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made arrangements, before the advance of the rebel troops, to take hold of all the gold of the Bank, to transport it to a place and locality where it could be safeguarded with greater security than provided by Madrid, towards which the aforementioned troops were heading with the intention of capturing, and that in effect the transport has already begun. Then Mr. Martínez
Fresneda said that, since the execution of the Government agreement was already under way, there was no place to discuss the possibility of contesting and impeding its realization, but if there was no place for discussion, there was place to express, in his most solemn fashion, his energetic opposition, because he considered the agreement to be illegal and ineffective by right. It was illegal, because being the gold exclusive property of the Bank, neither the State nor the Government could take hold of it. On another account, he said, the gold is the reserve that is backed by the law and that guarantees the convertibility of currency notes, and this being so, the gold could not be kept anywhere else but in the vault of the Bank, precisely when the new vault has been inaugurated, which responds to all the advancements in security against fires, bombs, etc., all that demonstrates the unfortunateness of the agreement. He concluded re-declaring his opposition to the measure, and to such an opinion Mr. Álvarez Guerra (Chief Counsellor) also subscribed. He added that it was the logical consequence of his opposition that be presented his resignation to the Council.
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according to the aforementioned, the only viable option faced with the
Nationalist advance and the non-intervention of the Western democracies, making the survival of the Republic possible in an adverse international context. For these authors, without the selling of the reserves, there would not have been the slightest possibility of military resistance. On the other hand, Martín Aceña viewed the sending of the gold as a mistake that cost the Republic its financial capability: the USSR was a distant country, of opaque bureaucracy and financial functioning foreign to international norms and guarantees, in such respect that it would have been logical to send the gold to capitalistic countries such as France or the United States. With respect to Olaya Morales, exiled anarchist during the Francoist regime, in all of his works he described the administration of Negrín as criminal and denies the arguments and theories of Ángel Viñas, considering the "gold issue" a gigantic fraud and one of the most important factors in the Republican defeat.
1475:
that could be done with this gold It is logical that our
Government repeats its protest when it is known that the USSR is effecting exports with this gold Today the details of this robbery are known, as they were reported by their own protagonists. Furthermore: its motives are known and the true dimension of the wile created to justify their departure from Spain towards Odessa. The "resemblances" of sovereignty created by the red Government have been debunked a long time ago. Since the start of our war of Liberation, the red zone had been governed in effect by Soviet emissaries endowed with all the powers The plunder of Spain was, in effect, a double operation, economic and political, and the form in which the resupply of the red Government was to be carried out was also a political operation destined to control the Bolshevikation of the area under the control of Largo Caballero. In those boxes 1,581,642 million of gold-pesetas were taken to Russia. This figure and details concur with the testimonies by Valentín Gomez, by
1106:
document stipulated that the
Spanish government retained the right of re-exporting or utilizing the gold, and the last clause of the document indicated that the Soviet Union would not be held responsible for the utilization of the gold by Spanish authorities. Said clause established that "if the Government of the Republic ordered the exportation of the gold received as a deposit by the USSR, or utilized said gold in any other way, the responsibility assumed by the People's Commissariat of Finance would automatically be reduced, in whole or in part in proportion to the actions taken by the Government of the Spanish Republic". It was thus clear that the gold reserves deposited in Moscow could be freely employed by the Republic, exporting it or alienating it, and Soviet authorities assumed no responsibility. It is worth noting that the USSR granted the ownership of the gold to the Government of the Republic, instead of to the Bank of Spain, its legal owner.
1450:, by request of Negrín himself, who considered that the documents were the property of the Spanish government. A document dated from December 14, 1956, written and signed by Ansó and forwarded by Negrín's son expressed "the deep preoccupation for the interests of Spain against those of the USSR" and his fear of "the defencelessness to which Spain was being reduced by being deprived of all justificatory documentation of its rights, in a forced transaction, proceeding, perhaps, from the most vast and important operation carried out by two countries." After enumerating other various issues that "weighed down the spirit of Mr. Negrín", among them the Soviet retention of "important and numerous units of the Spanish merchant fleet", according to Ansó, Negrín held that "in a subsequent account liquidation between Spain and the USSR, his duty as a Spaniard obliged him to an unconditional support of the interest of the nation."
1169:. According to Martín Aceña, 415 tonnes of crude gold (374 tonnes of fine gold) were sold in 1937, then between January and April 1938 another 58 (52) were sold, and out of the remaining gold, 35 (31) tonnes were separated from the original deposit to constitute a second deposit that guaranteed a credit of 70 million U.S. dollars. Thus, by August 1938 a remaining 2 tonnes were still available. The Republic obtained from the selling of the gold a total of 469.8 million U.S. dollars, 131.6 of which remained within the USSR to pay for various purchases and expenses. The Soviets kept 2.1% of the funds in the form of commissions and brokerage, and kept an additional 1.2% in the form of transport, deposit, melting, and refining expenses: in total, slightly less than 3.3%, approximately 14.5 million U.S. dollars. The remaining 72%, 338.5 million U.S. dollars' worth, was transferred to the
886:, 40 miles away. It was commanded by Colonel S. Krovoshein, who the Spanish knew as Melé. Krovoshein assigned me twenty military trucks and a few other of his best tankers (...) The sixty Spanish sailors had been sent to the gunpowder depository about an hour or two before in anticipation (...) And thus, on October 22, by nightfall, I went, followed by a caravan of trucks, towards the munitions depository (...) The health of Ménez Aspe was a very serious issue. He was a very nervous man. He told us that we should half the loading or we would perish . I responded that we could not do so, because the Germans would continue to bombard the port and the ship would sink, and so we must continue. Then he fled and left behind only his assistant, a very pleasant Spaniard who took the responsibility for counting the boxes of gold.
1265:, and led to the amassment of precious metals by the population. While prices increased by 40% in the Nationalist areas, they skyrocketed by up to 1500% in the Republican-controlled areas. Metallic coins began to disappear and were replaced by paper or cardboard circles. Transactions with Republican banknotes became undesirable, as such notes were already highly devalued, and it was further known that, if Franco were to win the War, those banknotes would lose their full value, since they were all newly-issued series placed in circulation from the start of the War (June 1936) onwards. The State was unable to effectively respond to the lack of metallic currency, causing town halls and other local institutions to print their own provisional bonds, some of which were rejected in neighbouring municipalities.
1510:. Regardless of how much I inquire into the motives of it I do not find anything satisfactory. I only see two probables: a patriotic zeal or a desire for revenge. The first case it would have been a colossal mistake of appreciation, as handing money to Franco and his accomplices is like throwing water to the sea. The second case would imply such depth of ruin that it seems incompatible with the concept that I had of the illustrious disappeared. But in both supposes, the actions of doctor Negrín are treason to the cause of the Spanish people and the Republic By acting in such an objectionable manner doctor Negrín proclaimed that he regarded Franco as legitimate...
308:, the Spanish gold reserves had been recorded as being the fourth largest in the world. They had been accumulated primarily during World War I, in which Spain had remained neutral. It is known, thanks to the records and historical documentation of the Bank of Spain, that the reserves in question were, since 1931, located mainly in the central headquarters of the Bank of Spain in Madrid, though some parts were located in various provincial delegations of the Bank of Spain and other minor deposits in Paris. The reserves consisted mostly of Spanish and foreign coins; the fraction of antique gold was less than 0.01% of the total reserves. The amount of
755:
beginning of the session, the
Council was unable to prevent such a decision. Nevertheless, the only two stockholder representatives of the Bank of Spain that had not allied themselves with the Nationalists (José Álvarez Guerra and Lorenzo Martínez Fresneda), submitted their resignation. Martínez Fresneda protested, arguing that the transfer was illegal, since the gold was of the exclusive property of the Bank of Spain, and thus neither the State nor the Government could take hold of it; he also pointed out that the gold guaranteed by law the convertibility of Bank notes, and should therefore remain in the security vaults of the Bank:
846:
them and it would be an enormous worldwide political scandal, that could even provoke an internal revolution. Considering this (...) I asked him if the
Spanish government could offer me credentials under a fictitious name (...) as a representative of the Bank of England or the Bank of America, because then (...) I could say that the gold was being transported to America for security reasons (...) Negrín did not object. He thought it was a good idea. I could speak relatively good English and could pass by as a foreigner. Thus, he gave me the credentials of a man named Blackstone and I became the representative of the Bank of America.
1227:Ángel Viñas reached the conclusion that the gold deposits were exhausted less than a year before the end of the Civil War, being spent entirely on payment for matériel (including the costs of the operation). However, authors such as Martín Aceña and Olaya Morales criticize Viñas's hypothetical models, which in their opinion lack the evidence to fully validate them, therefore it is impossible for the time being to affirm whether Viñas's conclusion is accurate or not. If, in fact, the gold deposits were entirely sold to the Soviet Union, the fate of all the funds generated by the selling of the gold and transferred to the
1356:, in private rooms, and those of many individuals, was spent in arms? At the end of the war, what gold remained under Russian power? Have they liquidated the Government of Mr. Negrín? This cannot be known by any other but him, since he always refused to give account for the economic situation. Mr. Negrín, systematically, has always refused to account for his administration, in fact, the State has become a false purse. Is it because of this and other things the reason why Negrín refuses to let anyone know about the economic situation? Wretched country, that sees itself governed by those that lack any sort of
1461:, who, without inspecting the papers, ordered them to be stored in the security vaults of the institution. Even though the transfer was made with strict discretion, as Negrín had intended for it to remain an absolute secret, the events soon came into public domain, which instigated passionate controversies. In January 1957, Franco sent a diplomatic commission to Moscow, officially to discuss the repatriation of Spaniards — however, it was suspected that the commission's actual goal was the opening of negotiations for the return of the gold, in light of the documentary evidence uncovered by the Negrín dossier.
1549:
gold deposited in the Soviet Union. All the orders of the
Spanish Republican government were appropriately signed conjunctly by Francisco Largo Caballero, Spanish Republican Prime Minister, and Negrín, Minister of Finance. Later on, when Negrín went on to become Prime Minister, he signed as such and as Minister of Finance. The last letter from Negrín, dated April 8 of 1938, proves that the gold had been exhausted. The letter requests in the name of the Council of Ministers of the Spanish Republic, that all the Spanish gold that remains in the Soviet Union be liquidated. And so it was.
549:, an amount equivalent to 27.4% of the total Spanish reserves. In exchange, the Republican Ministry of Finance received 3,922 million francs (approximately US$ 196 million), which were used to purchase military materials and provisions. It is known that additional gold, silver and jewellery were smuggled into French territory. These transactions were justified by the Republican government on August 30, in view of the gravity of the situation following the military insurrection, in order to "be able to respond in the extent and intensity necessary to crush the despicable rebellion".
491:, it is evident that they lead by their manifest illegality of the inexcusable conclusion of their nullity, which is to reach in its civil effects as many persons, national or foreign, that have participated in them, with independence to their criminal responsibility, already regulated in a separate Decree. And it is logically complementary that this declaration, the prevention of the damages that may be caused, with measures of caution, which are to be adopted with urgency as is demanded by the defence of the national interests.
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ounce of it to purchase arms and supplies around the world so as to not tumble in the battlefields, which Negrín had transported to Russia and converted into aeroplanes, tanks, pieces of artillery and guns with which to fight the rebel army and their allies, those gold reserves of the Bank of Spain that were soon transformed, in the eyes of the
Spaniards of the post-war, in the spoils of war of the Republicans, in a mythical narration of greed and delinquency that allowed the victors to deafen the sore voice of the exiled.
1598:
were done based on the gold deposited in Russia, its complete exhaustion is impossible. I repeat that this is an extraordinary defalcation. In order to exculpate themselves, Russia would have falsified as many justificatory documents as needed, in the same way as they falsified so many to justify their monstrous processes against the enemies of
Bolshevism and against more or less dissident Bolshevists. Negrín, from his tomb, will not be able to deny the authenticity of his signatures, traced by expect fabricators.
438:
908:. Four Spaniards who were charged with guarding the keys to the security vaults of the Bank of Spain accompanied the expedition. Out of the 10,000 boxes, corresponding to approximately 560 tonnes of gold, only 7,800 were taken to Odessa, corresponding to 510 tonnes. Orlov declared that 7,900 boxes of gold were transported, while Méndez Aspe stated there were only 7,800. The final receipt showed 7,800, and it is not known whether Orlov's declaration was an error or if the 100 boxes of gold disappeared.
981:
31:
1241:
644:, had incessantly marched forward towards the capital. At the time the decision was taken, the Army of Africa was stationed only 116 kilometres from Madrid, and the efforts made up to that point to halt its advance had not been even partially successful. However, Nationalist forces would not arrive at Madrid until two months later; not because of Republican resistance, but because of Francisco Franco, who decided to deviate his course to aid Nationalist sympathizers in the
781:
462:, was formed. Both Republican and Nationalist banks claimed to be the legitimate Bank of Spain, both domestically and internationally. The central headquarters of the Bank of Spain in Madrid, and thus its gold reserves, as well as its most important provincial delegations, were kept under the control of the Republican government, while the Nationalists gained control of the provincial delegations within their territory, including Burgos.
132:
1203:. Stashevski demanded from Negrín US$ 51 million in accumulated debt and expenses for the transport of the gold from Cartagena to Moscow. On the Nationalist side, German and Italian aid also had to be compensated; however, the Germans and Italians allowed Franco to satisfy his debt once the war came to an end. Authors such as Francisco Olaya Morales, and Ángel Viñas criticized the actions and behaviour of the Soviets.
1546:
still non-utilized leftovers of such gold. The weight and verification of the gold while being transferred to Soviet authorities was done conjunctly by Soviet and
Spanish representatives. The Spanish government stipulated that it would have the faculty to pay off orders made abroad and to carry out currency transactions through the Soviet State Bank based on the gold reserves deposited in the Soviet Union.
487:, in the interests of moral order, underlines, once again, the scandal that the exit of the gold from the Bank of Spain has caused in the universal conscience, decreed by the badly-called Government of Madrid. But the issue principally to point out is the consequences of this operation in judicial terms, as they have been undertaken openly in violation of the fundamental precepts of the currently in force
1253:
Nationalist efforts to expose the exportation of the gold put the government's financial credibility in question, and caused general mistrust among the public. A decree issued by the Ministry of Finance on October 3, 1936, obliging Spaniards to yield all the gold they possessed, caused widespread alarm. Even though the government denied in January 1937 that it had deposited the gold reserves abroad (
3282:
thousands of millions of gold-pesetas form the treasure abducted by the Government of the USSR from the Spanish Republican Government in exile. This treasure would allow to powerfully push the fight of the anti-Francoists for the liberation of Spain. Stalin refuses to return it. Stalin is helping Franco in the same proportion as he takes away from the democratic Spaniards the possibility to fight.
580:
safeguard the metallic reserves of the Bank of Spain, basis of the public credit. The nature of the measure itself and the reasons behind its adoption demand that this agreement be kept confidential. Based on the aforementioned considerations, in agreement with the Council of Ministers, and on the proposal of the Ministry of Finance, I hereby ordain, in confidentiality, the following:
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find itself under insuperable difficulties; and a foreseeing vision of the private future on the part of the political chiefs, so that their exile would be exempt from penalties, though this exemption would be done at the cost of the misery and suffering of millions of Spaniards of every tendency. – Reflect, under such precedents, what the magnitude of the work realized by the
429:, a move which 10 days later was followed by the removal from office of various council members and high executives. After the transfer of gold to the Soviet Union on November 21, the modification of the General Council was decreed. The Council underwent new modifications until December 24, 1937, when nine council members were substituted for institutional representatives.
1261:
1938, the number of new banknotes in circulation in Republican-controlled areas was calculated to be 12,754 million pesetas, an increment of 265.8% with respect to the 3,486 million of July 17, 1936; by then 2,650 million were in circulation in the Nationalist-controlled territory, in contrast to the approximately 2,000 million of July 1936. These actions caused massive
167:) established negotiations with Italy and Germany in order to seek material support for the war effort. The Republic also established similar negotiations for the same purpose with France. These initiatives led to the progressive internationalization of the conflict, as the lack of military equipment on both sides necessary to continue the war effort became apparent.
4874:
1480:
acquiring newspapers and radio stations. The USSR, which had not sent more than old armaments in exchange for the stolen gold, spent it in the second phase of its attempt to take control of Spain from 1945 onwards A curious detail remains: the tragic fate of the men that directly intervened in the plunder The paths of this stolen gold have been sinister.
840:, received a ciphered telegram from Stalin, ordering him to organize the shipment of the gold to the USSR, and he agreed on the preparations with Negrín. Orlov responded that he would carry out the operation with the Soviet tankmen that had just arrived in Spain. In his later statement to a United States Senate Subcommittee, he declared the following:
821:. The city of Cartagena was chosen because, in the words of historian Angel Viñas, "it was an important naval station, adequately supplied and defended, somewhat distanced from the theatre of military operations and from which the possibility of transporting the reserves through a maritime route somewhere else was available."
414:, who before the outbreak of the Civil War judged the application of the current law to be too orthodox, and viewed it as limiting the possibilities of economic growth of the country. According to Viñas, the exceptional situation created by the Civil War caused the change in attitude by the Government with respect to the
4927:
3146:
The reds think of nothing else but in robbery... and, to steal, murder is committed. In the beginning murder was committed because of rancour, malice, bestiality.... Now, except the murder committed among themselves, the crimes of the reds are committed in a cold-blooded fashion, impulsed by the zeal
1445:
Juan Negrín died in Paris towards the end of 1956, and his son Rómulo Negrín, following the instructions of his father, handed over the so-called "Negrín dossier" to the legal counsel of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Antonio Melchor de las Heras, "to facilitate the exercise of the actions that may
1441:
The accounting registries of the operation, known as the "Negrín dossier", have allowed researchers to reconstruct the events after the reception of the Spanish gold reserves in Moscow, when the Soviets melted the coins and transformed them into low gold alloy bars, and in return provisioned the bank
1252:
The withdrawal of the Bank of Spain's gold reserves to Moscow has been pointed out to be one of the main causes of the Spanish monetary crisis of 1937. While the gold became in practice an excellent source of funding, its usage dealt a hard blow against the coined and printed currency of the country.
1231:
in Paris, remains uncertain, as no documents have been found, neither Soviet nor Spanish, in reference to such operations. According to Martín Aceña, "the investigation on the gold has not been fully closed." In any case, with the gold depleted, the scarce credit of the Republican Ministry of Finance
504:
Without prejudice to the criminal responsibility defined in the Decree number 36, the values, credits, rights and goods of all kinds that national or foreign persons or entities possess in Spain that have intervened or will intervene directly or indirectly in the operations mentioned in the preceding
3632:
Franco and his régime cultivated a thick silence about the Nazi holocaust and the thousands of Spaniards that had ended up in the extermination camps. The common exiled, the common people, were the red assassins of the war The reserves of the Bank of Spain, which the Republic had to devour the last
2847:
I was the first who, in 1937, committed the indiscretion of publicly saying in a conference held in Barcelona, that the supplies sent by Russia were being generously paid with the Spanish gold deposited in that country. Some communists demanded that I be prosecuted for that cause, which for them was
1545:
A few foreign newspapers are in the business of publishing articles about the Spanish gold deposited twenty years ago in the Soviet Union, without mentioning all the consumption of such gold by the Spanish Republican government, which confuses the public opinion creating the impression that there is
1410:
reported on the accusations of Indalecio Prieto and other exiled Republicans in Mexico towards Juan Negrín and his "complicity" with the Soviets in the "long-buried story of the gold hoard". These circumstances were used by the Francoist government, through its embassies in the United States, France
613:
Did this decision need to be known by a large number of people? No. An indiscretion would be the stone of an international scandal It was decided that the President of the Republic should not know about it, who was at the time in a truly pitiful spiritual state; thus, the decision was only known by
3076:
The new Spanish State must openly face the challenges of a damaged national economy, caused by the unbelievable act of withdrawing the gold and banknotes from the Bank of Spain. Without ceasing our protests on the international stage, and without ending our efforts to recover the metal, we consider
1640:
defend Negrín, both as head of the Ministry of Finance and as Prime Minister (Viñas considers him "the great Republican statesman during the Civil War") and view that the sending of the gold to the USSR had a political, economic and operative rationale accepted by the Republican government. It was,
1597:
We are in the presence of a colossal embezzlement. Whatever my opinion of Juan Negrín were, I declare him incapable of the terrible joke of arranging that after his death -if he so arranged it- a document that nothing positive represented should be handed over to Franco although all these expenses
1584:
The PSOE will not be able to boast of the most miserable results that concluded of their adventure, but in justice cannot, as some propaganda would wish, unload all the responsibility on the communists. A socialist minister asked for authorization to proceed freely; the Government, which was formed
1570:
in 1938 that two-thirds of the gold deposited in Moscow was still available. Also, since the statements issued were not part of an official notice, the Soviet government could distance itself from what had been affirmed if it were to be deemed appropriate. Indalecio Prieto regarded the declarations
1474:
The Spanish government has contacted various foreign Chanceries denouncing the payments abroad that the USSR may carry out with the gold from the deposit made in Moscow by the red Government in 1936 During the course of the Liberation Crusade these same warnings were formulated about the payments
1398:
Among the exiled, in particular among the dissidents of the PCE, it was affirmed that since the end of the war the gold, or at least part of it, had not been converted into currency to purchase weapons for the Republic, criticizing the opacity of the Negrín administration, that retained all related
1351:
How much gold was handed over to Russia? It couldn't have been known, because Mr. Negrín, systematically, has always refused to account for his administration. It was later known, through a number of accounts published by the Bank of Spain on 30 April 1938, that said Bank had handed over custody of
1332:
In the last months of the Civil War, a bitter division was formed among Republicans between those who advocated for uniting the Civil War with the imminent Second World War and those wanting to put an end to the conflict by negotiating with the Nationalists. Negrín, at the time Prime Minister and a
1260:
Lacking a gold reserve to back up the Republican banknotes, and already suffering from significant devaluation, the Government of the Republic began to issue increasing quantities of banknotes with no backing in gold or silver, thereby increasing the overall paper money in circulation. By April 30,
860:
On October 22, 1936, Francisco Méndez Aspe, Director-General of the Treasury and Negrín's "right hand" man, came to Cartagena and ordered the nocturnal extraction of the majority of gold-containing boxes, of an approximate weight of seventy-five kilograms each, which were transported in trucks
828:
With the gold reserves stored hundreds of kilometres away from the fighting fronts, it seemed that the mandate of the confidential decree of September 13 had been fulfilled. The Nationalists, when informed of the movement of the gold, protested against the events. However, on October 15, Negrín and
760:
Mid-September of 1937, according to the personal and direct information of Mr. Martínez Fresneda to the Chief Counsellor, on the 14th, an extraordinary and secret meeting of the Council was called for the following day, the 15th. On that day Fresneda was told by the Governor that the Government had
664:
Since the fascists were at the gates of the capital of Spain, asked the Council of Ministers for authorization to relocate the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain outside of the country, in order to take them to a safe place, without specifying where. As a first measure, he transported them to the
569:
On September 13, 1936, the confidential decree from the Ministry of Finance which authorized the transportation of the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain was signed, on the initiative of Minister of Finance of the time, Juan Negrín. The decree also called for the Government to eventually answer for
498:
All operations financed with the guarantee of the gold extracted from the Bank of Spain, from the 18th of last July, are declared to be null, and further on any and all actions that correspond by Right will be undertaken for the rescue of the aforementioned gold, regardless of the location where it
113:
Since the 1970s the specific episode in Spanish history has been the focus of many essays and works of literature, many relying on information from official documents and records of the time. It has also been the source of strong controversy and historical debate, especially in Spain. Disagreements
3635:
The people always demand those guilty, and Franco and his accomplices focused all of their evils and misfortunes in a specific, visible, shootable enemy: the mason, the red, the liberal politician, the communist... who had bloodstained the fields of the Peninsula and pillaged the treasure of Spain
3102:
The conduct of the governing Popular Front, lacking in moral and patriotic scruples and in a sense of responsibility, seems conceived under a double designation: deliberate intention to bring about the downfall of Spain, so that the Government called to direct the country after their victory would
1628:
Pablo Martín Aceña, Francisco Olaya Morales and Ángel Viñas have been among the most distinguished researchers on the topic, the last one being the first to gain access to the documentation of the Bank of Spain. At an international level, Gerald Howson and Daniel Kowalsky have had direct access to
1379:
in March 1939, actively supported from within the PSOE. The provisional government established thereafter expelled the communists and Negrín supporters from the Republican government, instigated the flight of Negrín from Spain and precipitated the end of the Civil War after attempting to negotiate
1164:
Negrín signed 19 consecutive sell orders between February 19, 1937 and April 28, 1938, directed to the successive People's Commissioner of Finance: G. F. Grinko (until May 1937), V. Tchoula (until September 1937) and A. Zverev (until the end of the war). In them, the value of an ounce of gold troy
579:
By His Excellence the President of the Republic, on the 13th of this present month, the following confidential decree has been signed: The abnormal situation created within the country by the military insurrection compels the government to adopt these precautionary measures considered necessary to
3281:
The USSR has not even bothered to recognize the Republican Government in exile. That frees the Soviet Union, among other things, from the obligation to listen to their claims on the gold deposited by the Government of Dr. Negrín in the security vaults of the Central Bank of the USSR. Hundreds and
1551:
It must be mentioned that, upon requirement of the Spanish Republican government, the Soviet government gave it a credit of 85 million dollars, of which they only repaid 35. There is thus still a debt of 50 million dollars. Negrín knew it, as he signed all his orders relative to the gold and the
1548:
According to the information received, the Spanish government made numerous payments for its foreign purchases and gave instructions for currency transactions, that were executed by the Bank of the Soviet Union. According to the data of the Soviet authorities, the Spanish government exhausted the
1341:
had publicly separated himself from Negrín in August 1937, after his departure from the Government, where he had been Minister of Defence; in a meeting with PSOE's central committee, he violently accused Negrín of ceding to communist pressure to remove him from the government. Since the Autumn of
1097:
value of the coins was much higher than the amount of gold they contained, but the Soviets disregarded this when calculating its value. The Soviets did, however, scrupulously examine all coins to identify those that were fake, defective, or did not contain enough gold. The Soviets never explained
845:
I wish to note that, at that time, the Spanish government (...) did not fully control the situation. I truthfully told the Minister of Finance Negrín that if anyone were to find out about it, if the anarchists intercepted my men, Russians, with their trucks full with Spanish gold, they would kill
824:
The gold was heavily escorted and was transported via railway, according to witnesses of the events. A few days after the extraction of the gold from the Bank of Spain, Bank functionaries retrieved the Bank's silver, valued at a total of 656,708,702.59 Spanish pesetas of the time, which was later
721:
While the majority of historians consider Minister of Finance Negrín the primary actor of the transfer (either by his own initiative or by the manipulation of the Soviets, depending on different interpretations), it is not clear who first had the idea of sending the reserves outside of Spain. The
1479:
and by Prieto. All of them have sufficient reasons to be informed, as they were direct authors or concealers until the rivalries arisen by the distribution of the spoils pitied them against each other. With this gold the campaign of communist inspiration against Spain was financed, subsidized,
1421:
Spanish gold seized by the reds and taken to Russia. As of January 8 of 1955 Mr. Minister of Foreign Affairs has been addressed, by Note signed by the Diplomatic Representatives of various countries of Europe and the United States of America denouncing the seizure carried out by the reds and the
1134:
Those involved in the events were soon removed from the scene. Stashevski and the Soviet ambassador to Spain, Rosenberg, were executed in 1937 and 1938. Orlov, fearing for his life, fled in 1938 to the United States upon receiving a telegram from Stalin. The Soviet Commissars of Finance, Grinko,
1105:
On February 5, 1937 the Spanish ambassador and the Soviet representatives G. F. Grinko, Commissar of Finance, and N. N. Krestinsky, Commissar of Foreign Affairs, signed the final reception act on the deposit of Spanish gold, a document written in French and Russian. Paragraph 2, section 4 of the
1004:
arrived between November 9 and 10. Shortly after, a recount on the total deposits was carried out; initial estimates suggested that the recount would take a year to complete, and despite it having been done with the utmost care, the recount was finalized in less than two months, having begun on
401:
stipulated that the Government had the power to approach the entity and solicit the selling of the Bank's gold reserves exclusively to influence the exchange rate of the Spanish peseta and to "exercise an interventionist action in the international exchange and in the regularity of the monetary
3077:
that we must adopt energetic measures without further delay, with coercive force, in order to prevent those that have tried to inarticulate the fiduciary circulation from fulfilling and aggravating their baneful objectives, benefiting from the same credit titles that they themselves looted...
1215:
believe in the existence of a Soviet fraud in the management of the deposit in Moscow, claiming that Stalin intentionally inflated the price of the matériel sold to the Republic by manipulating the exchange of Russian rubles to U.S. dollars and of U.S. dollars to Spanish pesetas, raising the
1139:
in varying ways, accused of being part of the anti-Soviet "Trotskyist-rightist bloc". Grinko was accused of making "efforts to undermine the financial power of the USSR." The four Spanish functionaries sent to supervise the operation were retained by Stalin until October 1938, when they were
754:
In any case, it was not until the following day, September 14, that the Council of the Bank of Spain (very reduced after the start of the war) was informed of the Government's decision to appropriate the gold and transfer it. Given that the transfer of the gold had commenced hours before the
687:
Since I am sure that Largo Caballero, of whom I was an intimate friend, was not in such a state of hopelessness with regard to the final outcome of the war, and it is hard for me to believe that Negrín also fell victim to such discouragement, I find no other alternative but to return to the
648:
in a highly prestigious operation that consolidated Franco's political position and allowed him to be named Head of State by the Nationalist side on September 29, 1936. Madrid withstood the Nationalist offensive until the end of the war, and the Republican government did not relocate to
2544:
was published on Thursday October 15, 1936 with the following heading: "In an official note, the head of the State's government, General Franco, protests against the spoliation without precedents carried by the so-called government of Madrid by freely taking control of the national gold
457:
With the beginning of the Civil War, the Nationalists began to organize their own government machinery, considering those institutions that remained under the control of the Republican government in Madrid as illegitimate and illegal. As such, a parallel central bank, headquartered in
941:
transported the boxes of gold on their backs. Throughout numerous days they were transporting the gold, loading it on the trucks and taking it to Moscow in armed convoys. He tried to give me an idea of the amount of gold that they had unloaded in Odessa while we were walking down the
584:
Article I: The Ministry of Finance is hereby authorized to mandate, when considered necessary, the transportation, with the highest guarantees, and to the location esteemed to be the safest, of the gold, silver, and bills present at the time at the central headquarters of the Bank of
751:, a Soviet agent responsible for military intelligence in Western Europe at the time, who later fled to the United States, stated that when Stalin decided to intervene in Spain, he wanted to ensure that there was enough gold so as to pay for the Soviet Union's aid to the Republic.
1446:
correspond to the Spanish State to obtain the devolution of the cited gold to Spain", according to the testimony of the consul at Paris, Enrique Pérez Hernández. The negotiations with the Francoist government had been initiated by the ex-Minister of Justice and friend of Negrín,
1399:
documentation and refused to give account to the Government in exile. The criticisms of Francisco Largo Caballero, one of the main figures involved, were especially prominent, which, according to Ángel Viñas, constitute "one of the myths that have blackened the figure of Negrín."
1585:
by another five socialists, including he who presided it, conceded to such a request, and the bank agents that handed over as much as they were asked were also socialists, in Spain as in Russia, as well as the countrymen that convoyed the load between Madrid and Cartagena.
1380:
peace with Franco, who only accepted an unconditional surrender. Accused of being a mere marionette of the communists and of having led the Republic to disaster, the issue of the "Moscow gold" was one of the arguments used against Negrín in the controversies that followed.
1307:, an individual of great influence in the financial world. Logically, upon having their interests and properties threatened, the financial world, both Spanish and international, positioned itself unequivocally in favour of the Nationalists (as exemplified by the support of
1360:
whatsoever with a senseless and criminal policy that has taken the Spanish people to the greatest disaster that has been known in the History of Spain. All the hatred and the desire to impose exemplary punishment to those responsible for such grave defeat will be little.
469:
announced the sending of part of the gold reserves to France. Nationalist authorities, informed by their contacts in France and in Republican territory of the Republican government's intentions, affirmed that such usage of the gold was in violation of the aforementioned
229:
On August 1, 1936 the French government forwarded a proposal to the international community for the adoption of a "Non-Intervention Agreement in Spain". The British government stated its support for the proposal on August 7. The Soviet Union, Portugal, Italy and the
1352:
1,592,851,906 million in gold and 307,630,000 in silver. Apart from that, the Ministry of Finance seized everything in existence in the security vaults of official and private Banks, valued surely in the many millions. All this plus the jewellery present in the
1284:...all our energies must be focused, with full rigour, against the true enemies, against the great industrialists, against the great businessmen, against the pirates of the banking industry, who naturally, within our territory have already been for the most part
976:
celebrated the arrival of the gold with a banquet attended by members of the politburo, in which he was famously quoted as saying, "The Spaniards will never see their gold again, just as they don't see their ears," an expression based on a Russian proverb.
1302:
On the international scene, the perception that the Republic was experiencing revolutionary anti-capitalist movement began to arise, favoured by the testimony of Spanish businessmen, such as ex-Minister of the Monarchy and active Nationalist supporter
1552:
credits. None of the deposited gold was used for the support of the emigrants and Spanish children that sought refuge in the Soviet Union. These expenses were covered by the Soviet Union and its social institutions, in particular the labour unions.
609:, who would later affirm that the final destination of the reserves was unknown to him. According to Largo Caballero, Azaña was informed afterwards about this decision due to his emotional state and his reserved character towards the operation:
150:
against the government of the Second Spanish Republic by certain factions of the Spanish Army left approximately a third of the country under the control of the rebel forces. The rebels (also known as the Nationalists) under the leadership of a
253:
on September 14. These advances coincided with the progressive shift in Soviet policy towards active intervention. The Soviet Union moved to establish diplomatic relations with the Spanish Republic, and appointed its first ambassador to Spain,
1415:
questioned the feasibility of sustaining said accusations. The Francoist government had been informed in 1938 that the reserves had been exhausted and converted into currency, but persisted in demanding the reimbursement of the gold deposit:
660:, argued that the transfer of the gold reserves was necessary because of the Non-Intervention Pact and the defection of democratic states previously favourable towards the Republic, which left Madrid under threat from the Nationalist forces.
358:, which was distributed among 354,000 nominative shares of 500 pesetas each. Despite not being a state-owned bank, the institution was subject to the control of both the government, which had the power to appoint the Bank's governor, and the
339:. Viñas calculated that the US$ 718 million of 1936 were equivalent, adjusted for inflation indexes, to US$ 9,725 million in 2005. In comparison, the Spanish gold reserves available in September of the same year were worth US$ 7,509 million.
739:, defended him by affirming that he "could not have been and was not the author of the transfer of Spanish gold to Russia; at most, he was a cooperative of minor importance of the Spanish Lenin and his counsellors, at the head of which was
1271:
The Republican Government blamed the ills of the economy on the free market, and proposed as its salvation the nationalization of all prices and other changes on the economy in general. A report presented to the plenary session of the
1224:, even though the payments for arms and weapons had been fulfilled, the Soviet Union would not send any supplies if the government of the Republic "did not agree to first appoint important communists to police and military positions."
405:
Historians have questioned the legality of the gold's movement. While authors such as Pío Moa considered that the transfer of gold from the Bank of Spain clearly violated the Law, in the view of Ángel Viñas the implementation of the
1122:
published a semi-official note (January 20), affirming that the reserves were still in Spain. Not long after, the disputes between the socialist and communist dominated Republican government and the anarchist organizations and the
1629:
the documents of the archives of the Soviet Union opened to researchers during the 1990s, focusing their investigations on the relations between the Soviet Union and the Spanish Republic, and the deliveries of military material.
106:
and the use of the funds obtained. The remaining quarter of the Bank's gold reserves, 193 tonnes, was transported and exchanged into currency in France, an operation which is also known by analogy as the "Paris Gold".
968:), in Moscow, where it was received as a deposit according to a protocol, dated November 5, by which a reception commission was established. The gold arrived at the Soviet capital a day before the 19th anniversary of the
1198:
With the Spanish gold deposited in Moscow, the Soviets immediately demanded from the Republican government payment for the first deliveries of war supplies, which had apparently arrived as a gift to combat international
669:. After, fearing a Nationalist disembarkation, he decided to transfer them outside of Spain. There was no other place but Russia, a country that aided us with arms and provisions. And so, to Russia they were delivered.
726:
cites versions that attribute to the Soviet agent Arthur Stashevski the suggestion to Negrín of establishing a "gold account" in Moscow, due to the threat posed on Madrid by Nationalist forces and the need to purchase
238:, established on September 9. However, the latter three nations maintained their material and logistical support to the Nationalist side. The Republican government also managed to acquire supplies from Mexico and the
1496:
The same documentation that Negrín had refused to give to the exiled Republican government for over 15 years was willingly handed over to the Francoist authorities. The President of the exiled Republican government,
542:, formed in September of the same year, continued the former Government's policy. French and British governments disregarded the complaints of Nationalist authorities about the allegedly unlawful use of the gold.
796:
and various militiamen, sent by the Ministry of Finance, walked into the Bank of Spain. The appropriation operation was led by the Treasury Director-General and future Minister of Finance under the government of
1219:
The increased power of the communists at the time, taking advantage of the political pressure that the Soviet Union could exert having control of the gold, is occasionally mentioned among scholars. According to
2558:
Alongside ambassador Rosenberg, I organized with the head of the Spanish government, Caballero, the sending of the Spanish gold reserves to the Soviet Union.... This operation must be carried out in the utmost
296:, before the Non-Intervention Committee on October 23, by denouncing the aid previously sent by Italy and Germany to Nationalist forces, which also constituted a violation of the Non-Intervention Agreement.
1206:
Historians that have had access to the "Negrín dossier" believe that the Soviets did not abuse their position nor did they defraud the Spanish in their financial transactions. Nevertheless, in the words of
946:. He pointed out the area that surrounded us and said "if all the boxes of gold that we piled up on the wharfs of Odessa were to be placed here side by side, they would completely cover up the Red Square."
812:
The vaults where the reserves were kept were opened, and during numerous days Government agents extracted all the gold there deposited. The gold was placed in wooden boxes, and transported in trucks to the
530:, Governor of the Bank of France, agreed to allow these operations to continue, both because of their antifascist convictions and to strengthen France's own gold reserves and promote the stability of the
1534:, assured the Francoist government that the gold reserves deposited in Moscow had been used in their totality by the Republican government to "make payments abroad", and were thus "soon all gone". The
825:
sold to the United States and France between June 1938 and July 1939 for a sum slightly more than 20 million U.S. dollars of the time (a portion of the silver was confiscated by French authorities).
706:, the main bastion of the FAI, were also discussed. The anarchists intended not only to protect the gold reserves, but to buy war supplies on their own account. This plan would have been prepared by
186:, the Radical Party was opposed and threatened to remove their support for Blum's government. The United Kingdom equally subscribed to such a view, warning of the risk of obstructing the policy of
1391:
from his refuge in Mexico, where party supporters of Negrín had been excluded. The exiled PSOE grouped the leaders of the three political leanings that had divided socialism during the conflict,
198:. Thus, the French government approved on July 25, 1936, a measure prohibiting the sending of any supplies from France to either of the belligerent sides. On the same day in which the policy of
1632:
Even though the decision to use the gold reserves has not given rise to much debate or interest among historians, its final destination continues to be a motive for controversy. Authors like
1211:: "nothing did the Republicans obtain for free from their Russian friends", as all types of expenses and services had been charged to the Government of the Republic. However, authors such as
556:
were judicially retained, and finally handed over to the Francoist government at the conclusion of the war. This became the only successful claim on the Bank of Spain's gold reserves.
421:
The intentions of the Republican Government to place in the Bank's management individuals loyal to the Republic were solidified through the Decree of August 4, 1936, which removed
735:, attribute the idea to Negrín himself, arguing that the idea took the Soviets by surprise and that Negrín had to carefully explain his plan to the Soviet ambassador. His friend,
474:, and therefore considered such actions illegal. Nationalist authorities emitted a decree on August 25 declaring the credit operations of the Republican government null and void:
4810:
3089:
The experience lived in the areas liberated from Marxist rule have continually confirmed, progressively, how much information was available on the level of the reds' inflation.
1411:
and the United Kingdom, to relaunch its diplomatic conflict with the Soviet Union and expressly accuse the USSR of selling the Spanish gold in the European market, even though
110:
Since the world now was aware of the existence of a large mass of gold in Moscow, the term "Moscow Gold" would eventually be popularized for any Russian funding worldwide.
2609:
Indalecio Prieto noted that the total number of stored boxes in Cartagena were 13,000, of which only 7,800 were transported. However, most scholars on the subject, such as
1866:
The Bank of Spain would not become state property until the passage of Law-Decree 18/1962 of July 7 of 1962, on Nationalization and Reorganization of the Bank of Spain (
393:
and as a private bank. The law also regulated the conditions under which the gold reserves could be mobilized by the Bank, which required the preceptive approval of the
5050:
4409:
114:
are centred on the political interpretation of its motivations, on its supposed usage, its effects on the development of the conflict, its subsequent influence on the
4955:
4839:
1333:
supporter of continuing the war, had the sole support of the Spanish Communist Party (PCE); all other parties, including practicality the totality of his own, the
937:
The area around the dike was cleared and surrounded by Soviet troops. Through this empty space between the wharf and the railway tracks, the highest chiefs of the
3835:
2561:
If the Spanish demand a receipt for the cargo, refuse. I repeat, refuse to sign anything and say that the Bank of Spain will prepare a formal receipt in Moscow.
135:
Republican (red) and Nationalist (blue) controlled areas, September 1936. Green areas represent the Nationalist territorial gains since the beginning of the war.
1566:
The note did not include any evidence and contradicted statements issued by prominent members of the Republican government. For example, Negrín had affirmed to
1662:
4881:
4662:
1171:
1102:
suggests that it is possible that all coins with numismatic value were separated with the intention of gradually selling them on the international market.
207:
4706:
632:
Many authors, such as Viñas, have pointed out that the decision to transfer the gold reserves outside of Madrid was motivated by the rapid advance of the
5055:
4917:
1183:, the national bank of the Soviet Union. From Paris, agents of the Treasury and diplomatic representatives paid for the purchase of matériel acquired in
5060:
4857:
2929:
1657:
199:
1089:
of crude gold, which at an average of .900 millesimal fineness, was equivalent to 460,568,245.59 grams of fine gold (approximately 14,807,363.8
245:
During the months of August and September 1936 Nationalist forces gained important military victories, consolidating the Portuguese border after the
5012:
4711:
1319:
to the Nationalist side, or their facilities to obtain credits), thus accelerating the decline in the international value of the Republican peseta.
1124:
5007:
359:
95:
288:
Throughout the month of October 1936, the Soviet Union shipped material aid to the new Popular Front Republican government led by Prime Minister
4893:
4728:
1384:
1005:
December 5, 1936, and completed on January 24, 1937. 15,571 sacks of gold were opened, and 16 different types of gold coins were found inside:
223:
215:
115:
1904:
4778:
4630:
3994:
3917:
3777:
3708:
3492:
3439:
3338:
2059:
Of relevant note, 154,163 shareholders were present at the Nationalist shareholders' meeting, while only 31,389 attended the Republican one.
1110:
4278:
La gran estafa de la guerra Civil: la historia del latrocinio socialista del patrimonio nacional y el abandono de los españoles en el exilio
4206:
4802:
4766:
402:
market", in which case the Bank of Spain would participate in such action with a quantity of gold equal to that dictated by the Treasury.
4782:
4761:
4686:
3098:
Later on, the Francoist government would retake the same accusatory arguments to justify the political positions of the victorious side:
1616:, sole president of the Reparations Fund and main source on the matter, reproduced in a detailed inventory. It would be the well-known "
1334:
699:
1453:
The dossier, an incomplete series of documents related to the deposit and administration of the gold of the Bank of Spain, was sent to
335:
on July 1, the existent gold reserves on June 30, 1936, three weeks before the start of the conflict, reached a value of 5,240 million
4905:
3107:
and his Government has been to save Spain from its economic ruin, to reconstruct it and place it on the current prosperous situation.
3380:
Dirección general de Política Económica, Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Madrid, legajo R 9562, expediente 6, quoted in:
5070:
4701:
4696:
4606:
4582:
4558:
4534:
4510:
4491:
4470:
4449:
4428:
4393:
4374:
4352:
4331:
4307:
4286:
4265:
4192:
4171:
4147:
4103:
4082:
4061:
4042:
4021:
3896:
3875:
3854:
3819:
3798:
3753:
3732:
3684:
2765:
4257:
El expolio de la República. De Negrín al Partido Socialista, con escala en Moscú: el robo del oro español y los bienes particulares
2408:, fixed as their fundamental objective to prevent the Republic by any means necessary to make use of the gold reserves of the Bank.
688:
hypothesis of Soviet coercion, or to simply declare that the transfer of the gold to Russia was a completely inexplicable madness.
4869:
4787:
1422:
payments that, according to information from authorized sources, the Russians make with the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain."
505:
article, will be immediately retained, in order to assure the responsibilities of any kind that may be derived from such actions.
4960:
4655:
1644:
Authors like Fernando García de Cortázar, Pío Moa or Alberto Reig Tapia have defined the Spanish episode of the Moscow Gold as
1273:
1114:
2901:
418:, which moved on to exercise the necessary measures to carry out a "partial undercover nationalization" of the Bank of Spain.
5002:
4771:
3907:
3788:
3291:
1476:
292:, which included two communist ministers. These actions were then defended by the Soviet ambassador to the United Kingdom,
4950:
4922:
2391:, Philadelphia, and published in Spanish by Editorial Claridad, Buenos Aires, 1946. Compiled by the Andreu Nin Foundation.
394:
332:
4741:
2250:
1868:
837:
493:
In its virtue, as President of the Junta de Defensa Nacional, and in accordance with it, I come to decree the following:
1612:
at the end of the war, which included, among other things, "Bank of Spain deposits and gold bars." ; According to
1277:
170:
At the start of the Spanish Civil War, the political climate in France was uncertain, with a government dominated by a
42:
in Madrid. Most of the gold reserves held inside until 1936 were sent to the Soviet Union during the Spanish Civil War.
938:
929:
450:
5035:
4982:
4648:
2898:
La España republicana y la Unión Soviética: política e intervención extranjera en la Guerra Civil española, 1936–39
2378:
1268:
Propaganda from the Nationalist side contended that such inflation had been premeditated and artificially created.
707:
702:(FAI, Iberian Anarchist Federation) of assaulting the vaults of the Bank of Spain to transfer the gold reserves to
535:
235:
4691:
3310:
657:
289:
144:
91:
4207:"Un Triángulo vital para la República: Gran Bretaña, Francia y la Unión Soviética ante la Guerra Civil española"
4792:
4751:
3568:
3238:
1613:
1608:
Another controversy raised in this regard is the justification of a transfer to Mexico of assets seized by the
1010:
985:
246:
1609:
1458:
1454:
1093:). This amount of gold was valued at 1,592,851,910 gold-pesetas (518 million U.S. dollars). Additionally, the
3595:"Ángel Viñas defiende a Negrín como "el gran estadista republicano de guerra" en 'El escudo de la república'"
4972:
4898:
4746:
1395:, Indalecio Prieto and Largo Caballero, clearly aligned with an anti-communist and anti-Negrín orientation.
645:
411:
274:
273:, which would enter active combat during the month of November. Meanwhile, the successful conclusion of the
191:
87:
802:
265:
Towards the end of September 1936, communist parties of different countries received instructions from the
5065:
5040:
4945:
4852:
3594:
2540:
1576:
1353:
814:
806:
785:
633:
516:
278:
270:
183:
175:
171:
152:
792:
Less than 24 hours after the signing of the decree, on the morning of September 14, 1936, members of the
588:
Article II: The Government will, when appropriate, answer to the Cortes Generales for the present decree.
4736:
4620:
4233:
4113:
3972:
3939:
1929:
1498:
1208:
1166:
744:
219:
3698:
1165:
was converted into pounds sterling, U.S dollars or French francs according to the exchange rate at the
437:
2566:
4995:
2405:
1136:
683:, member of the same political party as Largo Caballero, attributed the events to Soviet constraint.
422:
320:
1240:
980:
527:
426:
30:
4977:
4202:
3112:
1911:
1700:
1637:
1289:
1212:
740:
680:
343:
4002:
3500:
3447:
3348:
1617:
1457:, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and was forwarded to the Lieutenant Governor of the Bank of Spain,
1447:
780:
736:
4990:
4966:
4403:
4218:
3829:
1487:
1312:
1128:
1050:
969:
882:
A brigade of soviet tanks had disembarked in Cartagena two weeks before and was now stationed in
602:
545:
By March 1937, 174 tonnes of fine gold (193 tonnes of crude gold) had been sent to the
182:'s support for military intervention in favour of the Republic, combined with the support of the
1392:
900:
The gold took three nights to be loaded, and on October 25 the four vessels set out en route to
4598:
La soledad de la República: el abandono de las democracias y el viraje hacia la Unión Soviética
4214:
2022:
Pan Gómez fled to the Nationalist-controlled area, in order to organize a new Bank of Spain in
718:
not for security purposes, but because of a preconceived intention to send the gold to Moscow.
710:, one of the most fervent adversaries of Negrín; however, this is considered inaccurate by the
4671:
4626:
4622:
El escudo de la República. El oro de España, la apuesta soviética y los hechos de mayo de 1937
4616:
4602:
4592:
4578:
4568:
4554:
4544:
4530:
4520:
4506:
4487:
4466:
4445:
4424:
4389:
4370:
4348:
4327:
4303:
4282:
4261:
4188:
4167:
4143:
4099:
4078:
4057:
4038:
4017:
3913:
3892:
3871:
3850:
3815:
3794:
3773:
3763:
3749:
3728:
3704:
3680:
2761:
1682:
1633:
1376:
1304:
1042:
614:
the President of the Council of Ministers (Largo Caballero himself), the Minister of Finance (
512:
386:
323:(equivalent to $ 15.77 billion in 2023). Such figures corresponded to 635 tonnes of
305:
259:
140:
83:
4318:
4362:
3718:
3287:
2384:
1388:
1372:
1338:
1149:
1099:
925:
818:
748:
715:
666:
641:
637:
619:
571:
378:
366:
319:
reported on August 7, 1936, that the Spanish gold reserves in Madrid were worth 718 million
255:
211:
164:
160:
63:
51:
4862:
4246:
4128:
3985:
3952:
3343:
3128:
Tres años de lucha: Por el frente popular, por la libertad, por la Independencia de España
2905:
1942:
1667:
650:
539:
410:
was strictly followed, based on the testimonies of the last pre-1931 Minister of Finance,
351:
282:
195:
3886:
1244:
Obverse of a 1 peseta banknote, issued on the summer of 1937 by the Municipal Council of
770:, pronounced before the General Council of the Bank of Spain of Burgos, 22 September 1937
714:
historian Francisco Olaya Morales, who argues that the gold reserves were transferred to
606:
1288:, however there still remain some who must be quickly liquidated, because these are the
1098:
what was done with the rare or antique coins, but it is doubtful that they were melted.
731:
and raw materials. Beevor also cites Gabriel Jackson and Víctor Alba, who in their book
389:), attempted for the first time to organize the relations within the Bank of Spain as a
1677:
1153:
1118:
denounced the "absurd idea of sending the gold reserves abroad", the government agency
1066:
1018:
1014:
1006:
989:
798:
711:
622:). But it were the first two the only ones who negotiated with the Russian government.
615:
553:
546:
523:
355:
347:
336:
131:
118:
and on the diplomatic relations between the Francoist government and the Soviet Union.
102:. The term also encompasses the subsequent issues relating with the gold's sale to the
99:
3809:
2009:
According to Viñas, the process was guided by the maxim "salus patriae, suprema lex".
5045:
5029:
4886:
3694:
3572:
1567:
1221:
1054:
1046:
1034:
1026:
973:
723:
538:
did not obstruct the sending of gold to France, and the government of Prime Minister
466:
75:
39:
1342:
1938, the antagonism between communists and socialists resulted in violent clashes.
1285:
1156:, respectively. The Spanish ambassador, Marcelino Pascua, was transferred to Paris.
3961:
3928:
2896:
2400:
Coincidentally, 14 September was also the day on which the Nationalists created in
1536:
1525:
1145:
1070:
1062:
1038:
1022:
531:
390:
239:
203:
2760:. Planeta. Chapter: "Una historia de la guerra civil que no va a gustar a nadie".
1798:
Statistics of the Bank of International Payments of Basel, May 11, 193611/5/1936.
1257:), it was forced to acknowledge that it had made various payments with such gold.
315:
The value of the reserves was known at the time by various official publications.
210:, crew and technical personnel to the Nationalist side in Morocco. Shortly after,
179:
4596:
4572:
4548:
4524:
4481:
4460:
4439:
4418:
4342:
4297:
4276:
4255:
4182:
4161:
4137:
4094:
4072:
4032:
4011:
3865:
3844:
3767:
3743:
3674:
1761:"Note de la Sous-Direction d'Europe", 8th of August 1936. DDF, vol. III, nº 108.
924:, however, would arrive several days later because of technical problems. One of
4640:
2404:
their own Bank of Spain, whose Council, presided by former lieutenant governor,
1694:
1403:
1357:
1094:
1074:
1058:
1030:
793:
728:
293:
231:
187:
156:
27:
510 tonnes of gold transferred from Republican Spain to the Soviet Union in 1936
4157:
3722:
3032:, p. 170; for further information on the Republican monetary crisis, see
1507:
1308:
1090:
1082:
943:
328:
1872:
1575:
as false, enumerated the expenses of the Spanish funds in the benefit of the
747:, it was Stashevski who proposed the deposit of the gold reserves in Moscow.
552:
During the last year of the Civil War, 40.2 tonnes of gold deposited in
4847:
4825:
4815:
4574:
Guerra, dinero, dictadura: ayuda fascista y autarquía en la España de Franco
2257:
if he/she should believe that any such decree would violate an existing law.
1672:
1316:
1262:
1141:
1078:
905:
703:
266:
78:
of the Bank of Spain, that were transferred from their original location in
17:
3745:
Entre memorias. Las finanzas del Gobierno republicano español en el exilio
249:
on August 14 and closing the Basque-French border after taking control of
4910:
4820:
1893:
Modified on January 24 of 1927 and amended by Law on November 26 of 1931.
1184:
1179:, in Paris, the Soviet financial organization in France, property of the
1000:
under military vigilance, and the remaining boxes of gold carried by the
984:
Coins made up 99.8% of Bank of Spain transferred gold, 70% of which were
324:
309:
277:
on September 27 in favour of the Nationalist side allowed the forces of
4384:
Radosh, Ronadl, Habeck, Mary R., and Sevostianov, Grigor (Eds) (1979).
4317:
Pons, María Ángeles; Martín Aceña, Pablo; Martínez Ruiz, Elena (2006).
3241:, Archive of Francisco Largo Caballero, XXIII, p. 467, quoted in:
2253:, which empowers the President to submit any government decrees to the
1686:
1200:
1180:
883:
829:
Largo Caballero decided to transfer the gold from Cartagena to Russia.
331:. According to the statistics of the Bank of Spain as published in the
2841:
Luis Araquistáin, "La intervención rusa en la guerra civil Espanola",
1869:"Banco de España - Normativa - Legislación básica del Banco de España"
1540:
newspaper published on May 15 of the same year the following article:
1383:
After the end of the war, the PSOE initiated a slow reconstruction in
3867:
Armas para España. La historia no contada de la guerra civil española
2401:
2023:
1690:
1530:
1192:
1188:
1077:. The total deposit was constituted of 509,287.183 kilograms of
917:
901:
459:
446:
79:
4074:
Historia de la peseta. La España contemporánea a través de su moneda
2249:, p. 447) that this could be in violation of article 76 of the
3909:
La Unión Soviética y la guerra civil española: una revisión crítica
1910:. Instituto de Estudios Fiscales: 77. 84-8008-119-8. Archived from
1135:
Krestinsky, Margoulis and Kagan, were executed on May 15, 1938 or
979:
436:
130:
71:
29:
1992:, p. 113; the author quotes the articles of Juan Ventosa in
362:, which appointed various members of the Bank's General Council.
234:
also initially subscribed to the agreement, participating in the
4756:
1645:
1245:
1086:
961:
833:
250:
103:
4644:
3846:
El PSOE en la Guerra Civil. Poder, crisis y derrota (1936–1939)
3333:
3331:
964:, was immediately moved to the State Depository for Valuables (
574:(Spain's legislative body), a clause that was never fulfilled:
1648:, used to justify the disastrous situation of post-war Spain.
1429:
Asuntos pendientes de recuperación en reivindicación de bienes
1216:
international exchange rates up to 30% and 40% respectively.
208:
his consent for the sending of a first shipment of aeroplanes
3569:
The opening of the Soviet archives and the Spanish Civil War
3147:
of robbery... accompanied by the undermining of human life.
2734:
Original Act in the Historical Archive of the Bank of Spain.
312:
was insignificant, as the reserves included only 64 ingots.
269:
and from Moscow for the recruitment and organization of the
4462:
Economía y finanzas en la guerra civil española (1936–1939)
3808:
García Delgado, José Luis; José María Serrano Sanz (2000).
86:. This transfer was made by order of the government of the
82:
to the Soviet Union a few months after the outbreak of the
1506:
The executorial decision of Mr. Juan Negrín has caused me
916:
The convoy set sail for the USSR, arriving at the port of
465:
On July 26, the newly formed Government of Prime Minister
1689:
gold reserves sent (alongside other valuable objects) to
1387:. The party formed around the ideological leadership of
4503:"El Banco de España 1931–1962", in Escritos (1948–1980)
3724:
La Guerra Civil Española: revolución y contrarevolución
1620:", a vessel acquired by the Republic for this purpose.
1442:
accounts of the Republic's Ministry of Finance abroad.
1348:
Largo Caballero's criticism of Negrín's administration:
425:
from the office of First Deputy Governor in favour of
4092:
Martorell Linares (2006). "Una guerra, dos pesetas".
1980:
Between February 18, 1931 and the following April 15.
932:, described the scene at the Soviet port as follows:
3962:"The Spanish Gold and Financing Soviet Military Aid"
4938:
4838:
4801:
4727:
4720:
4679:
4550:
El oro de Moscú: Alfa y Omega de un mito franquista
2621:, concur that the total number of boxes was 10,000.
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
4386:España traicionada : Stalin y la guerra civil
4320:La Hacienda pública y la financiación de la guerra
3888:Los socialistas en la política española, 1879–1982
1081:and 792.346 kilograms of gold in the form of
618:), and the Minister of the Navy and the Airforce (
4441:El Oro del Banco de España y la historia del Vita
2848:considered high treason or something of the sort.
2419:The internationalization of the Spanish civil war
1292:and not the small industrialists and businessmen.
960:The gold, protected by the 173rd regiment of the
4163:El derrumbe de la II República y la guerra civil
3311:The destination of the gold of the Bank of Spain
1109:When, on January 15, 1937, the newspaper of the
342:In 1782, the Bank of Spain was established as a
3676:Yo fuí ministro de Negrín: memorias ineludibles
3636:and had taken refuge from their crimes abroad.
3630:
3279:
3144:
3100:
3087:
3074:
2556:
1595:
1582:
1543:
1504:
1464:
1419:
1345:
1282:
935:
880:
843:
758:
685:
662:
611:
577:
477:
656:One of the main protagonists in these events,
4656:
4098:. Barcelona: Marcial Pons Historia: 329–355.
2694:
2692:
1524:reported that the Soviet government, through
373:) of December 29, 1921, alternatively called
304:In May 1936, shortly before the start of the
74:of gold, corresponding to 72.6% of the total
8:
4408:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3929:"Soviet Diplomacy and the Spanish Civil War"
3641:
3187:
3037:
3033:
2554:The telegram in question read the following:
1723:
1721:
1663:Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War
1467:Francoist interpretation on the Moscow Gold:
354:counterparts) with a capital of 177 million
174:which included in its majority the centrist
3811:Del real al euro. Una historia de la peseta
1965:
1963:
1905:"El Pensamiento Monetario de Luis Olariaga"
1280:openly reflected the position of the party:
809:and 50 or 60 metallurgists and locksmiths.
4724:
4663:
4649:
4641:
4529:. Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Fiscales.
4369:. Barcelona: Indalecio Prieto Foundation.
3834:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3288:The USSR and the war of the Spanish people
2792:
1402:In January 1955, during the high point of
202:of the Western democracies was confirmed,
3532:
3479:
3381:
3368:
3211:
3175:
3157:
3152:Francesc Cambó, Paris, January 20, 1937;
3131:
3049:
3029:
3017:
2981:
2957:
2917:
2859:
2743:
2722:
2630:
2514:
2446:
2434:
2422:
2318:
2246:
2233:
2173:
2161:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2060:
2047:
2035:
1658:Flight of the Norwegian National Treasury
4013:España: ensayo de historia comtemporánea
3313:, by Indalecio Prieto; México D.F., 1953
1366:— Francisco Largo Caballero, March 1939.
1239:
1172:Banque Commerciale pour L'Europe du Nord
1140:permitted to leave the Soviet Union for
817:, from where it was then transported to
779:
300:Status of the gold reserves and the Bank
5051:Government finances in the Soviet Union
3617:
3556:
3544:
2969:
2945:
2816:
2804:
2671:
2618:
2366:
2185:
2149:
2120:
2108:
1786:
1774:
1762:
1749:
1727:
1717:
1085:: thus, a total of 510,079,529.30
4401:
4242:
4231:
4123:
4122:
4111:
3981:
3970:
3948:
3937:
3827:
2421:, Barcelona, 1971, p. 210; quoted by:
2084:
1938:
1927:
1229:Banque Commerciale de l'Europe du Nord
912:The travel and its reception in Moscow
565:The transfer order and its motivations
224:Nationalist-controlled city of Seville
4480:Santacreu Soler, José Miguel (1986).
3787:García de Cortázar, Fernando (2003).
3656:
3520:
3061:
3005:
2993:
2271:Archives of Francisco Largo Caballero
1195:, New York and Mexico, among others.
333:official Spanish government newspaper
258:(former Soviet representative to the
7:
4486:. Alicante: University of Alicante.
4483:La Crisis monetaria española de 1937
2845:, no. March–April 1958, Paris,
2780:
2710:
2659:
2642:
2597:
2585:
2570:
2306:
2197:
281:to concentrate their efforts on the
4459:Sánchez Asiaín, José Angel (1999).
4187:. Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros.
4139:Juan Negrín: la República en guerra
3094:Ministerial Order of 25 August 1939
2683:
832:On October 20, the director of the
216:cargo aeroplanes and other supplies
214:approved the shipment of a load of
4275:Olaya Morales, Francisco (2004b).
4254:Olaya Morales, Francisco (2004a).
4136:Miralles Linares, Ricardo (2003).
4071:Martorell Linares, Miguel (2001).
4034:El Oro de Moscú y el Oro de Berlín
3790:Los Mitos de la Historia de España
3254:
3082:Law-Decree of November 12 of 1936.
2892:
2482:
2342:
2330:
1738:
891:— United States Congress, Senate,
851:— United States Congress, Senate,
776:Transport of the gold to Cartagena
640:) which, since its landing on the
636:(commanded by Nationalist General
601:The decree was also signed by the
526:, French Minister of Finance, and
385:, named after Minister of Finance
25:
5056:Foreign trade of the Soviet Union
4526:El oro español en la Guerra Civil
4299:La guerra civil en sus documentos
3742:Botella Pastor, Virgilio (2002).
3467:
3322:
3266:
3226:
3199:
3153:
2936:, Buenos Aires, 1972, p. 150
2871:
2828:
2698:
2614:
2610:
2526:
2493:
2470:
2458:
2221:
2209:
2096:
2072:
2010:
1989:
1854:
1842:
1818:
1799:
1131:, ending in an anarchist defeat.
1073:, and an extraordinary amount of
928:'s collaborators, General of the
116:exiled Government of the Republic
3426:
3414:
3339:"Moscow's Gold Standards – TIME"
2654:United States Congress, Senate,
2354:
2137:
1830:
1335:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
805:. He was accompanied by Captain
596:Juan Negrín, Minister of Finance
590:Madrid, 13th of September, 1936.
220:transport the Nationalist troops
178:. Despite French Prime Minister
143:began on July 19, 1936, after a
94:, through the initiative of his
4052:Martínez Amutio, Justo (1974).
4010:Madariaga, Salvador de (1979).
3402:
3242:
2758:La jaula de grillos republicana
2282:
1969:
1955:
365:The Law of Banking Ordination (
4095:La economía de la guerra civil
3583:With the exception of Pío Moa.
658:Prime Minister Largo Caballero
449:, central headquarters of the
441:Royal Customs House (Spanish:
1:
4213:(1998–2000). Hispania Nova. (
4056:. Madrid: Gregorio del Toro.
2633:, p. 294 and p. 448
2380:The hand of Stalin over Spain
2295:Congress for Cultural Freedom
1994:España Económica y Financiera
700:Federación Anarquista Ibérica
507:Burgos, 25th of August 1936.
5061:Soviet Union–Spain relations
4417:Reig Tapia, Alberto (2006).
4184:Los mitos de la Guerra Civil
4031:Martín Aceña, Pablo (2001).
3499:. 1957-04-11. Archived from
3446:. 1957-01-14. Archived from
3347:. 1955-01-31. Archived from
1777:, quotes 22, 23, 24 & 25
1501:, wrote on January 8, 1957:
1491:newspaper, January 13, 1955.
1371:This divide resulted in the
1328:Republican division in exile
861:and loaded onto the vessels
218:that would be later used to
4501:Sardá Dexeus, Juan (1970).
4344:Revolution and War in Spain
4296:Pérez-Maura, Ramón (2004).
4001:. Extra (4). Archived from
2895:, Chapter "Oro y armas" of
2756:Eslava Galán, Juan (2006).
1471:Los caminos del oro español
1129:violent clashes of May 1937
996:The gold was stored in the
930:State Political Directorate
279:General José Enrique Varela
222:stationed in Africa to the
5087:
3593:Oliva, José (2008-05-02).
2934:De mi anecdotario político
953:In Stalin's Secret Service
536:Non-Intervention Committee
489:Ley de Ordenación Bancaria
371:Ley de Ordenación Bancaria
236:Non-Intervention Committee
4973:Government during the war
4505:. Madrid: Bank of Spain.
4438:Rosal, Amaro del (1977).
4326:. Marcial Pons Historia.
3960:Kowalsky, Daniel (2004).
3927:Kowalsky, Daniel (2004).
3906:Kowalsky, Daniel (2003).
3748:. Sevilla: Renacimiento.
3239:Pablo Iglesias Foundation
3156:, p. 31; quoted in:
2658:, pp. 3431, 3433–34, in:
2505:Balance of July 18, 1936.
2245:Olaya Morales indicates (
1614:socialist Amaro del Rosal
674:Francisco Largo Caballero
627:Francisco Largo Caballero
603:President of the Republic
290:Francisco Largo Caballero
92:Francisco Largo Caballero
5071:Gold in the Soviet Union
4142:. Madrid: Temas de Hoy.
4016:. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe.
3993:Luengo, Ernesto (1974).
3870:. Barcelona: Península.
3700:La guerra civil española
3064:, pp. 50–2 and 67–9
2930:Claudio Sánchez Albornoz
2656:Scope of Soviet Activity
2267:Fundación Pablo Iglesias
1610:General Reparations Fund
1459:Jesús Rodríguez Salmones
1406:, the American magazine
893:Scope of Soviet Activity
853:Scope of Soviet Activity
766:— Extract of the report
4721:Political organizations
4553:. Barcelona: Grijalbo.
4444:. Barcelona: Grijalbo.
4388:. Barcelona: Grijalbo.
4363:Prieto Tuero, Indalecio
4281:. Barcelona: Belacqua.
4260:. Barcelona: Belacqua.
3995:"Los trenes del Tesoro"
3864:Howson, Gerald (2000).
3642:García de Cortázar 2003
1693:for safekeeping during
1624:Historiography and myth
904:, a Soviet port in the
708:Diego Abad de Santillán
327:gold, or 20.42 million
88:Second Spanish Republic
38:of the building of the
4956:Evacuation of children
4853:International Brigades
4625:. Barcelona: Crítica.
4601:. Barcelona: Crítica.
4577:. Barcelona: Crítica.
4465:. Barcelona: Planeta.
4367:Convulsiones de España
4341:Preston, Paul (2001).
4302:. Barcelona: Belaqva.
4241:Cite journal requires
4077:. Barcelona: Planeta.
3980:Cite journal requires
3947:Cite journal requires
3912:. Barcelona: Crítica.
3885:Juliá, Santos (1997).
3843:Graham, Helen (2005).
3793:. Barcelona: Planeta.
3703:. Barcelona: Crítica.
3673:Ansó, Mariano (1976).
3638:
3284:
3188:Martorell Linares 2006
3149:
3109:
3091:
3079:
3038:Martorell Linares 2006
3034:Martorell Linares 2001
2613:, Ruiz Martín (1970),
2563:
1937:Cite journal requires
1903:Cepeda, Maria Isabel.
1636:, Ricardo Miralles or
1600:
1587:
1577:French Communist Party
1554:
1512:
1482:
1424:
1363:
1300:
1249:
1017:) (70% of the total),
993:
972:. According to Orlov,
948:
888:
877:. According to Orlov:
848:
815:Atocha railway station
789:
786:Atocha railway station
763:
698:The intentions of the
696:
677:
630:
593:
534:. The creation of the
517:National Defense Junta
509:
454:
443:Real Casa de la Aduana
412:Juan Ventosa y Calvell
382:
370:
271:International Brigades
184:French Communist Party
136:
67:
55:
43:
4166:. Madrid: Encuentro.
3849:. Barcelona: Debate.
3620:, p. 121 and 159
3503:on September 30, 2007
3450:on September 17, 2009
3351:on September 30, 2007
3292:Jesús Hernández Tomás
3130:, p. 313; quoted in:
2996:, p. 22–3 and 48
1697:, but never returned.
1455:Alberto Martín Artajo
1337:(PSOE), opposed him.
1243:
1236:Monetary consequences
1167:London Stock Exchange
983:
803:Francisco Méndez Aspe
783:
570:their actions to the
560:From Madrid to Moscow
440:
134:
33:
4203:Moradiellos, Enrique
4054:Chantaje a un pueblo
4005:on December 6, 2008.
3772:. Barcelona: Alpha.
3769:Meditacions: Dietari
3062:Santacreu Soler 1986
3006:Santacreu Soler 1986
2994:Santacreu Soler 1986
2843:"Cuadernos" magazine
2793:Martínez Amutio 1974
2617:, (Howson (1998) or
2541:El Heraldo de Aragón
2273:, XXIII, p. 477
1752:, quotes 14 & 15
1515:— Félix Gordón Ordás
1127:would result in the
951:— Walter Krivitsky,
920:on November 2 — the
807:Julio López Masegosa
395:Council of Ministers
275:Siege of the Alcázar
60:Gold of the Republic
58:), or alternatively
4951:Concentration camps
4840:Foreign involvement
3727:. Madrid: Alianza.
3679:. Madrid: Planeta.
3533:Olaya Morales 2004a
3480:Olaya Morales 2004b
3382:Olaya Morales 2004a
3369:Sánchez Asiaín 1999
3176:Sánchez Asiaín 1999
3163:2000, pp. 92–3
3132:Sánchez Asiaín 1999
3126:Díaz, José (1970):
3050:Sánchez Asiaín 1999
3030:Sánchez Asiaín 1999
3018:Sánchez Asiaín 1999
2982:Sánchez Asiaín 1999
2958:Olaya Morales 2004a
2918:Olaya Morales 2004a
2860:Olaya Morales 2004a
2744:Olaya Morales 2004a
2723:Olaya Morales 2004a
2631:Olaya Morales 2004a
2619:Martín Aceña (2001)
2515:Olaya Morales 2004a
2447:Olaya Morales 2004a
2435:Sánchez Asiaín 1999
2423:Olaya Morales 2004a
2319:Olaya Morales 2004a
2234:Olaya Morales 2004a
2162:Olaya Morales 2004a
2061:Sánchez Asiaín 1999
2048:Sanchez Asiaín 1999
2036:Sánchez Asiaín 1999
1996:(May 23, 1936) and
1638:Enrique Moradiellos
1051:Austrian schillings
794:Spanish Carabineers
515:, President of the
502:Article the second.
451:Ministry of Finance
360:Ministry of Finance
344:joint stock company
96:Minister of Finance
90:, presided over by
68:Oro de la República
4983:Spanish Revolution
4037:. Madrid: Taurus.
3891:. Madrid: Taurus.
3393:(Pons 2006, p.368)
3257:, pp. 277–303
2904:2007-09-28 at the
2417:Fernando Schwarz.
2387:, translated from
2297:(1965), p. 58
2174:Olaya Morales2004a
1603:— Indalecio Prieto
1590:— Indalecio Prieto
1499:Félix Gordón Ordás
1437:The Negrín dossier
1250:
1209:María Ángeles Pons
1160:Use of the deposit
1115:Solidaridad Obrera
1043:Portuguese escudos
994:
970:October Revolution
895:, p. 3431–32.
855:, p. 3431–32.
790:
722:British historian
653:until November 6.
496:Article the first.
480:Decree number 164:
455:
317:The New York Times
137:
127:Historical context
44:
5036:Spanish Civil War
5023:
5022:
4834:
4833:
4672:Spanish Civil War
4632:978-84-8432-892-6
4217:). Archived from
4181:Moa, Pío (2003).
4121:External link in
3919:978-84-8432-490-4
3779:978-84-7225-207-3
3719:Bolloten, Burnett
3710:978-84-8432-665-6
3618:Martín Aceña 2001
3557:Prieto Tuero 1967
3545:Prieto Tuero 1967
3417:, pp. 313–30
3052:, pp. 126–31
2970:Martín Aceña 2001
2946:Martín Aceña 2001
2862:, p. 298–309
2817:Martín Aceña 2001
2805:Prieto Tuero 1997
2672:Martín Aceña 2001
2437:, p. 114–115
2389:The Saturday Post
2367:Martín Aceña 2001
2345:, p. 716–717
2186:Martín Aceña 2001
2176:, p. 311–312
2150:Martín Aceña 2001
2121:Martín Aceña 2001
2109:Martín Aceña 2001
1683:Romanian Treasure
1377:Segismundo Casado
1297:José Díaz Ramos,
1276:of March 1937 by
955:, pp. 112–3.
513:Miguel Cabanellas
262:), on August 21.
260:League of Nations
247:Battle of Badajoz
141:Spanish Civil War
84:Spanish Civil War
16:(Redirected from
5078:
4931:
4878:
4858:Non-intervention
4725:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4642:
4636:
4612:
4588:
4564:
4540:
4516:
4497:
4476:
4455:
4434:
4413:
4407:
4399:
4380:
4358:
4337:
4325:
4313:
4292:
4271:
4250:
4244:
4239:
4237:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4198:
4177:
4153:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4119:
4117:
4109:
4088:
4067:
4048:
4027:
4006:
3989:
3983:
3978:
3976:
3968:
3966:
3956:
3950:
3945:
3943:
3935:
3933:
3923:
3902:
3881:
3860:
3839:
3833:
3825:
3804:
3783:
3759:
3738:
3714:
3690:
3659:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3575:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3470:, pp. 657–9
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3440:"Dreams of Gold"
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3385:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3335:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3296:Socialist Action
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3217:, pp. 89–93
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3141:
3135:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3095:
3083:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2662:, pp. 280–1
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2567:Iván Vasiliévich
2552:
2546:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2415:
2409:
2398:
2392:
2385:Walter Krivitsky
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2321:, p. 289–93
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2264:
2258:
2255:Cortes Generales
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2085:Pérez-Maura 2004
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2057:
2051:
2050:, p. 249–50
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2020:
2014:
2007:
2001:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1967:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1909:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1871:. Archived from
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1803:
1796:
1790:
1787:Moradiellos 1999
1784:
1778:
1775:Moradiellos 1999
1772:
1766:
1763:Moradiellos 1999
1759:
1753:
1750:Moradiellos 1999
1747:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1728:Moradiellos 1999
1725:
1701:Yamashita's gold
1604:
1591:
1562:
1516:
1492:
1432:
1389:Indalecio Prieto
1367:
1339:Indalecio Prieto
1298:
1100:Burnett Bolloten
956:
926:Walter Krivitsky
896:
856:
771:
749:Walter Krivitsky
743:." According to
741:Luis Araquistáin
694:
693:Luis Araquistáin
681:Luis Araquistáin
675:
642:Spanish mainland
638:Francisco Franco
628:
620:Indalecio Prieto
597:
572:Cortes Generales
519:
256:Marcel Rosenberg
212:Benito Mussolini
200:non-intervention
165:Francisco Franco
70:), was 510
21:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5019:
4934:
4925:
4872:
4863:Nyon Conference
4830:
4797:
4716:
4712:List of battles
4675:
4669:
4639:
4633:
4615:
4609:
4591:
4585:
4567:
4561:
4543:
4537:
4519:
4513:
4500:
4494:
4479:
4473:
4458:
4452:
4437:
4431:
4423:. Ediciones B.
4416:
4400:
4396:
4383:
4377:
4361:
4355:
4340:
4334:
4323:
4316:
4310:
4295:
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4274:
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4180:
4174:
4156:
4150:
4135:
4120:
4110:
4106:
4091:
4085:
4070:
4064:
4051:
4045:
4030:
4024:
4009:
3999:Historia y vida
3992:
3979:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3946:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3920:
3905:
3899:
3884:
3878:
3863:
3857:
3842:
3826:
3822:
3807:
3801:
3786:
3780:
3764:Cambó, Francesc
3762:
3756:
3741:
3735:
3717:
3711:
3693:
3687:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3662:
3657:Reig Tapia 2006
3655:
3651:
3647:
3644:, p. 345–6
3640:
3634:
3628:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3603:
3601:
3599:El Confidencial
3592:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3567:
3563:
3559:, p. 146–7
3555:
3551:
3547:, p. 121–2
3543:
3539:
3531:
3527:
3519:
3515:
3506:
3504:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3478:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3453:
3451:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3429:, p. 325–9
3425:
3421:
3413:
3409:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3379:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3354:
3352:
3337:
3336:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3286:
3277:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3237:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3212:García Delgado
3210:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3190:, pp. 1–12
3186:
3182:
3178:, pp. 78–9
3174:
3170:
3166:
3158:García Delgado
3151:
3142:
3138:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3097:
3093:
3085:
3081:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3056:
3048:
3044:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2906:Wayback Machine
2891:
2887:
2883:(Pons 2006:369)
2882:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2819:, p. 120–1
2815:
2811:
2803:
2799:
2791:
2787:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2713:, p. 270–1
2709:
2705:
2697:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2608:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2588:, p. 267–8
2584:
2580:
2576:
2565:
2560:
2553:
2549:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:, pp. 30–1
2492:
2488:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2416:
2412:
2406:Pedro Pan Gómez
2399:
2395:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2309:, p. 268–9
2305:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2265:
2261:
2244:
2240:
2236:, p. 286–7
2232:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2212:, p. 133–4
2208:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2188:, p. 153–4
2184:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2075:, p. 101–5
2071:
2067:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2021:
2017:
2008:
2004:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1950:
1936:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1806:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1668:Francoist Spain
1654:
1626:
1606:
1602:
1593:
1589:
1564:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1520:In April 1957,
1518:
1514:
1494:
1484:
1477:Jesús Hernández
1473:
1469:
1439:
1434:
1426:
1393:Julián Besteiro
1369:
1365:
1354:National Palace
1350:
1330:
1325:
1299:
1296:
1278:José Díaz Ramos
1274:Communist Party
1238:
1162:
1067:Argentine pesos
1019:Spanish pesetas
1015:half sovereigns
1007:pounds sterling
990:half-sovereigns
988:(pictured) and
958:
950:
914:
898:
890:
858:
850:
838:Alexander Orlov
778:
773:
765:
695:
692:
676:
673:
646:Siege of Toledo
629:
626:
599:
595:
589:
567:
562:
540:Largo Caballero
521:
511:
506:
500:
494:
492:
482:
435:
423:Pedro Pan Gómez
356:Spanish pesetas
337:Spanish pesetas
302:
283:Siege of Madrid
196:Stanley Baldwin
129:
124:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5084:
5082:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5028:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4946:Army of Africa
4942:
4940:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4920:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4879:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4855:
4850:
4844:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4807:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4733:
4731:
4722:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4645:
4638:
4637:
4631:
4613:
4607:
4589:
4583:
4565:
4559:
4541:
4535:
4517:
4511:
4498:
4492:
4477:
4471:
4456:
4450:
4435:
4429:
4414:
4394:
4381:
4375:
4359:
4353:
4338:
4332:
4314:
4308:
4293:
4287:
4272:
4266:
4251:
4243:|journal=
4199:
4193:
4178:
4172:
4154:
4148:
4133:
4124:|journal=
4104:
4089:
4083:
4068:
4062:
4049:
4043:
4028:
4022:
4007:
3990:
3982:|journal=
3967:. Gutenberg-e.
3957:
3949:|journal=
3934:. Gutenberg-e.
3924:
3918:
3903:
3897:
3882:
3876:
3861:
3855:
3840:
3820:
3805:
3799:
3784:
3778:
3760:
3754:
3739:
3733:
3715:
3709:
3695:Beevor, Antony
3691:
3685:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3649:
3629:
3622:
3610:
3585:
3576:
3561:
3549:
3537:
3525:
3521:Madariaga 1979
3513:
3484:
3472:
3460:
3431:
3419:
3407:
3395:
3386:
3373:
3361:
3327:
3315:
3303:
3298:; Paris, 1952.
3278:
3271:
3259:
3247:
3231:
3219:
3204:
3192:
3180:
3168:
3143:
3136:
3119:
3099:
3086:
3073:
3066:
3054:
3042:
3022:
3010:
3008:, p. 47–9
2998:
2986:
2974:
2972:, p. 150)
2962:
2950:
2938:
2922:
2910:
2885:
2876:
2864:
2852:
2833:
2821:
2809:
2797:
2785:
2773:
2766:
2748:
2736:
2727:
2715:
2703:
2688:
2676:
2664:
2647:
2635:
2623:
2602:
2590:
2578:
2573:, p. 265.
2555:
2547:
2538:The newspaper
2531:
2519:
2507:
2498:
2486:
2475:
2463:
2451:
2439:
2427:
2410:
2393:
2371:
2359:
2347:
2335:
2323:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2259:
2238:
2226:
2214:
2202:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2164:, p. 460.
2154:
2142:
2125:
2123:, p. 32–3
2113:
2101:
2089:
2087:, p. 63–4
2077:
2065:
2052:
2040:
2028:
2015:
2002:
2000:(May 29, 1936)
1982:
1973:
1959:
1948:
1939:|journal=
1895:
1886:
1859:
1847:
1835:
1823:
1804:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1754:
1742:
1731:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1680:
1678:Operation Fish
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1625:
1622:
1594:
1581:
1579:and affirmed:
1561:, May 15, 1957
1542:
1503:
1463:
1438:
1435:
1418:
1344:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1305:Francesc Cambó
1294:
1237:
1234:
1161:
1158:
1055:Dutch guilders
1047:Russian rubles
1035:Belgian francs
934:
913:
910:
879:
842:
777:
774:
757:
690:
671:
634:Army of Africa
624:
592:
591:
586:
576:
566:
563:
561:
558:
554:Mont de Marsan
547:Bank of France
528:Émile Labeyrie
524:Vincent Auriol
476:
434:
431:
427:Julio Carabias
387:Francesc Cambó
301:
298:
128:
125:
123:
120:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5083:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5066:Weapons trade
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5041:1936 in Spain
5039:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4929:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4887:Condor Legion
4885:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4876:
4871:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4737:Popular Front
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4673:
4666:
4661:
4659:
4654:
4652:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4634:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4608:84-8432-795-7
4604:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4584:84-7423-232-5
4580:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4560:84-253-1139-X
4556:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4536:84-7196-009-5
4532:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4512:84-7196-009-5
4508:
4504:
4499:
4495:
4493:84-600-4582-X
4489:
4485:
4484:
4478:
4474:
4472:84-89512-38-8
4468:
4464:
4463:
4457:
4453:
4451:84-253-0768-6
4447:
4443:
4442:
4436:
4432:
4430:84-666-2809-6
4426:
4422:
4421:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4397:
4395:84-253-1139-X
4391:
4387:
4382:
4378:
4376:84-320-6833-0
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4354:0-415-09894-7
4350:
4347:. Routledge.
4346:
4345:
4339:
4335:
4333:84-96467-33-3
4329:
4322:
4321:
4315:
4311:
4309:84-95894-99-8
4305:
4301:
4300:
4294:
4290:
4288:84-96326-09-8
4284:
4280:
4279:
4273:
4269:
4267:84-95894-83-1
4263:
4259:
4258:
4252:
4248:
4235:
4221:on 2018-10-07
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4194:84-9734-093-0
4190:
4186:
4185:
4179:
4175:
4173:84-7490-625-3
4169:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4149:84-8460-301-6
4145:
4141:
4140:
4134:
4130:
4115:
4107:
4105:84-96467-33-3
4101:
4097:
4096:
4090:
4086:
4084:84-08-04087-1
4080:
4076:
4075:
4069:
4065:
4063:84-312-0174-6
4059:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4044:84-306-0448-0
4040:
4036:
4035:
4029:
4025:
4023:84-239-4952-4
4019:
4015:
4014:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3974:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3941:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3904:
3900:
3898:84-306-0010-8
3894:
3890:
3889:
3883:
3879:
3877:84-8307-304-8
3873:
3869:
3868:
3862:
3858:
3856:84-8306-609-2
3852:
3848:
3847:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3823:
3821:84-88099-61-4
3817:
3814:. Barcelona.
3813:
3812:
3806:
3802:
3800:84-08-05009-5
3796:
3792:
3791:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3755:84-8472-050-0
3751:
3747:
3746:
3740:
3736:
3734:84-206-8703-0
3730:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3686:84-320-5621-9
3682:
3678:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3658:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3637:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3611:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3586:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3573:Stanley Payne
3570:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3541:
3538:
3535:, p. 301
3534:
3529:
3526:
3523:, p. 529
3522:
3517:
3514:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3482:, p. 408
3481:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3461:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3408:
3405:, p. 506
3404:
3399:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3384:, p. 283
3383:
3377:
3374:
3371:, p. 120
3370:
3365:
3362:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3325:, p. 314
3324:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3275:
3272:
3269:, p. 295
3268:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3248:
3245:, p. 392
3244:
3240:
3235:
3232:
3229:, p. 274
3228:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3208:
3205:
3202:, p. 218
3201:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3155:
3148:
3140:
3137:
3134:, p. 74.
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3113:Causa General
3108:
3106:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3023:
3020:, p. 113
3019:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2963:
2960:, p. 300
2959:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2923:
2920:, p. 308
2919:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2874:, p. 180
2873:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2837:
2834:
2831:, p. 435
2830:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2810:
2807:, p. 130
2806:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2786:
2783:, p. 273
2782:
2781:Bolloten 1989
2777:
2774:
2769:
2767:84-08-06511-4
2763:
2759:
2752:
2749:
2746:, p. 296
2745:
2740:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2725:, p. 294
2724:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2711:Bolloten 1989
2707:
2704:
2701:, p. 210
2700:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2686:, p. 270
2685:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2660:Bolloten 1989
2657:
2651:
2648:
2645:, p. 270
2644:
2643:Bolloten 1989
2639:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2600:, p. 269
2599:
2598:Bolloten 1989
2594:
2591:
2587:
2586:Bolloten 1989
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2571:Bolloten 1989
2568:
2562:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2535:
2532:
2529:, p. 174
2528:
2523:
2520:
2517:, p. 328
2516:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2476:
2473:, p. 139
2472:
2467:
2464:
2461:, p. 127
2460:
2455:
2452:
2449:, p. 289
2448:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2428:
2425:, p. 287
2424:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2360:
2357:, p. 317
2356:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2336:
2333:, p. 232
2332:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2307:Bolloten 1989
2303:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2285:, p. 395
2284:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2227:
2224:, p. 433
2223:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2200:, p. 261
2199:
2198:Bolloten 1989
2194:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2099:, p. 159
2098:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2063:, p. 250
2062:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2038:, p. 281
2037:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2013:, p. 114
2012:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1931:
1917:on 2010-03-29
1913:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1875:on 2008-10-31
1874:
1870:
1863:
1860:
1857:, p. 112
1856:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1821:, p. 111
1820:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1802:, p. 112
1801:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1618:Vita Treasure
1615:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1553:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1443:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1213:Gerald Howson
1210:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:Chilean pesos
1068:
1064:
1063:Mexican pesos
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:French francs
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
991:
987:
982:
978:
975:
974:Joseph Stalin
971:
967:
963:
957:
954:
947:
945:
940:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
911:
909:
907:
903:
897:
894:
887:
885:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
857:
854:
847:
841:
839:
835:
830:
826:
822:
820:
816:
810:
808:
804:
800:
795:
787:
782:
775:
772:
769:
762:
756:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
724:Antony Beevor
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
689:
684:
682:
670:
668:
661:
659:
654:
652:
647:
643:
639:
635:
623:
621:
617:
610:
608:
605:of the time,
604:
598:
587:
583:
582:
581:
575:
573:
564:
559:
557:
555:
550:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
508:
503:
499:may be found.
497:
490:
486:
481:
475:
473:
468:
463:
461:
452:
448:
444:
439:
432:
430:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
403:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
307:
299:
297:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
176:Radical Party
173:
172:Popular Front
168:
166:
162:
161:José Sanjurjo
158:
154:
149:
148:
142:
133:
126:
121:
119:
117:
111:
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
76:gold reserves
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
40:Bank of Spain
37:
32:
19:
4996:White Terror
4965:
4939:Other topics
4621:
4617:Viñas, Ángel
4597:
4593:Viñas, Ángel
4573:
4569:Viñas, Ángel
4549:
4545:Viñas, Ángel
4525:
4521:Viñas, Ángel
4502:
4482:
4461:
4440:
4419:
4385:
4366:
4343:
4319:
4298:
4277:
4256:
4234:cite journal
4223:. Retrieved
4219:the original
4215:2001 Edition
4210:
4183:
4162:
4138:
4114:cite journal
4093:
4073:
4053:
4033:
4012:
4003:the original
3998:
3973:cite journal
3940:cite journal
3908:
3887:
3866:
3845:
3810:
3789:
3768:
3744:
3723:
3699:
3675:
3666:Bibliography
3652:
3639:
3631:
3625:
3613:
3602:. Retrieved
3598:
3588:
3579:
3564:
3552:
3540:
3528:
3516:
3505:. Retrieved
3501:the original
3496:
3487:
3475:
3463:
3452:. Retrieved
3448:the original
3443:
3434:
3422:
3410:
3398:
3389:
3376:
3364:
3353:. Retrieved
3349:the original
3342:
3318:
3306:
3295:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3262:
3250:
3234:
3222:
3213:
3207:
3195:
3183:
3171:
3159:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3127:
3122:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3092:
3088:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3057:
3045:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2989:
2984:, p. 79
2977:
2965:
2953:
2948:, p. 77
2941:
2933:
2925:
2913:
2897:
2888:
2879:
2867:
2855:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2824:
2812:
2800:
2795:, p. 58
2788:
2776:
2757:
2751:
2739:
2730:
2718:
2706:
2684:Preston 2001
2679:
2674:, p. 26
2667:
2655:
2650:
2638:
2626:
2615:Viñas (1976)
2611:Sardá (1970)
2605:
2593:
2581:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2539:
2534:
2522:
2510:
2501:
2489:
2478:
2466:
2454:
2442:
2430:
2418:
2413:
2396:
2388:
2379:
2374:
2369:, p. 95
2362:
2350:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2302:
2294:
2290:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2251:Constitution
2241:
2229:
2217:
2205:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2157:
2152:, p. 74
2145:
2140:, p. 15
2116:
2111:, p. 28
2104:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2055:
2043:
2031:
2018:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1976:
1951:
1930:cite journal
1919:. Retrieved
1912:the original
1898:
1889:
1877:. Retrieved
1873:the original
1862:
1850:
1845:, p. 29
1838:
1833:, p. 14
1826:
1794:
1782:
1770:
1757:
1745:
1734:
1643:
1631:
1627:
1607:
1601:
1596:
1588:
1583:
1572:
1565:
1559:Mundo Obrero
1558:
1555:
1544:
1537:Mundo Obrero
1535:
1529:
1526:Radio Moscow
1521:
1519:
1513:
1505:
1495:
1486:
1483:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1452:
1448:Mariano Ansó
1444:
1440:
1428:
1425:
1420:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1382:
1370:
1364:
1347:
1346:
1331:
1301:
1290:true enemies
1283:
1270:
1267:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1228:
1226:
1218:
1205:
1197:
1176:
1170:
1163:
1146:Buenos Aires
1133:
1119:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1075:U.S. dollars
1059:Swiss francs
1039:Italian lire
1031:German marks
1001:
997:
995:
965:
959:
952:
949:
936:
921:
915:
899:
892:
889:
881:
874:
870:
866:
862:
859:
852:
849:
844:
831:
827:
823:
811:
791:
784:View of the
767:
764:
759:
753:
745:Martín Aceña
737:Mariano Ansó
732:
720:
697:
686:
678:
663:
655:
631:
612:
607:Manuel Azaña
600:
594:
578:
568:
551:
544:
532:French franc
522:
510:
501:
495:
488:
484:
483:The present
479:
478:
471:
464:
456:
442:
420:
415:
407:
404:
398:
391:central bank
374:
364:
341:
321:U.S. dollars
316:
314:
310:gold bullion
303:
287:
264:
244:
240:black market
228:
226:on July 29.
204:Adolf Hitler
192:Conservative
169:
146:
145:half-failed
138:
112:
109:
59:
56:Oro de Moscú
47:
45:
35:
4978:Moscow gold
4926: [
4873: [
4803:Nationalist
4674:(1936–1939)
3255:Graham 2005
2893:Howson 2000
2483:Luengo 1974
2331:Beevor 2005
1739:Howson 2000
1695:World War I
1528:as well as
1404:McCarthyism
1375:of Colonel
1373:coup d'état
1154:México City
1137:disappeared
1091:troy ounces
799:Juan Negrín
733:Juan Negrín
712:libertarian
329:troy ounces
294:Ivan Maisky
232:Third Reich
194:politician
188:appeasement
157:Emilio Mola
147:coup d'état
100:Juan Negrín
48:Moscow Gold
18:Moscow gold
5030:Categories
4991:Red Terror
4826:Alfonsists
4816:Falangists
4729:Republican
4687:Background
4680:Chronology
4225:2008-11-04
3604:2009-03-07
3507:2008-11-03
3493:"All Gone"
3468:Viñas 2007
3454:2008-11-03
3355:2008-11-03
3323:Viñas 1979
3267:Juliá 1997
3227:Juliá 1997
3200:Viñas 1979
3154:Cambó 1982
2872:Viñas 1976
2829:Sardá 1970
2699:Viñas 1976
2545:reserves."
2527:Viñas 1984
2494:Rosal 1977
2471:Viñas 1976
2459:Viñas 1976
2222:Sardá 1970
2210:Viñas 1976
2097:Viñas 1979
2073:Viñas 1976
2011:Viñas 2006
1990:Viñas 2006
1921:2009-03-07
1879:2008-09-28
1855:Viñas 2006
1843:Viñas 1976
1819:Viñas 2006
1800:Viñas 2006
1789:, quote 27
1707:References
1568:José Giral
1309:Juan March
1286:liquidated
1255:vide supra
1232:vanished.
1222:José Giral
1150:Washington
1095:numismatic
1079:gold coins
1011:sovereigns
986:sovereigns
944:Red Square
836:in Spain,
788:of Madrid.
467:José Giral
433:Paris gold
155:(Generals
122:Background
4848:Comintern
4707:1938–1939
4404:cite book
4365:(1997) .
3830:cite book
3427:Ansó 1976
3415:Ansó 1976
2355:Ansó 1976
2138:Pons 2006
1831:Pons 2006
1673:Nazi gold
1317:Texas Oil
1263:inflation
1142:Stockholm
906:Black Sea
819:Cartagena
716:Cartagena
704:Barcelona
679:However,
667:Cartagena
665:forts of
472:Cambó Law
416:Cambó Law
408:Cambó Law
399:Cambó Law
383:Ley Cambó
375:Cambó Law
306:Civil War
267:Comintern
180:Léon Blum
34:Northern
4987:Terrors
4967:Guernica
4911:Viriatos
4906:Portugal
4821:Carlists
4619:(2007).
4595:(2006).
4571:(1984).
4547:(1979).
4523:(1976).
4420:Anti-Moa
4205:(1999).
4160:(2001).
4158:Moa, Pío
3766:(1982).
3721:(1989).
3697:(2005).
3403:Moa 2001
3243:Moa 2001
3105:Caudillo
2902:Archived
2559:secrecy.
2283:Moa 2001
1970:Moa 2003
1956:Moa 2001
1687:Romanian
1652:See also
1646:mythical
1358:scruples
1323:Cold War
1295:—
1185:Brussels
1177:Eurobank
998:Goskhran
966:Goskhran
875:Volgoles
729:matériel
691:—
672:—
651:Valencia
625:—
346:(as its
5013:sidebar
4923:Belarus
4918:Ireland
4882:Germany
1201:fascism
1181:Gosbank
884:Archena
768:in voce
379:Spanish
367:Spanish
352:English
190:of the
64:Spanish
52:Spanish
5008:navbox
4629:
4605:
4581:
4557:
4533:
4509:
4490:
4469:
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3916:
3895:
3874:
3853:
3818:
3797:
3776:
3752:
3731:
3707:
3683:
3214:et al.
3160:et al.
2764:
2402:Burgos
2343:Beevor
2024:Burgos
1691:Russia
1685:, the
1573:Pravda
1531:Pravda
1508:stupor
1488:Arriba
1193:Warsaw
1189:Prague
1120:Cosmos
1083:ingots
918:Odessa
902:Odessa
616:Negrín
585:Spain.
460:Burgos
447:Madrid
397:. The
348:French
80:Madrid
72:tonnes
36:façade
5003:Women
4961:Films
4930:]
4894:Italy
4877:]
4324:(PDF)
3965:(PDF)
3932:(PDF)
3571:, by
2383:, by
2247:2004a
1915:(PDF)
1908:(PDF)
1712:Notes
1634:Viñas
1385:exile
1175:, or
1087:grams
1027:Louis
1002:Kursk
922:Kursk
867:Kursk
485:Junta
206:gave
153:junta
5046:Gold
4870:USSR
4811:CEDA
4767:PSUC
4762:PSOE
4757:POUM
4702:1937
4697:1936
4692:Coup
4627:ISBN
4603:ISBN
4579:ISBN
4555:ISBN
4531:ISBN
4507:ISBN
4488:ISBN
4467:ISBN
4446:ISBN
4425:ISBN
4410:link
4390:ISBN
4371:ISBN
4349:ISBN
4328:ISBN
4304:ISBN
4283:ISBN
4262:ISBN
4247:help
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3986:help
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3872:ISBN
3851:ISBN
3836:link
3816:ISBN
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3497:TIME
3444:TIME
3344:Time
3036:and
2762:ISBN
1943:help
1522:Time
1413:Time
1408:Time
1315:and
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1246:Reus
1152:and
1125:POUM
962:NKVD
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