3496:
3288:
345:. Although the Soviet Union had signed the Accords primarily due to foreign policy considerations, it ultimately accepted a text containing unprecedented human rights provisions. The so-called "Third Basket" of the Accords obliged the signatories to "respect human rights and fundamental freedoms, including freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief." The signatories also confirmed "the right of the individual to know and act upon his rights and duties in this field."
45:
3448:
509:
3484:
443:
3472:
490:, also disseminated the information and were essential to the development of a broader Helsinki network. The CSCE translated all documents it received and forwarded them to other CSCE states and interested groups. The Group's complaints would also be forwarded for review at the international follow-up meetings to Helsinki, including the 1977 Belgrade meeting and the 1980 meeting in Madrid.
3265:
3460:
778:
1215:“Ob obrazovanii obshchestvennoy gruppy sodeystviya vypolneniyu khel’sinkskikh soglasheniy v SSSR – The Formation of the Public Group to Promote Observance of the Helsinki Agreements in the USSR” of the Moscow Helsinki Group, reprinted in Dokumenty Moskovskoy Khel’sinkskoy gruppy, 1976–1982, eds. G. V. Kuzovkin and D. I. Zubarev (Moscow, 2006)
571:. The Commission was formally linked to and constituted as an offshoot of the Moscow Helsinki Group. It was composed of five open members and several anonymous ones, including a few psychiatrists who, at great danger to themselves, conducted their own independent examinations of cases of alleged psychiatric abuse.
536:
In the six years of its existence in the Soviet Union, the Moscow
Helsinki Group compiled a total of 195 such reports. Between 12 May 1976 and 6 September 1982, when the last three members who were not imprisoned announced the Group would discontinue its work, the Group also compiled numerous appeals
461:
helped disseminate news about the creation of the Moscow
Helsinki Group, leading to relatively broad awareness throughout the Soviet Union. Soviet citizens who learned about the existence of the group passed on written complaints to members, or in many cases found a group member in person to report a
532:
Over time, the Group's documents focused on a wide range of issues, including national self-determination, the right to choose one's residence, emigration and the right of return, freedom of belief, the right to monitor human rights, the right to a fair trial, the rights of political prisoners, and
473:
The
Helsinki Group would then campaign internationally by passing on the reports on the violations for publication abroad, calling for intervention by the other signatory states. The Group's strategy was to make thirty-five copies of each document and send them by registered mail to the thirty-four
919:
periodical, was particularly scathing. Instead of the heroic and sacrificial traditions of the original
Helsinki Groups, the re-established body was an intelligentsia-oriented elite club, forgotten by all. In 2001 he described it as "the most servile and pro-government" among NGOs then existing in
878:
party). Two of its main projects include: annual reports on the human rights situation in Russia; monitoring police activities; and educational programs. In
September 2021, MHG issued a statement denouncing the non-transparency of electronic voting used in the preceding elections to the Duma and
574:
The members of the
Working Commission were subjected to various terms and types of punishments. Alexander Podrabinek was sentenced to five years' internal exile, Irina Grivnina to five years' internal exile, Vyacheslav Bakhmin to three years in a labour camp, Dr Leonard Ternovsky to three years'
465:
After verifying the complaint, when possible, the Group would issue reports on the violations they observed. The reports typically included a survey of a specific case, followed by a discussion of the human rights violations relevant to the
Helsinki and other international accords as well as the
891:
filed a court order seeking to dissolve the organization. The
Justice Ministry claimed that the organization's own charters do not meet the requirements of the law and authorities alleged that they also prohibit it from defending human rights outside of Moscow, which co-chair Valery Borshchev
367:
compliance with the human rights provisions of the
Helsinki Final Act. In its founding statement, the Group announced its goal to inform the heads of the signatory states as well as the world public "about cases of direct violations" of the Helsinki Accords. It announced that it would accept
748:
was founded in the U.S. The private NGO became the most influential
Western NGO devoted to Helsinki monitoring. Its mandate was to produce reports on human rights abuses in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and the United States, first of all for the next meeting of the
1536:
Implementation of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe: findings and recommendations seven years after Helsinki. Report submitted to the Congress of the United States by the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. November
702:
remained free. The dissolution of the Moscow Helsinki Group was officially announced by Elena Bonner on 8 September 1982. At this time, legal action had already been taken against the 75-year-old Sofia Kalistratova and there was a direct threat of her arrest.
662:
Feliks Serebrov (also a member of the Psychiatric Working Group) - sentenced on 21 July 1981, to four years in strict-regime camps plus five years' exile for "anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda" (Article 70). Earlier sentenced in 1977 to one year in the
644:- sentenced on 14 July 1978 to three years in prison and 10 years in strict-regime camps for "anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda" (Article 70) and "Treason" (Article 64-a). In October 1981 he was sentenced to return to prison for a further three years;
352:, based on previous one-and-a-half-decade-old experience of dissent. Taking advantage of international publicity of the Helsinki Accords and contacts to Western journalists, on 12 May 1976 Orlov announced the formation of the Moscow Helsinki Group at a
720:
568:
558:
206:
413:
2835:
425:
The composition of the Moscow Helsinki Group was a deliberate attempt to bring together a diverse set of leading dissidents, and worked as a bridge between human rights activists, those focused on the rights of
873:
As of 2021, MHG is co-chaired by two participants of the Soviet-era dissident movement - Vyacheslav Bakhmin (political prisoner in 1980-84) and Valery Borshchev (formerly Duma deputy from the opposition
1912:
A thematic survey of the documents of the Moscow Helsinki Group. Based on materials by Lyudmila Alekseeva, Moscow Helsinki Group representative. Translated and edited by the staff of the CSCE Commission
2073:
482:. Moscow Helsinki Group members also met with foreign correspondents to reach audiences beyond the Soviet Union. Western journalists, in particular those posted to Moscow bureaus or working for the
2828:
900:
Opinions differed as to the effectiveness and impact of the revived Moscow Helsinki Group. In the late 1980s and early 1990s it was no longer alone, but one among a variety of new organisations (
711:
The Moscow Helsinki Group became the center of the new network of humanitarian protest in the USSR. Following the formation of the Moscow Helsinki Group, Helsinki watch groups were formed in
908:) that were engaged in defending human rights and freedom of expression, and carrying out missions to hot-spots in different parts of the USSR and, later, in Russia (above all, Chechnya).
659:
Leonard Ternovsky (also a member of the Psychiatric Working Group) - sentenced on 30 December 1980 to three years in ordinary-regime camps for "anti-Soviet fabrications" (Article 190-1);
2821:
969:
892:
dismissed as "nonsense". Borshchev described the dissolution, which was ordered on 25 January, as "a serious blow to the human rights movement not only in Russia but also the world".
719:(November 1976), Georgia (January 1977) and Armenia (April 1977). Other protest groups announced their formation at press conferences held by the Moscow Helsinki Group, such as the
462:
firsthand case of abuse when in Moscow. The members of the Helsinki group also traveled throughout the Soviet Union to conduct research on compliance with the Helsinki Final Act.
2428:
3536:
614:
accused the KGB of a deliberate attempt to discredit dissidents in order to facilitate their persecution. The Moscow and Ukrainian Helsinki Groups and the Russian section of
690:
By the early 1980s, the members of the Moscow Helsinki Group were scattered between prisons, camps and exile in the USSR, while others lived abroad. At the end of 1981 only
2434:
852:
675:
Ivan Kovalev was sentenced on 2 April 1982, to five years of strict-regime camps plus five years' internal exile for "anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda" (Article 70).
1566:
666:
Tatiana Osipova - sentenced on 2 April 1981 to five years in strict-regime camps and five years' internal exile for "anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda" (Article 70);
3526:
2424:
1920:
750:
738:
621:
During the following year, a number of members were sentenced to prison camps, incarcerated in psychiatric institutions, and sent into internal exile within the USSR:
475:
334:
2389:
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1946:
3551:
431:
1811:
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672:- sentenced on 4 September 1981 to ten years in special-regime camps plus five years' internal exile for "anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda" (Article 70);
3333:
1832:
1531:
3521:
3374:
683:
left the Soviet Union in February 1977. Founding members of the Moscow Helsinki Group emigrated - Mikhail Bernshtam, Alexander Korchak and Vitaly Rubin.
1087:
3546:
3541:
3328:
567:
along with a 47-year-old self-educated worker Feliks Serebrov, a 30-year-old computer programmer Vyacheslav Bakhmin and Irina Kuplun established the
863:
In 2012, the Moscow Helsinki Group renounced foreign funding and connections in order avoid being labeled as a foreign agent in compliance with the
851:(who returned from emigration in 1993) became its head, leading it until her death in 2018. In November 1998, she was also elected president of the
2978:
656:- sentenced on 13 June 1980 to seven years in labour camps and five years' internal exile for "anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda" (Article 70);
606:
The first arrests of members of the Moscow Helsinki Group were carried out by Soviet authorities in early 1977. They followed an explosion in the
2148:] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Gesellschaft für Menschenrechte, in Verbindung mit dem interkonfessionellen Institut Glaube in er 2. Welt.
2071:
Bilinsky, Yaroslav; Panning, Tönu (March 1981). "Helsinki watch committees in the Soviet republics: implications for Soviet nationality policy".
3556:
3531:
2455:
2280:
2024:
1601:
1483:
1457:
1357:
1234:
1016:
977:
1858:
760:
In 1982, the Helsinki monitoring groups of Austria, Belgium, Canada, France, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United States formed the
618:
issued a joint statement denying any participation in the attack and emphasized their adherence to the principle of non-violent protest.
3323:
3038:
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3029:
2252:
2233:
2174:
2119:
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579:
to eight years’ imprisonment and labour camp and four years’ internal exile, Dr Alexander Voloshanovich was sent to voluntary exile.
3369:
2049:
1833:"The Moscow City Court will consider the lawsuit of the Ministry of Justice on the liquidation and ban of the Moscow Helsinki Group"
1327:
761:
299:
1003:. Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace. Vol. 11. Springer International Publishing. pp. 105–122.
3042:
2905:
2885:
2142:
Dokumente der Moskauer Helsinki-Gruppe : Texte der "Förderungsgruppe zur Erfüllung der Beschlüsse von Helsinki in der UdSSR"
1070:
1067:"The Moscow Helsinki Group 30th anniversary: from the secret files (a selection of translated KGB/CPSU documents discussing MHG)"
260:
1298:"Moscow Helsinki Group (Public Group to Assist the Implementation of the Helsinki Accords in the USSR, Moscow Group "Helsinki")"
313:, the Moscow City Court ruled that the Moscow Helsinki Group must be dissolved citing group's activities outside of its region,
3008:
487:
3516:
2998:
2890:
2375:
1191:
2001:
The Soviet Union: information booklet on the Moscow Group to establish trust between the USSR and the USA and its affiliates
3287:
1924:
3438:
3118:
2211:
1379:
888:
306:
2988:
263:. It had been forced out of existence in the early 1980s, but was revived in 1989 and continued to operate in Russia.
2262:
1954:
905:
310:
1638:
741:), which included senators, congress members, and representatives from the State, Defense, and Commerce Departments.
1803:
3173:
2915:
2362:
2351:
792:
3269:
2983:
2575:
2444:
2326:
2016:
864:
712:
275:
252:
2661:
1374:
3500:
3395:
3075:
2848:
2450:
1540:
734:
716:
628:- sentenced on 18 May 1978 to seven years in strict-regime camps followed by five years of internal exile for "
271:
270:
countries and support groups in the West. Within the former Soviet Union Helsinki Watch Groups were founded in
2146:
Documents of the Moscow Helsinki Group: texts of "promoting group to fulfill the Helsinki Accords in the USSR"
1663:
2132:
The Moscow Helsinki monitors: their vision, their achievement, the price they paid, May 12, 1976–May 12, 1986
2925:
102:
1910:
1449:
On dissidents and madness: from the Soviet Union of Leonid Brezhnev to the "Soviet Union" of Vladimir Putin
1318:
Wawra, Ernst (2010). "The Helsinki Final Act and the Civil and Human Rights Movement in the Soviet Union".
3415:
3390:
2641:
2206:
999:
Selim, Jamal (2015). "Global Civil Society and Egypt's Transition: The Dynamics of the Boomerang Effect".
650:- sentenced on 26 March 1980 to five years' internal exile for "anti-Soviet fabrications" (Article 190-1);
812:
In July 1989, the Moscow Helsinki Group was re-established by human rights activists Vyacheslav Bakhmin,
3359:
3095:
2532:
2102:
Elliot, Iain (1989). "The Helsinki Process and Human Rights in the Soviet Union". In Hill, Dilys (ed.).
723:, the Christian Committee for the Defense of the Rights of Religious Believers, and other associations.
629:
615:
348:
The "Public Group to Promote Fulfillment of the Helsinki Accords in the USSR" was the idea of physicist
2797:
2732:
2702:
2671:
2552:
2537:
2802:
2772:
2626:
2605:
3292:
2767:
2621:
2542:
2317:
1115:
564:
408:
2782:
2600:
2595:
2580:
2506:
638:- sentenced on 21 June 1978 to five years' internal exile for "malicious hooliganism" (Article 206);
3452:
2727:
2722:
2666:
2656:
2636:
2570:
1892:
1593:
641:
467:
372:
2910:
2813:
2777:
2226:
Human rights activism and the end of the Cold War: a transnational history of the Helsinki network
1689:
1269:
Human rights activism and the end of the Cold War: a transnational history of the Helsinki network
870:
In 2015, the Moscow Helsinki Group continued fighting against being labeled as a "foreign agent".
3425:
3219:
2752:
2712:
2697:
2560:
2522:
2489:
2418:
2193:
2090:
1940:
1400:
912:
901:
848:
829:
754:
695:
680:
600:
513:
396:
384:
376:
291:
181:
687:
was stripped of his Soviet citizenship in November 1977 while seeking medical treatment abroad.
1510:. Vol. 57, Part 6. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 7857–7858.
1503:
3153:
3060:
3003:
2742:
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2248:
2229:
2170:
2149:
2115:
2045:
2020:
1597:
1571:
1511:
1479:
1473:
1453:
1422:
1353:
1323:
1272:
1230:
1147:
1039:
1033:
1012:
843:
The chair of the re-established Moscow Helsinki Group was Larisa Bogoraz, followed in 1994 by
730:
669:
508:
388:
298:. Eventually, the Helsinki monitoring groups inspired by the Moscow Helsinki Group formed the
279:
2221:
1587:
1447:
3420:
3234:
3163:
2993:
2757:
2717:
2651:
2483:
2409:
2331:
2107:
2082:
1916:
1532:"Appendix B. Imprisoned members of the Helsinki monitoring groups in the USSR and Lithuania"
1004:
949:
844:
684:
653:
610:
on 8 January, after the Soviet press linked dissidents to the attack. Following the attack,
576:
521:
483:
454:
404:
392:
353:
330:
256:
169:
44:
2057:
17:
3488:
3108:
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2547:
2527:
2064:
635:
611:
517:
479:
419:
357:
2269:
Authority and dissidents: From documents by the KGB and the Central Committee of the CPSU
368:
information on violations of these articles from citizens and compile documents on them.
1116:"Moscow Helsinki Group Ordered To Shut Down As Campaign Against Civil Society Continues"
791:
Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
3476:
3239:
3214:
3209:
3113:
3085:
3065:
2933:
2631:
2585:
2477:
2414:
938:"European minority protection: the past and future of a "major historical achievement""
817:
813:
745:
287:
157:
3483:
1539:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1982. p. 249. Archived from
1066:
266:
In the 1970s, Moscow Helsinki Group inspired the formation of similar groups in other
3510:
3464:
3224:
3199:
3168:
3158:
3148:
3055:
2958:
2953:
2938:
2880:
2707:
2163:
2094:
1693:
1427:
837:
753:(CSCE) which was due to open in Madrid in 1980. In 1988, Helsinki Watch evolved into
727:
592:
538:
458:
380:
2184:
Rhéaume, Charles (Autumn 2008). "Human beings over systems: the cue from Helsinki".
3229:
3204:
3143:
3025:
2681:
2676:
2590:
2245:
The Helsinki effect: international norms, human rights, and the demise of Communism
1144:
The Helsinki effect: international norms, human rights, and the demise of Communism
833:
821:
691:
607:
497:. Many documents that reached the West were republished in periodicals such as the
364:
326:
125:
1229:. Carol Pearce, John Glad (trans.). Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press.
2228:. Human rights in history. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 53–80.
2130:
2035:
2010:
1999:
1885:
1347:
309:
filed a court order to dissolve the organization. On 25 January 2023, during the
3178:
3123:
2900:
2747:
2737:
2111:
2012:
Soviet dissent: contemporary movements for national, religious, and human rights
1227:
Soviet Dissent: Contemporary Movements for National, Religious, and Human Rights
1008:
699:
647:
442:
400:
267:
2165:
The Final Act: the dramatic, revealing story of the Moscow Helsinki Watch Group
1779:
1168:
3471:
3194:
2762:
2565:
2471:
2356:
2345:
2086:
1322:. Berlin: Stiftung "Erinnerung, Verantwortung und Zukunft". pp. 142–154.
1128:
825:
721:
Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes
625:
596:
569:
Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes
559:
Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes
470:
and law. The documents closed with a call for action by the signatory states.
446:
349:
295:
207:
Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes
201:
145:
73:
1890:[Farewell: The death of human rights democratic movement in Russia].
954:
937:
3103:
2948:
2844:
2153:
1617:
427:
2303:
2286:
1985:
1968:
777:
294:). Similar initiatives sprung up in countries such as Czechoslovakia, with
2205:
Shcharansky, Anatoly; Bonner, Yelena; Alexeyeva, Ludmilla (26 June 1986).
1642:
789:
about the Moscow Helsinki Group after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
494:
338:
255:. It was originally set up in 1976 to monitor Soviet compliance with the
2367:
2197:
1731:
879:
urging Russia's board of elections to cancel electronic voting results.
2895:
875:
342:
283:
2321:
2222:"Even in a Yakutian village: Helsinki monitoring in Moscow and beyond"
1589:
The crisis of détente in Europe: from Helsinki to Gorbachev, 1975–1985
1475:
Medicine betrayed: the participation of doctors in human rights abuses
1088:"Russia's Justice Ministry Seeks Dissolution of Moscow Helsinki Group"
3343:
3264:
546:
542:
525:
314:
2347:
The history of the MHG and human rights movement, in Russian, 53 min
1504:"Thirtieth anniversary of the founding of the Moscow Helsinki Group"
1297:
434:
and economic issues, as well as between workers and intellectuals.
1887:Прощание: Гибель правозащитного демократического движения в России
1859:"Moscow Tries to Close One of Russia's Oldest Human Rights Groups"
507:
441:
422:, Leonard Ternovsky, and Yuri Yarym-Agaev joined the Group later.
1967:(in Russian). Moscow: Moscow Helsinki Group. 2006. Archived from
1271:. Human rights in history. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2817:
2371:
679:
The Soviet authorities encouraged other activists to emigrate.
2074:
Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity
771:
591:, imprisoned, exiled or forced to emigrate. In 1977, KGB head
588:
106:
1806:[MHG declares electronic voting to be unacceptable].
1707:
595:
said: "The need has thus emerged to terminate the actions of
2358:
Lyudmila Alexeyeva from the Russian Civil Rights Group, 9:16
603:
and others once and for all, on the basis of existing law."
587:
Members of the Moscow Helsinki Group were threatened by the
493:
In addition, the documents and appeals were circulated via
363:
The newly inaugurated Moscow Helsinki Group was to monitor
1618:"INTERNATIONAL HELSINKI FEDERATION FOR HUMAN RIGHTS (IHF)"
1933:
Documents of the Helsinki Watch Group in the USSR, No 1–8
1782:[Human rights readings | Moscow Helsinki Group].
1755:
1710:[Historical background | Moscow Helsinki Group].
371:
Apart from Yuri Orlov, the Group's founding members were
2104:
Human rights and foreign policy: principles and practice
1804:"МХГ заявляет о неприемлемости электронного голосования"
1001:
The International Dimensions of Democratization in Egypt
1780:"Правозащитные чтения | Московская Хельсинкская группа"
553:
Working Commission on Psychiatry for Political Purposes
3436:
1708:"Исторический очерк | Московская Хельсинкская группа"
395:, and Mikhail Bernshtam. Ten other people, including
246:
217:
1732:"Ежегодные доклады | Московская Хельсинкская группа"
1664:"Timeline: Forty Years Of The Moscow Helsinki Group"
1639:"International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights"
1567:"Bitter Siberian ordeal ends at last for Yuri Orlov"
1435:(1104). Reed Business Information: 493. 25 May 1978.
1349:
Cold War in psychiatry: human factors, secret actors
1118:, Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty, 25 January 2023
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
824:, and Boris Zolotukhin. Other prominent members are
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3383:
3352:
3316:
3309:
3278:
3255:
3248:
3187:
3136:
3094:
3037:
3024:
3017:
2971:
2924:
2873:
2866:
2690:
2614:
2515:
2499:
2464:
2275:(in Russian). Moscow: Moscow Helsinki Group. 2006.
2042:
History of dissent in the USSR: contemporary period
1320:
Human Rights And History: A Challenge for Education
212:
200:
188:
175:
163:
151:
139:
131:
120:
112:
98:
80:
69:
51:
2162:
1956:Документы Московской Хельсинкской Группы 1976–1982
1734:[Annual Reports | Moscow Helsinki Group].
1035:Guide to U.S. foreign policy: a diplomatic history
942:International Journal on Minority and Group Rights
853:International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights
512:Moscow Helsinki Group members Yuliya Vishnevskya,
449:, a founder of the Moscow Helsinki Group, in 1986
2264:Власть и диссиденты: Из документов КГБ и ЦК КПСС
2247:. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press.
1961:Documents of the Moscow Helsinki Group 1976–1982
1921:Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe
1146:. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press.
751:Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
739:Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe
379:, Alexander Korchak, Malva Landa, Vitaly Rubin,
335:Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
1292:
1290:
1288:
2829:
2383:
1082:
1080:
537:to the signatory states, trade unions in the
8:
3365:American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee
30:
3334:Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public
2044:] (in Russian). Vilnius–Moscow: Весть.
2037:История инакомыслия в СССР: новейший период
1341:
1339:
3537:1982 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
3375:National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry
3313:
3252:
3034:
3021:
2870:
2836:
2822:
2814:
2390:
2376:
2368:
2304:publicly available unabridged Russian text
2058:publicly available unabridged Russian text
1986:publicly available unabridged Russian text
1945:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
733:persuaded her to lead the creation of the
43:
29:
3329:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
953:
726:In June 1976, the group's appeal to U.S.
329:became one of the 35 nations to sign the
135:22/1 Bolshoy Golovin Lane, Moscow, Russia
1497:
1495:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1032:McMahon, Robert; Zeiler, Thomas (2012).
3527:1976 establishments in the Soviet Union
3443:
2322:"Episode Eight – Moscow Helsinki Group"
1190:Ben Nighthorse Campbell (10 May 2001).
1111:
1109:
928:
1938:
1171:[Into the same river twice…].
3562:Defunct organizations based in Russia
2456:Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union
1758:[Home | Citizen and Police].
1396:"Moscow silencing psychiatry critics"
474:Moscow embassies affiliated with the
7:
3552:Organizations disestablished in 2023
1502:Smith, Christopher (8–17 May 2006).
1373:Reddaway, Peter (23 February 1978).
632:" (Article 70, RSFSR Criminal Code);
630:anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda
3324:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
2979:Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair
286:, as well as in the United States (
195:Helsinki Committee for Human Rights
3030:Commonwealth of Independent States
1423:"The spread of Soviet suppression"
25:
3522:Organizations established in 1976
3370:Union of Councils for Soviet Jews
2435:International Helsinki Federation
1129:"Helsinki Final Act, Section VII"
762:International Helsinki Federation
300:International Helsinki Federation
248:Moskovskaya Khel'sinkskaya gruppa
27:Russian human rights organisation
3547:2023 disestablishments in Russia
3542:1982 disestablishments in Russia
3494:
3482:
3470:
3458:
3446:
3286:
3263:
2906:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc
2886:Antisemitism in the Soviet Union
1688:Whitmore, Brian (30 July 2015).
1565:Shanker, Thom (1 October 1986).
1478:. Zed Books. 1992. p. 153.
1071:The George Washington University
776:
3009:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
2140:Gerstenmaier, Cornelia (1977).
2129:Fitzpatrick, Catherine (1986).
1814:from the original on 2021-10-27
1756:"Главная | Гражданин и полиция"
1668:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
2999:Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews
2106:. Macmillan. pp. 91–114.
1839:(in Russian). 20 December 2022
1452:. Amsterdam–New York: Rodopi.
1352:. Amsterdam–New York: Rodopi.
430:and national minorities or on
251:) was one of Russia's leading
240:Московская Хельсинкская группа
37:Московская Хельсинкская группа
1:
3557:Organizations based in Moscow
3532:1976 establishments in Russia
2858:
2207:"The tenth year of the Watch"
1925:Congress of the United States
970:""A new public association",
259:and to report to the West on
124:Monitoring and protection of
36:
2212:The New York Review of Books
2009:Alexeyeva, Ludmilla (1987).
1641:. 2008-04-21. Archived from
1394:Burns, John (26 July 1981).
1380:The New York Review of Books
1225:Alexeyeva, Lyudmila (1987).
453:Western radio stations such
2169:. William Morrow & Co.
2135:. Helsinki Watch Committee.
2112:10.1007/978-1-349-09334-2_6
2034:Алексеева, Людмила (1992).
1884:Григорьянц, Сергей (2001).
1192:"The Moscow Helsinki Group"
1009:10.1007/978-3-319-16700-8_7
906:Glasnost Defence Foundation
311:Russian invasion of Ukraine
307:Russian Ministry of Justice
247:
236:Moscow Helsinki Watch Group
184:(from 2019 three co-chairs)
18:Moscow Helsinki Watch Group
3578:
3174:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
2916:Anti-cosmopolitan campaign
2500:Current executive director
1810:(in Russian). 2021-09-27.
1446:Voren, Robert van (2009).
1346:Voren, Robert van (2010).
599:, fellow Helsinki monitor
556:
305:In late December 2022 the
261:Soviet human rights abuses
253:human rights organisations
2855:
2445:Lithuanian Helsinki Group
2405:
2327:Parallels, Events, People
2087:10.1080/00905998108407899
2017:Wesleyan University Press
1690:"R.I.P. Helsinki Accords"
1544:(PDF, immediate download)
1375:"More psychiatric terror"
1038:. CQ Press. p. 414.
865:Russian foreign agent law
533:the abuse of psychiatry.
356:held at the apartment of
239:
42:
35:
2849:1990s post-Soviet aliyah
2451:Ukrainian Helsinki Group
1886:
1300:. Moscow Helsinki Group.
955:10.1163/157181108X332686
904:, For Human Rights, the
889:Russian Justice Ministry
887:On 20 December 2022 the
735:U.S. Helsinki Commission
549:, and the world public.
2989:Jackson–Vanik amendment
2243:Thomas, Daniel (2001).
2161:Goldberg, Paul (1988).
2004:. Helsinki Watch. 1984.
1586:Nuti, Leopoldo (2009).
1167:Светов, Феликс (2001).
1142:Thomas, Daniel (2001).
840:, and Aleksei Simonov.
86:; 19 months ago
3416:Russian Jews in Israel
2220:Snyder, Sarah (2011).
1935:. New York. 1977–1984.
1620:. ecoi.net. 2019-12-05
1267:Snyder, Sarah (2011).
1173:Неприкосновенный запас
936:Bowring, Bill (2008).
911:Human rights activist
787:is missing information
529:
450:
325:On 1 August 1975, the
57:; 48 years ago
3517:Moscow Helsinki Group
3360:Jewish Defense League
3339:Moscow Helsinki Group
2399:Moscow Helsinki Group
2186:International Journal
1808:Moscow Helsinki Group
1169:"В одну реку дважды…"
974:, 40.13, 20 May 1976"
972:Chronicle of Currents
616:Amnesty International
511:
445:
232:Moscow Helsinki Group
31:Moscow Helsinki Group
2642:Kristopher Goetterud
2318:Natella Boltyanskaya
1594:Taylor & Francis
1508:Congressional Record
565:Alexander Podrabinek
84:25 January 2023
2723:Sofiya Kalistratova
2667:Galina Starovoitova
1893:Index on Censorship
1546:on 22 December 2015
642:Anatoly Shcharansky
499:Cahiers du Samizdat
468:Soviet constitution
407:, Tatiana Osipova,
373:Anatoly Shcharansky
234:(also known as the
190:Parent organization
32:
3220:Benjamin Netanyahu
2713:Alexander Ginzburg
2698:Lyudmila Alexeyeva
2561:Karinna Moskalenko
2533:Vyacheslav Bakhmin
2523:Lyudmila Alexeyeva
2490:Lyudmila Alexeyeva
2439:Helsinki Committee
2419:Human Rights Watch
2063:2017-03-20 at the
1896:(in Russian) (16).
1865:. 20 December 2022
1401:The New York Times
1094:. 20 December 2022
980:on 31 October 2016
913:Sergei Grigoryants
849:Lyudmila Alexeyeva
830:Lyudmila Alexeyeva
820:, Alexey Smirnov,
755:Human Rights Watch
696:Sofia Kalistratova
681:Lyudmila Alexeyeva
601:Alexander Ginzburg
530:
514:Lyudmila Alexeyeva
451:
397:Sofia Kalistratova
385:Alexander Ginzburg
377:Lyudmila Alekseeva
321:Founding and goals
292:Human Rights Watch
182:Lyudmila Alexeyeva
3501:Freedom of speech
3434:
3433:
3404:
3403:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3293:Nicolae Ceaușescu
3270:Władysław Gomułka
3154:George H. W. Bush
3132:
3131:
3061:Mikhail Gorbachev
3004:Operation Solomon
2967:
2966:
2811:
2810:
2798:Leonard Ternovsky
2743:Anatoly Marchenko
2733:Alexander Korchak
2703:Mikhail Bernshtam
2672:Leonard Ternovsky
2553:Viktoria Malikova
2538:Valery Borshchyov
2320:(16 March 2016).
2282:978-5-98440-034-3
2026:978-0-8195-6176-3
1603:978-0-415-46051-4
1572:Bangor Daily News
1485:978-1-85649-104-4
1459:978-90-420-2585-1
1359:978-90-420-3046-6
1236:978-0-8195-6176-3
1018:978-3-319-16699-5
915:, founder of the
810:
809:
731:Millicent Fenwick
715:(November 1976),
670:Anatoly Marchenko
563:In January 1977,
503:Samizdat Bulletin
389:Anatoly Marchenko
245:
228:
227:
177:Chair (1996–2018)
165:Chair (1994–1996)
153:Chair (1989–1994)
141:Chair (1976–1982)
16:(Redirected from
3569:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3487:
3486:
3475:
3474:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3442:
3421:Yisrael BaAliyah
3314:
3291:
3290:
3268:
3267:
3253:
3235:Nehemiah Levanon
3164:Henry M. Jackson
3119:Eduard Kuznetsov
3035:
3022:
2994:Helsinki Accords
2871:
2860:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2815:
2803:Yuri Yarym-Agaev
2773:Sergey Polikanov
2758:Viktor Nekipelov
2718:Pyotr Grigorenko
2652:Kronid Lyubarsky
2627:Ernest Ametistov
2606:Boris Zolotukhin
2576:Alexander Petrov
2557:Vladimir Mironov
2484:Kronid Lyubarsky
2410:Helsinki Accords
2392:
2385:
2378:
2369:
2359:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2332:Voice of America
2301:
2299:
2297:
2291:
2285:. Archived from
2274:
2258:
2239:
2216:
2201:
2180:
2168:
2157:
2136:
2125:
2098:
2055:
2030:
2005:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1974:on 6 August 2006
1973:
1966:
1950:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1917:Washington, D.C.
1898:
1897:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1863:Voice of America
1855:
1849:
1848:
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1844:
1829:
1823:
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1800:
1794:
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1410:
1408:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1370:
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1343:
1334:
1333:
1315:
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1301:
1294:
1283:
1282:
1264:
1241:
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1222:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1092:The Moscow Times
1084:
1075:
1074:
1063:
1050:
1049:
1029:
1023:
1022:
996:
990:
989:
987:
985:
976:. Archived from
966:
960:
959:
957:
933:
805:
802:
796:
780:
772:
707:Helsinki network
685:Pyotr Grigorenko
654:Viktor Nekipelov
577:Anatoly Koryagin
575:labour camp, Dr
522:Kronid Lyubarsky
484:Voice of America
478:and directly to
455:Voice of America
417:
405:Viktor Nekipelov
393:Petro Grigorenko
354:press-conference
331:Helsinki Accords
257:Helsinki Accords
250:
244:romanized:
243:
241:
224:
221:
219:
170:Kronid Lyubarsky
94:
92:
87:
65:
63:
58:
55:12 May 1976
47:
33:
21:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3495:
3493:
3481:
3469:
3459:
3457:
3447:
3445:
3437:
3435:
3430:
3400:
3379:
3348:
3297:
3285:
3274:
3262:
3244:
3183:
3128:
3109:Natan Sharansky
3090:
3081:Adolf Shayevich
3071:David Dragunsky
3051:Leonid Brezhnev
3028:
3013:
2963:
2920:
2862:
2851:
2842:
2812:
2807:
2793:Vladimir Slepak
2788:Natan Sharansky
2768:Tatiana Osipova
2686:
2647:Dina Kaminskaya
2622:Valery Abramkin
2615:Post-Soviet era
2610:
2548:Sergey Kovalyov
2543:Yuri Edelshtein
2528:Boris Altshuler
2511:
2495:
2460:
2401:
2396:
2357:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2316:
2313:
2295:
2293:
2292:on 6 March 2013
2289:
2283:
2272:
2261:
2255:
2242:
2236:
2219:
2204:
2183:
2177:
2160:
2139:
2128:
2122:
2101:
2070:
2065:Wayback Machine
2052:
2033:
2027:
2008:
1998:
1995:
1993:Further reading
1977:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1953:
1937:
1931:
1909:
1906:
1901:
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1883:
1882:
1878:
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1198:
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993:
983:
981:
968:
967:
963:
935:
934:
930:
926:
898:
885:
861:
859:2010s and 2020s
847:. In May 1996,
845:Kronid Lubarsky
806:
800:
797:
790:
781:
770:
709:
636:Vladimir Slepak
612:Andrei Sakharov
585:
561:
555:
518:Dina Kaminskaya
480:Leonid Brezhnev
440:
420:Vladimir Slepak
411:
409:Feliks Serebrov
403:, Yuri Mnyukh,
358:Andrei Sakharov
323:
216:
191:
178:
166:
154:
142:
90:
88:
85:
61:
59:
56:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3575:
3573:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3491:
3479:
3467:
3455:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3259:
3257:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3240:Yehuda Lapidot
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3215:Yitzhak Shamir
3212:
3210:Menachem Begin
3207:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3114:Yuli Edelstein
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3086:Emomali Rahmon
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3066:Mikhail Suslov
3063:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3039:Pro-government
3032:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2818:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2783:Felix Serebrov
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2662:Alexey Smirnov
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2632:Larisa Bogoraz
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2601:Sergey Sorokin
2598:
2596:Alexey Simonov
2593:
2588:
2586:Lev Ponomaryov
2583:
2581:Mara Polyakova
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2507:Nina Tagankina
2503:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2478:Larisa Bogoraz
2475:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2432:
2422:
2415:Helsinki Watch
2412:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2354:
2343:
2312:
2311:External links
2309:
2308:
2307:
2281:
2259:
2254:978-0691048598
2253:
2240:
2235:978-1107645103
2234:
2217:
2202:
2192:(4): 979–989.
2181:
2176:978-0688068592
2175:
2158:
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2126:
2121:978-0333436547
2120:
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1609:
1602:
1596:. p. 35.
1578:
1557:
1523:
1517:978-0160862205
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1438:
1414:
1386:
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1358:
1335:
1328:
1303:
1284:
1278:978-1107645103
1277:
1242:
1235:
1217:
1208:
1182:
1175:(in Russian).
1159:
1153:978-0691048598
1152:
1134:
1120:
1105:
1076:
1051:
1045:978-1452235363
1044:
1024:
1017:
991:
961:
948:(2): 413–425.
927:
925:
922:
897:
894:
884:
881:
860:
857:
818:Sergei Kovalev
814:Larisa Bogoraz
808:
807:
801:September 2015
784:
782:
775:
769:
766:
746:Helsinki Watch
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705:
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557:Main article:
554:
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288:Helsinki Watch
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158:Larisa Bogoraz
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3230:Avraham Burg
3205:Shimon Peres
3144:Jimmy Carter
3026:Soviet Union
2984:1970s aliyah
2861:1970 – 2000)
2778:Vitaly Rubin
2682:Gleb Yakunin
2677:Lev Timofeev
2591:Henri Reznik
2516:Full members
2398:
2335:. Retrieved
2325:
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2287:the original
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1976:. Retrieved
1969:the original
1960:
1955:
1932:
1911:
1904:Publications
1891:
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1862:
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1841:. Retrieved
1836:
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1816:. Retrieved
1807:
1798:
1787:. Retrieved
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1633:
1622:. Retrieved
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1570:
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202:Subsidiaries
132:Headquarters
126:human rights
113:Legal status
3179:Meir Kahane
3124:Iosif Begun
3043:antisemitic
2901:Six-Day War
2753:Yuri Mnyukh
2748:Naum Meiman
2738:Malva Landa
2492:(1996–2018)
2486:(1994–1996)
2480:(1989–1994)
2474:(1976–1982)
2081:(1): 1–25.
1869:24 December
1843:24 December
1550:20 December
1098:24 December
883:Dissolution
700:Naum Meiman
648:Malva Landa
583:Persecution
412: [
401:Naum Meiman
333:during the
268:Warsaw Pact
238:, Russian:
3511:Categories
3279:Pro-Jewish
3256:Pro-Soviet
3195:Golda Meir
2934:Ashkenazim
2867:Background
2763:Yuri Orlov
2566:Yuri Orlov
2472:Yuri Orlov
1978:1 February
1818:2021-10-10
1789:2021-10-10
1784:www.mhg.ru
1765:2021-10-10
1741:2021-10-10
1736:www.mhg.ru
1717:2021-10-10
1712:www.mhg.ru
1674:2018-04-12
1649:2023-01-27
1624:2023-01-27
1407:22 January
1201:25 January
984:31 October
924:References
826:Yuri Orlov
626:Yuri Orlov
447:Yuri Orlov
438:Activities
428:refuseniks
350:Yuri Orlov
296:Charter 77
146:Yuri Orlov
103:Non-profit
91:2023-01-25
76:and others
74:Yuri Orlov
62:1976-05-12
3426:Channel 9
3409:Aftermath
3104:Ida Nudel
2949:Krymchaks
2845:Refusenik
2691:1976–1982
2296:27 August
2095:155903434
1941:cite book
896:Criticism
793:talk page
744:In 1978,
737:(see the
713:Lithuania
432:religious
276:Lithuania
81:Dissolved
52:Formation
3489:Politics
2198:40204432
2154:64318172
2061:Archived
1812:Archived
920:Russia.
917:Glasnost
902:Memorial
501:and the
495:samizdat
339:Helsinki
290:, later
3477:Society
3439:Portals
2896:Zionism
2363:YouTube
2352:YouTube
1927:. 1981.
876:Yabloko
768:Rebirth
717:Ukraine
343:Finland
284:Armenia
280:Georgia
272:Ukraine
213:Website
121:Purpose
116:Defunct
89: (
70:Founder
60: (
3465:Russia
3384:Israel
3344:Pamyat
3188:Israel
3096:Jewish
3018:People
2972:Events
2944:Karaim
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365:Soviet
315:Moscow
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1959:[
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2425:CSCE
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2298:2015
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2171:ISBN
2150:OCLC
2116:ISBN
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2021:ISBN
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