341:
211:
250:
223:
1449:
53:
199:. They also lack second antennae, but show large, multiramous and setaceous antennulae. These antennulae are rigid and anteriorly oriented. Females carry a long pair of spines to which the eggs are attached, while males have a "genital protuberance, which is provided with lappets"; in both sexes, the genitalia are very different from those of all other copepods. Some species have large, well-developed nauplius eyes, while others are basically blind.
337:, Monstrilloids do not use their largest cephalic appendages, the antennulae, for locomotion, but to create a stream-line shaped corridor, rather using their four pairs of swimming legs to move in the water column. Sex determination depends on conspecifics infecting the same host individual. In case of 2-3 coexisting monstrilloids they become males, when there is only one parasite in a host, it develops into a female.
31:
472:
202:
Larval nauplial stages do not possess any discernible antennae, antenullae or mouth parts, but paired tube-shaped nourishing appendages to absorb nutrients from their host, which are also present in later copepodite stages that resemble the adult morphology; in adults, scars of these now discarded
308:
that kill their host to emerge as free-living subadults. Apparently, some hosts recover after the final subadult monstrilloid exits their body. It is hypothesized, that the host's relative body size and the number and location of copepods parasitizing the same host determine whether it survives an
390:
groups of
Siphonostomatoida. Consequently, they would have evolved from an ectoparasitic ancestor associated with fish; most parasitic copepods are not free-living as adults, so Monstrilloids presumably underwent a change in life cycle strategy, host selection and body morphology. Yet the unique
394:
Because of their enigmatic life cycle, the morphology of most postnaupliar and copepodite stages is not known. Monstrilloids are not abundant in planktonic samples, and often only single specimens can be collected. Since many species occupy overlapping geographic ranges, males and females of
1093:
Huys, Rony; Llewellyn-Hughes, Julia; Conroy-Dalton, Sophie; Olson, Peter D.; Spinks, Jennifer N.; Johnston, David A. (May 2007). "Extraordinary host switching in siphonostomatoid copepods and the demise of the
Monstrilloida: Integrating molecular data, ontogeny and antennulary morphology".
206:
Taxonomy of genera and species descriptions are normally based on a few key characteristics: the length and setation-pattern of the antennulae, presence/absence and morphology of the eyes, number and shape of caudal setae, and structure and setation-pattern of the fifth swimming leg in
391:
nature of the order
Monstrilloida sister group of the Siphonostomatoida has been corroborated using modern molecular approaches. So far, no ultimately satisfying copepod phylogeny has been proposed, and the placement of the monophyletic Monstrilloida remains unresolved.
395:
different species collected in the same sample may be mistaken for conspecifics. Until now, both sexes were described for less than 25% of all known species. To link males and females of a species, taxonomists have started to use molecular methods such as
243:
ANT = antennules; AS = anal somite; CR =  caudal ramus; CS = caudal seta; EC = egg cluster; GS = genital somite; L1–L5 = legs 1–5; OC = ocellus; OP = oral papilla; OS = ovigerous spine; P2–P5 = pedigerous somites 2–5; VN = ventral nipple-like
382:, the largest genus. In General, the Monstrilloida are taxonomically challenging, both regarding their relation to other copepod groups and species assignment within the order. Monstrilloida was placed as a sister taxa to the
329:(They may be a pest in commercially important bivalve aquaculture), from where the planktonic adults emerge. They do not possess functioning mouth-parts, their sole purpose is to reproduce. In Contrast to holoplanktonic
2047:
2067:
996:
E. Suárez-Morales & J. B. Escamilla (2001). "Taxonomic report on some monstrilloids (Copepoda, Monstrilloida) from southeast Mexico with the description of a new species of
1234:
Baek, Su Youn; Jang, Kuem Hee; Choi, Eun Hwa; Ryu, Shi Hyun; Kim, Sang Ki; Lee, Jin Hee; Lim, Young Jin; Lee, Jimin; Jun, Jumin; Kwak, Myounghai; Lee, Young-Sup (2016-07-06).
603:
340:
309:
infection. The detailed life cycle may vary between different species, but generally follows a certain sequence: after a free-swimming, infective nauplius stage, the
2209:
2057:
2248:
191:
The family
Monstrillidae is characterised by having a well-developed fourth pair of swimming legs, but a rudimentary or absent fifth pair. Adults have no oral
1047:
712:"Sem Observation of the Nauplius of Monstrilla Hamatapex, New Species, from Japan and an Example of Upgraded Descriptive Standards for Monstrilloid Copepods"
386:, but a lack of mouth parts makes comparison based on homologies difficult. A more recent analysis placed the order nested within the fish-parasitizing
895:"Occurrence and histopathological effects of Monstrilla sp. (Copepoda: Monstrilloida) and other parasites in the brown mussel Perna perna from Brazil"
809:"The Australian Monstrilloida (Crustacea: Copepoda) I. Monstrillopsis Sars, Maemonstrilla Grygier & Ohtsuka, and Australomonstrillopsis gen. nov"
2183:
2222:
1463:
524:
496:
1987:
1378:
1342:
2287:
754:"A new species of Monstrillopsis (Crustacea, Copepoda, Monstrilloida) from the lower Northwest Passage of the Canadian Arctic"
2320:
2227:
894:
520:
492:
2235:
2052:
946:
52:
2144:
2131:
1977:
1488:
276:), inhabiting coastal-neritic waters (0-200m depth). Adults are regularly caught with plankton nets and are clearly
210:
1967:
1468:
1433:
1002:
2253:
2022:
168:
1684:
1556:
1543:
183:, meaning "tiny monster", because the lack of usual diagnostic features of copepods puzzled early taxonomists.
1301:
752:
Delaforge, Aurélie; Suárez-Morales, Eduardo; Walkusz, Wojciech; Campbell, Karley; Mundy, C. J. (2017-10-18).
1962:
1942:
1408:
415:
601:
Charles C. Davis (1949). "A primary revision of the
Monstrilloidea, with descriptions of two new species".
39:
2084:
1972:
1824:
1335:
2149:
2274:
2017:
1844:
1787:
1522:
1388:
297:
2170:
1769:
1569:
1473:
1438:
1247:
1142:
656:
455:
447:
423:
2292:
2012:
1947:
1714:
1703:
1580:
1563:
974:
439:
1448:
1129:
Khodami, Sahar; McArthur, J. Vaun; Blanco-Bercial, Leocadio; Martinez Arbizu, Pedro (2017-08-22).
2122:
1216:
1208:
1074:
1019:
922:
875:
620:
583:
477:
373:
357:
226:
Monstrilloid diversity: females of A.
47:
2279:
808:
431:
402:
As of 2019, the order
Monstrilloida contains seven accepted genera with more than 160 species:
2315:
2261:
2157:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1719:
1638:
1483:
1403:
1328:
1283:
1265:
1197:
1178:
1160:
1111:
914:
838:
830:
789:
771:
731:
692:
674:
575:
383:
361:
249:
146:
129:
114:
2266:
2214:
1849:
1829:
1753:
1627:
1574:
1513:
1273:
1255:
1189:
1168:
1150:
1103:
1011:
955:
906:
867:
820:
779:
761:
723:
682:
664:
612:
567:
944:(Copepoda: Monstrilloida) from a coastal system of the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico".
1957:
1834:
1660:
1644:
1632:
1373:
893:
Suárez-Morales, Eduardo; Scardua, Marcos Paiva; da Silva, Patricia
Mirella (August 2010).
160:
1251:
1146:
711:
660:
2027:
1758:
1673:
1549:
1278:
1235:
1173:
1130:
784:
687:
644:
222:
1062:
856:
Cristina de
Oliveira Dias (1996). "Monstrilloida (Copepoda) off the Brazilian coast".
30:
2309:
2136:
2037:
2007:
1887:
1614:
1591:
1528:
1498:
1493:
858:
396:
141:
1023:
926:
753:
587:
2162:
2032:
1927:
1854:
1809:
1781:
1678:
1654:
1503:
1428:
1398:
1393:
1383:
879:
296:
Biologically and ecologically, our knowledge of the order is limited, although the
277:
555:
471:
360:
of the order and family is undergoing several revisions, for instance, the family
1260:
669:
2240:
2196:
2116:
1997:
1982:
1932:
1797:
1621:
1418:
1413:
1368:
1107:
104:
2107:
1193:
1155:
1015:
1882:
1819:
1748:
1740:
1538:
1533:
1478:
959:
910:
825:
766:
467:
407:
378:
365:
334:
318:
314:
305:
281:
1269:
1164:
918:
834:
775:
735:
678:
579:
284:
larval stages infect sessile benthic organisms and therefore are part of the
1952:
1937:
1877:
1859:
1839:
1814:
1775:
1763:
1603:
1038:
727:
387:
330:
301:
273:
192:
84:
64:
1287:
1201:
1182:
1115:
842:
793:
696:
1205:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace
1131:"Molecular Phylogeny and Revision of Copepod Orders (Crustacea: Copepoda)"
300:
differs from that of all other copepods: Members of the
Monstilloida are
2101:
2002:
1708:
1667:
1649:
1423:
1360:
1351:
326:
2062:
1992:
1869:
1608:
871:
624:
285:
196:
164:
94:
2201:
940:
E. Suárez-Morales & R. Palomares-GarcĂa (1995). "A new species of
1724:
1695:
364:
was formerly included in the order, but is now usually placed in the
322:
269:
74:
2078:
1067:
Isaac (Copepoda: Monstrilloida): observations from the type species"
616:
2188:
571:
899:
Journal of the Marine
Biological Association of the United Kingdom
339:
310:
248:
221:
209:
180:
2175:
1236:"DNA Barcoding of Metazoan Zooplankton Copepods from South Korea"
975:"Le parasitisme évolutif des Monstrillides (Crustacés Copépodes)"
2042:
2082:
1324:
643:
Suárez-Morales, Eduardo (2011-08-10). Browman, Howard (ed.).
268:
Monstrilloids are distributed worldwide (including both the
1320:
203:
appendages remain as small processes on the cephalothorax.
171:
in the world's oceans. The order contains a single family,
807:
Suárez-Morales, Eduardo; Mckinnon, A. David (2014-03-17).
645:"Diversity of the Monstrilloida (Crustacea: Copepoda)"
2091:
1920:
1868:
1796:
1739:
1694:
1590:
1512:
1456:
1358:
1302:"The World of Copepods - Monstrillidae Dana, 1849"
1061:Eduardo Suárez-Morales & Rebeca Gasca (2004).
604:Transactions of the American Microscopical Society
1040:An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea
560:Bulletin, Southern California Academy of Sciences
556:"Monstrilloid Copepods: the Best of Three Worlds"
710:Grygier, Mark J.; Ohtsuka, Susumu (1995-10-01).
207:females/genital complex in males, respectively.
979:Archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale
1336:
195:, and the mouth leads only to a short, blind
175:. The name of the first ever described genus
8:
1048:Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
218:, including armature of the right antennule
2079:
1802:
1596:
1343:
1329:
1321:
1219:|...|intentional=yes}}
29:
20:
1277:
1259:
1172:
1154:
824:
783:
765:
686:
668:
214:Some taxonomically important features of
1037:J. W. Martin & G. E. Davis (2001).
554:Suárez-Morales, Eduardo (August 2018).
525:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
497:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
484:
304:, meaning that their larval stages are
515:
513:
1096:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
747:
745:
638:
636:
634:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
419:Suárez-Morales & McKinnon, 2014
14:
973:Malaquin, Alphonse (1901-09-01).
1447:
470:
51:
344:different life cycle stages of
1:
1379:High lipid content microalgae
716:Journal of Crustacean Biology
1261:10.1371/journal.pone.0157307
947:Journal of Plankton Research
670:10.1371/journal.pone.0022915
1978:Fish diseases and parasites
1489:Photosynthetic picoplankton
1108:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.004
443:Grygier & Ohtsuka, 2008
2339:
1968:Dimethylsulfoniopropionate
1469:Heterotrophic picoplankton
1194:10.1038/s41598-020-74404-2
1156:10.1038/s41598-017-06656-4
1016:10.1080/002229301317067629
1003:Journal of Natural History
521:"Monstrilloida Sars, 1901"
493:"Monstrillidae Dana, 1849"
2023:Marine primary production
1805:
1599:
1445:
911:10.1017/S0025315409991391
826:10.11646/zootaxa.3779.3.1
767:10.3897/zookeys.709.20181
427:Jeon, Lee & Soh, 2018
216:Monstrillopsis planifrons
169:cosmopolitan distribution
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
28:
23:
1943:Algal nutrient solutions
1685:Thalassiosira pseudonana
1557:Flavobacterium columnare
1544:Enteric redmouth disease
280:organisms; however, the
236:Monstrillopsis igniterra
232:Monstrillopsis chilensis
1963:Diel vertical migration
1479:Microphyte (microalgae)
1464:Eukaryotic picoplankton
1409:Paradox of the plankton
960:10.1093/plankt/17.4.745
728:10.1163/193724095X00118
313:develop inside benthic
1825:Gelatinous zooplankton
1063:"On the invalidity of
416:Australomonstrillopsis
348:
257:
246:
219:
2321:Parasitic crustaceans
2275:Paleobiology Database
2018:Marine microorganisms
1788:Velvet (fish disease)
1523:Aeromonas salmonicida
1389:Marine microorganisms
1306:www.marinespecies.org
1211:|...}}
1188:(Retracted, see
343:
252:
225:
213:
40:Monstrilla longiremis
1770:Pfiesteria piscicida
1570:Marine bacteriophage
1474:Marine microplankton
459:Suárez-Morales, 2019
372:is now considered a
240:Cymbasoma nicolettae
16:Order of crustaceans
2013:Ocean acidification
1948:Artificial seawater
1715:Coscinodiscophyceae
1581:Streptococcus iniae
1564:Pelagibacter ubique
1252:2016PLoSO..1157307B
1147:2017NatSR...7.9164K
661:2011PLoSO...622915S
302:protelean parasites
1135:Scientific Reports
1075:Zoological Studies
872:10.1007/BF00016397
478:Crustaceans portal
349:
335:cyclopoid copepods
288:and hyperbenthos.
258:
247:
228:Cymbasoma cocoense
220:
2303:
2302:
2262:Open Tree of Life
2085:Taxon identifiers
2076:
2075:
1916:
1915:
1903:Siphonostomatoida
1898:Poecilostomatoida
1850:Crustacean larvae
1754:Choanoflagellates
1735:
1734:
1725:Bacillariophyceae
1720:Fragilariophyceae
1639:Emiliania huxleyi
1484:Nanophytoplankton
1404:Milky seas effect
1050:. pp. 1–132.
1010:(10): 1433–1445.
384:Siphonostomatoida
374:taxonomic synonym
362:Thaumatopsyllidae
245:
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2241:NHMSYS0021052187
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2112:
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2110:
2080:
1830:Hunting copepods
1803:
1628:Chaetocerotaceae
1597:
1514:Bacterioplankton
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368:. and the genus
242:
179:is derived from
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2106:
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2100:
2087:
2077:
2072:
2003:Marine mucilage
1958:Biological pump
1912:
1864:
1835:Ichthyoplankton
1792:
1759:Dinoflagellates
1731:
1690:
1661:Nannochloropsis
1645:Eustigmatophyte
1633:Coccolithophore
1586:
1508:
1452:
1443:
1374:CLAW hypothesis
1354:
1349:
1319:
1310:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1246:(7): e0157307.
1233:
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1228:
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1204:
1187:
1128:
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1123:
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617:10.2307/3223221
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456:Spinomonstrilla
354:
346:Cymbasoma danae
327:bivalve mussels
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50:
17:
12:
11:
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2028:Pseudoplankton
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1921:Related topics
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1870:Copepod orders
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1674:Prasinophyceae
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1550:Flavobacterium
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1318:
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1293:
1226:
1121:
1102:(2): 368–378.
1085:
1053:
1029:
988:
965:
954:(4): 745–752.
932:
905:(5): 953–958.
885:
866:(3): 253–256.
848:
819:(3): 301–340.
799:
741:
722:(4): 703–719.
702:
630:
611:(3): 245–255.
593:
572:10.3160/3646.1
537:
509:
483:
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465:
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448:Monstrillopsis
444:
436:
435:Thompson, 1888
428:
424:Caromiobenella
420:
412:
353:
350:
293:
290:
265:
262:
256:, lateral view
254:Monstrilla sp.
188:
185:
152:
151:
139:
135:
134:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
24:Monstrilloida
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2334:
2333:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2137:Monstrilloida
2133:
2129:
2124:
2123:Monstrilloida
2118:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2093:Monstrilloida
2090:
2086:
2081:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2038:Tychoplankton
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:Microbial mat
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1893:Monstrilloida
1891:
1889:
1888:Harpacticoida
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1845:Marine larvae
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1696:Diatom orders
1693:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1615:Bacteriastrum
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:Phytoplankton
1589:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1529:Cyanobacteria
1527:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1499:Picoeukaryote
1497:
1495:
1494:Picobiliphyte
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1227:
1218:
1210:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1086:
1082:(2): 292–299.
1081:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1066:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:
999:
992:
989:
984:
980:
976:
969:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
948:
943:
936:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
889:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
860:
859:Hydrobiologia
852:
849:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
822:
818:
814:
810:
803:
800:
795:
791:
786:
781:
777:
773:
768:
763:
760:(709): 1–16.
759:
755:
748:
746:
742:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
706:
703:
698:
694:
689:
684:
680:
676:
671:
666:
662:
658:
655:(8): e22915.
654:
650:
646:
639:
637:
635:
631:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:
597:
594:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
566:(2): 92–103.
565:
561:
557:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
538:
526:
522:
516:
514:
510:
498:
494:
488:
485:
479:
473:
468:
463:
458:
457:
453:
450:
449:
445:
442:
441:
440:Maemonstrilla
437:
434:
433:
429:
426:
425:
421:
418:
417:
413:
410:
409:
405:
404:
403:
400:
398:
397:DNA Barcoding
392:
389:
385:
381:
380:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
351:
347:
342:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
303:
299:
291:
289:
287:
283:
282:endoparasitic
279:
275:
271:
263:
261:
255:
251:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
217:
212:
208:
204:
200:
198:
194:
186:
184:
182:
178:
174:
173:Monstrillidae
170:
166:
162:
158:
157:Monstrilloida
148:
143:
142:Monstrillidae
140:
137:
136:
131:
126:
125:Monstrilloida
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
42:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2092:
2033:Stromatolite
1928:Aeroplankton
1892:
1855:Salmon louse
1810:Chaetognatha
1782:Symbiodinium
1780:
1768:
1683:
1679:Raphidophyte
1666:
1659:
1655:Stramenopile
1637:
1620:
1613:
1579:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1521:
1504:Picoplankton
1429:Spring bloom
1399:Mycoplankton
1394:Meroplankton
1384:Holoplankton
1309:. Retrieved
1305:
1296:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1215:{{
1207:{{
1138:
1134:
1124:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1079:
1073:
1064:
1056:
1039:
1032:
1007:
1001:
997:
991:
982:
978:
968:
951:
945:
941:
935:
902:
898:
888:
863:
857:
851:
816:
812:
802:
757:
719:
715:
705:
652:
648:
608:
602:
596:
563:
559:
528:. Retrieved
500:. Retrieved
487:
454:
446:
438:
430:
422:
414:
406:
401:
393:
377:
369:
355:
345:
295:
267:
264:Distribution
259:
253:
239:
235:
231:
227:
215:
205:
201:
190:
176:
172:
156:
155:
149:, 1849
132:, 1901
124:
111:Superorder:
101:Infraclass:
38:
18:
2197:iNaturalist
2117:Wikispecies
1998:Manta trawl
1983:Heterotroph
1933:Algaculture
1798:Zooplankton
1741:Flagellates
1622:Chaetoceros
1575:SAR11 clade
1434:Thin layers
1419:Planktology
1414:Planktivore
1369:Algal bloom
1141:(1): 9164.
315:polychaetes
306:parasitoids
187:Description
105:Neocopepoda
2310:Categories
1993:Macroalgae
1953:Autotrophs
1883:Cyclopoida
1820:Ctenophora
1749:Brevetoxin
1539:Cyanotoxin
1534:Cyanobiont
1311:2020-04-19
998:Monstrilla
942:Monstrilla
464:References
451:Sars, 1921
411:Dana, 1849
408:Monstrilla
399:recently.
388:caligiform
379:Monstrilla
366:Cyclopoida
319:gastropods
298:life cycle
286:epibenthos
193:appendages
177:Monstrilla
130:G. O. Sars
85:Arthropoda
1938:Algal mat
1878:Calanoida
1860:Sea louse
1840:Jellyfish
1815:Ciguatera
1776:Saxitoxin
1764:Flagellum
1713:Classes:
1704:Centrales
1604:Auxospore
1270:1932-6203
1217:retracted
1209:retracted
1165:2045-2322
1065:Strilloma
985:: 81–232.
919:0025-3154
835:1175-5334
776:1313-2970
736:0278-0372
679:1932-6203
580:0038-3872
432:Cymbasoma
370:Strilloma
274:Antarctic
71:Kingdom:
65:Eukaryota
2316:Copepods
2176:46542599
2108:Q3480154
2102:Wikidata
1709:Pennales
1668:Navicula
1650:Frustule
1424:Red tide
1361:plankton
1352:Plankton
1288:27383475
1240:PLOS ONE
1202:33057148
1183:28831035
1116:17383905
1024:85042857
927:86117943
843:24871727
794:29118635
697:21853055
649:PLOS ONE
588:92446569
358:taxonomy
352:Taxonomy
331:calanoid
244:process.
165:copepods
138:Family:
115:Podoplea
95:Copepoda
81:Phylum:
75:Animalia
61:Domain:
2063:MOCNESS
1973:f-ratio
1908:More...
1609:Axodine
1457:By size
1439:More...
1279:4934703
1248:Bibcode
1174:5567239
1143:Bibcode
880:8233032
813:Zootaxa
785:5674165
758:ZooKeys
688:3154257
657:Bibcode
625:3223221
530:July 8,
502:July 8,
323:sponges
292:Biology
278:pelagic
197:pharynx
167:with a
121:Order:
91:Class:
2280:133259
2267:451818
2202:153120
2150:349765
2058:AusCPR
2048:C-MORE
1359:About
1286:
1276:
1268:
1200:
1196:,
1181:
1171:
1163:
1114:
1022:
925:
917:
878:
841:
833:
792:
782:
774:
734:
695:
685:
677:
623:
586:
578:
311:larvae
270:Arctic
159:is an
2288:WoRMS
2254:84311
2228:88989
2215:11698
2210:IRMNG
2163:7NFCB
1213:with
1070:(PDF)
1044:(PDF)
1020:S2CID
923:S2CID
876:S2CID
621:JSTOR
584:S2CID
181:latin
161:order
2293:1106
2249:NCBI
2223:ITIS
2184:GBIF
2145:BOLD
2068:SCAR
2043:Zoid
1988:HNLC
1284:PMID
1266:ISSN
1198:PMID
1179:PMID
1161:ISSN
1112:PMID
915:ISSN
839:PMID
831:ISSN
817:3779
790:PMID
772:ISSN
732:ISSN
693:PMID
675:ISSN
576:ISSN
532:2011
504:2011
356:The
333:and
325:and
272:and
147:Dana
2236:NBN
2189:694
2171:EoL
2158:CoL
2132:AFD
2053:CPR
1274:PMC
1256:doi
1190:doi
1169:PMC
1151:doi
1104:doi
1012:doi
1000:".
956:doi
907:doi
868:doi
864:324
821:doi
780:PMC
762:doi
724:doi
683:PMC
665:doi
613:doi
568:doi
564:117
376:of
238:D.
234:C.
230:B.
163:of
2312::
2290::
2277::
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2251::
2238::
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1254:.
1244:11
1242:.
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1100:43
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1080:43
1078:.
1072:.
1046:.
1018:.
1008:35
1006:.
981:.
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952:17
950:.
921:.
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903:90
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897:.
874:.
862:.
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788:.
778:.
770:.
756:.
744:^
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720:15
718:.
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691:.
681:.
673:.
663:.
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633:^
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609:68
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909::
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667::
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506:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
