192:
31:
93:
1568:
1409:
1583:
164:
in need would then be able to come to the Monte di PietĂ and give an item of value in exchange for a monetary loan. The term of the loan would last the course of a year and would only be worth about two-thirds of the borrower's item value. A pre-determined interest rate would be applied to the loan and these profits were used to pay the expenses of operating the Monte di PietĂ .
349:
people who lived in the city and ten lire to people who lived in the rural area five miles from the city. This restriction was expected to increase as more funds were acquired from voluntary and involuntary donations. If a borrower wanted to regain his pawned item, he would have to return the receipt to the
378:
While some monetary deposits were voluntary, some people had no choice in funding the capital for the “monte”. For example, Monna
Margherita da Poppi of 1497 gave 40 lire to the Monte di PietĂ as part of her sentence in a legal matter. The Monte di PietĂ was in charge of keeping this money from her
374:
as a day for donations in the form of alms. The “monte” was supposed to be gathered from "gifts or donations in honour of a person’s love for God". Some scholars hypothesize that members of the artisan class and widows would freely give some money towards the “monte” upon hearing a sermon condemning
163:
of the lender, was viewed as a benevolent alternative to the loans provided by moneylenders. The organization of the Monte di PietĂ depended on acquiring a monte, a collection of funds from voluntary donations by financially privileged people who had no intentions of regaining their money. The people
356:
The Monte di PietĂ 's employees were responsible for keeping track of the daily operations of the organization. Strict regulation dictated both their work and personal life. For example, fines were imposed for improper or dishonest behaviour. The actual space of the "Monte di PietĂ was regarded as
261:
of silver for the establishment of a bank that should lend money on pawned objects, without interest, providing that the expenses of the institution be defrayed from its foundation capital. He had the monies deposited in a chest in the body of St Paul's and directed that if in any case at the end of
83:
originated in 15th-century Italy, where these institutions gave poor people access to loans with reasonable interest rates. It used funds from charitable donors as capital, and made loans to the poor so they could avoid going to exploitative lenders. Borrowers offered valuables as collateral, making
395:
Since the purpose of the Monte di PietĂ was to combat usury, there were clear guidelines regarding the operations of the organization. For example, the employees had to ensure that all items that were exchanged were free, and therefore the legal property of the person pawning it. Also, there were
348:
The monetary funds would then be supplied by the cashier to the borrower. This employee had the duty of keeping their own records of the money collected, loaned and the interest on each loan. During the first year of operations, the Monte di PietĂ did not grant loans more than twenty-five lire to
360:
The employees’ salaries came from the income generated by the interest payments on loans. The massaro earned 120 florins per year, the cashier was paid 80 florins, the massaro's two assistants received 30 florins each, the assessors received 40 florins each, and the two servants earned 24 florins
369:
The Monte di PietĂ accumulated capital from members of the patrician class, middle class, corporate groups, guilds, fines resulting from lawsuits and
Communed ordered resources. One of the most creative strategies that preachers used in Florentine to acquire more capital for their “monte” was to
340:
collected the pawn from the borrower. After examining and recording details about the condition of the object, it would then be passed to assessors who would evaluate the item's value. The massaro would then make three copies of a numbered receipt that identified the owner's name, the type of
391:
Before the Monte di PietĂ actually operated, a group of "eight men assembled to draw up the statutes" of the
Florentine monte di pietà on April 15, 1496. The eight who gathered were Niccolò de’ Nobili, Piero de’ Lenzi, Bernardo de’ Segni, Niccolò de’ Nero, Piero de’ Guicciardini, Giacopo de’
353:. The cashier would then calculate the interest that was earned on the item and the borrower would have to pay the interest in order to redeem their pawn. This interest collection provided one of the sources of revenue for the daily functions, operations, and salaries of the Monte di PietĂ .
341:
object being pawned, the condition of the object, the object's value, the amount of the loan and the date. Generally, the loan would not exceed two-thirds of the object's value. Of the three receipts, one would be given to the owner-borrower, another would be kept in the
225:
preached about the benefits of a Monte di PietĂ in combating usury. He left a set of memoirs that outlined his goal to rid the city of Jewish money lenders and to replace them with
Christian pawn shops which allowed the poor to acquire cheap credit.
262:
the year the sums borrowed were not repaid, then the preacher at Paul's Cross should in his sermon declare that the pledge would be sold within fourteen days, if not redeemed forthwith. The capital was eventually consumed, and the bank closed.
396:
guidelines regarding the kind of items that were permitted, and the amount a person could borrow, both in terms of time and quantity. For example, holy items and unfinished goods such as pieces of cloth were not accepted as pawns for loans.
335:
had the duty of overseeing the daily interactions between the borrowers that came to the Monte di PietĂ and the other employees. If the item was believed to be the legal property of the borrower two assistants called
392:
Salviati, Antonio di Sasso di Sasso and
Diacopo Mannucci. It was the members of the patrician class that dominated the prestigious and well paid positions of decision making concerning the Monte di PietĂ .
296:
in the years between 1618 and 1633, financed by the provision of annuities in return for direct capital investment. Prior to this date the provision of consumer credit was largely in the hands of
1357:
431:, and government-controlled institution established by craftsmen or lesser standing professionals to care for members' needs when disabled or rehabilitating. They operated under a
670:
300:
whose loans were at high rates of interest. Criticism of the Monts de Piété as themselves usurious institutions that both borrowed and lent at interest were countered by the
1628:
1480:
404:
The Monte di PietĂ was developed on the principle of charity. It was designed to aid less fortunate people by providing an alternative to the socially unaccepted
1618:
280:
in 1787, becoming known as the Monte di PietĂ e
Redenzione. The Monte di PietĂ is still in operation today as part of the Inland Revenue Department.
1398:
200:
383:
fund which became popular during the mid-sixteenth century. More revenues for the “monte” were acquired from the state through ordered fines.
1278:
277:
204:
1440:
1364:
1623:
685:
1445:
1430:
1381:
208:
1638:
1435:
1202:
1177:
167:
Over succeeding centuries such organizations spread throughout the continent of
Western Europe, a credit to the preaching of
1387:
1352:
405:
1475:
214:
191:
1613:
1217:
1222:
408:. However, Jewish banks continued to exist with the Monte di PietĂ and they each catered to a distinctive clientele.
1231:
628:
1393:
1271:
984:
271:
35:
1066:
Menning, Carol
Bresnahan (1989). "Loans and Favors, Kin and Clients: Cosimo de' Medici and the Monte di Pieta".
1608:
1487:
1470:
1345:
276:
Malta's Monte di PietĂ was set up in 1598, initially under the name Monte di Sant'Anna. It was merged with the
108:
The concept of Mount of Piety was first developed in 15th-century
Italian cities as an early form of organized
71:
222:
357:
a pious and religious house" and therefore stage plays, dances, games and other festivities were forbidden.
304:
70:
times until today. Similar institutions were established in the colonies of
Catholic countries; the Mexican
59:
455:
102:
92:
30:
1460:
1425:
1318:
1044:
1021:
1004:
654:
507:
1572:
1455:
1340:
1264:
180:
137:
435:
and in a church or monastery but without any religious obligation (and many had an ephemeral life).
1633:
1492:
1188:
444:
424:
293:
289:
288:
The Brussels Mont de Piété, first founded in 1618, is still an active institution. The founder was
1587:
1154:
1116:
1083:
254:
160:
109:
238:
731:
De Bergen van Barmhartigheid in de Spaanse, de Oostenrijkse en de Franse Nederlanden, 1618-1795
1299:
1198:
1173:
1008:
450:
307:
133:
1408:
159:
to those in need. The organizing principle, based on the benefit of the borrower and not the
1542:
1522:
1333:
1146:
1108:
1075:
501:
461:
250:
234:
1552:
1512:
1323:
1244:
976:
648:
297:
258:
176:
148:
141:
125:
1137:
Pullan, Brian S. (2005). "Catholics, Protestants, and the Poor in Early Modern Europe".
751:
Tussen woeker en weldadigheid: Leonardus Lessius over de Bergen van Barmhartigheid, 1621
447:
for Pope Benedict XVI's reference to this early practice of pawnbroking in paragraph 65.
1532:
1527:
1517:
1465:
1602:
1537:
1212:
1158:
1096:
1087:
729:
113:
98:
432:
379:
until she was married. In this case, the organization of the Monte di PietĂ was a
1192:
1167:
221:. Between 1462 and 1470, an estimated forty more were developed. The Franciscan
1547:
1450:
1287:
423:, which appeared during the second half of the 18th century. The MontepĂo was a
371:
129:
67:
1582:
292:, who went on to establish fifteen such institutions in different towns in the
195:
Obligation of the Monte di PietĂ della Citta di Firenze, issued 21 October 1719
736:
The Mounts of Piety in the Spanish, Austrian and French Netherlands, 1618-1795
168:
55:
17:
1150:
980:
1328:
121:
1130:
Charity and state in late Renaissance Italy: the monte di pieta of Florence
738:] (in Dutch). Brussels: Dissertatie Leuven, Historische Uitgaven LXVII.
1013:
The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
755:
Between usury and charity: Leonardus Lessius on the Mounts of Piety, 1621
428:
419:
The Mount of Piety is a different organisational form from the so-called
230:
156:
39:
1097:"The Monte's 'Monte': The Early Supporters of Florence's Monte di Pieta"
500:
1120:
218:
1189:"Jews, Franciscans, and the First monti di Pieta in Italy (1462–1500)"
647:
1369:
301:
63:
1112:
1079:
380:
190:
172:
117:
91:
43:
29:
1502:
152:
1260:
1256:
1211:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1050:
1027:
702:
1015:. Vol. 15. London: Charles Knight and Co. p. 351.
233:(1585–90) founded in 1585 the local Monte di Pietà in
84:
the mount of piety more like a pawn shop than a bank.
345:
s record book and one would be attached to the item.
1166:
McMichael, Steven J.; Myers, Susan E., eds. (2004).
147:
The public office was organized and operated by the
1501:
1416:
1311:
1191:. In McMichael, Steven J.; Myers, Susan E. (eds.).
1194:Friars and Jews in the Middle Ages and Renaissance
1169:Friars and Jews in the Middle Ages and Renaissance
1043:Livingstone, David, ed. (2008). "Mount of Piety".
1020:Livingstone, David, ed. (2008). "Monte di pietĂ ".
1049:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from
1026:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from
991:. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company
375:usury and proclaiming the need to help the poor.
249:The first institution was started in 1361 by the
241:to the piazza bearing its name, it still exists.
1481:Brothers and Sisters of Penance of Saint Francis
635:. Vol. 1. London: Henry G Bohn. p. 38.
1197:. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. pp. 239–254.
959:
584:
560:
1272:
8:
482:
480:
478:
1279:
1265:
1257:
310:in an appendix to the 1621 edition of his
27:Institutional pawnbroker run as a charity
1399:Franciscan spirituality in Protestantism
183:intellectuals of the fifteenth century.
1629:Non-profit organisations based in Italy
1226:. London and New York: Frederick Warne.
947:
935:
923:
911:
899:
887:
875:
863:
851:
839:
827:
815:
803:
791:
779:
767:
596:
572:
548:
474:
1240:
1229:
703:"Mont-de-Piété Berg van Barmhartigeld"
671:"Houses in Merchants Street, Valletta"
536:
486:
1298:Organisations founded or inspired by
1132:. New York: Cornell University Press.
7:
1139:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
658:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
511:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
278:Monte della Redenzione degli Schiavi
201:Palazzo del Monte di PietĂ (Messina)
1441:Franciscan Friars of the Immaculate
1365:Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi
46:, which is still in operation today
25:
1128:Menning, Carol Bresnahan (1993).
1095:Menning, Carol Bresnahan (1992).
646:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
499:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
205:Palazzo of Monte di PietĂ , Naples
96:Monte di PietĂ building in Rome,
1619:Economic history of the Holy See
1581:
1567:
1566:
1446:Franciscan Friars of the Renewal
1431:Order of Friars Minor Conventual
1407:
611:Guide rionali di Roma, Ponte, II
1382:Franciscan missions to the Maya
757:] (in Dutch). Leuven: Acco.
617:] (in Italian). p. 14.
209:Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena
128:. It was primarily promoted by
112:, intended as a reform against
1436:Order of Friars Minor Capuchin
1:
1388:Studium Biblicum Franciscanum
1172:. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill.
1068:The Journal of Modern History
749:Van Houdt, Toon, ed. (1992).
175:, with later support by both
1476:Third Order of Saint Francis
960:McMichael & Myers (2004)
684:(3): 161–164. Archived from
585:McMichael & Myers (2004)
561:McMichael & Myers (2004)
213:In 1462, the first recorded
609:Pietrangeli, Carlo (1981).
406:Jewish money lending system
1655:
1346:Custodian of the Holy Land
669:Denaro, Victor F. (1958).
269:
198:
171:and their condemnation of
1624:Medieval economic history
1561:
1405:
1394:Franciscans International
1296:
1101:Sixteenth Century Journal
1046:Oxford English Dictionary
1023:Oxford English Dictionary
989:The Catholic Encyclopedia
502:"Barnabas of Terni"
1471:Secular Franciscan Order
1223:The Nuttall Encyclopædia
1151:10.1162/0022195052564315
524:Le Moyen Ă‚ge et l'argent
522:Jacques Le Goff (2010).
77:The institutions called
72:Nacional Monte de Piedad
999:– via New Advent.
649:"Montes Pietatis"
223:Marco di Matteo Strozzi
116:and the related sin of
74:is still in operation.
1588:Catholicism portal
456:History of pawnbroking
272:Monte di PietĂ (Malta)
196:
151:and offered financial
105:
47:
1639:15th century in Italy
1461:Colettine Poor Clares
1426:Order of Friars Minor
1319:Rule of Saint Francis
1187:Toaff, Ariel (2004).
728:Soetaert, P. (1986).
709:(in Dutch and French)
655:Catholic Encyclopedia
508:Catholic Encyclopedia
387:Rules and regulations
365:Borrowers and lenders
194:
95:
33:
1456:Capuchin Poor Clares
1053:on February 12, 2009
1030:on February 12, 2009
615:Local guides of Rome
138:Bernardine of Feltre
54:is an institutional
1493:Militia Immaculatae
1324:Rule of Saint Clare
985:Herbermann, Charles
445:Caritas in Veritate
312:De justitia et jure
294:Spanish Netherlands
290:Wenceslas Cobergher
237:. Moved later near
1614:History of banking
255:Michael Northburgh
197:
106:
48:
1596:
1595:
1239:Missing or empty
1232:cite encyclopedia
981:"Montes Pietatis"
818:, pp. 675–6.
451:Christian finance
400:Impact on society
308:Leonardus Lessius
257:, who left 1,000
134:Barnabas of Terni
16:(Redirected from
1646:
1586:
1585:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1505:
1411:
1353:Minister General
1334:Franciscan Crown
1303:
1290:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1258:
1248:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1227:
1208:
1183:
1162:
1133:
1124:
1091:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1016:
1009:"Mont de Piete'"
1000:
998:
996:
977:Benigni, Umberto
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
891:
885:
879:
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
758:
746:
740:
739:
725:
719:
718:
716:
714:
699:
693:
692:
691:on 4 March 2016.
690:
678:Melita Historica
675:
666:
660:
659:
651:
643:
637:
636:
625:
619:
618:
606:
600:
594:
588:
582:
576:
570:
564:
558:
552:
546:
540:
534:
528:
527:
526:. Paris: Perrin.
519:
513:
512:
504:
496:
490:
484:
462:Monte delle doti
412:Difference from
305:moral theologian
251:Bishop of London
235:via dei Coronari
120:associated with
21:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1609:Mounts of piety
1599:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1580:
1573:
1557:
1503:
1497:
1488:Order of Minims
1418:
1412:
1403:
1307:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1255:
1238:
1228:
1216:
1205:
1186:
1180:
1165:
1136:
1127:
1113:10.2307/2541726
1094:
1065:
1056:
1054:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1019:
1003:
994:
992:
975:
972:
970:Further reading
967:
966:
958:
954:
946:
942:
938:, p. 48-9.
934:
930:
922:
918:
910:
906:
898:
894:
886:
882:
874:
870:
862:
858:
850:
846:
838:
834:
826:
822:
814:
810:
802:
798:
790:
786:
778:
774:
766:
762:
748:
747:
743:
727:
726:
722:
712:
710:
701:
700:
696:
688:
673:
668:
667:
663:
645:
644:
640:
629:Knight, Charles
627:
626:
622:
608:
607:
603:
595:
591:
583:
579:
571:
567:
559:
555:
547:
543:
535:
531:
521:
520:
516:
498:
497:
493:
485:
476:
471:
441:
417:
402:
389:
367:
325:
320:
286:
274:
268:
247:
239:Campo de' Fiori
217:was founded in
211:
189:
149:Catholic Church
142:Michele Carcano
90:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1652:
1650:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1578:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1473:
1468:
1466:Conceptionists
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1384:
1379:
1376:Monte di Pietá
1372:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1261:
1254:
1253:External links
1251:
1250:
1249:
1220:, ed. (1907).
1209:
1203:
1184:
1178:
1163:
1134:
1125:
1107:(4): 661–676.
1092:
1080:10.1086/468290
1074:(3): 487–511.
1063:
1040:
1017:
1007:, ed. (1839).
1001:
971:
968:
965:
964:
962:, p. vii.
952:
948:Menning (1993)
940:
936:Menning (1993)
928:
924:Menning (1993)
916:
914:, p. 673.
912:Menning (1992)
904:
902:, p. 671.
900:Menning (1992)
892:
890:, p. 699.
888:Menning (1992)
880:
878:, p. 667.
876:Menning (1992)
868:
866:, p. 669.
864:Menning (1992)
856:
854:, p. 661.
852:Menning (1992)
844:
842:, p. 674.
840:Menning (1992)
832:
830:, p. 510.
828:Menning (1989)
820:
816:Menning (1992)
808:
804:Menning (1993)
796:
792:Menning (1993)
784:
780:Menning (1993)
772:
768:Menning (1993)
760:
741:
720:
707:montdepiete.be
694:
661:
638:
620:
601:
599:, p. 487.
597:Menning (1989)
589:
577:
575:, p. 662.
573:Menning (1992)
565:
563:, p. xii.
553:
551:, p. 491.
549:Menning (1989)
541:
539:, p. 446.
529:
514:
491:
473:
472:
470:
467:
466:
465:
458:
453:
448:
440:
437:
416:
410:
401:
398:
388:
385:
366:
363:
324:
321:
319:
316:
285:
282:
270:Main article:
267:
264:
246:
243:
229:In Rome, Pope
215:Monte di PietĂ
188:
185:
179:preachers and
155:at a moderate
89:
86:
80:monte di PietĂ
52:mount of piety
36:Monte di PietĂ
26:
24:
18:Monti di pietĂ
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1651:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1410:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1302:Saint Francis
1295:
1291:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1252:
1246:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1213:public domain
1210:
1206:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1145:(3): 441–56.
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
973:
969:
961:
956:
953:
950:, p. 87.
949:
944:
941:
937:
932:
929:
926:, p. 46.
925:
920:
917:
913:
908:
905:
901:
896:
893:
889:
884:
881:
877:
872:
869:
865:
860:
857:
853:
848:
845:
841:
836:
833:
829:
824:
821:
817:
812:
809:
806:, p. 62.
805:
800:
797:
794:, p. 61.
793:
788:
785:
782:, p. 60.
781:
776:
773:
770:, p. 58.
769:
764:
761:
756:
752:
745:
742:
737:
733:
732:
724:
721:
708:
704:
698:
695:
687:
683:
679:
672:
665:
662:
657:
656:
650:
642:
639:
634:
630:
624:
621:
616:
612:
605:
602:
598:
593:
590:
587:, p. 12.
586:
581:
578:
574:
569:
566:
562:
557:
554:
550:
545:
542:
538:
537:Pullan (2005)
533:
530:
525:
518:
515:
510:
509:
503:
495:
492:
489:, p. 351
488:
487:George (1839)
483:
481:
479:
475:
468:
464:
463:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
446:
443:
442:
438:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
415:
411:
409:
407:
399:
397:
393:
386:
384:
382:
376:
373:
364:
362:
358:
354:
352:
346:
344:
339:
334:
330:
322:
317:
315:
313:
309:
306:
303:
299:
295:
291:
283:
281:
279:
273:
265:
263:
260:
256:
252:
244:
242:
240:
236:
232:
227:
224:
220:
216:
210:
206:
202:
193:
186:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
114:money lending
111:
104:
101:
100:
94:
87:
85:
82:
81:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
1571:
1386:
1375:
1374:
1300:
1241:|title=
1221:
1193:
1168:
1142:
1138:
1129:
1104:
1100:
1071:
1067:
1055:. Retrieved
1051:the original
1045:
1032:. Retrieved
1028:the original
1022:
1012:
1005:George, Long
993:. Retrieved
988:
955:
943:
931:
919:
907:
895:
883:
871:
859:
847:
835:
823:
811:
799:
787:
775:
763:
754:
750:
744:
735:
730:
723:
711:. Retrieved
706:
697:
686:the original
681:
677:
664:
653:
641:
632:
623:
614:
610:
604:
592:
580:
568:
556:
544:
532:
523:
517:
506:
494:
460:
433:patron saint
420:
418:
413:
403:
394:
390:
377:
368:
359:
355:
350:
347:
342:
337:
332:
328:
326:
318:Organization
311:
287:
275:
248:
228:
212:
166:
146:
107:
97:
79:
78:
76:
51:
49:
1543:Clement XIV
1523:Nicholas IV
1451:Poor Clares
1306:(1181–1226)
1289:Franciscans
1218:Wood, James
372:Palm Sunday
169:Franciscans
130:Franciscans
68:Renaissance
1634:Pawn shops
1603:Categories
1553:John XXIII
1513:Gregory IX
1419:and groups
1204:9004113983
1179:9004113983
469:References
199:See also:
56:pawnbroker
1533:Julius II
1528:Sixtus IV
1518:Gregory X
1329:Tau Cross
1159:143777306
1088:144862965
323:Employees
177:Dominican
122:Cahorsins
58:run as a
1574:Category
1538:Sixtus V
1057:July 13,
1034:July 13,
995:July 12,
979:(1911).
713:20 April
631:(1851).
439:See also
429:agnostic
421:montepĂo
414:montepĂo
370:declare
343:massaro'
338:scrivani
298:Lombards
231:Sixtus V
181:humanist
157:interest
132:such as
126:Lombards
40:Valletta
1312:General
1215::
1121:2541726
987:(ed.).
351:massaro
333:massaio
329:massaro
284:Belgium
245:England
219:Perugia
110:charity
88:History
60:charity
1565:
1548:Pius X
1417:Orders
1370:Assisi
1341:Custos
1201:
1176:
1157:
1119:
1086:
633:London
425:mutual
361:each.
302:Jesuit
207:; and
161:profit
140:, and
103:Regola
64:Europe
1504:Popes
1155:S2CID
1117:JSTOR
1084:S2CID
983:. In
753:[
734:[
689:(PDF)
674:(PDF)
613:[
381:dowry
266:Malta
259:marks
187:Italy
173:usury
153:loans
118:usury
99:rione
66:from
44:Malta
1358:list
1245:help
1199:ISBN
1174:ISBN
1059:2008
1036:2008
997:2008
715:2018
144:.
124:and
34:The
1147:doi
1109:doi
1076:doi
331:or
62:in
38:in
1605::
1236::
1234:}}
1230:{{
1153:.
1143:35
1141:.
1115:.
1105:23
1103:.
1099:.
1082:.
1072:61
1070:.
1011:.
705:.
680:.
676:.
652:.
505:.
477:^
427:,
327:A
314:.
253:,
203:;
136:,
50:A
42:,
1280:e
1273:t
1266:v
1247:)
1243:(
1207:.
1182:.
1161:.
1149::
1123:.
1111::
1090:.
1078::
1061:.
1038:.
717:.
682:2
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
