1875:
819:(苗再成), planned to hijack a transport to carry them all but failed. The group arrived in Dadu in May, and then proceeded to Shangdu, where Kublai Khan received them in the Hall of Great Peace (大安殿). Kublai conferred the noble title "Duke of Ying" (瀛國公) on Zhao Xian and a princess title on Zhao Xian's ethnic Mongol wife, Lady Borjigin. Kublai Khan further ordered that Zhao Xian and Lady Borjigin be given a residence in Dadu and receive preferential treatment. In 1298, Zhao Xian was given permission to move his residence to Shangdu. Between 1314 and 1320, the Yuan ruler
621:). Grand Empress Dowager Xie pursued a dual-strategy to the pending destruction of the Song dynasty: On one hand, she ordered the people to rally behind their emperor and save the Song Empire. On the other hand, she tried to make peace with the Yuan Empire. The Yuan army advanced further and captured Song territories and took control of various prefectures along the middle stretches of the Yangtze River.
25:
135:
1017:
Zhao Xian had one son with the
Borjigin Mongol woman, Zhao Wanpu. Zhao Xian's son Zhao Wanpu was kept alive by the Yuan dynasty because of his mother's imperial Mongol Borjigin ancestry even after Zhao Xian was killed. Instead Zhao Wanpu was only moved and exiled. The outbreak of the Song loyalist
678:
of the
Southern Song explicitly unlike the Jin dynasty in the Jingkang incident, sparing both the Southern Song royals in the capital Hangzhou like the Emperor Gong of Song and his mother as well as sparing the civilians inside it and not sacking the city, allowing them to go about their normal
1047:, identified references by Rashid al-Din to Zhao Xian in his book where he mentions a Chinese ruler who was an "emir" and son-in-law to the Qan (Khan) after being removed from his throne by the Yuan Empire and he is also called "Monarch of Song", or Suju (宋主 Songzhu) in the book.
1022:
in Henan led to a recommendation that Zhao Wanpu should be transferred somewhere else by an
Imperial Censor in 1352. The Yuan did not want the ethnic Han rebels to get their hands on Zhao Wanpu so no one was permitted to see him and Zhao Wanpu's family and himself were exiled to
855:
instead. Kublai Khan's motive for this edict is unclear, as is whether such a relocation constituted a banishment. The Khan may have acted out of genuine concern for the former emperor or he may have wished to remove the Song heir to the throne out of
628:. The Song army suffered defeat and not long afterward, bowing to public pressure, Grand Empress Dowager Xie ordered Jia Sidao's execution. However, the move came too late and the fall of the Song dynasty loomed closer.
2421:
647:
to negotiate for peace with the enemy, but Lu was forced to surrender. Later that year, Grand
Empress Dowager Xie brought the five-year-old Zhao Xian with her to the Yuan camp to surrender.
2525:
1911:
568:, Zhao Xian came to the throne around the age of four, and reigned for less than two years before he was forced to abdicate in 1276. He was succeeded by his fifth brother,
956:
According to Sakya's monastic succession records, in 1323, the 52-year-old Zhao Xian received an imperial edict ordering him to commit suicide at Hexi (河西; present-day
2106:
2385:
972:
has written, " unexplained suicide in 1323 led to curious rumours, including the suggestion that he was the real father of the future Mongol emperor Shundi [
583:
died in 1274 from overindulgence in wine. His sixth son, Zhao Xian, who was then about four years old, was enthroned as the new emperor with assistance from the
2505:
2417:
2520:
2495:
2198:
2455:
2401:
721:, Guangdong Province), where they committed suicide by drowning themselves at sea. The death of Zhao Bing marked the end of the Song dynasty.
2530:
2500:
2460:
1782:
42:
2470:
2373:
2369:
2207:
1787:
881:
142:
2361:
2510:
679:
business, rehiring
Southern Song officials. The Yuan dynasty did not take the Southern Song palace women for themselves but instead had
2475:
2018:
1936:
1887:
2535:
2480:
2465:
2048:
108:
89:
2365:
2357:
1792:
61:
2450:
2490:
2082:
1817:
461:
46:
68:
2397:
475:
2540:
2515:
924:). Later on, Zhao Xian took over as the head monk at the monastery, translating Buddhist texts between the Chinese and
659:
2485:
2191:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1722:
774:
595:
380:
194:
75:
35:
2294:
2078:
933:
917:
889:
865:
57:
2349:
2289:
2246:
2241:
820:
968:. Other Ming historians believe that Emperor Yingzong feared a coup led by Zhao Xian. The renowned Sinologist
598:) became regents for the child emperor, although state and military power remained under Jia Sidao's control.
2341:
2284:
2256:
2236:
2226:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2345:
2184:
2034:
1968:
1036:
651:
674:
when they defeated him earlier. However
Patricia also noted the Yuan dynasty were totally lenient on the
2377:
2353:
2337:
2221:
1063:
897:
873:
844:
1999:"Chapter 6 The Journey of Zhao Xian and the Exile of Royal Descendants in the Yuan Dynasty (1271 1358)"
2038:
2445:
2440:
1976:
1055:
1044:
1019:
964:). Many Ming Historians believed that this was because Zhao Xian's poetry displeased the Yuan ruler,
707:
805:
828:
816:
770:
758:
640:
591:
190:
801:
793:
82:
1905:
786:
584:
831:
at his court. Chungseon asked to see visit Zhao Xian's residence and composed a song about him.
812:
778:
2044:
2014:
1998:
1932:
1926:
1883:
1051:
1032:
925:
797:
298:
2319:
2299:
2231:
2168:
2006:
706:
died of illness in 1278 after fleeing the
Mongols and was succeeded by his seventh brother,
703:
699:
695:
569:
553:
498:
431:
400:
180:
2261:
2251:
1965:
905:
851:
and
Tibetan classics. Other sources claim that while in Tibet, Zhao Xian decided to study
714:
533:
1067:
973:
1984:
1980:
1972:
2309:
2304:
2151:
1287:
1071:
945:
782:
655:
609:
had already taken control of the northern and southwestern areas of China, crossed the
580:
565:
538:
370:
170:
2434:
904:; Chinese: 烏思藏) within the borders of present-day Tibet. He became a resident at the
840:
790:
675:
667:
610:
343:
2158:
2122:
1845:
1841:
1028:
857:
729:
After the fall of the Song dynasty, Zhao Xian was relocated to the Yuan capital at
718:
606:
561:
557:
529:
505:
438:
359:
355:
268:
244:
694:
provinces, where they continued to resist the
Mongols. Zhao Xian's fifth brother,
1876:"9 State-Forced Relocations in China, 900-1300 THE MONGOLS AND THE STATE OF YUAN"
1837:
969:
965:
909:
765:(Emperor Shizu). As a result, in March 1276, Zhao Xian left Lin'an (present-day
762:
746:
680:
671:
322:
24:
2176:
2010:
885:
157:
2324:
2043:. Translated by Boyle, John Andrew. Columbia University Press. p. 287.
1836:
Other male members of the Song imperial clan survived the invasion, such as
730:
691:
625:
614:
587:
198:
1882:(illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. pp. 325, 326.
666:
harshly, totally butchering them by the hundreds as well as the emperor of
761:
urged him to travel north for an audience with the Yuan founding emperor,
134:
1024:
992:
852:
848:
766:
644:
632:
618:
240:
236:
624:
In early 1275, Jia Sidao led an army of 30,000 to engage Yuan forces at
1059:
957:
738:
734:
636:
602:
350:
338:
260:
843:
and in
October 1288 issued an edict ordering Zhao Xian to relocate to
824:
741:. Some sources also claim that he lived in Qianzhou (謙州; present-day
687:
663:
643:
showed up with his army outside Lin'an. The Song imperial court sent
1050:
According to a Ming story Zhao Xian had an affair with Yuan empress
617:. They were heading towards the Song capital at Lin'an (present-day
773:
remained behind due to illness so he was accompanied northwards by
961:
264:
1070:
with Mailaiti. The Mongols circulated a similar story about the
861:
745:, Russia). His sojourns made him one of the most well-travelled
742:
631:
By the middle of 1275, the Yuan army had controlled most of the
2180:
2001:. In Heirman, Ann; Meinert, Carmen; Anderl, Christoph (eds.).
18:
717:, Lu Xiufu brought Zhao Bing with him to Yashan (present-day
811:
After they crossed the Yangtze River, two former generals,
1925:
Heirman, Ann; Meinert, Carmen; Anderl, Christoph (2018).
1878:. In Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Smith, Paul Jakov (eds.).
979:
Emperor Gong’s unofficial temple name is Gongzong (恭宗)
976:] (1333–1368), born to a Turkish woman in 1320."
510:
443:
839:
Kublai Khan wanted to preserve some vestiges of the
777:, the Lady of Long (隆國夫人; Emperor Duzong's mother),
2277:
2214:
2003:
Buddhist Encounters and Identities Across East Asia
1928:
Buddhist Encounters and Identities Across East Asia
800:(謝堂). The former emperor's entourage also included
757:Soon after Zhao Xian surrendered, the Yuan general
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
590:. In the following year, Zhao Xian's grandmother (
1892:. Archived from the original on September 8, 2023
785:'s younger brother and Zhao Xian’s grandfather),
1910:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
686:Remnants of the Song Empire fled southwards to
601:By the time Zhao Xian came to the throne, the
2526:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
2192:
2091:] (in Traditional Chinese). Vol. 47.
1005:
996:
613:and acquired key strategic locations such as
480:
466:
405:
8:
948:" (southern barbarian) in Tibetan language.
860:. In December 1288, Zhao Xian departed from
683:artisans in Shangdu marry the palace women.
2005:. Leiden, Netherlands: BRILL. p. 213.
2199:
2185:
2177:
2113:
1840:, who was a well-known painter during the
1082:
489:
422:
120:
2108:The Eighteen Emperors of the Song Dynasty
635:region, the southern part of present-day
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1844:, and Zhao Yiguang who lived during the
654:noted that the Yuan dynasty treated the
560:of China and the seventh emperor of the
548:(2 November 1271 – 1323), personal name
1866:
1829:
639:. On 18 January 1276, the Yuan general
1903:
1727:
1631:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1413:
1308:
1304:
1292:
1193:
1095:
1091:
1087:
387:
308:
1783:Chinese emperors family tree (middle)
1721:
1711:
1699:
1689:
1685:
1673:
1671:
1661:
1649:
1639:
1635:
1619:
1616:
1606:
1594:
1584:
1580:
1568:
1565:
1555:
1542:
1532:
1528:
1503:
1493:
1481:
1471:
1467:
1455:
1453:
1443:
1431:
1421:
1417:
1401:
1398:
1388:
1376:
1366:
1362:
1350:
1348:
1338:
1326:
1316:
1312:
1286:
1276:
1263:
1253:
1249:
1237:
1234:
1224:
1211:
1201:
1197:
1181:
1178:
1168:
1155:
1145:
1141:
1129:
1126:
1116:
1103:
1099:
1027:near the border by the Yuan emperor.
7:
1788:List of emperors of the Song dynasty
1066:. Zhao Xian allegedly fathered Yuan
882:Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
847:. There, Zhao Xian was to study the
564:. The sixth son of his predecessor,
47:adding citations to reliable sources
2506:People executed by the Yuan dynasty
1955:. Thames & Hudson, 1988, p. 147
808:(汪元量), and other palace officials.
2521:Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime
14:
2496:Forced suicides of Chinese people
1953:Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors
769:) and proceeded towards Shangdu.
329:Emperor Xiaogong Yisheng (孝恭懿聖皇帝)
1874:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2016).
1793:Architecture of the Song dynasty
1504:Emperor Gong of Song (1271–1323)
417:"Respectful Emperor of the Song"
152:12 August 1274 – 4 February 1276
133:
23:
880:; Chinese: 朵思麻) in present-day
725:Ennoblement by the Yuan dynasty
287:
34:needs additional citations for
2040:The Successors of Genghis Khan
1880:State Power in China, 900-1325
1818:Technology of the Song dynasty
1041:The Successors of Genghis Khan
511:
481:
467:
444:
406:
1:
2456:13th-century Chinese monarchs
2386:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
749:emperors in Chinese history.
213:4 February 1276 – 31 May 1323
2531:14th-century Chinese writers
2501:Executed Yuan dynasty people
2461:Monarchs deposed as children
2208:Emperors of the Song dynasty
2081:; et al., eds. (1343).
16:13th-century Chinese emperor
2471:Yuan dynasty Buddhist monks
2159:Emperor of the Song dynasty
1813:Society of the Song dynasty
1808:History of the Song dynasty
1803:Economy of the Song dynasty
1798:Culture of the Song dynasty
944:), which means "royalty of
753:Journey to the Yuan capital
698:, was enthroned as the new
143:Emperor of the Song dynasty
2557:
2511:Murdered emperors of China
1625:
1522:
1518:
1407:
1306:
1298:
1187:
1093:
1089:
928:languages under the name "
789:(趙乃猷), and members of the
527:
2476:Chinese Buddhist monarchs
2335:
2268:
2165:
2156:
2148:
2143:
2116:
2011:10.1163/9789004366152_008
1705:
1687:
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1469:
1461:
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1419:
1415:
1382:
1364:
1356:
1332:
1314:
1310:
1270:
1251:
1243:
1218:
1199:
1195:
1162:
1143:
1135:
1110:
1097:
1006:
997:
937:
921:
893:
869:
771:Grand Empress Dowager Xie
592:Grand Empress Dowager Xie
522:
488:
421:
395:
328:
316:
307:
191:Grand Empress Dowager Xie
132:
2536:14th-century translators
2481:Yuan dynasty translators
2466:Child monarchs from Asia
2083:
462:Traditional Chinese
2138:unknown (possibly 1323)
476:Simplified Chinese
2451:Southern Song emperors
2035:Rašīd-ad-Dīn Faḍlallāh
1969:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
1931:. BRILL. p. 208.
1617:Quan Zhaosun (d. 1259)
1288:Emperor Duzong of Song
1179:Zhao Yurui (1207–1287)
1037:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
664:Wanyan imperial family
652:Patricia Buckley Ebrey
58:"Emperor Gong of Song"
2491:Writers from Hangzhou
2118:Emperor Gong of Song
562:Southern Song dynasty
317:Deyou (德祐; 1275–1276)
124:Emperor Gong of Song
1020:Red Turban Rebellion
987:Consorts and Issue:
775:Empress Dowager Quan
676:Zhao imperial family
596:Empress Dowager Quan
572:(Emperor Duanzong).
546:Emperor Gong of Song
391:Emperor Gong of Song
195:Empress Dowager Quan
43:improve this article
2541:Chinese translators
2516:Poets from Zhejiang
1997:Hua, Kaiqi (2018).
835:Relocation to Tibet
713:In 1279, after the
672:Western Xia dynasty
2486:Yuan dynasty poets
1054:, a descendant of
930:Sman rce Lha btsun
908:and was given the
841:Song imperial clan
2428:
2427:
2175:
2174:
2166:Succeeded by
1977:Jami' al-tawarikh
1773:
1772:
1062:, a wife of Yuan
1045:Jami' al-tawarikh
1033:John Andrew Boyle
914:Chos kyi Rin chen
526:
525:
518:
517:
499:Standard Mandarin
451:
450:
432:Standard Mandarin
386:
385:
333:
332:
258:(aged 51–52)
119:
118:
111:
93:
2548:
2272:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2178:
2169:Emperor Duanzong
2149:Preceded by
2139:
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2114:
2105:
2092:
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2061:
2055:
2054:
2031:
2025:
2024:
1994:
1988:
1979:之忽必烈汗紀、陳霆《兩山墨談》、
1962:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1871:
1849:
1834:
1083:
1064:Emperor Mingzong
1009:
1008:
1000:
999:
966:Emperor Yingzong
940:, Chinese: 蠻子合尊
939:
938:སྨན་རྩེ་ལྷ་བཙུན་
934:Standard Tibetan
923:
922:ཆོས་ཀྱི་རིན་ཆེན་
918:Standard Tibetan
895:
890:Standard Tibetan
871:
866:Standard Tibetan
737:) then later to
700:Emperor Duanzong
637:Jiangsu Province
514:
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181:Emperor Duanzong
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2089:History of Song
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2068:
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2062:
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2051:
2033:
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1996:
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1774:
1080:
1068:Emperor Huizong
1015:
985:
954:
906:Sakya Monastery
837:
821:Emperor Renzong
755:
727:
715:Battle of Yamen
578:
552:, was the 16th
543:
414:Literal meaning
293:
290: 1276)
285:
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953:
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806:Wang Yuanliang
783:Emperor Lizong
754:
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594:) and mother (
581:Emperor Duzong
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2374:N. Dynasties
2370:S. Dynasties
2325:
2314:
2157:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2107:
2104:(in Chinese)
2088:
2059:
2039:
2029:
2002:
1992:
1960:
1952:
1947:
1927:
1920:
1896:November 29,
1894:. Retrieved
1879:
1869:
1846:Ming dynasty
1842:Yuan dynasty
1832:
1723:Empress Quan
1566:Quan Dazhong
1399:Huang Dingxi
1049:
1043:in his work
1040:
1029:Paul Pelliot
1016:
1010:), first son
1004:Zhao Wanpu (
986:
978:
974:Toghon Temür
955:
941:
929:
913:
901:
877:
858:China proper
838:
810:
802:Weng Zhongde
794:Gao Yinggong
756:
728:
712:
685:
649:
630:
623:
607:Yuan dynasty
600:
579:
558:Song dynasty
549:
545:
544:
537:
530:Chinese name
506:Hanyu Pinyin
445:Sòng Gōng Dì
439:Hanyu Pinyin
256:(1323-00-00)
205:Duke of Ying
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2446:1323 deaths
2441:1271 births
2366:16 Kingdoms
1838:Zhao Mengfu
1725:(1241–1309)
1290:(1240–1274)
1056:Arslan Khan
1039:'s chapter
970:Ann Paludan
910:dharma name
902:dbus gtsang
787:Zhao Naiyou
763:Kublai Khan
660:Jin dynasty
534:family name
323:Regnal name
167:Predecessor
2435:Categories
2358:3 Kingdoms
2163:1274–1276
1856:References
1212:Quan Dajie
1104:Zhao Shiyi
942:manzihézūn
815:(李庭芝) and
813:Li Tingzhi
796:(高應松) and
779:Zhao Yurui
650:Historian
585:chancellor
303:Zhao Wanpu
269:Yuan China
245:Song China
231:1271-11-02
158:Coronation
69:newspapers
2326:Zhao Bing
2295:Guangzong
1906:cite book
1861:Citations
1264:Lady Wang
1235:Lady Quan
1127:Zhao Xilu
829:Chungseon
708:Zhao Bing
692:Guangdong
633:Jiangdong
615:Xiangyang
588:Jia Sidao
550:Zhao Xian
512:Zhào Xiǎn
456:Zhao Xian
381:Lady Quan
312:Era dates
225:Zhao Xian
199:Jia Sidao
177:Successor
99:July 2010
2320:Duanzong
2300:Ningzong
2290:Xiaozong
2247:Shenzong
2242:Yingzong
2232:Zhenzong
2037:(1971).
1777:See also
1543:Quan Fen
1156:Lady Shi
1078:Ancestry
1052:Mailaiti
993:Borjigin
894:དབུས་གཙང
878:mdo smad
853:Buddhism
849:Brahmana
798:Xie Tang
767:Hangzhou
704:Zhao Shi
696:Zhao Shi
645:Lu Xiufu
619:Hangzhou
570:Zhao Shi
528:In this
275:Consorts
241:Zhejiang
2285:Gaozong
2262:Qinzong
2257:Huizong
2252:Zhezong
2237:Renzong
2227:Taizong
2079:Toqto'a
2071:Sources
1060:Karluks
1058:of the
1025:Shazhou
958:Zhangye
926:Tibetan
886:Ü-Tsang
870:མདོ་སྨད
804:(翁仲德),
739:Shangdu
735:Beijing
656:Jurchen
556:of the
554:emperor
401:Chinese
351:Dynasty
292:
284:
229: (
83:scholar
2398:W. Xia
2310:Duzong
2305:Lizong
2134:
2063:《庚申外史》
2047:
2017:
1935:
1886:
995:clan (
983:Family
884:, for
827:ruler
825:Goryeo
781:(趙與芮;
688:Fujian
668:Tangut
603:Mongol
532:, the
377:Mother
367:Father
237:Lin'an
187:Regent
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2342:Shang
2222:Taizu
2136:Died:
2129:Born:
2087:[
1824:Notes
998:孛兒只斤氏
952:Death
946:Mangi
898:Wylie
874:Wylie
845:Tibet
759:Bayan
719:Yamen
670:-led
658:-led
641:Bayan
605:-led
576:Reign
339:House
299:Issue
286:(
282:
265:Gansu
210:Reign
149:Reign
90:JSTOR
76:books
2414:Qing
2410:Ming
2406:Yuan
2394:Song
2390:Liao
2382:Tang
2346:Zhou
2315:Gong
2131:1271
2045:ISBN
2015:ISBN
1933:ISBN
1912:link
1898:2021
1884:ISBN
1031:and
862:Amdo
743:Tuva
731:Dadu
690:and
626:Wuhu
539:Zhao
356:Song
344:Zhao
261:Hexi
254:1323
251:Died
222:Born
62:news
2422:PRC
2418:ROC
2402:Jīn
2378:Sui
2362:Jìn
2354:Han
2350:Qin
2338:Xia
2007:doi
1987:》等）
1966:拉施特
1007:趙完普
932:" (
916:" (
747:Han
681:Han
662:'s
536:is
407:宋恭帝
127:宋恭帝
45:by
2437::
2420:/
2416:→
2412:→
2408:→
2404:→
2400:/
2396:/
2392:/
2388:→
2384:→
2380:→
2376:→
2372:/
2368:→
2364:/
2360:→
2356:→
2352:→
2348:→
2344:→
2340:→
2084:宋史
2013:.
1985:国榷
1981:谈迁
1975:》
1973:史集
1908:}}
1904:{{
1074:.
1001:)
960:,
936::
920::
900::
896:,
892::
876::
872:,
868::
710:.
702:.
482:赵㬎
468:趙㬎
288:m.
267:,
263:,
243:,
239:,
2271:宋
2200:e
2193:t
2186:v
2053:.
2023:.
2009::
1983:《
1971:《
1964:（
1941:.
1914:)
1900:.
1848:.
912:"
888:(
864:(
542:.
362:)
358:(
233:)
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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