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353:. It is one of the best-preserved cliff dwellings in North America, in part because of its ideal placement in a natural alcove that protects it from exposure to the elements. The precariousness of the dwelling's location and its immense scale of floor space across five stories suggest that the Sinagua were daring builders and skilled engineers. Access into the structure was most likely permitted by a series of portable ladders, which made it difficult for enemy tribes to penetrate the natural defense of the vertical barrier.
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448:, and clashes with the newly arrived Yavapai people. Due to the very little human contact since abandonment, Montezuma Castle was well preserved. It was heavily looted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, though other Sinagua sites have remained more or less intact. Because of the rise in settlers, tourists and industries in or surrounding Montezuma Castle, the monument and even
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373:, the creek frequently breached its banks, inundating the floodplain with water. The Sinagua recognized the importance of these floods to their agriculture, but likely also the potential destruction they presented to any structures built in the floodplain. Their solution was to build a permanent structure in the high recess afforded by the limestone cliff.
424:, about 60 miles (97 km) to the north, in the mid-11th century. Although the short-term impact may have been destructive, nutrient-rich sediment deposited by the volcano may have aided more expansive agriculture in later decades. During the interim, the Sinagua lived in the surrounding highlands and sustained themselves on
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decades of the 1200s. A neighboring segment of the same cliff wall suggests there was an even larger dwelling ("Castle A") around the same time, of which only the stone foundations have survived. Its discovery in 1933 revealed many
Sinagua artifacts and greatly increased understanding of their way of life.
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mile (0.54 km) paved trail starting at the visitor center that follows the base of the cliff containing the ruins. Access to the interior of the ruins has not been allowed since 1951 due to concerns about visitor safety and damage to the dwelling. About 400,000 tourists visit the site each year.
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The Rocky Slope
Residence was designed by well-known Phoenix Valley architect Eddie M. Jones and the residence had strong architectural similarities to the Montezuma Castle Monument. The design and the residence were featured by many magazines including the "Architect Magazine" in 2013. The design
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The latest estimated date of occupation for any
Sinagua site comes from Montezuma Castle, around 1425 AD. After this, the Sinagua people apparently abandoned their permanent settlements and migrated elsewhere, as did other cultural groups in the southwestern United States around that time. The
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The region's population likely peaked around 1300 AD, with the Castle housing between 30 and 50 people in at least 20 rooms. Radiocarbon dates from multiple construction beams show that the cliff dwelling was probably constructed in the middle 1100s AD with remodeling and additions in the last
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The walls of
Montezuma Castle are examples of early stone-and-mortar masonry, constructed almost entirely from chunks of limestone found at the base of the cliff, as well as mud and/or clay from the creek bottom. The ceilings of the rooms also incorporated sectioned timbers as a kind of roof
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493:, about 784 species were recorded at Montezuma Castle National Monument, including plants, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Only 11% of the species were non-native. Common species include bats, snakes, turtles, lizards, frogs, foxes, owls and mice.
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creating any archaeological site. In fact, the dwelling was abandoned more than 40 years before
Montezuma was born, and was not a "castle" in the traditional sense, but instead functioned more like a "prehistoric high rise apartment complex".
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was completed and approved by the City of
Phoenix in 2007 and construction was completed by 2009. As seen in the photos, the house design has a strong resemblance to the curved walls of Montezuma Castle as well as the layered structure.
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used for grinding corn, bone needles, and ornaments of shell and gemstone, which prove that the
Sinagua were fine artisans as well as prolific traders. There is also a Park Store operated by Western National Parks Association.
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Perhaps the main reason the
Sinagua chose to build the Castle so far above the ground, however, was to escape the threat of natural disaster in the form of the annual flooding of Beaver Creek. During the summer
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created a program in order to record and identify any changes in the environment and its inhabitants. An inventory of plants and animals at
Montezuma Castle was taken between 1991 and 1994 by researchers from
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dwellings, was purchased by the federal government in 1947 and is considered a detached unit of
Montezuma Castle National Monument. It is located about 5 miles north of the Castle near the town of
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Kessler, Nicholas; Guebard, Matthew; Hodgins, Gregory; Hoedl, Lucas (2022). "New Tree-Ring-Radiocarbon Dates Reveal Drought-Migration Linage for Central Arizona Cliff Dwellings".
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The visitor center includes a museum about the Sinagua culture and the tools they used to build the dwellings. The museum houses many artifacts, such as stone tools,
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Neither part of the monument's name is correct. When European-Americans first observed the ruins in the 1860s, by then long-abandoned, they named them for the famous
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Bucci, Melanie; Petryszyn, Yar; Krausman, Paul R. (2011). "Bat Occurrence and Use of Archaeological Sites at Three National Monuments in Central Arizona".
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Montezuma Castle is situated about 90 feet (27 m) up a sheer limestone cliff, facing the adjacent Beaver Creek, which drains into the perennial
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communities trace their ancestries to early immigrants from the Montezuma Castle/Beaver Creek area. Archaeological evidence proves that the
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Evidence of permanent dwellings like those at Montezuma Castle begins to appear in the archaeological record of Arizona's
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2011:
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Explorations, Impressions, and Excavations: The Prehistoric Ruins of the Verde Valley in the Nineteenth Century
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The monument itself encloses 860 acres near the geographic center of Arizona and the intersection of the
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Montezuma Well, a natural limestone sinkhole, measuring approximately 100 by 120 yards, also containing
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Climate data for Montezuma Castle National Monument, Arizona, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1938–present
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1811:"100 Years of Preservation and Stewardship: Montezuma Castle National Monument Centennial: 1906–2006"
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about 1050 AD. The first distinctly Sinagua culture may have occupied the region as early as 700 AD.
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earlier that year. It is one of the four original sites designated National Monuments by President
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332:, the Montezuma Castle was given that name due to the fact that the public had this image of the
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1805:
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Montezuma Castle National Monument
1772:
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588:
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1627:. United States Geological Survey and University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources.
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Due to the lack of basic knowledge on the natural resources of the national parks, the
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308:. Clan members periodically return to these ancestral homes for religious ceremonies.
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The park is open from 8am to 5pm every day of the year, except for Christmas Day.
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in the mistaken belief that he had been connected to their construction (see also
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1622:"Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Montezuma Castle National Monument"
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1953:
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1858:
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1515:
156:
143:
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1450:"A Past Preserved in Stone: A History of Montezuma Castle National Monument"
4547:
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Arizona
3874:
4472:‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
4325:
1545:
1299:
Rocky Slope Residence in Phoenix, Arizona as homage to Montezuma's Castle
301:
1840:
1553:
444:
reasons for abandonment are unclear, but possibilities include drought,
4592:
Populated places on the National Register of Historic Places in Arizona
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2200:
1893:
572:
429:
297:
278:
270:
118:
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A diorama of what the castle would have looked like when it was in use
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Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon
3195:
Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon
2064:
Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon
1843:", 1 photo, 20 measured drawings, 1 photo caption page
553:
414:
Northern Arizona, Montezuma's Castle, photo by Earl K. Foreman (1924)
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409:
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333:
329:
317:
1638:
1395:
467:
Montezuma Castle National Monument Showing Levels and Main Castle
1500:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. pp. 222–23, 225–26.
289:
4552:
National Register of Historic Places in Yavapai County, Arizona
3888:
3729:
3551:
2703:
1862:
1281:
Montezuma Castle plays a key role in the climax of the Western
3983:
1792:
217:
534:
It is an easy monument to visit, just a short distance off
452:
have been threats to the preservation of Montezuma Castle.
1841:
Montezuma Castle, Off I-17, Camp Verde, Yavapai County, AZ
93:
68:
2672:
National Register of Historic Places listings in Arizona
579:, accessible from exits 293 and 298 off Interstate 17.
512:
The dwellings and the surrounding area were declared a
420:
The area was briefly abandoned due to the eruption of
265:
protects a set of well-preserved dwellings located in
1472:. Tucson, Arizona: Western National Parks Association
381:, a large hardwood tree native to the Verde Valley.
283:
indigenous peoples of the southwestern United States
4517:
National Park Service National Monuments in Arizona
4467:
4344:
4316:
4141:
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3994:
3948:
3698:
3667:
3660:
3635:
3594:
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2528:
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2341:
2314:
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2241:
2176:
2143:
2120:
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1972:
1937:
1909:
1900:
244:
236:
227:
223:
213:
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195:
180:
172:
135:
125:
110:
23:
4567:Former populated places in Yavapai County, Arizona
1496:Reid, J. Jefferson; Whittlesey, Stephanie (1997).
3516:President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home
1705:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1683:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
4557:Ancient Puebloan archaeological sites in Arizona
1534:Journal of the Arizona–Nevada Academy of Science
1287:(1952), which was shot on location at the site.
16:Ancient dwellings in Yavapai County, Arizona, US
1349:. Land Resource Division, National Park Service
1314:List of national monuments of the United States
2657:List of National Historic Landmarks in Arizona
1540:(1). Arizona–Nevada Academy of Sciences: 1–5.
587:Montezuma Castle National Monument has a cold
4572:Historic American Buildings Survey in Arizona
3900:
3741:
3563:
2715:
2642:List of National Natural Landmarks in Arizona
2163:Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail
1874:
8:
2158:Butterfield Overland National Historic Trail
4562:Protected areas of Yavapai County, Arizona
3907:
3893:
3885:
3748:
3734:
3726:
3664:
3591:
3570:
3556:
3548:
2722:
2708:
2700:
2630:
2591:
2347:
1906:
1881:
1867:
1859:
1797:
1577:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
602:
599:) with cool winters and very hot summers.
20:
230:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
4577:1906 establishments in Arizona Territory
4336:Yavapai-Apache Nation Indian Reservation
1491:
1489:
1487:
1344:"Listing of acreage – December 31, 2011"
357:
2731:National monuments of the United States
1527:
1525:
1335:
1319:List of the oldest buildings in Arizona
516:on December 8, 1906 as a result of the
377:thatching, obtained primarily from the
1703:"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020"
1663:"Montezuma Castle (National Monument)"
1639:"National Register Information System"
1396:"National Register Information System"
1722:
1720:
1455:. Western National Parks Association.
1374:"NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report"
1361:National Park Service Acreage Reports
243:
235:
226:
7:
3761:National Register of Historic Places
3415:Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains
3265:Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains
1848:"Montezuma Castle National Monument"
1681:"NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data"
1644:National Register of Historic Places
1420:"Montezuma Castle National Monument"
1401:National Register of Historic Places
529:National Register of Historic Places
527:. Montezuma Castle was added to the
362:A view of Montezuma Castle from 1887
109:
4582:Protected areas established in 1906
3486:Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad
2168:Old Spanish National Historic Trail
1759:Archaeology of Native North America
428:dependent on rain. After 1125, the
269:, which were built and used by the
4542:Native American museums in Arizona
4537:Museums in Yavapai County, Arizona
3915:Municipalities and communities of
2405:Granite Mountain Hotshots Memorial
1837:Historic American Buildings Survey
1498:The Archaeology of Ancient Arizona
263:Montezuma Castle National Monument
218:Montezuma Castle National Monument
24:Montezuma Castle National Monument
14:
4527:Archaeological museums in Arizona
2902:Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley
1665:. Travelocity.com. Archived from
3873:
3773:
2308:List of Arizona Wilderness Areas
328:). Having no connections to the
92:
85:
67:
60:
43:
4522:Archaeological sites in Arizona
4118:Village of Oak Creek (Big Park)
3501:Northeast Canyons and Seamounts
2211:V Bar V Heritage Site
1850:. Arizona Guide. Archived from
491:United States Geological Survey
487:United States Geological Survey
277:culture closely related to the
179:
124:
3215:Camp Hale – Continental Divide
2852:Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers
1727:Weber, Cheryl (July 4, 2013).
1:
3506:Pacific Remote Islands Marine
3471:Aleutian Islands World War II
2777:Belmont-Paul Women's Equality
2153:Arizona National Scenic Trail
176:859.27 acres (347.73 ha)
101:Show map of the United States
3385:Organ Mountains–Desert Peaks
3027:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home
2957:George Washington Birthplace
1941:Historic Sites and Memorials
1826:Discover Our Shared Heritage
1597:10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103289
459:Montezuma Castle c.1893–1900
4326:Hualapai Indian Reservation
3425:Upper Missouri River Breaks
2650:National Historic Landmarks
2094:National Conservation Areas
1219:Average precipitation days
935:Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
795:Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
483:Northern Arizona University
35:natural monument or feature
4610:
3496:Military Working Dog Teams
3250:Saint Francis Dam Disaster
3107:Springfield 1908 Race Riot
3022:Little Bighorn Battlefield
2635:National Natural Landmarks
2609:Phoenix Mountains Preserve
1939:National Historical Parks,
1265:
605:
564:
538:, at exit 289. There is a
199:390,151 (in 2018)
184:December 8, 1906
4477:
3981:
3929:
3871:
3780:
3771:
3534:
3360:Grand Staircase–Escalante
3152:Virgin Islands Coral Reef
3012:Katahdin Woods and Waters
2682:
2568:White Mountain Grasslands
2243:National Wildlife Refuges
2122:National Recreation Areas
2054:Bureau of Land Management
1839:(HABS) No. AZ-151, "
1761:. Boston: Prentice Hall.
1733:www.architectmagazine.com
1218:
1144:
1074:
1004:
934:
864:
794:
724:
654:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
509:physiographic provinces.
304:settled around or in the
256:
252:
54:
42:
28:
3511:Papahānaumokuākea Marine
3142:Tule Springs Fossil Beds
3032:Mill Springs Battlefield
2962:George Washington Carver
2515:Yuma Quartermaster Depot
2365:Boyce Thompson Arboretum
1959:Hubbell Trading Post NHS
518:American Antiquities Act
3918:Yavapai County, Arizona
3375:Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks
3325:Canyons of the Ancients
3310:Berryessa Snow Mountain
3205:Berryessa Snow Mountain
3097:Salinas Pueblo Missions
2782:Birmingham Civil Rights
2757:Alibates Flint Quarries
2520:Yuma Territorial Prison
1729:"Rocky Slope Residence"
1376:. National Park Service
426:small-scale agriculture
3988:
3491:Marianas Trench Marine
3355:Grand Canyon–Parashant
2977:Grand Canyon–Parashant
2907:Florissant Fossil Beds
2827:Castillo de San Marcos
2316:Wild and Scenic Rivers
2069:Grand Canyon–Parashant
1757:Snow, Dean R (2016) .
1300:
514:U.S. National Monument
468:
460:
415:
403:
363:
157:34.61111°N 111.83667°W
3987:
3675:Bandiagara Escarpment
3395:Prehistoric Trackways
3255:San Gabriel Mountains
3122:Sunset Crater Volcano
2747:African Burial Ground
2739:National Park Service
2206:Palatki Heritage Site
2201:Honanki Heritage Site
1982:National Park Service
1649:National Park Service
1466:Protas, Josh (2002).
1406:National Park Service
1298:
1291:Architecture based on
1005:Mean minimum °F (°C)
725:Mean maximum °F (°C)
531:on October 15, 1966.
478:National Park Service
466:
458:
422:Sunset Crater Volcano
413:
401:
361:
208:National Park Service
4490:United States portal
3400:Río Grande del Norte
3230:Gila Cliff Dwellings
3007:John Day Fossil Beds
2987:Hagerman Fossil Beds
2967:Gila Cliff Dwellings
2787:Booker T. Washington
2510:Verde River Greenway
2500:Tonto Natural Bridge
2495:Tombstone Courthouse
1828:. Travel Itinerary.
1822:"American Southwest"
1669:on October 28, 2008.
1546:10.2181/036.043.0101
655:Record high °F (°C)
162:34.61111; -111.83667
4331:Yavapai Reservation
4318:Indian reservations
3340:Craters of the Moon
2867:Craters of the Moon
2688:Arizona State Parks
2614:South Mountain Park
2251:Bill Williams River
1589:2022JArSR..41j3289K
1075:Record low °F (°C)
865:Daily mean °F (°C)
489:. According to the
326:Montezuma mythology
267:Camp Verde, Arizona
204:Governing body
153: /
130:Camp Verde, Arizona
76:Show map of Arizona
3989:
3587:Ancestral Puebloan
3538:Full Detailed List
3320:California Coastal
2112:San Pedro Riparian
1974:National Monuments
1854:on March 28, 2012.
1832:. August 25, 2003.
1301:
1277:In popular culture
525:Theodore Roosevelt
497:Federal protection
472:Plants and animals
469:
461:
446:resource depletion
416:
404:
364:
245:Reference no.
4512:IUCN Category III
4499:
4498:
4253:Kirkland Junction
4063:Black Canyon City
3882:
3881:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3656:
3655:
3545:
3544:
3521:Rose Atoll Marine
3182:US Forest Service
3112:Statue of Liberty
3062:Organ Pipe Cactus
2822:Casa Grande Ruins
2752:Agate Fossil Beds
2697:
2696:
2678:
2677:
2622:
2621:
2581:
2580:
2420:Kartchner Caverns
2370:Buckskin Mountain
2337:
2336:
2186:Apache–Sitgreaves
2102:Gila Box Riparian
2017:Organ Pipe Cactus
1992:Casa Grande Ruins
1651:. March 13, 2009.
1273:
1272:
589:semi-arid climate
260:
259:
126:Nearest city
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3430:Vermilion Cliffs
3405:San Juan Islands
3335:Cascade–Siskiyou
3240:Mount St. Helens
3190:Admiralty Island
3037:Montezuma Castle
2972:Governors Island
2837:Castle Mountains
2812:Cape Krusenstern
2807:Canyon de Chelly
2792:Buck Island Reef
2724:
2717:
2710:
2701:
2631:
2592:
2395:Fool Hollow Lake
2390:Dead Horse Ranch
2348:
2301:Wilderness Areas
2178:National Forests
2084:Vermilion Cliffs
2007:Montezuma Castle
1987:Canyon de Chelly
1924:Petrified Forest
1907:
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1793:Official website
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379:Arizona sycamore
240:October 15, 1966
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3365:Ironwood Forest
3300:Basin and Range
3277:Land Management
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3127:Timpanogos Cave
3047:Natural Bridges
2872:Devils Postpile
2847:César E. Chávez
2817:Capulin Volcano
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2665:Historic Places
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2465:Riordan Mansion
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2145:National Trails
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1890:Protected areas
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3390:Pompeys Pillar
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1768:978-0136156864
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4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4394:Constellation
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4364:Bradshaw City
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4218:Highland Park
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4140:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4113:Verde Village
4111:
4109:
4108:Spring Valley
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3923:United States
3920:
3910:
3905:
3903:
3898:
3896:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3876:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3746:
3744:
3739:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:United States
3593:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3568:
3566:
3561:
3559:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3540:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3481:Hanford Reach
3479:
3477:
3476:Castner Range
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3380:Mojave Trails
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3330:Carrizo Plain
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3315:Browns Canyon
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:Giant Sequoia
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:Browns Canyon
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3162:Walnut Canyon
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:Poverty Point
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:Grand Portage
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2917:Fort Matanzas
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2887:Effigy Mounds
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2573:Willcox Playa
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2490:Sonoita Creek
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2430:Lost Dutchman
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:Leslie Canyon
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:Cabeza Prieta
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:Walnut Canyon
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2027:Sunset Crater
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1964:Coronado NMem
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1459:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1297:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:(≥ 0.01 inch)
1217:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1147:precipitation
1143:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1003:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
933:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
863:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
793:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
723:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
653:
609:
604:
600:
598:
594:
590:
582:
580:
578:
574:
568:
560:
558:
555:
550:
537:
536:Interstate 17
532:
530:
526:
522:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
496:
494:
492:
488:
484:
479:
471:
465:
457:
453:
451:
447:
441:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
412:
400:
394:
392:
384:
382:
380:
374:
372:
360:
354:
352:
348:
340:
338:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
311:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
275:pre-Columbian
272:
268:
264:
255:
251:
247:
239:
231:
222:
219:
216:
212:
209:
206:
202:
198:
194:
183:
175:
171:
166:
138:
134:
131:
128:
120:
116:
113:
88:
63:
53:
46:
41:
36:
32:
31:IUCN category
27:
22:
19:
4303:Walnut Grove
4298:Skull Valley
4288:Potato Patch
4283:Perkinsville
4238:Iron Springs
4198:Forbing Park
4173:Copperopolis
4163:Breezy Pines
4073:Cordes Lakes
4009:Chino Valley
3937:
3685:Guyaju Caves
3680:Ellora Caves
3668:Afro-Eurasia
3536:
3410:Sand to Snow
3260:Sand to Snow
3235:Misty Fjords
3220:Chimney Rock
3157:Waco Mammoth
3102:Scotts Bluff
3092:Russell Cave
3057:Oregon Caves
3036:
2992:Hohokam Pima
2947:Fossil Butte
2937:Fort Stanwix
2932:Fort Pulaski
2922:Fort McHenry
2877:Devils Tower
2842:Cedar Breaks
2687:
2596:Nature parks
2558:Powers Butte
2470:River Island
2455:Picacho Peak
2380:Cattail Cove
2324:Fossil Creek
2256:Buenos Aires
2196:Elden Pueblo
2107:Las Cienegas
2006:
2002:Hohokam Pima
1919:Grand Canyon
1852:the original
1825:
1816:. NPS. 2006.
1758:
1751:Bibliography
1750:
1749:
1736:. Retrieved
1732:
1709:December 14,
1707:. Retrieved
1697:
1687:December 12,
1685:. Retrieved
1675:
1667:the original
1657:
1642:
1633:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1537:
1533:
1497:
1474:. Retrieved
1468:
1461:
1423:. Retrieved
1414:
1399:
1390:
1378:. Retrieved
1368:
1351:. Retrieved
1338:
1329:
1328:
1302:
1282:
1280:
1149:inches (mm)
596:
586:
570:
551:
533:
511:
500:
475:
450:Verde Valley
442:
438:
434:Verde Valley
419:
391:Verde Valley
388:
375:
367:
344:
315:
306:Verde Valley
287:
262:
261:
18:
4409:Fort Misery
4346:Ghost towns
4208:Groom Creek
3933:County seat
3290:Avi Kwa Ame
3172:Yucca House
3072:Pipe Spring
2927:Fort Monroe
2802:Camp Nelson
2767:Aztec Ruins
2604:Papago Park
2553:Mittry Lake
2543:Cluff Ranch
2538:Becker Lake
2425:Lake Havasu
2352:State Parks
2329:Verde River
2130:Glen Canyon
2022:Pipe Spring
347:Verde River
160: /
148:111°50′12″W
136:Coordinates
4506:Categories
4369:Bumble Bee
4183:Crown King
4128:Williamson
4034:Wickenburg
4004:Camp Verde
3958:Cottonwood
3850:Santa Cruz
3757:Properties
3617:New Mexico
3350:Gold Butte
3305:Bears Ears
3200:Bears Ears
3067:Petroglyph
3042:Muir Woods
3002:Jewel Cave
2942:Fort Union
2892:El Malpais
2857:Chiricahua
2563:Santa Rita
2485:Slide Rock
2480:San Rafael
2475:Roper Lake
2435:Lyman Lake
2400:Fort Verde
2360:Alamo Lake
1997:Chiricahua
1583:: 103289.
1325:References
351:Camp Verde
292:clans and
281:and other
273:people, a
237:Designated
145:34°36′40″N
4468:Footnotes
4419:Glen Oaks
4354:Alexandra
4278:Oak Creek
4263:Minnehaha
4153:Arcosanti
4143:Populated
4078:Cornville
4014:Clarkdale
3643:Chihuahua
3526:Tule Lake
3285:Agua Fria
3275:Bureau of
3137:Tule Lake
3117:Stonewall
3077:Pipestone
3017:Lava Beds
2997:Hovenweep
2772:Bandelier
2762:Aniakchak
2587:Municipal
2548:Luna Lake
2440:McFarland
2135:Lake Mead
2059:Agua Fria
1777:987000747
1605:245285813
1516:941898416
1425:March 20,
520:, signed
322:Montezuma
312:Etymology
4389:Columbia
4374:Catoctin
4293:Red Rock
4248:Kirkland
4223:Hillside
4178:Crookton
4103:Seligman
4068:Congress
4053:Ash Fork
3969:Prescott
3940:Prescott
3859:Prescott
3820:Maricopa
3810:Greenlee
3795:Coconino
3699:Americas
3607:Colorado
3370:Jurassic
3345:Fort Ord
3245:Newberry
3147:Tuzigoot
2897:El Morro
2882:Dinosaur
2862:Colorado
2797:Cabrillo
2460:Red Rock
2410:Homolovi
2375:Catalina
2276:Imperial
2228:Prescott
2218:Coronado
2191:Coconino
2037:Tuzigoot
1738:April 8,
1562:85299004
1554:41510539
1476:July 17,
1380:June 15,
1308:See also
1266:Source:
1145:Average
485:and the
320:emperor
302:Hakataya
288:Several
248:66000082
196:Visitors
111:Location
4587:Sinagua
4449:Wagoner
4444:Venezia
4439:Tip Top
4434:Stanton
4414:Gillett
4384:Cleator
4359:Big Bug
4203:Goodwin
4158:Aultman
4133:Yarnell
4123:Wilhoit
4093:Paulden
3855:Yavapai
3824:Phoenix
3790:Cochise
3765:Arizona
3759:on the
3711:Huápoca
3602:Arizona
3439:Other (
3167:Wupatki
2047:Wupatki
1929:Saguaro
1902:Federal
1894:Arizona
1585:Bibcode
1353:May 14,
1070:(−9.8)
1065:(−8.6)
1060:(−6.2)
1045:(12.3)
1040:(12.5)
1025:(−0.9)
1020:(−3.6)
1015:(−6.5)
1010:(−8.2)
995:(−3.8)
990:(−0.3)
980:(12.8)
975:(17.1)
970:(17.8)
965:(12.4)
945:(−1.5)
940:(−3.4)
930:(16.4)
920:(10.2)
915:(16.9)
910:(23.3)
905:(27.1)
900:(28.0)
895:(24.6)
890:(19.7)
885:(15.3)
880:(11.9)
860:(26.9)
855:(14.8)
850:(20.7)
845:(27.9)
840:(33.9)
835:(36.9)
830:(38.2)
825:(36.7)
820:(30.9)
815:(26.1)
810:(22.2)
805:(18.3)
800:(15.8)
790:(44.2)
785:(21.7)
780:(28.1)
775:(34.9)
770:(39.2)
765:(42.2)
760:(43.6)
755:(42.3)
750:(37.9)
745:(34.0)
740:(29.6)
735:(25.1)
730:(22.2)
583:Climate
573:Sinagua
554:metates
543:⁄
430:Sinagua
385:History
298:Hohokam
294:Yavapai
279:Hohokam
271:Sinagua
214:Website
186: (
181:Created
119:Arizona
4459:Weaver
4454:Walker
4429:Octave
4404:Curtis
4399:Cordes
4379:Cherry
4273:Nelson
4258:Lapham
4233:Humbug
4228:Hooper
4168:Briggs
4145:places
4058:Bagdad
4024:Jerome
3974:Sedona
3963:Peoria
3950:Cities
3835:Navajo
3830:Mohave
3815:La Paz
3805:Graham
3785:Apache
3661:Others
3648:Sonora
3636:Mexico
3612:Nevada
3052:Navajo
2445:Oracle
2415:Jerome
2271:Havasu
2266:Cibola
2223:Kaibab
2012:Navajo
1775:
1765:
1603:
1560:
1552:
1514:
1504:
1347:(XLSX)
1214:(335)
1179:(4.8)
1140:(−18)
1135:(−16)
1130:(−13)
1090:(−11)
1085:(−16)
1080:(−18)
1055:(0.1)
1050:(7.1)
1035:(6.8)
1030:(2.7)
1000:(5.9)
985:(5.9)
960:(8.5)
955:(4.4)
950:(1.6)
925:(5.4)
875:(8.4)
870:(6.2)
611:Month
593:Köppen
334:Aztecs
330:Aztecs
49:(2021)
4213:Hecla
4193:Dugas
4188:Drake
4088:Mayer
3996:Towns
3845:Pinal
3690:Petra
3622:Texas
3132:Tonto
2627:Other
2343:State
2233:Tonto
2032:Tonto
1814:(PDF)
1625:(PDF)
1601:S2CID
1558:S2CID
1550:JSTOR
1453:(PDF)
1330:Notes
1261:49.5
1212:13.17
1209:(38)
1204:(18)
1199:(24)
1194:(38)
1189:(54)
1184:(39)
1174:(10)
1169:(12)
1164:(29)
1159:(33)
1154:(35)
1125:(−7)
1120:(−1)
1100:(−4)
1095:(−9)
828:100.8
788:111.6
768:102.6
763:108.0
758:110.5
753:108.1
748:100.3
720:(48)
715:(26)
710:(32)
705:(40)
700:(44)
695:(48)
690:(47)
685:(47)
680:(43)
675:(37)
670:(36)
665:(32)
660:(28)
650:Year
318:Aztec
33:III (
4308:Yava
4268:Mint
4045:CDPs
3865:Yuma
3840:Pima
3800:Gila
3627:Utah
3462:Army
3458:USAF
3454:NOAA
3450:AFRH
2670:See
2655:See
2640:See
2306:See
2281:Kofa
1773:OCLC
1763:ISBN
1740:2022
1711:2022
1689:2022
1512:OCLC
1502:ISBN
1478:2008
1427:2011
1382:2019
1355:2012
1268:NOAA
1258:4.4
1255:3.1
1252:3.4
1249:4.4
1246:7.6
1243:6.7
1240:1.0
1237:2.3
1234:2.6
1231:4.3
1228:4.8
1225:4.9
1207:1.50
1202:0.71
1197:0.95
1192:1.49
1187:2.13
1182:1.52
1177:0.19
1172:0.40
1167:0.49
1162:1.15
1157:1.28
1152:1.36
1115:(4)
1110:(7)
1105:(2)
1068:14.3
1063:16.5
1058:20.8
1053:32.1
1048:44.7
1043:54.1
1038:54.5
1033:44.2
1028:36.9
1023:30.3
1018:25.5
1013:20.3
1008:17.2
998:42.7
993:25.1
988:31.5
983:42.6
978:55.0
973:62.8
968:64.0
963:54.4
958:47.3
953:40.0
948:34.9
943:29.3
938:25.9
928:61.6
923:41.8
918:50.4
913:62.5
908:74.0
903:80.7
898:82.4
893:76.2
888:67.5
883:59.5
878:53.4
873:47.1
868:43.2
858:80.4
853:58.6
848:69.3
843:82.3
838:93.0
833:98.5
823:98.1
818:87.6
813:79.0
808:72.0
803:64.9
798:60.5
783:71.0
778:82.5
773:94.8
743:93.2
738:85.2
733:77.1
728:72.0
647:Dec
644:Nov
641:Oct
638:Sep
635:Aug
632:Jul
629:Jun
626:May
623:Apr
620:Mar
617:Feb
614:Jan
505:and
300:and
290:Hopi
173:Area
3763:in
3445:DOE
3441:FWS
1892:of
1830:NPS
1593:doi
1542:doi
718:118
703:104
698:111
693:118
688:117
683:117
678:109
597:BSk
4508::
3936::
3921:,
3460:,
3456:,
3452:,
3443:,
1824:.
1771:.
1731:.
1719:^
1647:.
1641:.
1613:^
1599:.
1591:.
1581:41
1579:.
1556:.
1548:.
1538:43
1536:.
1524:^
1510:.
1486:^
1435:^
1404:.
1398:.
1138:−1
1123:19
1118:31
1113:39
1108:45
1103:36
1098:24
1093:16
1088:12
1078:−1
713:78
708:90
673:99
668:96
663:89
658:82
595::
117:,
4036:‡
3976:‡
3965:‡
3908:e
3901:t
3894:v
3861:)
3857:(
3826:)
3822:(
3749:e
3742:t
3735:v
3571:e
3564:t
3557:v
3464:)
3447:,
2723:e
2716:t
2709:v
1882:e
1875:t
1868:v
1779:.
1742:.
1713:.
1691:.
1607:.
1595::
1587::
1564:.
1544::
1518:.
1480:.
1429:.
1384:.
1363:)
1359:(
1357:.
1133:4
1128:8
1083:4
591:(
545:3
541:1
190:)
37:)
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