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875:, but the species is found along the Pacific coast. The appearance of the plant is a holdfast on the bottom, with a stem-like stipe between there and the fronds which are about 5 centimetres (2.0 in) to 10 centimetres (3.9 in). In life, the fronds hang vertically when the tide is in but flop over the stipe when exposed by low tide.
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Monte Bolca is rich in fish: 250 species (140 genera, 90 families and 19 orders). Additionally a cephalopod, crustaceans, jellyfish and polychaete worms have been found whole, but foraminifera, molluscs, and corals are found in fragments and may have been transported. Bird feathers and tortoise
383:
Within these layers, the fish and other specimens are so highly preserved that their organs are often completely intact in fossil form, and even the skin color can sometimes be determined. The normal rearrangement of the specimens caused by mud-dwelling organisms in the layer before it turned to
380:, in two stages: one 24 million years ago, and one between 30 and 50 million years ago. The entire formation consists of 19 metres (62 ft) of limestone, all of which contain fossils, but interspersed in which are the lagerstätte layers that contain the highly preserved specimens.
416:. However, there are several other related outcroppings in the general vicinity that also carry similar fossils, such as Monte Postale and Monte Vegroni. The term Monte Bolca is used interchangeably to refer to the one, original site, or to all the sites collectively.
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Achille Forti (28 November 1878 Verona -11 February 1937 Verona) worked on the specimens in 1926, they were reinterpreted as close relatives of the sea palm, now known to be a
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Fossils from Monte Bolca are commonly available for sale by commercial fossil dealers, and due to their popularity and preservation regularly sell for several hundred dollars.
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in the late 18th century. They were studied intensively in the 19th century once it was definitively proven that fossils were the remnants of dead animals.
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Curiously, other specimens from this deposit collected and described by
Massalongo in 1855 were actually trace fossils, only this one was a plant.
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that was one of the first fossil sites with high quality preservation known to
Europeans, and is still an important source of fossils from the
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stone has been avoided—it is assumed that the mud in question was low in oxygen, preventing both decay and the mixing action of scavengers.
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The fossils at Monte Bolca have been known since at least the 16th century, though the first extensive research was conducted on them by
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Strictly speaking, the Monte Bolca site is one specific spot near the village of Bolca in Italy, known as the
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One of the more interesting puzzles in ichnotaxonomy, pertains to fossils from Monte Bolca, originally named
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shell plates have been found, as well as many insects, freshwater and land plants.
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The Eocene fishes of Monte Bolca: the earliest coral reef fish assemblage
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D.J. Bottjer, W. Etter, J.W. Hagadorn, and C.M. Tang, editors (2001).
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and the Role of Type
Specimens in Ichnotaxonomy by Davide Olivero
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409:("The Fishbowl") due to its many extraordinarily well preserved
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915:"The Bolca Lagerstätten: shallow marine life in the Eocene"
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Trace
Fossils: Concepts, Problems, Prospects: Chapter 13 "
1132:, Bannikov, Alexandre, Geodiversitas 28 (2): 249-275
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161:Pesciacara, Monte Postale, Purga di Bolca, Vegroni
823:in 1866. The type specimen collected by Italian
830:before 1855 is at the Natural History Museum of
8:
950:
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913:Friedman, Matt; Carnevale, Giorgio (2018).
853:of the Eocene sea. He renamed the species
401:Massalongo, Museum für Naturkunde (Berlin).
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1012:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1126:- Fossils of Bolca - I fossili di Bolca
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1057:William Miller, III (13 October 2011).
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644:, a relative of boxfish and triggerfish
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857:which makes it related to the genus
1130:PDF Fishes from the Eocene of Bolca
376:floor during the formation of the
372:Monte Bolca was uplifted from the
14:
919:Journal of the Geological Society
296:
1146:Paleontological sites of Europe
983:Exceptional Fossil Preservation
443:Fossil animal species include
1171:Archaeological sites in Veneto
1101:Fauna and Flora of Monte Bolca
1067:. Elsevier. pp. 224–226.
871:. His type-specimen is from
1:
828:Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo
606:Pasaichthys pleuronectiformis
244:Approximate paleocoordinates
811:, previously thought to be
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1124:PDF Les fossiles de Bolca
987:Columbia University Press
849:, which had lived in the
699:Lessiniabatis aenigmatica
58:
956:Taphonomy of Monte Bolca
719:Spinacanthus cuneiformis
430:Species in the formation
1110:, University of Bristol
1030:, University of Bristol
1028:Location of Monte Bolca
958:, University of Bristol
855:Postelsia caput-medusae
834:and was preserved in a
498:Eastmanalepes primaevus
421:Giovanni Serafino Volta
330:Giovanni Serafino Volta
873:Bodega Bay, California
869:Postelsia palmaeformis
838:upper and lower slab.
836:lithographic limestone
649:Psettopsis subarcuatus
641:Protobalistum imperial
402:
1166:Paleontology in Italy
891:(with link directory)
623:Platax macropterygius
395:
37:45.59528°N 11.21000°E
888:List of fossil sites
865:Franz Josef Ruprecht
819:by French zoologist
1176:Geography of Veneto
931:10.1144/jgs2017-164
821:Henri Milne-Edwards
791:Archaeophis proavus
709:Sphyraena bolcensis
595:Paranguilla tigrina
567:Lophius brachysomus
540:Godsilia lanceolata
506:Eolactoria sorbinii
463:ancestral swordfish
398:Archaeophis proavus
262: /
223: /
60:Stratigraphic range
33: /
1106:2016-03-27 at the
1005:has generic name (
661:, one of the last
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42:45.59528; 11.21000
1181:History of Veneto
1074:978-0-08-047535-6
691:Sharfia mirabilis
665:ray-finned fishes
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16:Frazione of Italy
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635:aracanid boxfish
630:Proaracana dubia
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529:Exellia velifer
491:Cyclopoma gigas
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809:caput-medusae
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1078:. Retrieved
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374:Tethys Ocean
371:
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336:Year defined
310:Type section
18:
867:in 1852 as
847:brown algae
784:Archaeophis
728:triggerfish
681:occipitalis
663:Pycnodontid
350:lagerstätte
346:Monte Bolca
269: /
230: /
205:Coordinates
152:Lagerstätte
69:50–49
54:Monte Bolca
40: /
1140:Categories
897:References
786:bolcaensis
767:Crocodilus
752:desmaresti
619:altissimus
611:mooneyfish
572:anglerfish
561:Nile perch
271:37.3; 10.3
232:45.6; 11.2
28:11°12′36″E
25:45°35′43″N
1062:Zoophycos
995:cite book
939:0016-7649
860:Postelsia
807:Zoophycos
769:vicetinus
760:Crocodile
713:barracuda
659:platessus
625:, batfish
534:spadefish
474:jack fish
315:Named for
175:Limestone
166:Lithology
158:Sub-units
1104:Archived
882:See also
843:botanist
750:Justitia
724:relative
704:stingray
685:sea bass
679:Serranus
657:Pycnodus
589:moonfish
557:relative
553:gracilis
517:Eoplatax
457:Blochius
407:Pesciara
326:Named by
199:Location
64:Ypresian
1080:1 April
817:Algarum
743:Lobster
672:nobilis
670:Pygaeus
559:of the
523:batfish
519:papilio
511:boxfish
486:herring
388:History
368:Geology
321:, Italy
292:Country
257:10°18′E
254:37°18′N
218:11°12′E
215:45°36′N
183:lignite
171:Primary
138:↓
62:: Late
1071:
937:
832:Verona
777:Snakes
617:Platax
480:Clupea
411:Eocene
362:Eocene
354:Verona
301:
286:Veneto
282:Region
633:, an
598:, an
551:Lates
358:Italy
352:near
348:is a
319:Bolca
304:Italy
189:Other
1082:2013
1069:ISBN
1014:link
1007:help
935:ISSN
722:, a
711:, a
683:, a
621:and
609:, a
581:and
555:, a
545:tuna
532:, a
521:, a
509:, a
484:, a
461:,an
450:Fish
378:Alps
339:1789
179:marl
148:Type
77:PreꞒ
927:doi
923:175
600:eel
472:,a
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993:{{
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127:Pg
71:Ma
66:,
1084:.
1016:)
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989:.
941:.
929::
132:N
122:K
117:J
112:T
107:P
102:C
97:D
92:S
87:O
82:Ꞓ
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