253:
45:
270:
295:
114:
278:
52:
248:
Structures became more private and standardized. Household structures and their physical closeness to temples suggest the start of conjoined civic religious complexes seen later at Monte Alban. Elite housing was identifiable with more stone carvings and proximity to temples and plazas. Monte Negro
244:
Walls had stone foundations with adobe blocks. Columns along the structural bases supported thatched roofs. The columns are the most distinguishing part of the architecture of the site. The columns are made of stacked uneven cut stones arranged in a column in order to fill the column with rubble.
260:
Excavated tombs suggest the presence of elite members of society. Some of these elite members were buried in temple platforms with numerous ceramic offerings, spondyllus shell and jade ear ornaments. Skull deformations are seen in certain burials, which is a sign of elite membership. Some tombs
285:
Monte Negro used a terracing system called lama-bordo. This farming technology is similar to cross-channel terraces as a labor-intensive system that supported a strong centralized authority. The terrace walls are made of stone and rebuilt over time. The process of rebuilding left redeposit soil
240:
The buildings excavated at Monte Negro consist mostly of rectangular platforms arranged around small patios. One set of buildings is aligned along streets over 100 meters long. The streets ran east–west, and another set running north–south giving the site an L shape. The largest plaza in Monte
231:
Monte Negro is a mountain top site that at existed around 200 BC and at one time consisted of an average of 2,900 people. Its use was short lived due to a lack of rural sites (only terracing throughout the mountain). Some of the architecture of Monte Negro is very distinct using columns and
286:
several meters deep good for crops. The terrace systems go along down the mountainside and down into the valley floor 500 m down. The main crop being grown on these terraces was predominately maize. The height of the terraces restricted growing season due to frost.
305:
Tanware including jars, cucharas (spoons), comales (tortilla griddles), and bowls were found with red, and black-on-red paintings. Grayware also decorated with red and black paintings were found and are most likely imported from Oaxaca.
249:
temples vary in size and designs internally, but each is set on top of stone platforms with column supports and stairways. They have certain similarities to structures at Monte Alban.
245:
The columns were about 3 m in height and were associated with both elite residences and temples. To access the adobe structures at the top of the platforms, stone stairways were used.
437:
Balkansky, Andrew K.; Kowalewski; Rodriguez; Pluckhahn; Smith; Stiver; Beliaev; Chamblee; Espinoza; Perez (2000). "Archaeological Survey in the
Mixteca Alta of Oaxaca, Mexico".
309:
Post-classic ceramics were also found throughout the terraces. These ceramics included “creamware” bowls and jars. The creamware has a distinct yellow to yellow-orange color.
302:
Monte Negro has ceramics similar, based on clay composition, to Monte Alban. Recent radiocarbon dates suggest that Monte Negro could have predated Monte Alban.
410:
Rodriguez, Veronica Perez (March 2006). "States and
Households: The Social Organization of Terrace Agriculture in Postclassic Mixteca Alta, Oaxaca, Mexico".
241:
Negro is 20 m x 20 m and is surrounded with a temple and other buildings. These substructures are made of limestone blocks and rubble with column bases.
469:
Joyce, Arthur A.; Neff; Thieme; Winter; Elam; Workinger (December 2006). "Ceramic
Production and Exchange in Late/Terminal Formative Period Oaxaca".
76:
126:
395:
Flannery, Kent V. (1983). "Precolumbian
Farming in the Valleys of Oaxaca, Nochixtlhn, Tehuacin, and Cuicatlhn: A Comparative Study".
501:
202:
181:
44:
232:
structures no higher than six meters. The site is rich with ceramics and designs imported from the nearby Monte Alban.
338:
Balkansky, Andrew K.; Rodriguez, Kowalewski (March 2004). "Monte Negro and the Urban
Revolution in Oaxaca, Mexico".
252:
220:
30:
365:
Joyce, Arthur A.; Zeitlin (1999). "The
Zapotec-Imperialism Argument: Insights from the Oaxaca Coast".
191:
261:
were made of adobe blocks with stone or wood beams for roofing; other burials were simple pits.
478:
446:
419:
374:
347:
269:
495:
294:
450:
91:
78:
277:
172:
482:
423:
131:
119:
351:
378:
293:
276:
268:
251:
198:
177:
219:
209:
188:
171:
163:
158:
150:
142:
137:
125:
107:
21:
8:
390:
388:
18:
333:
331:
329:
327:
325:
323:
321:
464:
462:
460:
317:
208:
170:
157:
149:
146:547.33 km (211.33 sq mi)
136:
106:
71:
37:
16:Municipality and town in Oaxaca, Mexico
218:
187:
162:
141:
124:
7:
51:
14:
112:
50:
43:
1:
439:Journal of Field Archaeology
256:Example of a Deformed Skull
518:
451:10.1179/jfa.2000.27.4.365
72:
38:
28:
502:Municipalities of Oaxaca
471:Latin American Antiquity
412:Latin American Antiquity
397:Latin American Antiquity
340:Latin American Antiquity
154:100 m (300 ft)
299:
282:
274:
257:
297:
280:
272:
255:
203:Central Daylight Time
190: • Summer (
182:Central Standard Time
367:Current Anthropology
281:Example of Terraces
88: /
300:
298:Cucharas or spoons
283:
275:
258:
164: • Total
143: • Total
64:Location in Mexico
229:
228:
92:17.583°N 95.883°W
509:
487:
486:
483:10.2307/25063073
466:
455:
454:
434:
428:
427:
424:10.2307/25063034
407:
401:
400:
392:
383:
382:
362:
356:
355:
335:
195:
118:
116:
115:
103:
102:
100:
99:
98:
93:
89:
86:
85:
84:
81:
54:
53:
47:
19:
517:
516:
512:
511:
510:
508:
507:
506:
492:
491:
490:
468:
467:
458:
436:
435:
431:
409:
408:
404:
394:
393:
386:
364:
363:
359:
352:10.2307/4141563
337:
336:
319:
315:
292:
267:
238:
215:
189:
113:
111:
97:17.583; -95.883
96:
94:
90:
87:
82:
79:
77:
75:
74:
68:
67:
66:
65:
62:
61:
60:
59:
55:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
515:
513:
505:
504:
494:
493:
489:
488:
477:(4): 579–594.
456:
445:(4): 365–389.
429:
402:
384:
379:10.1086/200029
357:
316:
314:
311:
291:
288:
266:
263:
237:
234:
227:
226:
223:
217:
216:
213:
211:
207:
206:
196:
186:
185:
175:
169:
168:
165:
161:
160:
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
135:
134:
129:
123:
122:
109:
105:
104:
70:
69:
63:
57:
56:
49:
48:
42:
41:
40:
39:
36:
35:
29:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
514:
503:
500:
499:
497:
484:
480:
476:
472:
465:
463:
461:
457:
452:
448:
444:
440:
433:
430:
425:
421:
417:
413:
406:
403:
398:
391:
389:
385:
380:
376:
372:
368:
361:
358:
353:
349:
345:
341:
334:
332:
330:
328:
326:
324:
322:
318:
312:
310:
307:
303:
296:
289:
287:
279:
271:
264:
262:
254:
250:
246:
242:
235:
233:
224:
222:
212:
204:
200:
197:
193:
183:
179:
176:
174:
166:
153:
145:
133:
130:
128:
121:
110:
101:
73:Coordinates:
46:
32:
27:
20:
474:
470:
442:
438:
432:
415:
411:
405:
396:
370:
366:
360:
346:(1): 33–60.
343:
339:
308:
304:
301:
284:
259:
247:
243:
239:
236:Architecture
230:
31:Municipality
418:(1): 3–22.
373:: 383–392.
265:Agriculture
210:Postal code
95: /
58:Monte Negro
23:Monte Negro
313:References
159:Population
221:Area code
173:Time zone
151:Elevation
496:Category
290:Ceramics
33:and town
108:Country
83:95°53′W
80:17°35′N
132:Oaxaca
120:Mexico
117:
273:Maize
214:68920
199:UTC-5
178:UTC-6
167:1,876
127:State
138:Area
479:doi
447:doi
420:doi
375:doi
348:doi
225:954
192:DST
498::
475:17
473:.
459:^
443:27
441:.
416:17
414:.
387:^
371:40
369:.
344:15
342:.
320:^
485:.
481::
453:.
449::
426:.
422::
399:.
381:.
377::
354:.
350::
205:)
201:(
194:)
184:)
180:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
