:88 3534:25 3477:. 3444:}} 3440:{{ 3250:^ 3095:. 3028:. 2937:. 2839:. 2745:. 2735:76 2733:. 2715:^ 2697:^ 2657:^ 2629:^ 2580:^ 2480:}} 2476:{{ 2442:. 2398:. 2354:. 2306:. 2027:. 2011:, 2007:, 2003:, 1999:, 1995:, 1932:, 1925:. 1545:. 1534:. 1375:. 1215:. 1137:Bo 1077:. 1065:, 1061:, 897:蜀口 873:He 871:, 867:, 863:, 833:. 787:. 771:r. 760:r. 601:, 590:, 586:, 508:, 6719:) 6712:( 6443:) 6436:( 6382:) 6375:( 6274:) 6267:( 5969:) 5965:( 5708:) 5704:( 5685:e 5678:t 5671:v 5150:e 5143:t 5136:v 4938:) 3929:e 3922:t 3915:v 3901:. 3889:: 3872:. 3821:. 3795:. 3768:. 3741:. 3714:. 3688:. 3656:. 3630:. 3599:. 3568:. 3536:. 3517:. 3487:. 3473:: 3450:) 3436:. 3399:. 3365:. 3340:. 3306:. 3281:. 3232:. 3198:. 3138:. 3111:. 3080:. 3045:. 3026:8 3005:. 2978:. 2951:. 2897:. 2870:. 2753:. 2741:: 2709:. 2679:. 2651:. 2609:" 2539:. 2486:) 2472:. 2446:. 2428:. 2402:. 2371:. 2318:. 2291:. 2264:. 2237:. 2201:. 2173:. 2135:. 1905:. 1837:– 1833:– 1790:) 1784:( 1779:) 1775:( 1761:. 1461:) 1455:( 1450:) 1446:( 1432:. 1006:/ 768:( 757:( 677:e 670:t 663:v 605:) 594:) 512:) 334:e 327:t 320:v 20:)

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Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty

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