1537:
1787:, despite certain acts of resistance and disobedience, it refused to acknowledge their suzerainty in the years 1374–1380, 1396–1411, 1414–1416 and 1417–1419, even despite the growing might of the Golden Horde. The power of the Horde over Moscow was greatly limited in the reign of Dmitri Donskoi, who gained recognition of the Grand Principality of Vladimir as a hereditary possession of Moscow princes: while the Horde collected tribute from his land, it could no longer have a serious impact on the internal structure of northern Russian lands. In the years of Vasily II and Ivan III, the Grand Principality of Moscow acquired the idea of tsardom from the fallen Byzantine Empire, which was incompatible with the recognition of the suzerainty of the khan, and started to declare its independence in diplomatic relations with other countries. This process was complete by the reign of Ivan III.
807:
1425:
1361:. Apart from their cultural functions, these monasteries were major landowners who could control the economy of an adjacent region. They served as outposts of Moscow's influence in the neighbouring principalities and republics. Another factor responsible for the expansion of the Grand Principality of Moscow was its favourable dynastic situation, in which each sovereign was succeeded by his son, while rival principalities were plagued by dynastic strife and splintered into ever-smaller polities. The only lateral branch of the House of Moscow, represented by
92:
1849:
1196:
3407:
1297:
1093:
4710:
4582:
66:
131:
858:) were common short titles. After the unification with the Principality of Vladimir in the mid-14th century, the prince of Moscow might call themselves also "the Prince of Vladimir and Moscow", as Vladimir was much older than Moscow and much more "prestigious" in the hierarchy of possessions, although the principal residence of the princes had always been in Moscow. In rivalry with other principalities (especially the
4513:
1926:
1731:
823:
4819:
143:
3349:
1536:
1171:(ruled 1325–1340), managed to retain the title of grand duke by cooperating closely with the Mongols and by collecting tribute and taxes from the other principalities on their behalf. This relationship enabled Ivan to gain regional ascendancy, particularly over Moscow's chief rival, the northern city of
2949:
But the crucial year was 1326, when Peter became a resident of Moscow and began to build his burial vault. On
December 20, 1326. Metropolitan Peter died and was buried by one of the bishops in the presence of Ivan I. Due to his residency and burial place, Metropolitan Peter had confirmed Moscow the
866:
Princes", claiming a higher position in the hierarchy of Rus' princes. During the territorial growth and later acquisitions, the full title became rather lengthy. In routine documents and on seals, though, various short names were applied: "the (Grand) Prince of Moscow", "the
Sovereign of Moscow",
977:
Such claims raised much opposition and hostility from its main rival, the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania, which controlled a large (western) portion of the land of ancient Rus' and hence denied any claims and even the self-name of the eastern neighbour. Under the Polish-Lithuanian influence the country
1770:
khans. After the restoration of unity in the Golden Horde in the early 14th century, it generally enjoyed the favour of the Khans until 1317 but lost it in 1322–1327. The following thirty years, when the relations between the two states improved, allowed Moscow to achieve sufficient economic and
1678:
Rurikid and
Gediminid boyars, whose fathers and grandfathers were independent princelings, felt that they were kin to the grand prince and hence almost equal to him. During the times of dynastic troubles (such as the years of Ivan IV's minority), boyardom constituted an internal force that was a
1779:
had no other choice but to recognize the supremacy of Moscow over northern and eastern
Russian lands. The traditional Mongol principle of breaking up larger concentrations of power into smaller ones failed, and the following period is characterized by the lack of support from the Horde.
938:, the collective name of the Eastern Slavic land, Rus', was not forgotten, though it then became a cultural and geographical rather than the political term, as there was no single political entity on the territory. Since the 14th century various Muscovite princes added "of all Rus
2600:
The full title of Vasily III (the father of the first
Russian tsar Ivan IV) in a 1517 document: "By God's will and our own desire, We, the Great Sovereign Vasily, by God's grace, the Tsar (sic!) and the Sovereign of all Rus' and the Grand Prince of Vladimir, Moscow,
1155:
By the early 14th century, Moscow had improved its standing against other towns within its parent principality of
Vladimir-Suzdal, and by the 1320s, it emerged as the most influential, largely due to decisions made by the Mongol khan; aside from this, the
974:" was supposed to be rather honorific epithets, since Ivan III is transformed into the political claim over the territory of all the former Kievan Rus', a goal that the Muscovite prince came closer to by the end of that century, uniting eastern Rus'.
1696:, and some later monarchs felt the necessity to counterbalance the boyardom by creating a new kind of nobility, based on personal devotion to the tsar and merits earned by faithful service, rather than by heredity. Later these new nobles were called
1771:
political potential. Further attempts to deprive its rulers of the status of grand dukes of
Vladimir were unsuccessful after the Khanate sank into internecine war and proved to be fruitless during the reign of a relatively powerful khan such as
1183:. Ivan's moniker "Kalita" (literally, the "moneybag") was an indication of his character as a businessman. He used his treasures to purchase land in other principalities and to finance the construction of stone churches in the
4396:
4375:
4354:
4333:
4245:
4229:
1226:
of
Lithuania allied himself by marriage with Tver and undertook three expeditions against Moscow (1368, 1370, 1372) but was unable to take it. The main bone of contention between Moscow and Vilnius was the large city of
806:
1326:, he attempted to avoid open conflicts with his powerful father-in-law, even when the latter annexed Smolensk. The peaceful years of his long reign were marked by the continuing expansion to the east (annexation of
4237:
1435:
The outward expansion of the grand principality in the 14th and 15th centuries was accompanied by internal consolidation. By the 15th century, the rulers of Moscow considered the entire territory of the former
5368:
3855:
4478:
2749:Хорошкевич, А. Л. (1976). "Россия и Московия: Из истории политико-географической терминологии" [Khoroshkevich A. L. Russia and Muscovy: from the history of politico-geographic terminology].
1448:(the Great; r. 1462–1505) forced the lesser princes to acknowledge the grand prince of Moscow and his descendants as unquestioned rulers with control over military, judicial, and foreign affairs.
6329:
1265:, Dmitri posed as a champion of Orthodoxy and managed to unite the warring principalities of Rus' in his struggle against the Horde. He challenged Khan's authority and defeated his commander
665:
in 1480 marked the end of nominal Tatar suzerainty over Russia, though there were frequent uprisings and several successful military campaigns against the
Mongols, such as an uprising led by
6339:
3626:
3565:
3550:
1964:
1735:
1112:
who expanded its borders and turned a small principality in the Moscow River Basin into the largest state in Europe of the 16th century. The first ruler of the principality of Moscow,
1959:
6274:
1762:
Relations between the Moscow principality and the Horde were mixed. In the first two decades of the 13th century Moscow gained the support of one of the rivalling Mongol statesmen,
5892:
6269:
5585:
1148:, and married the khan's sister. The khan allowed Yuriy to claim the title of Grand Duke of Vladimir-Suzdal, a position which allowed him to interfere in the affairs of the
5202:
1949:
1954:
4225:
661:, paying the khans homage and tribute. Moscow eclipsed and eventually absorbed its parent principality and later the other independent Russian principalities. The
6284:
6201:
4672:
4312:
4209:
2699:
2316:
2277:
4790:
4217:
4199:
1089:
region. Muscovites, Suzdalians and other inhabitants were able to maintain their Slavic, pagan, and Orthodox traditions for the most part under the Tatar yoke.
1077:
it in 1293, the outpost's remote, forested location offered some security from Mongol attacks and occupation, while a number of rivers provided access to the
4990:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
5082:
4759:
4541:
1577:, predicated the nobleman's rank and function on the rank and function of his ancestors and other members of his family. The highest echelon of hereditary
1528:, but in practice, it started with Ivan III, who completed the centralization of the state (traditionally known as "the gathering of the Russian lands").
5042:
4641:
3821:
91:
1284:
made the Russian population start believing in their ability to end Tatar domination and become a free people. In 1389, he passed the throne to his son
6289:
4389:
1277:
in 1382 sacked Moscow hoping to reassert his vested authority over his vassal, the Grand Prince, and his own Mongol hegemony, killing 24,000 people.
130:
5967:
5504:
5409:
5324:
4851:
4171:
3982:
1380:. A bitter family conflict erupted and rocked the country during the whole reign. After Yuri died in 1432, the claims were taken up by his sons,
6279:
6208:
5625:
473:
6104:
5720:
5383:
5062:
3998:
3247:
3133:
3099:
3065:
3028:
2899:
2858:
2786:
2431:
2404:
799:
5019:
4498:
4128:
6299:
6054:
5766:
4368:
3666:
1969:
4941:
3283:
Ostrowski, Donald. Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304–1589. Cambridge University Press. 2002.
1424:
5997:
2090:
1831:
political system. The political traditions established in Muscovy, therefore, exerted a powerful influence on the future development of
1164:(died 1326) transferred his residence from Kiev to Vladimir and then to Moscow, further enhancing the prestige of the new principality.
5499:
5118:
4709:
4665:
4163:
4153:
2300:
2261:
1157:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
6294:
5932:
5821:
5756:
5057:
4783:
4724:
4616:
3342:
3271:
3225:
2936:
2722:
2377:
2339:
2037:
1010:
persisted in the West until the beginning of the 18th century and is still used in historical contexts. The term remains current in
708:
368:
4916:
3580:
1784:
1050:
1571:, were gradually abolished to consolidate power in the hands of the ruling prince. A new elaborate system of court precedence, or
5680:
5663:
5329:
4410:
3956:
3944:
3845:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6264:
5474:
5012:
4823:
4534:
4149:
2065:
1608:, etc. that lived in Moscow after their hereditary principalities had been incorporated into the Principality of Moscow (e.g.,
1400:, and blinded in 1446, Vasily II eventually managed to triumph over his enemies and pass the throne to his son. At his urging,
549:
524:
510:
496:
482:
468:
454:
440:
6079:
5705:
5138:
4581:
3880:
3795:
3933:
2950:
future haven of the Russian Orthodox Church, although this official transfer would not take place until the reign of Alexis.
830:
As with many medieval states, the country had no "official" name, but rather official titles for their rulers. "The Prince (
684:
826:
The seal of Ivan III the Great (1490s), reads: "Ioan (John), by God's grace, the Sovereign of all Rus' and the Grand Duke".
5875:
5590:
5414:
5374:
5128:
5052:
5047:
4951:
4658:
4561:
4103:
3648:
2421:
2223:
2002:
1459:
1428:
1027:
662:
4175:
1811:. The Moscow principality drew people and wealth to the northeastern part of Kievan Rus'; established trade links to the
6161:
6141:
6044:
5695:
5645:
5509:
5354:
5319:
5002:
4776:
4692:
4347:
4326:
3817:
2183:
1725:
1636:
1354:
1662:
Ancient families of Moscow nobility that have been recorded in the service of Grand Dukes from the 14th century (e.g.,
6059:
5796:
5668:
5575:
5529:
5519:
5484:
5364:
5239:
5224:
4878:
4844:
4458:
4305:
4221:
3971:
3694:
3678:
1541:
1175:, which rebelled against the Horde in 1327. The uprising was subdued by the joint forces of the Grand Principality of
1493:
Having consolidated the core of Russia under his rule, Ivan III became the first Moscow ruler to adopt the titles of
1346:, 1398). Nizhny Novgorod was given by the Khan of the Golden Horde as a reward for Muscovite's help against a rival.
1218:" to increase the population and wealth under their rule. In the process, their interests clashed with the expanding
1353:. Hundreds of monasteries were founded by disciples of St. Sergius in distant and inhospitable locations, including
6119:
5952:
5734:
5715:
5615:
5605:
5600:
5192:
5072:
4527:
4113:
4048:
3686:
3386:
3300:
Romaniello, Matthew (September 2006). "Ethnicity as social rank: Governance, law, and empire in Muscovite Russia".
2931:. G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Lanhan, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 31.
2165:
2148:
1944:
1215:
3237:
1517:
that ended only in 1503, Ivan III was able to push westward, and the Moscow state tripled in size under his rule.
1501:". Ivan competed with his powerful northwestern rival, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, for control over some of the
653:, but it was not until 1282 that Daniel is mentioned as an independent prince of Moscow. Initially, Muscovy was a
65:
6344:
6334:
6171:
6151:
6124:
5880:
5640:
5399:
5278:
5207:
5087:
4241:
4233:
3758:
3528:
3364:
2542:
2500:
1853:
1640:
459:
1242:
was aged nine when his parents died and the title of Grand Duke slipped into the hands of his distant relative,
5685:
5524:
5494:
5359:
5273:
5182:
5145:
4754:
2654:
1755:
1628:
1601:
1475:
1219:
1195:
696:
688:
6191:
6166:
6002:
5851:
5811:
5514:
5459:
5344:
5212:
4205:
4187:
4167:
4054:
4026:
3518:
3406:
2547:
2505:
1405:
1251:
1026:, where Czarist Russia established various institutions in the 19th century, and hence also the name of the
1002:
was the Latinized name of the city of Moscow itself, not of the state; later it acquired its wider meaning (
583:
247:
1486:, consisting of the city and a few surrounding lands, remained independent in this period, but Ivan's son,
1349:
The reforms of St. Sergius triggered a cultural revival, exemplified by the icons and frescoes of the monk
1179:, the Grand Principality of Moscow (which competed with Tver for the title of Grand Duke of Vladimir), and
6129:
5987:
5957:
5912:
5863:
5858:
5791:
5675:
5635:
5595:
5429:
5339:
5334:
5155:
5067:
4837:
3736:
1910:
Muscovite Russia was culturally influenced by Slavic and Byzantine cultural elements. In Muscovite Russia
1848:
1751:
1525:
1471:
529:
97:
4036:
3358:
6156:
5897:
5870:
5831:
5771:
5570:
5539:
5449:
5197:
5133:
1621:
1514:
1362:
1314:, he desisted from paying tribute to the Khan but was forced to pursue a more conciliatory policy after
2876:
1296:
1092:
998:) in Western Europe. The first appearances of the term were in an Italian document of 1500. Initially
6186:
6094:
6089:
5841:
5776:
5534:
5469:
5464:
5454:
5424:
5419:
5379:
4886:
4570:
4010:
3813:
3302:
1892:
1743:
1502:
1467:
1358:
1101:
859:
692:
501:
179:
5170:
1667:
1451:
Moscow gained full sovereignty over a significant part of Rus' by 1480 when the overlordship of the
1404:
was elected as Metropolitan of Moscow, which was tantamount to a declaration of independence of the
6181:
5937:
5887:
5806:
5710:
5544:
5489:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5389:
5349:
5314:
5256:
5101:
4963:
3978:
3923:
3791:
3576:
2626:
1513:
river basins. Through the defections of some princes, border skirmishes, and the long inconclusive
1389:
1369:
1262:
1255:
623:
3263:
Byzantium and the Rise of Russia: A Study of Byzantino-Russian Relations in the Fourteenth Century
6109:
6084:
6074:
6064:
6049:
6034:
5992:
5922:
5907:
5846:
5826:
5816:
5786:
5761:
5746:
5690:
5630:
5620:
5479:
5302:
5288:
5283:
5229:
5165:
4975:
4591:
4292:
4256:
4195:
4183:
4091:
4044:
3784:
3682:
3670:
3584:
3572:
3319:
2693:
2475:
2310:
2271:
2082:
1445:
1373:
1307:
1281:
1270:
1203:
1125:
1034:
680:
674:
169:
102:
3859:
3492:
1679:
permanent threat to the throne. An early form of the monarch's conflict with the boyars was the
1392:
well into the 1450s. Although he was ousted from Moscow on several occasions, taken prisoner by
1108:
More important to the development of the state of Moscow, however, was its rule by a series of
6227:
5979:
5947:
5942:
5927:
5902:
5751:
5700:
5650:
5580:
5558:
5403:
5187:
5123:
5113:
5077:
4980:
4946:
4924:
4869:
4749:
4636:
4179:
4143:
4139:
4032:
3841:
3829:
3704:
3690:
3674:
3641:
3594:
3447:
3424:
3420:
3395:
3338:
3267:
3243:
3221:
3195:
3129:
3095:
3061:
3024:
2932:
2895:
2854:
2782:
2718:
2650:
2467:
2427:
2400:
2373:
2335:
2296:
2257:
2231:
2227:
2033:
2010:
2006:
1804:
1739:
1686:
1521:
1463:
1377:
1149:
704:
619:
542:
487:
372:
316:
275:
2563:
2521:
2057:
1462:. By the beginning of the 16th century, virtually all those lands were united, including the
6176:
6114:
6069:
6012:
5917:
5836:
5801:
5610:
5261:
5160:
4968:
4734:
4626:
4135:
3994:
3912:
3869:
3662:
3652:
3311:
3185:
2818:
2459:
2074:
1939:
1589:
1556:
1243:
1168:
1117:
1113:
1019:
928:
811:
646:
627:
611:
574:
301:
282:
237:
6236:
6196:
6099:
6039:
6029:
6017:
5962:
5781:
5175:
5150:
4929:
3809:
3747:
3725:
3604:
3497:
3335:
Foreign Descriptions of Muscovy: An Analytic Bibliography of Primary and Secondary Sources
3257:
2685:
2187:
2030:
The Tsar's Foreign Faiths: Toleration and the Fate of Religious Freedom in Imperial Russia
1911:
1800:
1593:
1401:
1385:
1331:
1327:
1161:
1066:
991:
959:
782:
778:
650:
445:
233:
207:
159:
115:
3467:
2679:
954:) to their titles, after the title of Russian metropolitans, "the Metropolitan of all Rus
3280:
Moss, Walter G (2005). "History of Russia - Volume 1: To 1917", Anthem Press, p. 80
2998:
Political Symbols in Russian History: Church, State, and the Quest for Order and Justice
2929:
Political Symbols in Russian History: Church, State, and the Quest for Order and Justice
6134:
6007:
5268:
5234:
4958:
4911:
4719:
4606:
3833:
3825:
3769:
3714:
3481:
3436:
3295:
The Russian Empire and the Grand Duchy of Muscovy: A Seventeenth Century French Account
2053:
1808:
1796:
1783:
Although Moscow recognized khans as the legitimate authority in the early years of the
1747:
1552:
1545:
1483:
1437:
1413:
1239:
1199:
1184:
1133:
1129:
1054:
983:
666:
598:
251:
76:
6258:
6241:
6146:
5655:
5394:
4985:
4601:
4596:
4517:
4213:
3901:
3851:
3538:
3508:
3353:
3323:
2823:
1931:
1866:
1693:
1573:
1441:
1393:
1350:
1339:
1300:
272:
3123:
3089:
3055:
3018:
2889:
2577:
6022:
5007:
4997:
4729:
4621:
4080:
4069:
3986:
3890:
3658:
3330:
2666:
2622:
1887:
1767:
1656:
1632:
1560:
1455:
1381:
1207:
1145:
1062:
759:, for the city, the principality, and the river, descend from post-classical Latin
658:
654:
607:
199:
195:
121:
17:
3190:
3169:
2213:
1992:
1310:(1389–1425) continued the policies of his father. After the Horde was attacked by
3261:
2924:
2848:
2394:
1254:, which experienced a resurgence in influence, due to the monastic reform of St.
5217:
5024:
4901:
4157:
4058:
4040:
4018:
4006:
3428:
2674:
2642:
1820:
1644:
1235:
1097:
962:(died 1453) was the first Muscovite prince who minted coins with the title "the
924:
142:
1551:
The court of the Moscow princes combined ceremonies and customs inherited from
1470:(annexed in 1485). Through inheritance, Ivan was able to control the important
1318:'s incursion on Moscow in 1408. Married to the only daughter of the Grand Duke
5246:
4906:
4896:
3799:
3315:
1921:
1812:
1776:
1763:
1681:
1671:
1652:
1613:
1487:
1343:
1274:
1141:
1078:
1003:
515:
333:
3199:
2471:
2235:
2180:
2014:
4891:
4646:
4275:
4270:
3990:
3805:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2634:
2078:
1828:
1816:
1730:
1701:
1648:
1605:
1564:
1479:
1409:
1323:
1311:
1247:
1132:(also known as Georgiy; ruled 1303–1325) controlled the entire basin of the
1082:
1023:
935:
822:
2809:[The title of Ivan III according to late-medieval Danish sources].
691:, and by 1503, he had tripled the territory of his realm. Ivan's successor
4818:
3370:
3218:
Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History
2058:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"
4764:
4701:
4611:
4287:
4191:
4014:
3837:
3457:
2610:
2602:
1578:
1319:
1285:
1228:
1223:
1222:, whose subjects were predominantly East Slavic and Orthodox. Grand Duke
1137:
1086:
797:. In Latin, the Moscow principality was also historically referred to as
642:
635:
2536:
2494:
5251:
4739:
4022:
3060:(in Russian) (Naučnoe izd. ed.). Moskva: Nauka. pp. 188–189.
2630:
2181:
Introduction into the Latin epigraphy (Введение в латинскую эпиграфику)
2086:
1824:
1663:
1609:
1506:
1335:
1250:
and Muslim nomads, the ruler of Moscow cultivated an alliance with the
1121:
1074:
1070:
700:
683:("the Great") further consolidated the state during his 43-year reign,
259:
2479:
2332:
Russia and the Soviet Union: an historical introduction second edition
2112:
2110:
1365:
and his descendants, was firmly anchored to the Moscow principality.
4860:
2638:
1877:
1832:
1617:
1597:
1510:
1452:
1440:
to be their collective property. Various semi-independent princes of
1180:
1176:
1120:
of Vladimir-Suzdal. He started to expand his principality by seizing
1109:
1058:
1011:
747:
723:
615:
223:
2803:
2633:, and others, and the Grand Prince of Novgorod of the lower lands ,
1273:(1380). However, the victory did not bring any short-term benefits;
2894:(in Russian) (Naučnoe izd. ed.). Moskva: Nauka. pp. 3–4.
2463:
4829:
4002:
3488:
3128:(in Russian) (Naučnoe izd. ed.). Moskva: Nauka. p. 188.
3094:(in Russian) (Naučnoe izd. ed.). Moskva: Nauka. p. 189.
3023:(in Russian) (Naučnoe izd. ed.). Moskva: Nauka. p. 187.
2646:
2618:
2606:
1898:
1882:
1872:
1861:
1847:
1772:
1729:
1582:
1568:
1535:
1423:
1397:
1368:
The situation changed with the ascension of Vasily I's successor,
1315:
1295:
1266:
1194:
1091:
831:
821:
805:
670:
411:
407:
337:
5369:
Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine
3352:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2804:"Titul Ivana III po datskim istochnikam pozdnego Srednevekov'ya"
2614:
1494:
1172:
1038:
711:
376:
4833:
2450:
Dewey, Horace W. (1987). "Political Poruka in Muscovite Rus'".
1795:
The development of the modern-day Russian state is traced from
1234:
In the 1350s, the country and the royal family were hit by the
1006:) and has been used alongside the older name, Russia. The term
147:
Territorial expansion of the Principality of Moscow, 1300–1547
2356:
Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700
1852:
Traveling by sleigh, Muscovy, mid-16th century, according to
814:(1340s), reads: "The seal of the Grand Duke Simeon of all Rus
792:
626:. The princes of Moscow were descendants of the first prince
3376:
2806:Титул Ивана III по датским источникам позднего Средневековья
1100:
in the early 14th century, depicted by 19th century painter
699:
from Lithuania in 1512 and pushing Muscovy's borders to the
129:
1431:, 1480. Illustration from a 16th-century Russian miniature.
1280:
Nevertheless, Dmitri became a national hero. The memory of
1140:. He then allied with the overlord of the principalities,
2853:. Ceredigion, Wales: Yale University Press. p. 265.
2578:"Andrew Miksys: White Russia in Color - Laimonas Briedis"
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2715:
Between East and West: The Formation of the Moscow State
2399:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 751.
2372:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 50–51.
1965:
List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine
1766:, against the principalities that were oriented towards
862:), Muscovite princes also designated themselves as the "
3266:(1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2423:
Remaking Russia: Voices from within: Voices from within
2295:(Eighth, Advantage ed.). Boston, MA. p. 446.
1014:
as an alternative name for Russia. Derived from it is
949:
918:
906:
894:
878:
853:
841:
786:
777:, "principality of Moscow"), and ultimately from the
772:
588:
3172:
Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice under the Tsars
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
5978:
5733:
5557:
5301:
5100:
5035:
4877:
4868:
970:". Although initially both "Sovereign" and "all Rus
403:
395:
390:
365:
355:
343:
329:
310:
295:
281:
268:
258:
243:
229:
219:
188:
32:
6330:States and territories disestablished in the 1540s
3158:A Brief History of Russia by Michael Kort pg.xxiii
2535:
2493:
1376:, started to advance his claims to the throne and
134:Coat of arms of Muscovy on the Carta marina (1539)
3239:Medieval Russia: 980–1584. Second Edition. E-book
3170:"Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene (eds).
2779:Filyushkin A. I. The titles of the Russian rulers
2768:
2766:
2764:
1950:List of wars involving the Principality of Moscow
1563:. Some traditional Russian offices, like that of
1482:subordinated themselves to him. The northwestern
1288:without bothering to obtain the Khan's sanction.
4408:
4101:
2717:. Academic Studies Press. pp. 64, 69, 146.
6340:Vassal and tributary states of the Golden Horde
1520:The reign of the Tsars started officially with
1960:15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism
1444:stock still claimed specific territories, but
641:In 1263, Daniel inherited the territory as an
630:, referred to in modern historiography as the
6275:States and territories disestablished in 1547
4845:
4784:
4666:
4535:
3154:
3152:
3049:
3047:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2420:Isham, Heyward; Pipes, Richard (2016-09-16).
2370:Ivan the Terrible : first tsar of Russia
2256:(Ninth ed.). Stamford, CT. p. 361.
2247:
2245:
2220:The first Moscow prince, Danil Aleksandrovich
1999:The first Moscow prince, Danil Aleksandrovich
943:
912:
900:
888:
872:
847:
835:
687:against his major remaining rival power, the
8:
2877:Library of Congress Country Studies – Russia
2215:Первый московский князь Даниил Александрович
1994:Первый московский князь Даниил Александрович
1986:
1984:
1803:and the Grand Principality of Moscow to the
1160:started to be based in Moscow too. In 1325,
1073:burnt down Moscow in the winter of 1238 and
931:took the title of Grand Duke of All Russia.
2925:"2: Muscovite Russia (ca. 1240 – ca. 1505)"
1955:Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe
1716:, i.e., to be called to (serve) The Court.
766:
760:
601:
399:2,500,000 km (970,000 sq mi)
6270:States and territories established in 1283
5739:
5563:
5307:
5106:
4874:
4852:
4838:
4830:
4791:
4777:
4686:
4673:
4659:
4555:
4542:
4528:
3380:
2965:. 2007. Cambridge University Press. p. 196
2698:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2315:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2276:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1635:, claiming descent either from Grand Duke
141:
82:(colored according to medieval chronicles)
29:
3242:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3189:
2822:
2811:Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana
1458:officially ended after its defeat in the
2445:
2443:
2135:
2032:. Oxford University Press. p. 147.
1712:, i.e., The Court. Hence the expression
1704:). The name comes from the Russian word
1334:, 1392) and to the north (annexation of
5505:Collective Security Treaty Organization
4700:
4689:
4569:
4558:
4133:
3976:
3789:
3646:
3570:
3486:
3394:
3383:
2781:]. Альянс-Архео. pp. 152–193.
2681:Сборник Русского исторического общества
2167:Russia: a History and an Interpretation
1980:
1827:; and created a highly centralized and
1758:, and Golden Horde (yellow) around 1470
1372:(r. 1425–1462). Before long his uncle,
911:) or "the Great (or Grand) Sovereign" (
695:also enjoyed military success, gaining
669:against the ruler of the Golden Horde,
394:
389:
2872:
2870:
2691:
2308:
2269:
2199:
2116:
1914:was a fundamental part of daily life.
1503:semi-independent former principalities
474:Principality of Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal
6285:13th-century establishments in Russia
5063:Judicial system of the Russian Empire
2842:
2840:
2212:Kuchkin, Vladímir Andreevich (1995).
1991:Kuchkin, Vladímir Andreevich (1995).
364:
354:
350:
309:
294:
290:
280:
152: Core territory of Muscovy, 1300
7:
6202:Unified Sports Classification System
2564:participating institution membership
2522:participating institution membership
1970:Foreign policy of the Russian Empire
1136:and expanded westward by conquering
1018:(المسكوبية), the Arabic name of the
927:to the throne of "All Russia" while
27:Principality of the Late Middle Ages
3220:. Indiana University. p. 222.
2684:. Vol. 53. СПб. 1887. p.
1585:. They fell into three categories:
1116:(d. 1303), was the youngest son of
5500:Commonwealth of Independent States
1524:, the first monarch to be crowned
1490:(r. 1505–33), later conquered it.
1061:was still a small town within the
178: Territory acquired by 1533 (
168: Territory acquired by 1505 (
25:
1214:Ivan's successors continued the "
1158:Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus'
899:), or simply "the Grand Prince" (
618:. It eventually evolved into the
6290:1547 disestablishments in Europe
4817:
4708:
4580:
4511:
3405:
3347:
1924:
1096:The Moscow Kremlin under Prince
846:) or "the Sovereign of Moscow" (
590:Velikoye knyazhestvo Moskovskoye
547:
522:
508:
494:
480:
466:
452:
438:
90:
64:
46:Velikoye knyazhestvo Moskovskoye
4423:Not internationally recognized.
2396:The Cambridge History of Russia
2252:Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2015).
2096:from the original on 2020-07-07
2066:International Studies Quarterly
923:). The Golden Horde appointed
4417:
3881:General Secretariat of Ukraine
3000:. Lexington Books. 2010. p. 39
2824:10.21638/11701/spbu19.2016.205
2164:Florinsky, Michael T. (1965).
1216:gathering of the Russian lands
1:
6280:1282 establishments in Europe
5410:Political abuse of psychiatry
4431:
3649:Great Stand on the Ugra River
3216:Halperin, Charles J. (1987).
3191:10.17161/folklorica.v9i2.3754
3168:Wigzell, Faith (2010-01-31).
2847:Wickham, Chris (2016-10-15).
2393:Perrie, Maureen, ed. (2006).
2368:Madariaga, Isabel de (2005).
2119:, p. 208, 222, 228, 231.
1692:During such conflicts, Ivan,
1555:with those imported from the
1460:Great Stand on the Ugra River
1429:Great Stand on the Ugra River
1303:'s famous icon of the Trinity
1028:Al-Moskobiya Detention Centre
663:Great Stand on the Ugra River
162:, acquired by Muscovy by 1390
6055:Traditions and superstitions
3337:, Slavica Publishers, 1995,
2817:(2). St. Petersburg: 65–75.
2713:Marat Shaikhutdinov (2021).
2153:. Progress Publishers. 1965.
1738:, including Muscovy (blue),
1726:Timeline of the Golden Horde
1505:of Kievan Rus' in the upper
1128:to his family. Daniel's son
1124:and securing the bequest of
883:), "the Sovereign of all Rus
867:"the Grand Prince of all Rus
793:
738:Grand Principality of Moscow
579:Великое княжество Московское
42:Великое княжество Московское
6300:Former monarchies of Europe
5721:Water supply and sanitation
3945:Provisional Priamurye Govt.
2985:Russia under the Old Regime
2291:Duiker, William J. (2016).
2150:A Short History of the USSR
950:
919:
907:
895:
879:
854:
842:
773:
589:
6361:
2330:Thompson, John M. (2019).
1945:Collector of Russian lands
1723:
1466:(annexed in 1478) and the
787:
721:
6221:
5742:
5566:
5310:
5109:
4387:
4366:
4348:Luhansk People's Republic
4345:
4327:Donetsk People's Republic
4324:
4303:
4286:
4269:
4090:
4079:
3943:
3922:
3911:
3900:
3879:
3768:
3757:
3746:
3735:
3724:
3529:Principality of Chernigov
3365:Federal Research Division
3316:10.1080/00905990600842049
2963:Medieval Russia, 980–1584
2543:Oxford English Dictionary
2501:Oxford English Dictionary
2334:. Routledge. p. 73.
1854:Sigismund von Herberstein
944:
913:
901:
889:
873:
848:
836:
578:
460:Principality of Yaroslavl
417:
386:
351:
325:
291:
140:
112:
60:
55:
6295:History of Moscow Oblast
5495:Prime Minister of Russia
4755:Udmurt Autonomous Oblast
3954:
3624:
3548:
3466:
3456:
3446:
2805:
2775:Титулы русских государей
2773:Филюшкин, А. И. (2006).
1720:Relations with the Horde
1220:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
880:Velikiy knyaz vseya Rusi
689:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
593:), also known simply as
5933:Social entrepreneurship
5822:Forced public apologies
5757:Anti-American sentiment
4206:Eurasian Economic Union
4055:Parade of sovereignties
3519:Principality of Polotsk
2923:Trepanier, Lee (2010).
2888:Gorskij, A. A. (2000).
2548:Oxford University Press
2506:Oxford University Press
2358:. Routledge, 2014, p. 5
2079:10.1111/0020-8833.00053
2028:W. Werth, Paul (2014).
1406:Russian Orthodox Church
874:Великий князь всея Руси
724:Moscow § Etymology
116:Attributed coat of arms
6325:16th century in Moscow
6320:16th century in Russia
6315:15th century in Russia
6310:14th century in Russia
6305:13th century in Russia
6265:Principality of Moscow
5681:Social security system
5664:Science and technology
5330:Classified information
5156:Central Russian Upland
3796:Provisional Government
3737:Grand Duchy of Finland
3615:Principality of Moscow
3236:Martin, Janet (2007).
3122:Gorskij, A.A. (2000).
3088:Gorskij, A.A. (2000).
3054:Gorskij, A.A. (2000).
3017:Gorskij, A.A. (2000).
2802:Pape, Carsten (2016).
1856:
1759:
1736:Russian principalities
1548:
1472:Principality of Ryazan
1432:
1304:
1292:Vasily I and Vasily II
1211:
1105:
1037:claimed the title of "
995:
987:
827:
819:
767:
761:
730:Principality of Moscow
602:
567:Principality of Moscow
530:Principality of Ryazan
135:
34:Principality of Moscow
6142:Russian tsars regalia
5475:Intelligence agencies
5198:Great Russian Regions
4942:Expansion (1500-1800)
4824:Grand Duchy of Moscow
4647:Republic of Tatarstan
4437:Not fully controlled.
4271:Republic of Tatarstan
4164:Constitutional crisis
1851:
1733:
1627:Foreign princes from
1539:
1515:Russo-Lithuanian Wars
1497:and "Ruler of all Rus
1474:, and the princes of
1427:
1363:Vladimir of Serpukhov
1299:
1198:
1095:
1057:in the 13th century,
825:
809:
707:("the Terrible") was
571:Grand Duchy of Moscow
230:Common languages
133:
36:Grand Duchy of Moscow
6209:World Heritage sites
5586:Droughts and famines
5139:Environmental issues
4887:Proto-Indo-Europeans
4826:at Wikimedia Commons
4210:Annexation of Crimea
3818:Constituent Assembly
3695:Second Patriotic War
3303:Nationalities Papers
2751:Acta Baltico-Slavica
2254:Western civilization
1893:Service class people
1468:Principality of Tver
1252:Rus' Orthodox Church
1102:Apollinary Vasnetsov
1053:the former lands of
860:Principality of Tver
751:. The English names
502:Principality of Tver
6060:Forms of addressing
5669:Academy of Sciences
5626:Financial districts
5490:President of Russia
5415:Political divisions
5375:Freedom of assembly
5257:West Siberian Plain
5003:Great Patriotic War
4964:February Revolution
4702:History of Udmurtia
4390:Zaporizhzhia Oblast
4222:Invasion of Ukraine
4011:Great Patriotic War
3983:Cultural revolution
3924:Transcaucasian SFSR
3792:February Revolution
3679:Emancipation reform
3577:Council of Uvetichi
3427: •
3423: •
2546:(Online ed.).
2504:(Online ed.).
2230:. pp. 94–107.
2009:. pp. 94–107.
1714:pozhalovat ko dvoru
1542:Dormition Cathedral
1263:Metropolitan Alexis
1256:Sergius of Radonezh
1167:Yuriy's successor,
978:began to be called
849:Московский государь
624:early modern period
357:• Established
158: Territory of
98:Double-headed eagle
18:Moscow principality
6110:Russian given name
5696:Telecommunications
5646:Petroleum industry
5510:State of emergency
5355:Far-right politics
5320:Capital punishment
5166:Meshchera Lowlands
5020:Russian Federation
4976:October Revolution
4306:Republic of Crimea
4257:Russian Federation
4200:Presidential terms
4092:Karelo-Finnish SSR
4045:Chernobyl disaster
3785:Russian Revolution
3683:Russo-Japanese War
3671:1812 Patriotic War
3585:Battle of Kulikovo
3573:Council of Liubech
2452:The Russian Review
2186:2021-03-10 at the
2056:(September 1997).
1895:(Sluzhilyye lyudi)
1857:
1760:
1549:
1433:
1388:, who pursued the
1374:Yuri of Zvenigorod
1305:
1271:Battle of Kulikovo
1212:
1204:Battle of Kulikovo
1162:Metropolitan Peter
1152:to the northwest.
1126:Pereslavl-Zalessky
1106:
1035:Ivan III the Great
1033:During his reign,
896:Gosudar vseya Rusi
890:Государь всея Руси
855:Moskovskiy gosudar
828:
820:
675:Battle of Kulikovo
634:, a branch of the
136:
6250:
6249:
6217:
6216:
5797:Domestic violence
5729:
5728:
5651:Russian oligarchs
5576:Aircraft industry
5553:
5552:
5530:Mass surveillance
5520:Search and rescue
5485:Political parties
5365:Foreign relations
5297:
5296:
5096:
5095:
5088:Historical cities
4947:Tsardom of Russia
4822:Media related to
4808:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4750:Kazan Governorate
4683:
4682:
4637:Kazan Governorate
4552:
4551:
4518:Russia portal
4446:
4445:
4140:Belavezha Accords
4122:
4121:
4033:Era of Stagnation
3999:Industrialization
3965:
3964:
3842:Soviet-Polish War
3778:
3777:
3759:Russian Manchuria
3705:Tsardom of Russia
3691:October Manifesto
3675:Decembrist Revolt
3667:Petrovian reforms
3635:
3634:
3595:Novgorod Republic
3559:
3558:
3475:
3474:
3293:Chester Dunning,
3249:978-0-511-36800-4
3135:978-5-02-010202-6
3101:978-5-02-010202-6
3067:978-5-02-010202-6
3030:978-5-02-010202-6
2901:978-5-02-010202-6
2860:978-0-300-22221-0
2788:978-5-98874-011-7
2677:, and others..."
2562:(Subscription or
2520:(Subscription or
2433:978-1-315-48307-8
2406:978-0-521-81227-6
1805:Tsardom of Russia
1785:Mongol-Tatar yoke
1687:Ivan the Terrible
1522:Ivan the Terrible
1464:Novgorod Republic
1150:Novgorod Republic
771:(compare Russian
732:is also known as
620:Tsardom of Russia
587:
563:
562:
559:
558:
555:
554:
543:Tsardom of Russia
535:
534:
488:Novgorod Republic
321:
312:• 1533–1547
306:
297:• 1282–1303
276:Absolute Monarchy
16:(Redirected from
6352:
6345:Christian states
6335:Former countries
6230:
6177:Russian language
6120:National symbols
5740:
5659:
5616:Fishing industry
5606:Economic regions
5601:Defence industry
5564:
5308:
5262:Russian Far East
5161:Northwest Russia
5119:Cities and towns
5107:
4969:Russian Republic
4875:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4831:
4821:
4793:
4786:
4779:
4735:Khanate of Kazan
4712:
4687:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4627:Khanate of Kazan
4584:
4574:
4556:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4502:
4440:
4439:
4426:
4425:
4402:
4381:
4360:
4339:
4318:
4298:
4288:Chechen Republic
4281:
4264:
4253:
4252:
4150:USSR dissolution
4066:
4065:
3995:Collectivization
3913:Byelorussian SSR
3870:Russian Republic
3866:
3865:
3701:
3700:
3663:Treaty of Nystad
3591:
3590:
3505:
3504:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3409:
3399:
3381:
3377:
3368:
3351:
3350:
3327:
3277:
3258:Meyendorff, John
3253:
3231:
3204:
3203:
3193:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3051:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3014:
3001:
2994:
2988:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2966:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2885:
2879:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2844:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2770:
2759:
2758:
2746:
2729:
2728:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2697:
2689:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2582:www.lituanus.org
2574:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2539:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2497:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2447:
2438:
2437:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2365:
2359:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2314:
2306:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2275:
2267:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2120:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2095:
2062:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1988:
1940:Prince of Moscow
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1869:(Byvshiye lyudy)
1581:was composed of
1557:Byzantine Empire
1500:
1390:Great Feudal War
1344:Perm of Vychegda
1246:. Surrounded by
1244:Dmitry of Suzdal
1240:Dmitry Ivanovich
1118:Alexander Nevsky
1085:Seas and to the
1041:of all Russia".
1020:Russian Compound
973:
969:
957:
953:
947:
946:
941:
929:Simeon the Proud
922:
916:
915:
914:Великий государь
910:
904:
903:
898:
892:
891:
886:
882:
876:
875:
870:
857:
851:
850:
845:
843:Moskovskiy knyaz
839:
838:
837:Московский князь
817:
812:Simeon the Proud
796:
790:
789:
781:fully vocalized
776:
770:
764:
647:Alexander Nevsky
612:Late Middle Ages
605:
592:
582:
580:
551:
550:
539:
538:
526:
525:
512:
511:
498:
497:
484:
483:
470:
469:
456:
455:
442:
441:
435:
434:
419:
418:
319:
304:
283:Prince of Moscow
248:Russian Orthodox
212:
204:
177:
167:
157:
151:
145:
126:
105:
94:
79:
68:
30:
21:
6360:
6359:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6255:
6254:
6251:
6246:
6233:
6226:
6213:
6172:Public holidays
6167:Political jokes
6152:Personification
6105:Names of Russia
5974:
5893:Life expectancy
5725:
5657:
5549:
5400:Law enforcement
5293:
5279:Protected areas
5176:Smolensk Upland
5171:Oka–Don Lowland
5151:European Russia
5092:
5031:
4917:Mongol invasion
4864:
4858:
4814:
4809:
4797:
4765:Udmurt Republic
4725:Mongol invasion
4696:
4679:
4617:Mongol invasion
4572:
4565:
4548:
4512:
4510:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4493:
4481:
4469:
4456:
4448:
4447:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4415:
4414:
4400:
4379:
4358:
4337:
4316:
4296:
4279:
4262:
4251:
4246:2022 annexation
4230:Mass emigration
4218:2020 amendments
4201:
4159:
4145:
4132:
4131:
4123:
4064:
4050:
4028:
3975:
3974:
3966:
3864:
3847:
3810:Kornilov affair
3788:
3787:
3779:
3748:Congress Poland
3726:Russian America
3699:
3687:1905 Revolution
3654:
3645:
3644:
3636:
3605:Vladimir-Suzdal
3589:
3581:Mongol conquest
3569:
3568:
3560:
3503:
3498:Russkaya Pravda
3493:Baptism of Rus'
3485:
3484:
3476:
3441:pre-9th century
3419:
3417:
3397:
3390:
3360:Country Studies
3357:
3348:
3299:
3290:
3288:Further reading
3274:
3256:
3250:
3235:
3228:
3215:
3212:
3207:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3053:
3052:
3045:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3016:
3015:
3004:
2995:
2991:
2983:Richard Pipes,
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2960:
2956:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2850:Medieval Europe
2846:
2845:
2838:
2829:
2827:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2772:
2771:
2762:
2748:
2747:
2732:
2725:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2690:
2678:
2599:
2595:
2586:
2584:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2553:
2551:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2511:
2509:
2508:. December 2002
2492:
2491:
2487:
2449:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2307:
2303:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2268:
2264:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2226:. Vol. 1.
2224:Russian History
2211:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2188:Wayback Machine
2179:
2175:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2123:
2115:
2108:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2060:
2054:Taagepera, Rein
2052:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2005:. Vol. 1.
2003:Russian History
1990:
1989:
1982:
1978:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1912:supernaturalism
1908:
1903:
1846:
1841:
1807:, and then the
1801:Vladimir-Suzdal
1793:
1728:
1722:
1594:Upper Oka towns
1534:
1498:
1422:
1402:a native bishop
1386:Dmitry Shemyaka
1328:Nizhny Novgorod
1294:
1193:
1069:. Although the
1067:Vladimir-Suzdal
1051:Mongols invaded
1047:
1030:located there.
971:
967:
960:Dmitry Shemyaka
955:
939:
920:Velikiy gosudar
884:
868:
815:
779:Old East Slavic
726:
720:
703:. Vasili's son
651:Vladimir-Suzdal
548:
523:
509:
495:
481:
467:
453:
446:Vladimir-Suzdal
439:
382:16 January 1547
379:
358:
313:
298:
234:Old East Slavic
215:
210:
208:Sovereign state
202:
184:
183:
175:
173:
165:
163:
160:Vladimir-Suzdal
155:
153:
149:
128:
119:
114:
108:
107:
106:
101:
100:on the seal of
95:
87:
86:
85:
74:
69:
51:
50:
37:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6358:
6356:
6348:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6257:
6256:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6244:
6239:
6232:
6231:
6223:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5984:
5982:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5743:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5686:Space industry
5683:
5678:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5661:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5567:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5525:Urban planning
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5377:
5372:
5362:
5360:Federal budget
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5311:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5269:North Caucasus
5266:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5210:
5205:
5203:Highest points
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5148:
5146:Extreme points
5143:
5142:
5141:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5110:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5005:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4978:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4961:
4959:Russian Empire
4956:
4955:
4954:
4944:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4883:
4881:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4863: articles
4859:
4857:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4813:
4812:External links
4810:
4806:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4788:
4781:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4720:Volga Bulgaria
4714:
4713:
4705:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4690:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4607:Volga Bulgaria
4604:
4599:
4594:
4592:Great Bulgaria
4586:
4585:
4577:
4576:
4567:
4566:
4559:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4507:
4506:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4405:
4404:
4393:
4384:
4383:
4372:
4369:Kherson Oblast
4363:
4362:
4351:
4342:
4341:
4330:
4321:
4320:
4309:
4300:
4299:
4290:
4283:
4282:
4273:
4266:
4265:
4259:
4250:
4249:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4063:
4062:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3863:
3862:
3826:Bolshevik Coup
3782:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3770:Uryankhay Krai
3765:
3764:
3761:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3715:Russian Empire
3711:
3710:
3707:
3698:
3697:
3642:Tsarist Russia
3639:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3588:
3587:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3502:
3501:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:Rus' Khaganate
3443:
3442:
3439:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3402:
3401:
3392:
3391:
3384:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3345:
3328:
3310:(4): 447–469.
3297:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3272:
3254:
3248:
3233:
3226:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3184:(2): 169–171.
3160:
3148:
3134:
3114:
3100:
3080:
3066:
3043:
3029:
3002:
2996:Trepanier, L.
2989:
2976:
2967:
2954:
2937:
2914:
2900:
2880:
2866:
2859:
2836:
2813:(in Russian).
2794:
2787:
2760:
2730:
2723:
2705:
2593:
2569:
2527:
2485:
2464:10.2307/130622
2458:(2): 117–133.
2439:
2432:
2412:
2405:
2385:
2378:
2360:
2347:
2340:
2322:
2302:978-1305091726
2301:
2283:
2263:978-1285436401
2262:
2241:
2204:
2202:, p. 487.
2192:
2173:
2156:
2140:
2138:, p. 217.
2121:
2106:
2045:
2038:
2020:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1919:
1916:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1809:Russian Empire
1792:
1789:
1721:
1718:
1676:
1675:
1660:
1625:
1546:Moscow Kremlin
1533:
1530:
1526:Tsar of Russia
1421:
1418:
1414:Constantinople
1378:Monomakh's Cap
1293:
1290:
1282:Kulikovo Field
1206:, painting by
1200:Dmitry Donskoi
1192:
1191:Dmitry Donskoy
1189:
1185:Moscow Kremlin
1046:
1043:
834:) of Moscow" (
742:Muscovite Rus'
719:
716:
667:Dmitry Donskoy
645:of his father
561:
560:
557:
556:
553:
552:
545:
536:
533:
532:
527:
519:
518:
513:
505:
504:
499:
491:
490:
485:
477:
476:
471:
463:
462:
457:
449:
448:
443:
431:
430:
425:
415:
414:
405:
401:
400:
397:
393:
392:
388:
387:
384:
383:
380:
366:
363:
362:
359:
356:
353:
352:
349:
348:
345:
341:
340:
331:
327:
326:
323:
322:
314:
311:
308:
307:
299:
296:
293:
292:
289:
288:
285:
279:
278:
270:
266:
265:
262:
256:
255:
245:
241:
240:
231:
227:
226:
221:
217:
216:
214:
213:
205:
192:
190:
186:
185:
174:
164:
154:
148:
146:
138:
137:
110:
109:
96:
89:
88:
84:
83:
80:
77:Dmitry Donskoy
71:
70:
63:
62:
61:
58:
57:
53:
52:
49:
48:
43:
39:
38:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6357:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6253:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6229:
6225:
6224:
6220:
6210:
6207:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6192:Seven Wonders
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6157:Playing cards
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5977:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5873:
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5852:Mental health
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5812:Ethnic groups
5810:
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5345:Criminal code
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5325:Civil Service
5323:
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4986:Russian state
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4602:Great Tartary
4600:
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4597:Turco-Mongols
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4214:War in Donbas
4211:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4196:Five-Days War
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4168:Privatization
4165:
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4155:
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4129:Modern Russia
4117:
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3934:Russian State
3932:
3931:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3903:
3902:Ukrainian SSR
3899:
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3888:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3871:
3868:
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3853:
3852:War Communism
3849:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3801:Dvoyevlastiye
3797:
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3786:
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3539:Rostov-Suzdal
3537:
3536:
3532:
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3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3512:
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3509:Novgorod Land
3507:
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3400:
3393:
3388:
3382:
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3378:
3372:
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3362:
3361:
3355:
3354:public domain
3346:
3344:
3343:0-89357-262-4
3340:
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3329:
3325:
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3273:9780521135337
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3131:
3127:
3126:
3125:Moskva i Orda
3118:
3115:
3103:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3091:Moskva i Orda
3084:
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3069:
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3059:
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3057:Moskva i Orda
3050:
3048:
3044:
3032:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3020:Moskva i Orda
3013:
3011:
3009:
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2999:
2993:
2990:
2987:(1995), p.80.
2986:
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2938:9780739117897
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2891:Moskva i Orda
2884:
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2293:World history
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1574:mestnichestvo
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1351:Andrei Rublev
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1340:Veliky Ustyug
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902:Великий князь
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6130:Coat of arms
6090:Martial arts
5998:Army culture
5988:Architecture
5958:Witch trials
5913:Prostitution
5859:Human rights
5792:Demographics
5706:Trade unions
5676:Shipbuilding
5636:Homelessness
5596:Central Bank
5591:Car industry
5430:Conservatism
5340:Constitution
5335:Conscription
5008:Eastern Bloc
4998:Soviet Union
4991:Russian SFSR
4934:
4921:Feudal Rus'
4802:
4744:
4730:Golden Horde
4631:
4622:Golden Horde
4436:
4430:
4422:
4416:
4411:full list...
4409:
4395:
4388:
4374:
4367:
4353:
4346:
4332:
4325:
4311:
4304:
4242:Mobilization
4234:Debt default
4176:Chechen wars
4127:since 1991:
4104:full list...
4102:
4081:Russian SFSR
4070:Soviet Union
3987:Korenization
3957:full list...
3955:
3891:Russian SFSR
3800:
3659:Zemsky Sobor
3627:full list...
3625:
3614:
3551:full list...
3549:
3496:
3482:Ancient Rus'
3359:
3334:
3331:Marshall Poe
3307:
3301:
3294:
3262:
3238:
3217:
3210:Bibliography
3181:
3177:
3171:
3163:
3139:. Retrieved
3124:
3117:
3105:. Retrieved
3090:
3083:
3071:. Retrieved
3056:
3034:. Retrieved
3019:
2997:
2992:
2984:
2979:
2970:
2962:
2957:
2948:
2942:. Retrieved
2928:
2917:
2905:. Retrieved
2890:
2883:
2849:
2828:. Retrieved
2814:
2810:
2797:
2778:
2774:
2754:
2750:
2714:
2708:
2680:
2596:
2585:. Retrieved
2581:
2572:
2552:. Retrieved
2550:. March 2003
2541:
2530:
2510:. Retrieved
2499:
2495:"Moscow, n."
2488:
2455:
2451:
2422:
2415:
2395:
2388:
2369:
2363:
2355:
2350:
2331:
2325:
2292:
2286:
2253:
2219:
2214:
2207:
2195:
2176:
2166:
2159:
2149:
2143:
2098:. Retrieved
2070:
2064:
2048:
2029:
2023:
1998:
1993:
1909:
1888:Posad people
1794:
1782:
1761:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1691:
1680:
1677:
1657:Genghis Khan
1633:Golden Horde
1622:Romodanovsky
1572:
1561:Golden Horde
1550:
1519:
1492:
1456:Golden Horde
1450:
1434:
1382:Vasily Kosoy
1367:
1348:
1306:
1279:
1269:in the epic
1261:Educated by
1260:
1233:
1213:
1208:Adolphe Yvon
1202:in the 1380
1166:
1154:
1146:Golden Horde
1134:Moskva River
1107:
1063:principality
1048:
1032:
1022:district of
1016:al-Muskubīya
1015:
1007:
999:
979:
976:
963:
933:
863:
829:
810:The seal of
798:
756:
752:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
727:
679:
659:Golden Horde
655:vassal state
649:, prince of
640:
632:Daniilovichi
631:
614:centered on
608:principality
594:
570:
566:
564:
428:Succeeded by
427:
422:
200:Golden Horde
196:Vassal state
122:Carta marina
120:
113:
45:
6182:tea culture
6035:Fairy tales
5898:Open access
5871:Immigration
5832:Gun control
5571:Agriculture
5540:Term limits
5450:Martial law
5445:Nationalism
5440:Irredentism
5435:Imperialism
5218:Caspian Sea
5134:Environment
5129:Earthquakes
5025:Union State
5013:Dissolution
4912:Kievan Rus'
4902:Early Slavs
4760:Udmurt ASSR
4571:History of
4136:August Coup
4059:War of Laws
4041:Perestroika
4019:Warsaw Pact
4007:Great Purge
3970:1923–1991:
3834:White Guard
3814:Directorate
3783:1917–1923:
3640:1480–1917:
3566:Feudal Rus'
3564:1240–1480:
3437:Rus' people
3429:Early Slavs
3396:History of
2974:Moss (2005)
2354:Davies, B.
2200:Martin 2007
2117:Martin 2007
1821:Caspian Sea
1797:Kievan Rus'
1710:tsar's dvor
1700:(singular:
1645:Mstislavsky
1592:princes of
1553:Kievan Rus'
1438:Kievan Rus'
1248:Lithuanians
1236:Black Death
1098:Ivan Kalita
1055:Kievan Rus'
990:, Muscovy,
925:Ivan Kalita
685:campaigning
423:Preceded by
330:Legislature
211:(1471–1547)
203:(1282–1471)
6259:Categories
6187:Television
6162:Philosophy
6095:Mass media
6085:Literature
6080:Inventions
5842:Healthcare
5777:Corruption
5767:Censorship
5658:(currency)
5535:Separatism
5480:Opposition
5465:Neo-Nazism
5455:Monarchism
5425:Liberalism
5420:Propaganda
5380:Government
5247:North Asia
5048:Journalism
4907:East Slavs
4897:Sarmatians
4642:Tatar ASSR
4202:amendments
4114:Tannu Tuva
4037:Afghan War
3972:Soviet Era
3480:879–1240:
3421:Prehistory
3178:Folklorica
3141:5 December
3107:5 December
3073:5 December
3036:5 December
2961:Martin J.
2944:2016-12-14
2907:5 December
2830:2023-05-16
2587:2021-03-29
2566:required.)
2554:10 January
2524:required.)
2512:10 January
2100:2021-10-21
2073:(3): 498.
1976:References
1829:autocratic
1813:Baltic Sea
1791:Assessment
1777:Tokhtamysh
1775:, whereas
1724:See also:
1708:, meaning
1685:policy of
1682:oprichnina
1672:Sheremetev
1655:) or from
1653:Trubetskoy
1614:Vorotynsky
1488:Vasili III
1275:Tokhtamysh
1142:Uzbeg Khan
1004:synecdoche
966:of all Rus
951:vseya Rusi
783:accusative
746:Muscovite
722:See also:
693:Vasili III
597:(from the
516:Great Perm
369:Coronation
334:Boyar Duma
269:Government
260:Demonym(s)
180:Vasili III
75:Banner of
6045:Festivals
5938:Sociology
5888:Languages
5807:Education
5711:Transport
5545:Terrorism
5390:Judiciary
5384:Apparatus
5350:Elections
5315:Anarchism
5289:Far North
5240:Volcanoes
5225:Mountains
5102:Geography
4981:Civil war
4892:Scythians
4573:Tatarstan
4495:1982–1991
4491:1964–1982
4487:1953–1964
4483:1927–1953
4479:1917–1927
4475:1894–1917
4471:1855–1894
4467:1796–1855
4463:1721–1796
4238:Sanctions
4188:Oligarchy
4118:1921–1944
4096:1940–1956
4085:1922–1991
4074:1922–1991
3991:Stalinism
3949:1921–1923
3938:1918–1920
3928:1922–1922
3917:1920–1922
3906:1919–1922
3895:1917–1922
3885:1917–1918
3874:1917–1918
3860:Emigrants
3846:Priamurye
3830:Civil War
3806:July Days
3774:1914–1921
3763:1900–1905
3752:1867–1915
3741:1809–1917
3730:1799–1867
3719:1721–1917
3709:1547–1721
3619:1263–1547
3609:1157–1331
3599:1136–1478
3543:1093–1157
3468:Garðaríki
3425:Antiquity
3324:109929798
3232:(e-book).
3200:1920-0242
2921:Compare:
2694:cite book
2663:Belozersk
2659:Yaroslavl
2635:Chernigov
2472:0036-0341
2311:cite book
2272:cite book
2236:0869-5687
2015:0869-5687
1835:society.
1823:, and to
1817:White Sea
1734:Medieval
1702:dvoryanin
1649:Galitzine
1637:Gediminas
1629:Lithuania
1606:Yaroslavl
1565:tysyatsky
1480:Yaroslavl
1410:Patriarch
1408:from the
1370:Vasily II
1355:Beloozero
1324:Lithuania
1312:Tamerlane
1049:When the
1024:Jerusalem
964:Sovereign
945:всея Руси
936:feudalism
774:Moskoviya
714:in 1547.
677:in 1380.
673:, in the
606:), was a
584:romanized
264:Muscovite
244:Religion
56:1282–1547
6237:Category
6115:Nobility
6075:Internet
6070:Heraldry
6065:Graffiti
6050:Folklore
5993:Armorial
5923:Religion
5908:Polygamy
5847:HIV/AIDS
5827:Funerals
5817:Feminism
5787:Deafness
5772:Citizens
5762:Cannabis
5747:Abortion
5691:Taxation
5631:Gambling
5621:Forestry
5470:Military
5303:Politics
5284:Wildlife
5230:Caucasus
5193:Glaciers
5073:Military
5058:Internet
5036:By topic
4930:Vladimir
4925:Novgorod
4879:Timeline
4693:a series
4691:Part of
4612:Kipchaks
4562:a series
4560:Part of
4459:860–1721
4455:Timeline
4192:Putinism
4146:Protocol
4144:Alma-Ata
4049:Karabakh
4029:transfer
4015:Cold War
3838:Red Army
3822:election
3655:Troubles
3533:988–1402
3523:987–1397
3513:882–1136
3458:Arthania
3387:a series
3385:Part of
3260:(1981).
2757:: 47–57.
2611:Smolensk
2603:Novgorod
2184:Archived
2091:Archived
1918:See also
1799:through
1740:Novgorod
1698:dvoryans
1446:Ivan III
1420:Ivan III
1416:(1448).
1320:Vytautas
1308:Vasily I
1286:Vasily I
1229:Smolensk
1224:Algirdas
1138:Mozhaisk
1114:Daniel I
1087:Caucasus
1075:pillaged
1000:Moscovia
996:Moscovie
988:Moscovia
934:Despite
768:Muscovia
762:Moscovia
697:Smolensk
681:Ivan III
643:appanage
636:Rurikids
603:Moscovia
404:Currency
252:official
170:Ivan III
103:Ivan III
6228:Outline
6040:Fashion
6030:Fashion
6018:Cuisine
5980:Culture
5968:in army
5953:Wedding
5948:Suicide
5943:Smoking
5928:Slavery
5903:Orphans
5876:Illegal
5752:Alcohol
5735:Society
5701:Tourism
5581:Banking
5559:Economy
5404:Prisons
5252:Siberia
5208:Islands
5188:Geology
5124:Climate
5114:Borders
5078:Outline
5053:Judaism
5043:Economy
4870:History
4745:Muscovy
4740:Ar begs
4632:Muscovy
4501:present
4401:present
4380:present
4359:present
4338:present
4317:present
4297:present
4280:present
4263:present
4226:Prelude
4023:Comecon
3653:Time of
3416:Periods
2222:].
2087:2600793
2001:].
1906:Culture
1839:Society
1833:Russian
1825:Siberia
1668:Godunov
1664:Romanov
1639:(e.g.,
1610:Shuisky
1590:Rurikid
1544:in the
1507:Dnieper
1442:Rurikid
1359:Solovki
1336:Vologda
1144:of the
1122:Kolomna
1110:princes
1071:Mongols
1008:Muscovy
980:Muscovy
794:Moskovĭ
788:Московь
757:Muscovy
734:Muscovy
709:crowned
705:Ivan IV
701:Dnieper
657:to the
622:in the
610:of the
595:Muscovy
586::
575:Russian
373:Ivan IV
367:•
344:History
317:Ivan IV
305:(first)
273:Unitary
238:Russian
220:Capital
198:of the
125:(1539):
6242:Portal
6197:Sports
6125:Anthem
6013:Cinema
6008:Ballet
5918:Racism
5881:Labour
5837:Health
5802:Doping
5656:Ruble
5641:Mining
5611:Energy
5274:Rivers
5183:Fjords
5083:Postal
4935:Moscow
4861:Russia
4803:
4695:on the
4564:on the
4160:abroad
4027:Crimea
3398:Russia
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3371:Russia
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1583:boyars
1579:nobles
1511:Donets
1476:Rostov
1342:, and
1332:Suzdal
1210:, 1849
1181:Tatars
1177:Suzdal
1169:Ivan I
1079:Baltic
1059:Moscow
1045:Origin
1012:Arabic
992:French
753:Moscow
748:Russia
736:, the
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302:Daniel
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189:Status
176:
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6147:Opera
6100:Music
5963:Women
5864:LGBTQ
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5716:Waste
5235:Urals
5213:Lakes
4499:1991–
4435:
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3848:Govt.
3489:Rurik
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