1133:, Pak Sŏ led forces who had gathered from surrounding cities in a defense against the Mongols. Kim Chungon defended the eastern and western walls while Kim Kyŏngson defended the south. The Mongols attacked the west, south, and north gates repeatedly. They used carts of grass and wood as well as towers to try to scale the walls but the defenders countered with molten iron, setting fire to the siege machines. They also tried to mine the city walls but the tunnel collapsed. The south wall was attacked by 15 large catapults. The defenders used their own catapults to drive off the attackers while using mud and water to put out fires by inflammatory projectiles. The Mongols withdrew for a time after 40 days of besieging the city only to return with reinforcements. They set up 30 catapults and breached the city wall in 50 places but they were repaired while Pak Sŏ made a successful sortie and drove off the attackers. Kuju and Chaju finally submitted after multiple orders from the Goryeo court. Pak Sŏ and Ch'oe Ch'unmyŏmg, defender of Chaju, were almost executed but the Mongols spared them owing to their courage, which they admired.
1379:
overlord Möngke's orders. Möngke ordered the prince Yeku to command the army against Korea. However, a Korean in the court of Möngke convinced them to begin their campaign in July 1253. Yeku, along with Amuqan, demanded the Goryeo court to surrender. The court refused but did not resist the
Mongols and gathered the peasantry into the mountain fortresses and islands. Working together with the Goryeo commanders who had joined the Mongols, Jalairtai Qorchi ravaged Korea. When one of Yeku's envoys arrived, Gojong personally met him at his new palace in Sin Chuan-bug. Gojong finally agreed to move the capital back to the mainland, and sent his stepson Angyeong as a hostage. The Mongols agreed to a cease fire in January 1254.
1304:
used the mourning period as an excuse to avoid compliance. Many more excuses were given later including illness and that he was too advanced in his age. Goryeo sent as a hostage Chŏn, the Duke of Sinan, and passed him off as the king's brother. He went to the Mongol court with a retinue of 148 men to present a petition and tribute. A royal relative, Wang Sun, the Duke of Yŏngnyŏng, was also sent as a hostage to the Mongol court while pretending to be the crown prince. The arrival of the 17-year old pretend prince at the Mongol court in 1241 and the resumption of tribute missions secured a moment of respite for Goryeo until 1247.
873:
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1049:(reigned 1213–1259) and handed him a document without the usual formalities. Cho accompanied the Mongol and Jurchen commanders to the Yalu where the Mongols seized a large number of Goryeo horses and left. However they left behind 41 subordinates in Poju to learn the language of Goryeo and to wait for the Mongols' return. The Mongols also started collecting annual tribute from Goryeo and within two years, Gojong was advocating for the cessation of tribute payments and resistance against the Mongols.
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1177:. In the spring of 1232, Ch'oe U gathered all the high officials at his residence and suggested transferring the capital to Ganghwa. A dissenter, Kim Sech'ung, was executed for speaking out against the plan. The royal family relocated to Ganghwa and commissioners were sent out to the provinces to instruct the people to take refuge in mountain citadels or coastal islands. With the transfer complete, in the summer of 1232, the Mongol darughachi on the mainland were killed.
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1224:
1067:
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36:
1125:, after which Goryeo started negotiations with the Mongols. However, when news that the Mongols demanded Goryeo's submission reached the court in late November, the Goryeo response was to continue resistance. Kaesong was surrounded by Mongol forces in late December. Goryeo officially submitted and the Three Armies surrendered.
1034:
by a heavy snowfall that made the roads impassable. Hazhen sent a letter carried by the translator Zhao
Zhongxiang to Cho Ch'ung, the Goryeo commander in charge of the northwest, requesting provisions and demanding the two nations enter an Elder-Younger Brother relationship after the subjugation of the Khitans.
1585:
The Goryeo dynasty survived under influence of the Yuan dynasty until it began to force Yuan garrisons back starting in the 1350s, when the Yuan dynasty was already beginning to crumble, suffering from massive rebellions in China. Taking advantage of the opportunity, the Goryeo army under Goryeo king
1285:
Goryeo did not attempt to field an army against the
Mongols and offensive actions were limited to raids against small patrols. The people were told to evacuate to defensible locations such as mountain fortresses or island strongholds and left to fend for themselves. Ganghwa Island itself was heavily
1188:, a Goryeo warlord who had defected to the Mongols. When the people of the Western Capital learned that the court was planning on killing the Mongol officials, they rebelled out of fear that Mongol reprisal would result in their deaths. Government officials in the Western Capital fled to Chŏ Island.
1037:
Cho Ch'ung and Kim Ch'wiryŏ were in favor of meeting the Mongol demands but the Goryeo court was more apprehensive. Ultimately they agreed to provide for the Mongol forces at the urging of Cho. One thousand bushels of rice and one thousand picked troops were sent to the
Mongols. They arrived in time
1057:
in early 1220 for which
Yugexia was rewarded greatly by the Goryeo court. However Yugexia repeatedly sacked Goryeo's border cities for several years afterward. Troops sent to Poju to restore order slew so many that another rebellion occurred four months later that required 5,000 troops to put down.
1033:
In the winter of 1218, 10,000 Mongol troops commanded by Hazhen and Zhala accompanied by 20,000 Eastern
Jurchen troops commanded by Wanyan Ziyuan entered Goryeo from the northeast. They defeated Khitan forces in the cities of Hwaju, Maengju, Sunju, and Tŏkchu. The Mongol-Jurchen advance was stopped
1303:
Negotiations were opened in the winter of 1238 with Goryeo promising eternal submission, after which the
Mongols withdrew. The Mongol envoys brought a list of demands that included that the king of Goryeo present himself at the Mongol court. Goryeo's Queen Dowager had just passed away and the king
1456:
There were two parties within Goryeo: the literati party, which opposed the war with the
Mongols, and the military junta—led by the Ch'oe clan—which pressed for continuing the war. When the dictator Ch'oe was murdered by the literati party, the peace treaty was concluded. The treaty permitted the
1400:
Möngke realized that the hostage was not the blood prince of the Goryeo
Dynasty. So Möngke blamed the Goryeo court for deceiving him and killing the family of Lee Hyeong, who was a pro-Mongol Korean general. Möngke's commander Jalairtai devastated much of Goryeo and took 206,800 captives in 1254.
1378:
to the Korean mainland. But the Goryeo court refused to send the king because the old king was unable to travel so far. Möngke again dispatched his envoys with specific tasks. The envoys were well received by the Goryeo officials but they also criticized them, saying their king did not follow his
1311:
and his successors, the ones responsible for defending Goryeo, remained on the island for the rest of their lives. The momentary peace was used to send messages to southern Goryeo with instructions to prepare the defenses. Goryeo's continued resistance resulted in another Mongol invasion in 1247.
1120:
called up the Three Armies and levied troops from the provinces. Yugexia contributed 5,000 soldiers and even bandits entered the Goryeo army. The Three Armies under the leadership of Yi Chasŏng departed
Kaesong in early October and fended off a surprise attack by 8,000 Mongol soldiers. The Goryeo
1078:
A Mongol delegation led by Zhuguyu had arrived in 1224 to supervise the transfer of tribute. They took only the otter pelts but discarded the other items in the fields while crossing the Yalu. During their journey they were killed by bandits. Since the Mongols suspected Goryeo, relations had been
1426:
Mongke Khan once again sent a large army along with Prince Yeongnyeong and Hong Pok-wŏn, who had been taken hostage by Jalaltai as the captain, and gathered at Gapgot Daedan (甲串岸) and showed momentum to attack Ganghwa Island. However, Kim Sugang (金守剛), who had just gone to Mongolia, succeeded in
1457:
maintenance of the sovereign power and traditional culture of Goryeo, implying that the Mongols gave up incorporating Goryeo under direct Mongolian control and were content to give Goryeo autonomy, but the king of Goryeo must marry a Mongolian princess and be subordinate to the Mongolian Khans.
1074:
In 1221, a Mongol delegation led by Zhuguyu made a list of demands while 6,000-7,000 Mongol troops arrived at the Goryeo border a few days later. They were received coldly by the Goryeo court. In 1224, Puxian Wannu declared independence from the Mongols and sent envoys to Goryeo to establish an
1136:
Saritai demanded 10,000 small horses, 10,000 large horses, 10,000 bolts of purple gauze, 20,000 otter skins, and clothing for a million men army. Hostages from the king's family, provincial leaders, and high officials were also demanded. A large tribute was presented by Goryeo but no hostages.
1052:
Conditions in the northwest were poor following the Khitan raids. In the autumn of 1219, military commanders Han Sun and Ta Chi rebelled in Poju and defected to Puxian Wannu, who augmented their forces with 10,000 Eastern Jurchens. They tried to make an alliance with the Jin commander Yugexia.
1015:
forced them to retreat. They turned their attention back toward the territory of Puxian Wannu. Puxian Wannu had already been defeated by the Mongols and submitted, but when the Mongol forces withdrew, he moved further east toward the Yalu and in early 1217, declared the state of
1128:
Goryeo's surrender did not mean an immediate end to the fighting. The Mongols sacked cities which they had previously taken. Chŏn Kan attempted to kill the Mongols in Hamsin-chin but a certain Xiaoweisheng escaped. Chaju held out while heavy fighting occurred at Chongju. At the
1493:
were destroyed. After seeing the Goryeo crown prince come to concede, Kublai Khan was jubilant and said "Goryeo is a country that long ago even Tang Taizong personally campaigned against but was unable to defeat, but now the crown prince comes to me, it is the will of heaven!"
1082:
On 26 August 1231, a Mongol force led by Saritai crossed the Yalu and surrounded Hamsin-chin (Uiju). Defense General Cho Sukch'ang and Deputy Commissioner Chŏn Kan surrendered Hamsin-chin to the Mongols. The Mongol forces split with one group heading north to attack
2185:
1299:
Some people in Goryeo defected to the Mongols. In the summer of 1238, 2,000 men under the leadership of Cho Hyŏnsŭp and Yi Wŏnu submitted to the Mongols. Cho was put under the command of Hong Pok-wŏn. A Yi Kunsik also defected with 12 people.
1206:
In the spring of 1233, a Mongol envoy delivered a list detailing Goryeo's crimes. The Goryeo response was an offensive against Hong Pok-wŏn to oust him from the Western Capital. Hong escaped with his family to Mongol territory in
911:
The Yuan dynasty would exact wealth and tributes from the Goryeo kings. Despite submission to the Yuan dynasty, internal struggles among Goryeo royalty and rebellions against Yuan rule would continue, the most famous being the
1007:. The Khitans requested help from Goryeo but when the request was denied, the Khitans crossed the Yalu with an estimated 90,000 men and overran the Goryeo frontier. The Khitan rebels spent 1217 pillaging southwards down the
550:
1026:. It was also there that the Khitans fled from Goryeo. The Khitans were able to gather reinforcements and then invaded Goryeo again in the fall of 1217. The Khitan invasion was halted after they took the city of
1075:
alliance. Goryeo rejected the offer and over the next four years, Eastern Jurchens raided Goryeo. An attempt at peace negotiations was made in 1229 due to deteriorating relations between the Mongols and Goryeo.
1582:. Furthermore, the Mongol domination of Eurasia encouraged cultural exchange, and this would include for example the transmission of some of the Korean ideas and technology to other areas under Mongol control.
387:
1041:
In early 1219, preparations were underway to take the last Khitan stronghold in Kangdong. Troops from Goryeo joined the Mongol-Jurchen force. An estimated 50,000 Khitans surrendered and opened the gates.
2333:
916:. A greater amount of "stubborn resistance" was put up by Korea and Song Dynasty towards the Mongol invasions than many others in Eurasia who were swiftly crushed by the Mongols at a lightning pace.
1485:
Much of Goryeo was devastated after the decades of fighting. It was said that no wooden structures remained afterward in Goryeo. There was cultural destruction, and the nine-floor-tower of
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543:
1274:
were ordered to evacuate to the island. By late 1235, Mongol and Eastern Jurchen troops under the command of Tanqut-Batur had taken Yonggang, Hamjong, Samdŭng, and Haep'yong (modern
380:
1278:). In the spring of 1236, Mongol troops moved south and took Hwangju, Sinju, and Anju. By wintertime, the Mongols had reached as far south as the Southern Capital and penetrated
1393:
The Mongols later learned that top Goryeo officials remained on Ganghwa Island, and had punished those who negotiated with the Mongols. Between 1253 and 1258, the Mongols under
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at the court of the Goryeo were offered provisions and sometimes were also willing to actively be involved in the affairs of the Goryeo court. Even today, there are several
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1099:
defected and submitted the area and 1,500 households. His family later played a pivotal role in the Mongol campaigns against Goryeo by acting as guides. At Ch'ŏlchu (in
1445:
family, ending the rule of the Ch'oe family which spanned six decades. Afterwards, the king sued for peace with the Mongols. When the Goryeo court sent the future king
2416:
Examples of such words include colors of horses, Agibato-a hero boy and Songgol-falcon, see Baasanjavyin Lkhagvaa-Solongos, Mongol-Solongosyin harilstaanii ulamjlalaas
356:
1103:), the men slit their throats and burned the granary and all the women and children rather than submit to the Mongols.Yongju, Sonju, and Kwakchu fell in October.
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1527:. The Mongol and Korean rulers were also tied by marriages as some Mongol prince and aristocrats married Korean princesses and vice versa. During the reign of
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Goryeo's capital was not relocated back to the mainland despite Mongol demands. Gojong did meet Mongol envoys on the mainland a few years later, but
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In the summer of 1235, Mongol troops raided Goryeo. Defenses were put up around Ganghwa Island and the people of the Southern Capital (modern
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In 1258, Goryeo's King Gojong and one of the retainers of the Ch'oe clan, Kim Injoon, staged a counter-coup and assassinated the head of the
851:
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1567:, and Ikeres). It is claimed that one of Goryeo monarchs was the most beloved grandson of Kublai Khan and had grown up at the Yuan court.
1141:) stationed in various cities in northwestern Goryeo to ensure that Goryeo kept to the peace terms. They controlled almost all of modern
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After the fall of Kangdong, Goryeo sent a delegation to Zhala's camp as well as gifts to the Mongol commanders. Mongol envoys met with
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while the Western Capital's people were resettled in island locations. The Mongols appointed Hong as leader of northwestern Goryeo.
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General Saritai began withdrawing his main force to the north in the spring of 1232, leaving 72 Mongol administrative officials (
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79:
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988:("Great Jurchen"). In the spring of 1216, Khitans fleeing from the Jin overran Puxian Wannu's territory and held the area from
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to witness the Mongols assault the Khitans in the walled-city of Taeju. The reinforcements were received well by the Mongols.
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for the duration of the Mongol Invasions. The new capital was strongly fortified and was never conquered by the Mongols.
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In 1216, the Mongols accompanied by Yelü Liuge chased the Khitan rebels to the Goryeo borders and launched an attack on
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896:. There were seven major campaigns at tremendous cost to civilian lives, the last campaign made most of Goryeo
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856:
247:
3188:
1419:
Ordering defectors to build ships, the Mongols began attacking the coastal islands from 1255 onward. In the
1110:) where they encountered stiff resistance. The slave army led by Ji Gwang-su fought to the death. They took
1091:, Kim Kyŏngson at first tried to fight the Mongols but the entire city had already fled, so he retreated to
989:
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46:
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333:
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terminated in early 1225. When the Mongols ordered Goryeo to attack Puxian Wannu, Goryeo did not comply.
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An Illustrated Guide to Samurai History and Culture: From the Age of Musashi to Contemporary Pop Culture
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to suppress the rebellion. However Puxian Wannu was defeated and he himself rebelled in 1215. Based in
93:
1508:, ruled by the private army of the powerful Ch'oe family. Some of these military officials formed the
1203:. The Mongol army retreated, leaving Hong Pok-wŏn to supervise the territory that they had conquered.
1012:
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1532:
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Internal struggles within the royal court continued regarding the peace with the Mongols until 1270.
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267:
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2306:국사편찬위원회, 고등학교국사교과서 p63(National Institute of Korean History, History for High School Students, p64)
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1979:
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ordered a set of printing blocks for the Buddhist canon to be created and work began in 1237. The
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2297:국방부 군사편찬연구소, 고려시대 군사 전략 (2006) (The Ministry of National Defense, Military Strategies in Goryeo)
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Peninsula, the Mongols eventually massed Korean defectors into a colony of 5,000 households.
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for approximately 80 years. However, rebellion movements existed throughout this time and in
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1022:("Eastern Xia"). Pressured by the Jin, he fled eastward again to the lower reaches of the
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while the other group headed down the Yalu. When the second group heading south reached
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In the fall of 1247, a Mongol force commanded by Amukan and a supporting force led by
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who had been serving the Jin as a military commander rebelled and seized a portion of
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2186:"Printing woodblocks of the Tripitaka Koreana and miscellaneous Buddhist scriptures"
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launched four devastating invasions in the final successful campaign against Korea.
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1524:
1523:, for approximately 80 years, Goryeo was a vassal state and compulsory ally of the
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Famine and despair forced peasants to surrender to the Mongols. They established a
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Pre-Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800
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In the summer of 1232, the Mongol invasion led by Saritai advanced south into the
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1551:. The Kings of Goryeo held an important status like other important families of
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defended and the Mongols never attempted to take it. During the invasion, King
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China among equals: the Middle Kingdom and its neighbors, 10th–14th centuries
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Khitans who had fled into the mountains continued to raid Goryeo garrisons.
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1980:"Political Trends of Hong Bog Won Clan in the Period of Mongol Domination"
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Yugexia invited them to a feast and killed them. Their heads were sent to
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married one of Kublai's daughters. Later, a Korean princess called the
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1512:(1270–1273) and resisted in the islands off the southern shore of the
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be summoned before him in person and his headquarters be moved from
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against the usurper. Sibu was also usurped by one of his ministers,
1873:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 148.
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1370:, announcing his coronation in October 1251. He also demanded the
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Third Mongol invasion of Korea and treaty (July 1235 – April 1239)
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A series of campaigns were conducted between 1231 and 1270 by the
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sent the Mongol army to invade Goryeo in 1364, but it failed.
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persuading Mongke Khan, and the Mongols withdrew from Goryeo.
1336:
died in 1248, the royal hostage Wang Chŏn returned to Goryeo.
1169:
When the Mongols threatened Kaesong in the previous invasion,
29:
1409:
Seventh Mongol invasion of Korea (September 1255 – June 1256)
3107:(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)
1153:
Second Mongol invasion of Korea (June 1232 – December 1232)
1062:
First Mongol invasion of Korea (August 1231 – January 1232)
908:, some Goryeo territory existed outside of Mongol control.
1383:
Sixth Mongol invasion of Korea (July 1254 – December 1254)
1449:
as hostage to the Mongol court and promised to return to
1431:
Eighth Mongol invasion of Korea (May 1257 – October 1257)
1340:
Fifth Mongol invasion of Korea (July 1253 – January 1254)
960:. Two years later he proclaimed himself the ruler of the
1316:
Fourth Mongol invasion of Korea (July 1247 – March 1248)
984:("Eastern Capital"), Puxian Wannu declared the state of
948:
Later the Mongols entered Goryeo while pursuing enemy
2837:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
2389:
Solongos, Mongol-Solongosyin harilstaanii ulamjlalaas
1011:
before several defeats at the hand of Korean General
1114:
before reaching Chabi Pass, the gateway to Kaesong.
1106:
The Mongols bypassed Chaju and the Western Capital (
1095:. From Chongju, the Mongols proceeded to Inju where
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3512:
3441:
3390:
3239:
3216:
3169:
3094:
3039:
3032:
2899:
2845:
2757:
2645:
2592:
760:
741:
709:
651:
601:
580:
575:
166:
1231, 1232, 1235–1239, 1251, 1254, 1255, 1257, 1259
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2260:Mongol hiigeed Eurasiin diplomat shashtir, boyi II
1590:also managed to regain some northern territories.
1199:, Saritai was killed by an arrow shot by the monk
1003:, located on an island in the lower course of the
2832:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
1195:without much resistance. However in an attack on
1471:The Mongols invaded Korea a ninth time in 1257.
1328:). The Mongols controlled the area north of the
964:. Yelü Liuge was ousted by his younger brother,
3252:(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)
1030:, where Goryeo forces managed to contain them.
134:
2286:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
3776:
2555:
544:
381:
8:
1539:became an empress through her marriage with
1362:, the Mongols again repeated their demands.
1453:, the Mongols withdrew from Central Korea.
3783:
3769:
3761:
3509:
3498:
3036:
3029:
3009:
2754:
2731:
2589:
2578:
2562:
2548:
2540:
551:
537:
529:
388:
374:
366:
148:
131:
1405:office at Yonghung with local officials.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2461:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHwang2016 (
2445:Solongos-Mongolyin haritsaa: Ert, edugee
2400:
2246:
2234:
2222:
2210:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2136:
2124:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2076:
2064:
2052:
2040:
2003:
1965:
1953:
1941:
1929:
1917:
1905:
1893:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1673:
1987:International Journal of Korean History
1635:
876:Mail shirt with attached metal plates,
3182:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
3141:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
2432:Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia
572:
2456:
7:
2765:Administrative divisions and vassals
2530:Korea Britannica article (in Korean)
1686:van Derven, H. J. (1 January 2000).
1641:
1639:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1848:. Cengage Learning. pp. 177–.
1161:The capital of Goryeo was moved to
941:in 1211 when a Goryeo envoy to the
1842:; Anne Walthall (1 January 2013).
25:
1184:) was still under the control of
3791:
2348:"<기황후>가 왜곡한 고려와 원나라의 결혼동맹"
1239:Puxian Wannu and in early 1234,
201:
34:
3834:Korean–Jurchen border conflicts
945:was killed by Mongol soldiers.
45:needs additional citations for
27:1231–1271 Mongol Yuan conquests
3986:Invasions by the Mongol Empire
2483:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
2309:"국사전자교과서(www.e-history.go.kr)"
1755:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
1619:Mongol conquest of Eastern Xia
1461:Ninth Mongol invasion of Korea
1354:1253 Mongol invasion of Goryeo
1251:gave orders to attack Goryeo,
1227:1235 Mongol invasion of Goryeo
1070:1231 Mongol invasion of Goryeo
154:1235 Mongol invasion of Goryeo
142:Mongol invasions and conquests
1:
3752:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
3449:Division of the Mongol Empire
2512:Henthorn, William E. (1963).
2418:, p.173 for more information.
1259:, and to push to the edge of
952:. In 1211, the Khitan prince
920:Khitan invasion (1216 – 1219)
1649:. North Clarendon, Vermont:
976:. In 1214, the Jin assigned
2699:Manghit / Mangudai
2515:Korea: the Mongol invasions
1358:Upon the 1251 ascension of
69:"Mongol invasions of Korea"
4032:
4001:1250s in the Mongol Empire
3996:1230s in the Mongol Empire
3478:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
2190:UNESCO Memory of the World
1689:Warfare in Chinese History
1478:
1464:
1434:
1412:
1386:
1343:
968:, and requested help from
923:
815:Hungary and Croatia (
202:
3749:
3508:
3497:
3293:(1223 / 1236–40)
3199:(1257 / 1284–88)
3028:
3008:
2822:Byzantine–Mongol Alliance
2753:
2730:
2588:
2577:
2488:Academy of Korean Studies
1978:Pirozhenko, Oleg (2005).
1760:Academy of Korean Studies
1547:became an emperor of the
1332:and raided Goryeo. After
1324:arrived in Yŏmju (modern
1255:, the people west of the
1241:conquered the Jin dynasty
800:Poland and Bohemia (
767:
570:
408:
218:
194:
158:
147:
139:
135:Mongol invasions of Korea
1692:. BRILL. pp. 222–.
1624:Han conquest of Gojoseon
1467:제9차 고려-몽골 전쟁 (in Korean)
1437:제8차 고려-몽골 전쟁 (in Korean)
1415:제7차 고려-몽골 전쟁 (in Korean)
1389:제6차 고려-몽골 전쟁 (in Korean)
1346:제5차 고려-몽골 전쟁 (in Korean)
1235:and Prince Alchidai had
18:Mongol invasion of Korea
2775:Invasions and conquests
2694:Paiza / Gerege
1296:was completed in 1248.
1145:and a great portion of
943:Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
3432:(1260 / 1301)
3160:(1274 / 1281)
2827:Franco-Mongol alliance
2387:Baasanjavyin Lkhagvaa
1871:A New History of Korea
1355:
1228:
1166:
1147:South Pyongan Province
1143:North Pyongan Province
1071:
937:first encountered the
881:
219:Commanders and leaders
4016:13th century in Korea
3981:Wars involving Goryeo
3976:13th century in China
3854:Sambyeolcho Rebellion
2017:"Expanding the Realm"
1869:Lee, Ki-Baik (1984).
1614:Sambyeolcho Rebellion
1609:Korea under Yuan rule
1549:Northern Yuan dynasty
1510:Sambyeolcho Rebellion
1506:military dictatorship
1481:Sambyeolcho Rebellion
1465:Further information:
1435:Further information:
1413:Further information:
1387:Further information:
1353:
1344:Further information:
1226:
1180:The Western Capital (
1160:
1121:army was defeated at
1069:
914:Sambyeolcho Rebellion
875:
3323:Serbia and Bulgaria
1920:, p. 23-24, 26.
1782:Goryeosa: Volume 103
1653:. 2022. p. 11.
1533:Chungnyeol of Goryeo
1504:, Goryeo had been a
1293:Goryeo Daejanggyeong
561:Mongol invasions and
54:improve this article
3936:Society and culture
3570:Khagans of the Yuan
3299:Poland and Bohemia
3075:Khwarazmian Empire
2800:Society and economy
2374:Ed. Morris Rossabi
2334:"최강의 몽골제국군도 무서워했던…"
1173:sent his family to
832:Bulgaria and Serbia
518:Bulgaria and Serbia
3991:Invasions of Korea
3950:Buddhist paintings
3899:Military of Goryeo
3315:Holy Roman Empire
2770:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
2362:"고려시대 史料 Database"
2237:, p. 105-106.
2225:, p. 104-105.
2163:, p. 102-103.
1356:
1229:
1167:
1072:
882:
3963:
3962:
3944:Tripitaka Koreana
3812:Goryeo–Khitan War
3758:
3757:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3470:Kaidu–Kublai war
3462:Berke–Hulagu war
3454:Toluid Civil War
3235:
3234:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2807:House of Borjigin
2726:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2459:, pp. 48–49.
2350:. 3 January 2014.
1855:978-1-133-60651-2
1660:978-4-8053-1659-7
1651:Tuttle Publishing
1491:Tripitaka Koreana
1101:Hamgyong Province
869:
868:
864:
863:
827:Holy Roman Empire
526:
525:
364:
363:
190:
189:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
4023:
3892:Founding legends
3844:Mongol invasions
3795:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3762:
3556:
3543:
3540:Töregene Khatun
3530:
3510:
3499:
3481:
3473:
3465:
3457:
3433:
3425:
3417:
3409:
3401:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3318:
3310:
3302:
3294:
3286:
3278:
3270:
3262:
3254:
3253:
3227:
3208:
3200:
3192:
3184:
3183:
3161:
3151:
3143:
3142:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3108:
3086:
3078:
3070:
3060:
3052:
3037:
3030:
3010:
2972:Shangdu (Xanadu)
2962:Sarai Batu/Berke
2867:Chagatai Khanate
2755:
2732:
2590:
2579:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2541:
2519:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2454:
2448:
2441:
2435:
2429:Thomas T. Allsen
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2398:
2392:
2385:
2379:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2336:. 17 March 2014.
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2311:. Archived from
2304:
2298:
2295:
2289:
2282:
2276:
2269:
2263:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2192:. United Nations
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2103:, p. 69-71.
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2079:, p. 70-71.
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2055:, p. 65-68.
2050:
2044:
2043:, p. 62-64.
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2019:. Archived from
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1975:
1969:
1968:, p. 61-62.
1963:
1957:
1956:, p. 29-30.
1951:
1945:
1944:, p. 28-29.
1939:
1933:
1932:, p. 24-25.
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1908:, p. 21-22.
1903:
1897:
1896:, p. 20-21.
1891:
1885:
1884:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1836:
1830:
1829:, p. 16-19.
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1643:
1604:History of Korea
1514:Korean peninsula
1502:Ch'oe Ch'ung-hŏn
1047:Gojong of Goryeo
1009:Korean peninsula
930:Battle of Cheoin
847:Byzantine Thrace
573:
565:
553:
546:
539:
530:
403:
402:
390:
383:
376:
367:
360:
344:
337:
322:
311:
245:
206:
205:
204:
176:Korean Peninsula
160:
159:
152:
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4011:1250s conflicts
4006:1230s conflicts
3966:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3931:
3915:
3870:
3859:Wihwado Retreat
3839:Military regime
3822:Second conflict
3800:
3789:
3759:
3754:
3737:
3656:
3575:
3554:
3541:
3528:
3504:
3485:
3479:
3471:
3463:
3455:
3437:
3431:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3386:
3380:
3372:
3364:
3356:
3348:
3340:
3332:
3324:
3316:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3284:
3276:
3275:Volga Bulgaria
3268:
3260:
3251:
3249:
3231:
3225:
3212:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3181:
3179:
3165:
3159:
3149:
3140:
3138:
3131:
3130:Southern China
3123:
3115:
3114:Northern China
3106:
3104:
3090:
3084:
3076:
3068:
3058:
3050:
3024:
3023:
2996:
2895:
2872:House of Ögedei
2841:
2812:House of Ögedei
2780:Destructiveness
2749:
2748:
2718:
2655:
2641:
2584:
2573:
2568:
2526:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2460:
2455:
2451:
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2427:
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2415:
2411:
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2373:
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2359:
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2346:
2345:
2341:
2332:
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2327:
2318:
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2307:
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2301:
2296:
2292:
2283:
2279:
2270:
2266:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2026:
2024:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1787:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1750:"Kim Chwi-ryeo"
1748:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1632:
1600:
1576:Mongolian words
1543:, and her son,
1519:Beginning with
1483:
1477:
1469:
1463:
1439:
1433:
1417:
1411:
1391:
1385:
1366:sent envoys to
1348:
1342:
1330:Chongchon River
1318:
1221:
1155:
1064:
932:
922:
870:
865:
742:Other invasions
566:
562:
559:
557:
527:
522:
504:
474:
404:
397:
396:
394:
350:
346:
340:
327:
323:
316:
312:
301:
297:
295:
293:
291:
287:
278:
274:
270:
268:Chae Song-nyeon
266:
262:
258:
256:Choi Chunmyeong
254:
250:
246:
235:
231:
227:
200:
178:
153:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4029:
4027:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3968:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3827:Third conflict
3824:
3819:
3817:First conflict
3808:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3765:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3563:
3558:
3553:Oghul Qaimish
3550:
3545:
3537:
3532:
3524:
3518:
3516:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3403:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3272:
3264:
3256:
3245:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3202:
3194:
3186:
3175:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3154:
3153:
3145:
3135:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3080:
3072:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3045:
3043:
3034:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2851:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2817:Mongol Armenia
2814:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:Sanderson Beck
2532:
2525:
2524:External links
2522:
2521:
2520:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2468:
2449:
2436:
2421:
2409:
2393:
2380:
2367:
2353:
2339:
2325:
2299:
2290:
2277:
2264:
2251:
2249:, p. 106.
2239:
2227:
2215:
2213:, p. 104.
2203:
2177:
2175:, p. 103.
2165:
2153:
2151:, p. 102.
2141:
2129:
2117:
2105:
2093:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2008:
1996:
1970:
1958:
1946:
1934:
1922:
1910:
1898:
1886:
1879:
1861:
1854:
1840:Patricia Ebrey
1831:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1772:
1741:
1729:
1727:, p. 4-5.
1717:
1705:
1698:
1678:
1666:
1659:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1489:and the first
1476:
1473:
1462:
1459:
1432:
1429:
1410:
1407:
1384:
1381:
1376:Ganghwa Island
1341:
1338:
1317:
1314:
1231:By late 1233,
1220:
1217:
1175:Ganghwa Island
1154:
1151:
1063:
1060:
921:
918:
898:a vassal state
867:
866:
862:
861:
860:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
813:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
776:Volga Bulgaria
773:
765:
764:
758:
757:
756:
755:
750:
743:
739:
738:
737:
736:
731:
720:
713:
711:Southeast Asia
707:
706:
705:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
683:
682:
677:
672:
667:
655:
649:
648:
647:
646:
645:
644:
634:
629:
628:
627:
617:
612:
605:
599:
598:
597:
596:
591:
584:
578:
577:
571:
568:
567:
558:
556:
555:
548:
541:
533:
524:
523:
521:
520:
515:
514:
513:
502:
501:
500:
490:
485:
484:
483:
478:
472:
467:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
431:
430:
425:
415:
409:
406:
405:
395:
393:
392:
385:
378:
370:
362:
361:
282:
252:Kim Gyeong-son
221:
220:
216:
215:
210:
197:
196:
192:
191:
188:
187:
186:Mongol victory
184:
180:
179:
174:
172:
168:
167:
164:
156:
155:
145:
144:
137:
136:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4028:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3786:
3781:
3779:
3774:
3772:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3753:
3748:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3622:Chagatai Khan
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3496:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3468:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3420:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3353:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3331:Latin Empire
3329:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3187:
3185:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3146:
3144:
3136:
3134:
3128:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3007:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2860:Northern Yuan
2858:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2785:Imperial Seal
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2678:Pax Mongolica
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2571:Mongol Empire
2565:
2560:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2518:. E.J. Brill.
2517:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2489:
2486:(in Korean).
2485:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2401:Henthorn 1963
2397:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2315:on 2005-12-24
2314:
2310:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:C. P. Atwood
2281:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2247:Henthorn 1963
2243:
2240:
2236:
2235:Henthorn 1963
2231:
2228:
2224:
2223:Henthorn 1963
2219:
2216:
2212:
2211:Henthorn 1963
2207:
2204:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2173:Henthorn 1963
2169:
2166:
2162:
2161:Henthorn 1963
2157:
2154:
2150:
2149:Henthorn 1963
2145:
2142:
2139:, p. 77.
2138:
2137:Henthorn 1963
2133:
2130:
2127:, p. 74.
2126:
2125:Henthorn 1963
2121:
2118:
2115:, p. 73.
2114:
2113:Henthorn 1963
2109:
2106:
2102:
2101:Henthorn 1963
2097:
2094:
2091:, p. 63.
2090:
2089:Henthorn 1963
2085:
2082:
2078:
2077:Henthorn 1963
2073:
2070:
2067:, p. 68.
2066:
2065:Henthorn 1963
2061:
2058:
2054:
2053:Henthorn 1963
2049:
2046:
2042:
2041:Henthorn 1963
2037:
2034:
2023:on 2015-03-17
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2006:, p. 62.
2005:
2004:Henthorn 1963
2000:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1966:Henthorn 1963
1962:
1959:
1955:
1954:Henthorn 1963
1950:
1947:
1943:
1942:Henthorn 1963
1938:
1935:
1931:
1930:Henthorn 1963
1926:
1923:
1919:
1918:Henthorn 1963
1914:
1911:
1907:
1906:Henthorn 1963
1902:
1899:
1895:
1894:Henthorn 1963
1890:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1827:Henthorn 1963
1823:
1820:
1817:, p. 16.
1816:
1815:Henthorn 1963
1811:
1808:
1805:, p. 14.
1804:
1803:Henthorn 1963
1799:
1796:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1737:Henthorn 1963
1733:
1730:
1726:
1725:Henthorn 1963
1721:
1718:
1714:
1713:Henthorn 1963
1709:
1706:
1701:
1699:90-04-11774-1
1695:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1674:Henthorn 1963
1670:
1667:
1662:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1559:and Mongols (
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1416:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1390:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1352:
1347:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:Southern Song
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1131:Siege of Kuju
1126:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
946:
944:
940:
936:
931:
927:
926:Siege of Kuju
919:
917:
915:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
886:Mongol Empire
879:
874:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
822:
818:
814:
811:
807:
803:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
766:
763:
759:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
744:
740:
735:
732:
729:
725:
721:
719:
716:
715:
714:
712:
708:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
661:
658:
657:
656:
654:
650:
643:
640:
639:
638:
635:
633:
630:
626:
623:
622:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
606:
604:
600:
595:
592:
590:
587:
586:
585:
583:
579:
574:
569:
564:
554:
549:
547:
542:
540:
535:
534:
531:
519:
516:
512:
509:
508:
507:
503:
499:
496:
495:
494:
491:
489:
486:
482:
479:
477:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
429:
426:
424:
421:
420:
419:
416:
414:
413:Volga Bulgars
411:
410:
407:
400:
391:
386:
384:
379:
377:
372:
371:
368:
358:
354:
349:
345:
343:
335:
331:
326:
320:
315:
309:
305:
300:
290:
286:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:Lý Long Tường
243:
239:
234:
230:
226:
223:
222:
217:
214:
213:Mongol Empire
211:
209:
199:
198:
193:
185:
182:
181:
177:
173:
170:
169:
165:
162:
161:
157:
151:
146:
143:
138:
133:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3942:
3863:
3843:
3522:Genghis Khan
3291:Kievan Rus'
3269:(1237–1300s)
3261:(1237–1300s)
3121:
3105:Western Xia
3067:Qara Khitai
2900:Major cities
2879:Golden Horde
2855:Yuan dynasty
2742:Organization
2676:
2627:Khong Tayiji
2514:
2506:Bibliography
2491:. Retrieved
2481:
2471:
2452:
2444:
2439:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2412:
2396:
2388:
2383:
2375:
2370:
2356:
2342:
2328:
2317:. Retrieved
2313:the original
2302:
2293:
2285:
2280:
2272:
2267:
2259:
2254:
2242:
2230:
2218:
2206:
2194:. Retrieved
2189:
2180:
2168:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2120:
2108:
2096:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2048:
2036:
2025:. Retrieved
2021:the original
2011:
1999:
1990:
1986:
1973:
1961:
1949:
1937:
1925:
1913:
1901:
1889:
1870:
1864:
1844:
1834:
1822:
1810:
1798:
1786:. Retrieved
1781:
1775:
1763:. Retrieved
1753:
1744:
1739:, p. 6.
1732:
1720:
1715:, p. 4.
1708:
1688:
1681:
1669:
1646:
1584:
1578:used in the
1569:
1545:Ayushiridara
1541:Toghon Temür
1525:Yuan dynasty
1518:
1499:
1496:
1487:Hwangnyongsa
1484:
1470:
1455:
1440:
1425:
1418:
1399:
1392:
1357:
1326:Yonan County
1322:Hong Pok-wŏn
1319:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1265:
1230:
1205:
1190:
1186:Hong Pok-wŏn
1179:
1168:
1135:
1127:
1116:
1105:
1097:Hong Pok-wŏn
1081:
1077:
1073:
1051:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1017:
1013:Kim Ch'wiryŏ
998:
985:
978:Puxian Wannu
970:Genghis Khan
947:
933:
910:
902:Yuan dynasty
888:against the
883:
837:Latin Empire
691:
625:Nizari state
582:Central Asia
444:
435:Eastern Liao
401:'s campaigns
341:
260:Dae Jipseong
195:Belligerents
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3909:Sambyeolcho
3887:Family tree
3849:Mongol rule
3597:Sartaq Khan
3566:Kublai Khan
3561:Möngke Khan
3535:Ögedei Khan
3514:Great Khans
3480:(1314–1318)
3472:(1268–1301)
3424:(1260–1323)
3408:(1253–1256)
3391:Middle East
3285:(1238–1239)
3226:(1221–1327)
3085:(1219–1256)
3077:(1219–1221)
3059:(1264–1308)
3051:(1207-1308)
2917:Azov (Azaq)
2583:Terminology
2273:Kublai Khan
1580:Jeju Island
1572:darughachis
1570:The Mongol
1529:Kublai Khan
1372:King Gojong
1364:Möngke Khan
1360:Möngke Khan
1249:Ögedei Khan
1197:Ch'ŏin-song
1093:Kuju Castle
1024:Tumen River
892:dynasty of
675:Eastern Xia
665:Western Xia
589:Qara Khitai
460:Kievan Rus'
418:Jin dynasty
399:Ögedei Khan
351: [
328: [
317: [
302: [
289:Möngke Khan
285:Ögedei Khan
264:Lee Jaseong
236: [
3970:Categories
3904:Byeolmuban
3875:Government
3733:Nogai Khan
3617:Özbeg Khan
3548:Güyük Khan
3442:Civil wars
3430:Palestine
3339:Lithuania
3259:Circassia
2992:Xacitarxan
2977:Soltaniyeh
2714:Darughachi
2478:"기황후(奇皇后)"
2457:Hwang 2016
2403:, p.
2319:2006-11-07
2027:2015-02-20
1993:: 237–256.
1880:067461576X
1630:References
1592:Empress Gi
1537:Empress Gi
1479:See also:
1403:chiliarchy
1334:Güyük Khan
1201:Kim Yun-hu
1193:Han valley
1139:Darughachi
1005:Yalu River
954:Yelü Liuge
924:See also:
786:Durdzuketi
771:Kievan Rus
440:Khwarazmia
314:Teke Qorči
280:Hyeon-Ryeo
272:Kim Yun-hu
233:Kim Yun-hu
110:April 2022
80:newspapers
3602:Orda Khan
3592:Batu Khan
3456:(1260–64)
3400:(1241–43)
3398:Anatolia
3373:(1287–88)
3365:(1285–86)
3357:(1264–65)
3349:(1259–60)
3341:(1258–59)
3317:(1241–42)
3309:(1241–42)
3301:(1240–41)
3277:(1229–36)
3267:Chechnya
3207:(1300–02)
3171:Southeast
3150:(1253–56)
3132:(1235–79)
3124:(1231–60)
3116:(1211–34)
3069:(1216–18)
3057:Sakhalin
3017:Campaigns
2967:Saray-Jük
2957:Samarkand
2932:Karakorum
2891:Ilkhanate
2649:Political
2271:John Man
1475:Aftermath
1395:Jalairtai
1247:of 1235,
1243:. In the
1182:Pyongyang
1163:Ganghwado
1149:as well.
1108:Pyongyang
992:to Poju (
974:Yelü Qinu
966:Yelü Sibu
880:, 14th c.
842:Lithuania
791:Circassia
653:East Asia
642:Palestine
610:Caucassus
603:West Asia
563:conquests
470:Sit River
348:Jalairtai
276:Lee Sehwa
3882:Monarchs
3865:Goryeosa
3728:Boroldai
3708:Khubilai
3688:Bo'orchu
3661:Military
3555:(regent)
3542:(regent)
3529:(regent)
3414:Baghdad
3363:Hungary
3307:Hungary
3250:Georgia
3197:Vietnam
3049:Siberia
2947:Maragheh
2847:Khanates
2795:Religion
2790:Military
2739:Politics
2689:Kurultai
2652:Military
1598:See also
1565:Hongirat
1451:Kaegyong
1421:Liaodong
1280:Cheongju
1245:kurultai
1237:defeated
1213:Shenyang
1209:Liaoyang
1028:Kangdong
1001:Dafuying
990:Dengzhou
982:Dongjing
958:Liaodong
697:Sakhalin
615:Anatolia
594:Khwarezm
171:Location
140:Part of
3927:Coinage
3920:Economy
3805:History
3698:Boroqul
3693:Guo Kan
3683:Negudar
3668:Subutai
3568: (
3406:Alamut
3379:Serbia
3371:Poland
3355:Thrace
3347:Poland
3283:Alania
3148:Yunnan
3083:Persia
3041:Central
3020:Battles
2927:Bolghar
2922:Bukhara
2907:Almalik
2709:Kheshig
2637:Tarkhan
2493:18 June
2443:Namjil
2391:, p.172
2378:, p.244
2288:, p.319
2275:, p.208
2262:, p.254
2258:J. Bor
2196:30 July
1588:Gongmin
1557:Uyghurs
1531:, King
1521:Wonjong
1447:Wonjong
1309:Ch'oe U
1272:Gwangju
1261:Kashmir
1171:Ch'oe U
1118:Ch'oe U
1112:Hwangju
1089:Chongju
1055:Kaesong
1019:Dongxia
950:Khitans
939:Mongols
900:of the
857:Gazaria
781:Cumania
753:Siberia
722:Burma (
718:Vietnam
632:Baghdad
506:Hungary
498:Legnica
476:Kozelsk
455:Armenia
450:Georgia
428:Caizhou
423:Kaifeng
342:†
325:Saritai
292:Subutai
229:Pak Seo
225:Ch'oe U
94:scholar
3799:topics
3797:Goryeo
3678:Muqali
3652:Ghazan
3647:Arghun
3637:Hulegu
3527:Tolui
3503:People
3464:(1262)
3422:Syria
3416:(1258)
3381:(1291)
3333:(1242)
3325:(1242)
3241:Europe
3224:India
3205:Burma
3191:(1293)
3180:Burma
3158:Japan
3139:Tibet
3122:Korea
2982:Tabriz
2952:Qarshi
2912:Avarga
2758:Topics
2662:Jarlig
2622:Jinong
2617:Khanum
2612:Khatun
2602:Khagan
2594:Titles
2447:, p.64
2434:, p.53
1877:
1852:
1788:3 July
1765:3 July
1696:
1657:
1553:Mardin
1500:Since
1368:Goryeo
1288:Gojong
1276:Sangju
1270:) and
986:Dazhen
935:Goryeo
890:Goryeo
878:Goryeo
852:Serbia
821:Second
806:Second
796:Alania
762:Europe
728:Second
637:Levant
620:Persia
493:Poland
465:Ryazan
445:Goryeo
338:
208:Goryeo
183:Result
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3723:Kadan
3718:Bayan
3703:Jelme
3642:Abaqa
3632:Kebek
3612:Toqta
3607:Berke
3587:Jochi
3580:Khans
3217:South
3189:Java
2942:Majar
2884:Wings
2704:Tümen
2684:Yassa
2667:Örtöö
2632:Noyan
2476:이용범.
1983:(PDF)
1561:Oirat
1443:Ch'oe
1268:Seoul
1257:Volga
1233:Güyük
1085:Sakju
894:Korea
817:First
810:Third
802:First
748:India
724:First
702:Japan
692:Korea
687:Tibet
660:China
488:Tibet
359:]
336:]
321:]
310:]
296:Putau
294:Danqu
244:]
101:JSTOR
87:books
3955:Ware
3673:Jebe
3627:Duwa
3096:East
3033:Asia
2987:Ukek
2937:Dadu
2745:Life
2672:Orda
2607:Khan
2495:2019
2463:help
2198:2016
1875:ISBN
1850:ISBN
1790:2016
1767:2016
1694:ISBN
1655:ISBN
1211:and
1123:Anju
994:Uiju
962:Liao
928:and
906:1274
734:Java
680:Song
576:Asia
511:Mohi
481:Kiev
299:Yegü
163:Date
73:news
3713:Aju
2405:190
996:).
670:Jin
56:by
3972::
2480:.
2188:.
1989:.
1985:.
1758:.
1752:.
1638:^
1563:,
1555:,
1516:.
1282:.
1263:.
819:,
808:,
804:,
726:,
357:ja
355:;
353:zh
334:ja
332:;
330:ko
319:ja
308:ja
306:;
304:zh
242:ja
240:;
238:ko
3784:e
3777:t
3770:v
3572:)
2563:e
2556:t
2549:v
2497:.
2465:)
2407:.
2364:.
2322:.
2200:.
2030:.
1991:9
1883:.
1858:.
1792:.
1769:.
1702:.
1676:.
1663:.
823:)
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