31:
322:
543:
funding for
African programs were cut and the number of malaria-infected subjects skyrocketed. In order to see results from the use of indoor residual spraying programs 80% of homes in the affected area need to be sprayed and the application of insecticide needs to be constant in order to suppress certain species which are immune to the insecticide. Large-scale application results in a dependence on continual spraying. If the aggressive style of application is not maintained then the risk of an increase of genetically-resistant mosquitos increases. This would ultimately result in an unrealistic mediation process.
343:. ITNs are estimated to be twice as effective as untreated nets, and offer greater than 70% protection compared with no net. These nets are dip-treated using a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide such as deltamethrin or permethrin which will double the protection over a non-treated net by killing and repelling mosquitoes. For maximum effectiveness, ITNs should be re-impregnated with insecticide every six months. This process poses a significant logistical problem in rural areas. Newer, long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) have now replaced ITNs in most countries and dual agent nets, typically using
505:
vectors' prime habitat and less likely to be protected from the vectors. This increase in probability of being infected increases the demand for self-protection which therefore allows for higher pricing and uneven distribution of self-protection means. A decrease in per capita income exaggerates a high demand for resources such as water and food resulting in civil unrest among communities. Protecting resources as well as attempting to obtain resources are both a cause for conflict.
388:
exacerbated after bed nets have lost their insecticidal properties under certain circumstances. Although ITN users are still protected by the physical barrier of the netting, non-users could experience an increased bite rate as mosquitoes are deflected away from the non-lethal bed net users. The modeling suggests that this could increase transmission when the human population density is high or at lower human densities when mosquitoes are more adept at locating their blood meals.
63:
2658:
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net (arguing that people will value a good more if they pay for it). Additionally, proponents of cost-sharing argue that such a policy ensures that nets are efficiently allocated to the people who most need them (or are most vulnerable to infection). Through a "selection effect", they argue, the people who most need the bed nets will choose to purchase them, while those less in need will opt out.
39:
2173:
47:
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barrier. Dupas and Cohen's findings support the argument that free distribution of ITNs can be more effective than cost-sharing in increasing coverage and saving lives. In a cost-effectiveness analysis, Dupas and Cohen note that "cost-sharing is at best marginally more cost-effective than free distribution, but free distribution leads to many more lives saved."
186:) was a mosquito-curtain. It was made to keep away mosquitos and other flying insects. It took its name from κώνωψ, which means mosquito in Greek, and is the origin of the English word canopy. These curtains were especially used in Egypt because of the mosquitoes which infest the Nile. The Scholiast on Juvenal mention that at Rome they were called
487:
density of the female anopheles gambiae decreased from 90.6% to 60.7%. The conclusion of this study showed that as the number of houses which used insecticide treated bed nets increased the population density of female anopheles gambiae decreased. This result did however vary from region to region based on the local environment.
440:, takes 8 days to mature. Therefore, malaria transmission to humans does not take place until approximately the 10th day, although it requires blood meals at intervals of 2 to 5 days. By killing mosquitoes before maturation of the malaria parasite, ITNs can reduce the number of encounters of infected mosquitoes with humans.
291:, or installed in windows and doors. When hung over beds, rectangular nets provide more room for sleeping without the danger of netting contacting skin, at which point mosquitoes may bite through untreated netting. Some newer mosquito nets are designed to be both easy to deploy and foldable after use.
482:
More specifically, in areas of stable malaria "ITNs reduced the incidence of uncomplicated malarial episodes by 50% compared to no nets, and 39% compared to untreated nets" and in areas of unstable malaria "by 62% compared to no nets and 43% compared to untreated nets". As such the review calculated
407:
While some experts argue that international organizations should distribute ITNs and LLINs to people for free to maximize coverage (since such a policy would reduce price barriers), others insist that cost-sharing between the international organization and recipients would lead to greater use of the
542:
The use of indoor residual spraying of insecticides. This was a common practice in the late-20th
Century. However, due to an increased awareness of the environmental hazards associated with the insecticide DDT used for some of these programs, this practice became less common. For example - American
444:
When a large number of nets are distributed in one residential area, their chemical additives help reduce the number of mosquitoes in the environment. With fewer mosquitoes, the chances of malaria infection for recipients and non-recipients are significantly reduced. (In other words, the importance
455:
As a result, the mosquito netting and pesticide industries developed so-called long-lasting insecticidal mosquito nets, which also use pyrethroid insecticides. There are three types of LLINs — polyester netting which has insecticide bound to the external surface of the netting fibre using a
419:
and
Jessica Cohen, found that cost-sharing does not necessarily increase the usage intensity of ITNs nor does it induce uptake by those most vulnerable to infection, as compared to a policy of free distribution. In some cases, cost-sharing can decrease demand for mosquito nets by erecting a price
504:
Malaria and other arboviruses are known to contribute to economic disparity within that country and vice versa. This opens the stage for corruption associated to the distribution of self-protection aides. The least wealthy members of society are both more likely to be in closer proximity to the
387:
ITNs protect people sleeping under them and simultaneously kill mosquitoes that contact the nets. Some protection is provided to others by this method, including people sleeping in the same room but not under the net. However, mathematical modeling has suggested that disease transmission may be
283:
Mosquito nets are often used where malaria or other insect-borne diseases are common, especially as a tent-like covering over a bed. For effectiveness, it is important that the netting not have holes or gaps large enough to allow insects to enter. It is also important to 'seal' the net properly
486:
Through the years 1999 and 2010 the abundance of female anopheles gambiae densities in houses throughout western Kenya were recorded. This data set was paired with the spatial data of bed net usage in order to determine correlation. Results showed that from 2008 to 2010 the relative population
423:
The researchers base their conclusions about the cost-effectiveness of free distribution on the proven spillover benefits of increased ITN usage. ITNs protect the individuals or households that use them, and they protect people in the surrounding community in one of two ways.
133:
or synthetic thread to allow the movement of air. A white net allows the user to see mosquitoes against the background. Netting with 285 holes per square inch is ideal because it is very breathable but will prevent even the smallest mosquito from entering.</ref>
508:
Mosquito nets have been observed to be used in fisheries across the world, where their strength, light weight and free or cheap accessibility make them an attractive tool for fishing. People who use them for fishing catch vast numbers of juvenile fish.
371:
study, mosquito nets averted 68% of an estimated 663 million averted cases of malaria infection since 2000. It is also one of the most cost-effective methods of prevention. These nets can often be obtained for around $ 2.50–$ 3.50 (2–3 euros) from the
456:
resin; polyethylene which has insecticide incorporated into the fibre and polypropylene which has insecticide incorporated into the fibre. All types can be washed at least 20 times, but physical durability will vary. A survey carried out in
55:
193:
Mosquito netting has a long history. Though use of the term dates from the mid-18th century, Indian literature from the late medieval period has references to the usage of mosquito nets in ritual Hindu worship. Poetry composed by
274:
from entering but loosely enough to not interfere with ventilation. The frame is usually self-supporting or freestanding although it can be designed to be attached from the top to an alternative support such as tree limbs.
428:
First, ITNs kill adult mosquitoes infected with the malaria parasite directly which increases their mortality rate and can therefore decrease the frequency in which a person in the community is bitten by an infected
1964:
Minakawa, Noboru . "Impacts of insecticide treated bed nets on
Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations in Mbita district and Suba district, Western Kenya." Annals of Surgical and Innovation and Research 7 (2014): 2-13.
460:
concluded that effective life of polyester nets was 2 to 3 years; with polyethylene LLINs there are data to support over 5 years of life with trials in showing nets which were still effective after 7 years.
261:
A mosquito bar is an alternate form of a mosquito net. It is constructed of a fine see-through mesh fabric mounted on and draped over a box-shaped frame. It is designed to fit over an area or item such as a
1617:
Killeen GF, Smith TA (2007) Exploring the contributions of bednets, cattle, insecticides and excito-repellency to malaria control: A deterministic model of mosquito host-seeking behaviour and mortality.
338:
Mosquito nets treated with insecticides—known as insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) or bednets—were developed and tested in the 1980s for malaria prevention by P. Carnevale and his team in Bobo-Dioulasso,
2645:
399:
in the legs), which binds to pyrethroids, sequestering them and so preventing them from functioning, thus making the mosquitoes with this mutation more likely to survive contact with bednets.
129:
To be effective, the mesh of a mosquito net must be fine enough to exclude such insects without obscuring visibility or ventilation to unacceptable levels. The netting should be made of stiff
496:
found that a campaign to distribute mosquito bednets in the
Democratic Republic of Congo led to a 41% decline mortality for children under five who lived in areas with a high malaria risk.
432:
Second, certain malaria parasites require days to develop in the salivary glands of the vector mosquito. This process can be accelerated or decelerated via weather; more specifically heat.
2635:
1439:
452:
Standard ITNs must be replaced or re-treated with insecticide after six washes and, therefore, are not seen as a convenient, effective long-term solution to the malaria problem.
2158:
Chareonviriyaphap, Theeraphap . "Review of insecticide resistance and behavioral avoidance of vectors of human diseases in
Thailand." BioMed Central 6 (2013): Web. 21 Feb. 2014.
146:. Research has shown mosquito nets to be an extremely effective method of malaria prevention, averting approximately 663 million cases of malaria over the period 2000–2015.
2050:
31. ^Rivero-Rodriguez, L . "Exposure assessment for workers applying DDT to control malaria in
Veracruz, Mexico.." Environmental Health Perspectives 1 (1997): 98-101. Print.
1975:
Dolan, Carrie B.; BenYishay, Ariel; Grépin, Karen A.; Tanner, Jeffery C.; Kimmel, April D.; Wheeler, David C.; McCord, Gordon C. (2019-02-22). Carvalho, Luzia Helena (ed.).
284:
because mosquitoes are able to 'squeeze' through improperly secured nets. Because an insect can bite a person through the net, the net must not rest directly on the skin.
266:
to provide protection from insects. A mosquito bar could be used to protect oneself from mosquitoes and other insects while sleeping in jungle areas. The mesh is
517:
Mosquito nets do reduce air flow to an extent and sleeping under a net is hotter than sleeping without one, which can be uncomfortable in tropical areas without
306:
such as immature or small fish and fish species that are not suitable for consumption. In addition, insecticides with which the mesh has been treated, such as
940:"Insecticide-Treated Bed Nets." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 9 Nov. 2012. Web. 23 Feb. 2014. <
254:. A mesh size of 1.2 millimetres (0.047 in) stops mosquitoes, and smaller, such as 0.6 millimetres (0.024 in), stops other biting insects such as
1305:
1977:"The impact of an insecticide treated bednet campaign on all-cause child mortality: A geospatial impact evaluation from the Democratic Republic of Congo"
302:. When used for fishing, mosquito nets have harmful ecological consequences because the fine mesh of a mosquito net retains almost all fish, including
1256:"BMC International Health and Human Rights - Full text - Africa's largest long-lasting insecticide-treated net producer: lessons from A to Z Textiles"
1807:"Wash durability and optimal drying regimen of four brands of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets after repeated washing under tropical conditions"
539:
to the skin; this also may be less effective (reducing rather than eliminating bites), more expensive, and may pose health risks with long-term use.
860:
2149:
Pluess, Bianca. "Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria." The
Cochrane Library 1 (2010): n. pag. Wiley online library. Web. 21 Feb. 2014.
30:
1756:"The effect of repeated washing of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) on the feeding success and survival rates of Anopheles gambiae"
1222:
1139:"IRIN Africa - ZAMBIA: Mosquito-net fishing threatens Lake Tanganyika - Zambia - Economy - Environment - Food Security - Water & Sanitation"
1070:
925:
2540:
1730:
1472:
321:
915:
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effect of the nets in creating a mosquito-free environment when ITNs are highly concentrated in one residential cluster or community.)
2595:
1173:"Bacteraemia among severely malnourished children infected and uninfected with the human immunodeficiency virus-1 in Kampala, Uganda"
2236:
978:
835:
644:
Bhatt, S.; Weiss, D. J.; Cameron, E.; Bisanzio, D.; Mappin, B.; Dalrymple, U.; Battle, K. E.; Moyes, C. L.; Henry, A. (2015-10-08).
2690:
2625:
2620:
1632:
Not
Available, Not Available; Not Available, Not Available; Not Available, Not Available; Not Available, Not Available (2001). "
953:
2478:
380:(WHO), and others. ITNs have been shown to be the most cost-effective prevention method against malaria and are part of WHO's
2562:
1138:
800:
778:
2126:
2640:
2615:
2413:
767:
138:</ref> It is possible to increase the effectiveness of a mosquito net greatly by pretreating it with an appropriate
79:
789:
2525:
2279:
381:
1337:"Modeling the Effects of Integrating Larval Habitat Source Reduction and Insecticide Treated Nets for Malaria Control"
470:
812:
2590:
558:
2705:
2630:
1512:"Community-Wide Effects of Permethrin-Treated Bed Nets on Child Mortality and Malaria Morbidity in Western Kenya"
1309:
377:
2680:
2557:
2406:
1856:
Erlanger; et al. (2004). "Field issues related to effectiveness of insecticide-treated nets in
Tanzania".
2041:
Teklehaimanot, Awash. "Malaria and Poverty." Annals of New York Academy of Sciences 1136 (2008): 32-37. Print.
614:
384:(MDGs). Generally LLINs are purchased by donor groups and delivered through in-country distribution networks.
2695:
2685:
2610:
2487:
2348:
2296:
98:, and thus against the diseases they may carry. Examples of such preventable insect-borne diseases include
83:
2188:
1568:"Effect of community-wide use of insecticide-treated nets for 3–4 years on malarial morbidity in Tanzania"
1454:
222:, also slept under a mosquito net. Mosquito nets were used during the malaria-plagued construction of the
179:
867:
2567:
2535:
2343:
2309:
2291:
2229:
1954:
475:
1089:"Malaria Journal - Full text - Unforeseen misuses of bed nets in fishing villages along Lake Victoria"
2463:
2073:
1988:
1348:
657:
396:
2204:
1459:
2520:
2423:
2396:
2330:
2323:
1157:
2209:
2700:
2600:
2585:
2530:
1881:
1661:
1597:
1542:
437:
861:"World Health Organization: Annex VII : Procedure for Treating Mosquito Nets and curtains"
479:
malaria) that ITNs can reduce deaths in children by one fifth and episodes of malaria by half.
2547:
2107:
2089:
2024:
2006:
1932:
1901:"Evaluation of Olyset insecticide-treated nets distributed seven years previously in Tanzania"
1873:
1838:
1787:
1712:
1653:
1589:
1534:
1417:
1376:
1287:
1230:
1204:
1120:
1048:
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921:
750:
732:
691:
673:
392:
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has been shown to be an extremely effective method of malaria prevention. According to a 2015
164:. The vector for this disease, specifically avian malaria, was not identified until 1897 when
156:
1737:
1440:"Free Distribution or Cost-Sharing? Evidence from a Randomized Malaria Prevention Experiment"
78:
curtain that is circumferentially draped over a bed or a sleeping area, to offer the sleeper
2661:
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2401:
2316:
2302:
2274:
2264:
2222:
2097:
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2014:
1996:
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1865:
1828:
1818:
1777:
1767:
1702:
1692:
1645:
1579:
1526:
1464:
1407:
1366:
1356:
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1267:
1194:
1184:
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1100:
1087:
Minakawa, Noboru; Dida, Gabriel O.; Sonye, Gorge O.; Futami, Kyoko; Kaneko, Satoshi (2008).
1038:
1020:
740:
722:
681:
665:
553:
536:
518:
154:
Mosquito netting is mainly used for the protection against the malaria transmitting vector,
143:
2199:
1490:"Free Distribution or Cost-Sharing: Evidence from a Malaria Prevention Experiment in Kenya"
62:
2605:
2468:
2440:
568:
529:
416:
255:
207:
165:
135:
123:
1254:
Masum, Hassan; Shah, Ronak; Schroeder, Karl; Daar, Abdallah S.; Singer, Peter A. (2010).
839:
2178:
2077:
2062:"The perverse fisheries consequences of mosquito net malaria prophylaxis in East Africa"
1992:
1352:
1009:"The perverse fisheries consequences of mosquito net malaria prophylaxis in East Africa"
986:
891:
661:
646:"The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015"
2102:
2019:
1976:
1833:
1806:
1782:
1755:
1371:
1336:
1282:
1255:
1199:
1172:
1115:
1088:
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745:
710:
686:
645:
578:
563:
373:
315:
115:
1927:
1900:
1707:
1680:
1511:
2674:
2418:
2381:
2269:
1949:
Lengeler C. (2004) Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria.
1869:
1584:
1567:
957:
247:
219:
211:
199:
1885:
1665:
1601:
483:
that for every 1000 children protected by ITNs, 5.5 lives would be saved each year.
411:
However, a randomized controlled trial study of ITNs uptake among pregnant women in
2552:
1546:
1525:(4 Suppl). American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 68 (Suppl. 4): 121–7.
364:
348:
344:
340:
263:
239:
210:. Use of mosquito nets has been dated to prehistoric times. It is said that
190:. They are still used in Greece and other countries surrounding the Mediterranean.
119:
107:
103:
2001:
1361:
779:
Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Conopeum
294:
Where mosquito nets are freely or cheaply distributed, local residents sometimes
2492:
2428:
941:
446:
299:
295:
139:
95:
17:
2085:
1412:
1395:
1306:"World Health Organization: MDG 6: combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases"
1272:
1025:
359:
The distribution of mosquito nets or bednets treated with insecticides such as
287:
Mosquito netting can be hung over beds from the ceiling or a frame, built into
160:. The first record of malaria-like symptoms occurred as early as 2700 BCE from
38:
2497:
2473:
2363:
2358:
2286:
1530:
1468:
573:
436:, for example, the parasite that is responsible for the majority of deaths in
360:
307:
223:
111:
2093:
2061:
2010:
1234:
1034:
736:
677:
395:
include mutants with higher levels of sensory appendage protein 2 (a type of
2502:
2353:
2338:
1823:
1772:
1489:
1189:
1105:
243:
195:
46:
2111:
2028:
1936:
1917:
1877:
1842:
1791:
1716:
1697:
1657:
1593:
1538:
1421:
1380:
1291:
1208:
1124:
1052:
754:
695:
1649:
727:
445:
of the physical barrier effect of ITNs decreases relative to the positive
54:
1566:
Maxwell CA, Msuya E, Sudi M, Njunwa KJ, Carneiro IA, et al. (2002).
492:
457:
351:, are starting to be used in response to reports of mosquito resistance.
326:
91:
87:
669:
2259:
2245:
303:
267:
215:
99:
768:
Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Kwnwpion
711:"History of the discovery of the malaria parasites and their vectors"
271:
235:
130:
1681:"Statics and dynamics of malaria infection in Anopheles mosquitoes"
917:
Camping & wilderness survival : the ultimate outdoors book
618:
2445:
412:
391:
In December 2019 it was reported that West African populations of
320:
251:
161:
61:
53:
45:
29:
311:
288:
75:
2218:
2386:
2646:
European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership
1171:
Bachou H, Tylleskär T, Kaddu-Mulindwa DH, Tumwine JK (2006).
1071:"Meant to Keep Mosquitos Out, Nets Are Used to Haul Fish In"
801:
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Conopeum
329:
mother with a long lasting insecticide-treated mosquito net.
790:
Charlton T. Lewis, An Elementary Latin Dictionary, Conopeum
27:
Fine net used to exclude mosquitos and other biting insects
2214:
2060:
Jones, Benjamin L.; Unsworth, Richard K. F. (2020-07-01).
1396:"Malaria-carrying mosquitoes get a leg up on insecticides"
1007:
Jones, Benjamin L.; Unsworth, Richard K. F. (2019-11-11).
2636:
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
1636:: in vitro growth inhibition by febrile temperatures".
920:(2nd ed.). Lebanon, NH: Paul Tawrell. p. 92.
136:
https://www.iamat.org/how-to-choose-a-good-mosquito-net
34:
A mosquito net in a expensive beach lodge in Mozambique
1519:
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
2578:
2513:
2456:
2374:
2252:
1223:"New fronts are opening in the war against malaria"
1613:
1611:
1620:American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1438:Jessica Cohen; Pascaline Dupas (February 2010).
603:(draft ed.). Oxford University Press. 2009.
1064:
1062:
168:identified mosquitoes as a vector for malaria.
2205:Organization Malaria NIMBY Not In My Back Yard
979:"Types of Mosquito Nets. - Mosquito Net India"
830:
828:
2230:
942:https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/malaria_worldwide
8:
1951:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
2237:
2223:
2215:
1572:Tropical Medicine and International Health
909:
907:
813:"Annamacharya Poetry - Vinnapalu vinavale"
2101:
2018:
2000:
1926:
1916:
1832:
1822:
1781:
1771:
1706:
1696:
1583:
1458:
1411:
1370:
1360:
1281:
1271:
1260:BMC International Health and Human Rights
1198:
1188:
1114:
1104:
1042:
1024:
744:
726:
685:
298:use them inappropriately, for example as
2210:"Malaria and Poverty" article from Wiley
1510:Hawley, William A.; et al. (2003).
1433:
1431:
1330:
1328:
1326:
37:
589:
1492:. Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA)
595:
593:
7:
2541:National Malaria Eradication Program
1069:Gettlemanjan, Jeffrey (2015-01-24),
639:
637:
635:
2596:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
2200:World Health Organization factsheet
1731:"Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Nets"
954:"Travel Health Help: Mosquito Nets"
1805:K Atieli, Francis; al, et (2010).
1754:K Atieli, Francis; al, et (2010).
234:Mosquito netting can be made from
25:
1335:Yakob, Laith; Guiyun Yan (2009).
184:κωνώπιον or κωνόπιον or κωνωπεῖον
2657:
2656:
2626:African Leaders Malaria Alliance
2621:South African Malaria Initiative
2171:
2125:Parker-Pope, Tara (2010-07-12).
1870:10.1111/j.0269-283X.2004.00491.x
1736:. WHO. p. 5. Archived from
1585:10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00966.x
206:, which means "mosquito net" in
2479:Malaria antigen detection tests
2563:Malaria in Mandatory Palestine
1679:Smith DL, McKenzie FE (2004).
1447:Quarterly Journal of Economics
1394:Catteruccia, Flaminia (2019).
709:Cox, Francis EG (2010-02-01).
202:musician and poet, references
1:
2641:Medicines for Malaria Venture
2616:African Malaria Network Trust
58:Tent made of mosquito netting
42:Ceiling-hung mosquito netting
2526:Millennium Development Goals
2002:10.1371/journal.pone.0212890
1899:Tami A; et al. (2004).
1362:10.1371/journal.pone.0006921
836:"History of Malaria Control"
471:randomized controlled trials
382:Millennium Development Goals
66:Window with mosquito netting
2127:"House Fans and Mosquitoes"
892:"Mosquito Netting Criteria"
615:"All Mosquito Netting Info"
50:Frame-hung mosquito netting
2722:
2591:Against Malaria Foundation
2086:10.1007/s13280-019-01280-0
1413:10.1038/d41586-019-03728-5
1273:10.1186/1472-698X-10-S1-S6
1026:10.1007/s13280-019-01280-0
559:Against Malaria Foundation
415:, conducted by economists
183:
2654:
2631:Amazon Malaria Initiative
1531:10.4269/ajtmh.2003.68.121
1469:10.1162/qjec.2010.125.1.1
601:Oxford English Dictionary
378:World Health Organization
2558:Malaria in the Caribbean
2407:Sterile insect technique
524:Some alternatives are:
334:Insecticide-treated nets
310:, may be harmful to the
256:biting midges/no-see-ums
2691:Mechanical pest control
2611:Africa Fighting Malaria
2457:Diagnosis and treatment
1824:10.1186/1475-2875-9-248
1773:10.1186/1475-2875-9-304
1190:10.1186/1471-2334-6-160
1177:BMC Infectious Diseases
1106:10.1186/1475-2875-7-165
715:Parasites & Vectors
270:tightly enough to stop
2375:Control and prevention
1918:10.1186/1475-2875-3-19
1698:10.1186/1475-2875-3-13
1400:Nature: News and Views
914:Tawrell, Paul (2006).
535:The application of an
330:
67:
59:
51:
43:
35:
2568:Malaria Atlas Project
1650:10.1007/s004360100374
1638:Parasitology Research
1634:Plasmodium falciparum
1158:"Malaria: Fever Wars"
1156:Swales, Jay. (2006).
873:on September 16, 2012
728:10.1186/1756-3305-3-5
532:to increase air flow.
476:Plasmodium falciparum
434:Plasmodium falciparum
324:
198:, the earliest known
118:and various forms of
65:
57:
49:
41:
33:
2464:Diagnosis of malaria
2280:Pregnancy-associated
842:on November 11, 2009
397:chemosensory protein
2521:Diseases of poverty
2514:Society and malaria
2424:Sickle-cell anaemia
2397:Malaria prophylaxis
2078:2020Ambio..49.1257J
1993:2019PLoSO..1412890D
1743:on October 7, 2009.
1353:2009PLoSO...4.6921Y
670:10.1038/nature15535
662:2015Natur.526..207B
500:Associated problems
473:of ITNs found (for
2601:Imagine No Malaria
2586:Malaria Consortium
2531:History of malaria
2414:Genetic resistance
2339:Anopheles mosquito
1478:on April 10, 2011.
1075:The New York Times
983:Mosquito Net India
438:Sub-Saharan Africa
345:alpha-cypermethrin
331:
214:, the last active
80:barrier protection
68:
60:
52:
44:
36:
2668:
2667:
2548:World Malaria Day
1578:(12): 1003–1008.
1406:(7790): 319–320.
960:on April 12, 2010
927:978-0-9740820-2-8
656:(7572): 207–211.
465:Scientific trials
393:Anopheles gambiae
296:opportunistically
157:Anopheles gambiae
16:(Redirected from
2713:
2706:Flies and humans
2660:
2659:
2434:G6PDH deficiency
2402:Mosquito control
2275:Blackwater fever
2239:
2232:
2225:
2216:
2175:
2174:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2105:
2072:(7): 1257–1267.
2057:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2022:
2004:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1930:
1920:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1836:
1826:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1785:
1775:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1735:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1700:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1629:
1623:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1587:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1516:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1471:. Archived from
1462:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1374:
1364:
1332:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1308:. Archived from
1302:
1296:
1295:
1285:
1275:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1202:
1192:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1118:
1108:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1066:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1028:
1019:(7): 1257–1267.
1004:
998:
997:
995:
994:
985:. Archived from
975:
969:
968:
966:
965:
956:. Archived from
950:
944:
938:
932:
931:
911:
902:
901:
899:
898:
888:
882:
881:
879:
878:
872:
866:. Archived from
865:
857:
851:
850:
848:
847:
838:. Archived from
832:
823:
822:
820:
819:
809:
803:
798:
792:
787:
781:
776:
770:
765:
759:
758:
748:
730:
706:
700:
699:
689:
641:
630:
629:
627:
626:
617:. Archived from
611:
605:
604:
597:
554:Nothing But Nets
537:insect repellent
519:air-conditioning
490:A 2019 study in
185:
144:insect repellent
122:, including the
84:bites and stings
21:
18:Mosquito netting
2721:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2681:Protective gear
2671:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2650:
2606:Malaria No More
2574:
2509:
2469:Malaria culture
2452:
2441:Malaria vaccine
2370:
2248:
2243:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
1987:(2): e0212890.
1974:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1948:
1944:
1905:Malaria Journal
1898:
1897:
1893:
1858:Med Vet Entomol
1855:
1854:
1850:
1811:Malaria Journal
1804:
1803:
1799:
1760:Malaria Journal
1753:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1685:Malaria Journal
1678:
1677:
1673:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1609:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1551:
1549:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1460:10.1.1.211.2246
1442:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1334:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1313:
1312:on July 3, 2007
1304:
1303:
1299:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1239:
1237:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1093:Malaria Journal
1086:
1085:
1081:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1006:
1005:
1001:
992:
990:
977:
976:
972:
963:
961:
952:
951:
947:
939:
935:
928:
913:
912:
905:
896:
894:
890:
889:
885:
876:
874:
870:
863:
859:
858:
854:
845:
843:
834:
833:
826:
817:
815:
811:
810:
806:
799:
795:
788:
784:
777:
773:
766:
762:
708:
707:
703:
643:
642:
633:
624:
622:
613:
612:
608:
599:
598:
591:
587:
569:Four-poster bed
550:
515:
502:
469:A review of 22
467:
417:Pascaline Dupas
405:
357:
336:
281:
232:
166:Sir Ronald Ross
152:
124:West Nile virus
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2719:
2717:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2696:Nets (devices)
2693:
2688:
2686:Insect control
2683:
2673:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2294:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2177:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:External links
2163:
2161:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2117:
2052:
2043:
2034:
1967:
1957:
1942:
1891:
1864:(2): 153–160.
1848:
1797:
1746:
1722:
1671:
1644:(7): 553–555.
1624:
1607:
1558:
1502:
1481:
1427:
1386:
1322:
1297:
1246:
1214:
1163:
1148:
1130:
1079:
1058:
999:
970:
945:
933:
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852:
824:
804:
793:
782:
771:
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701:
631:
606:
588:
586:
583:
582:
581:
579:Screened porch
576:
571:
566:
564:Spread the Net
561:
556:
549:
546:
545:
544:
540:
533:
514:
511:
501:
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441:
430:
404:
401:
374:United Nations
356:
353:
335:
332:
280:
277:
231:
228:
151:
148:
116:Chagas disease
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2718:
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2699:
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2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:Organisations
2577:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2542:
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2529:
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2524:
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2519:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2488:Antimalarials
2486:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2455:
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2444:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2419:Duffy antigen
2417:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2382:Public health
2380:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
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2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2270:Quartan fever
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2228:
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2220:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2164:
2155:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1747:
1739:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1559:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1293:
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1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1247:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:The Economist
1224:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1149:
1145:. 2009-10-12.
1144:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1076:
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1065:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
1000:
989:on 2018-08-17
988:
984:
980:
974:
971:
959:
955:
949:
946:
943:
937:
934:
929:
923:
919:
918:
910:
908:
904:
893:
887:
884:
869:
862:
856:
853:
841:
837:
831:
829:
825:
814:
808:
805:
802:
797:
794:
791:
786:
783:
780:
775:
772:
769:
764:
761:
756:
752:
747:
742:
738:
734:
729:
724:
720:
716:
712:
705:
702:
697:
693:
688:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
640:
638:
636:
632:
621:on 2010-03-04
620:
616:
610:
607:
602:
596:
594:
590:
584:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
547:
541:
538:
534:
531:
528:The use of a
527:
526:
525:
522:
520:
512:
510:
506:
499:
497:
495:
494:
488:
484:
480:
478:
477:
472:
464:
462:
459:
453:
450:
448:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:
425:
421:
418:
414:
409:
402:
400:
398:
394:
389:
385:
383:
379:
375:
370:
366:
362:
355:Effectiveness
354:
352:
350:
346:
342:
333:
328:
323:
319:
317:
316:aquatic fauna
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
290:
285:
278:
276:
273:
269:
265:
259:
257:
253:
249:
248:polypropylene
245:
241:
237:
229:
227:
225:
221:
220:Ancient Egypt
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
191:
189:
181:
180:Ancient Greek
177:
173:
169:
167:
163:
159:
158:
149:
147:
145:
141:
137:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:is a type of
73:
64:
56:
48:
40:
32:
19:
2553:Epidemiology
2392:Mosquito net
2391:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2189:Mosquito net
2187:
2186:
2185:profile for
2182:
2154:
2145:
2134:. Retrieved
2130:
2120:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2046:
2037:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1960:
1950:
1945:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1763:
1759:
1749:
1738:the original
1725:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1619:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1550:. Retrieved
1522:
1518:
1505:
1494:. Retrieved
1484:
1473:the original
1450:
1446:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1347:(9): e6921.
1344:
1340:
1314:. Retrieved
1310:the original
1300:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1238:. Retrieved
1226:
1217:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1074:
1016:
1012:
1002:
991:. Retrieved
987:the original
982:
973:
962:. Retrieved
958:the original
948:
936:
916:
895:. Retrieved
886:
875:. Retrieved
868:the original
855:
844:. Retrieved
840:the original
816:. Retrieved
807:
796:
785:
774:
763:
718:
714:
704:
653:
649:
623:. Retrieved
619:the original
609:
600:
523:
516:
513:Alternatives
507:
503:
491:
489:
485:
481:
474:
468:
454:
451:
443:
433:
422:
410:
406:
403:Distribution
390:
386:
368:
365:deltamethrin
358:
349:chlorfenapyr
341:Burkina Faso
337:
300:fishing nets
293:
286:
282:
264:sleeping bag
260:
240:polyethylene
233:
230:Construction
203:
192:
187:
175:
171:
170:
155:
153:
128:
120:encephalitis
108:yellow fever
104:dengue fever
96:pest insects
94:, and other
72:mosquito net
71:
69:
2536:Roman fever
2493:Artemisinin
2429:Thalassemia
447:externality
140:insecticide
2675:Categories
2498:Mefloquine
2474:Blood film
2364:Gametocyte
2359:Hypnozoite
2344:Life cycle
2310:falciparum
2297:life cycle
2287:Plasmodium
2136:2023-02-25
1552:2010-02-18
1496:2010-02-18
1316:2011-10-28
1240:2024-06-20
1099:(1): 165.
993:2018-07-10
964:2009-10-27
897:2009-10-27
877:2009-10-27
846:2009-10-27
818:2015-10-28
625:2009-10-27
585:References
574:Canopy bed
361:permethrin
314:and other
308:permethrin
224:Suez Canal
188:cubiculare
112:zika virus
2701:Culicidae
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2324:malariae
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