40:
610:
48:
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1183:, were separated by warmer periods. These glacial maxima are called, from oldest to youngest, Tahoe, Tenaya, and Tioga. The Tahoe reached its maximum extent perhaps about 70,000 years ago. Little is known about the Tenaya. The Tioga was the least severe and last of the Wisconsin episode. It began about 30,000 years ago, reached its greatest advance 21,000 years ago, and ended about 10,000 years ago.
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321:
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199:, and other formerly glaciated regions around the world. The glaciations that occurred during this glacial period covered many areas, mainly in the Northern Hemisphere and to a lesser extent in the Southern Hemisphere. They have different names, historically developed and depending on their geographic distributions:
1191:
In northwest
Greenland, ice coverage attained a very early maximum in the LGP around 114,000. After this early maximum, ice coverage was similar to today until the end of the last glacial period. Towards the end, glaciers advanced once more before retreating to their present extent. According to ice
136:
occurring between 26,000 and 20,000 years ago. While the general pattern of cooling and glacier advance around the globe was similar, local differences make it difficult to compare the details from continent to continent (see picture of ice core data below for differences). The most recent cooling,
940:
is currently the subject of the most detailed studies. Glaciers of the Reuss and the Limmat advanced sometimes as far as the Jura. Montane and piedmont glaciers formed the land by grinding away virtually all traces of the older Günz and Mindel glaciation, by depositing base moraines and terminal
402:
The maximum extent of western
Siberian glaciation was reached by about 18,000 to 17,000 BP, later than in Europe (22,000–18,000 BP). Northeastern Siberia was not covered by a continental-scale ice sheet. Instead, large, but restricted, icefield complexes covered mountain ranges within northeast
989:
in the United States. The
Pinedale lasted from around 30,000 to 10,000 years ago, and was at its greatest extent between 23,500 and 21,000 years ago. This glaciation was somewhat distinct from the main Wisconsin glaciation, as it was only loosely related to the giant ice sheets and was instead
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Overlying ice had exerted pressure on the Earth's surface. As a result of melting ice, the land has continued to rise yearly in
Scandinavia, mostly in northern Sweden and Finland, where the land is rising at a rate of as much as 8–9 mm per year, or 1 m in 100 years. This is important for
865:, which was followed by another freshwater phase before the present brackish marine system was established. "At its present state of development, the marine life of the Baltic Sea is less than about 4000 years old", Drs. Thulin and Andrushaitis remarked when reviewing these sequences in 2003.
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during the Late
Pleistocene. Two main moraine levels have been recognized - one with an elevation of 2,600–2,700 m (8,500–8,900 ft), and another with an elevation of 3,000–3,500 m (9,800–11,500 ft). The snow line during the last glacial advance was lowered approximately
674:
During the last glacial period, Antarctica was blanketed by a massive ice sheet, much as it is today. The ice covered all land areas and extended into the ocean onto the middle and outer continental shelf. Counterintuitively though, according to ice modeling done in 2002, ice over central
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was about 600 km (230 sq mi); this included these high areas, from southwest to northeast: Páramo de Tamá, Páramo Batallón, Páramo Los
Conejos, Páramo Piedras Blancas, and Teta de Niquitao. Around 200 km (77 sq mi) of the total glaciated area was in the
1253:. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the moraines are older than 10,000 BP, and probably older than 13,000 BP. The lower moraine level probably corresponds to the main Wisconsin glacial advance. The upper level probably represents the last glacial advance (Late Wisconsin).
1342:
deposits developed in unglaciated extra-Andean
Patagonia during the last glaciation, but not all these reported features have been verified. The area west of Llanquihue Lake was ice-free during the last glacial maximum, and had sparsely distributed vegetation dominated by
515:), where six glacier advances between 33,500 and 13,900 BP in the Chilean Andes have been reported. Antarctica was entirely glaciated, much like today, but unlike today the ice sheet left no uncovered area. In mainland Australia only a very small area in the vicinity of
1602:
that has not been reworked by glaciers. Estimates of the mean annual temperature in
Southern Africa during the last glacial maximum indicate the temperatures were not low enough to initiate or sustain a widespread glaciation. The former existence of
1092:
are the result of glacial scour and pooling of meltwater at the rim of the receding ice. When the enormous mass of the continental ice sheet retreated, the Great Lakes began gradually moving south due to isostatic rebound of the north shore.
2609:
Mills, Stephanie C.; Grab, Stefan W.; Rea, Brice R.; Farrow, Aidan (2012). "Shifting westerlies and precipitation patterns during the Late
Pleistocene in southern Africa determined using glacier reconstruction and mass balance modelling".
581:, at altitudes greater than 3,000 m on south-facing slopes. Studies suggest that the annual average temperature in the mountains of Southern Africa was about 6 °C colder than at present, in line with temperature drops estimated for
2116:"A relief-specific model of the ice age on the basis of uplift-controlled glacier areas in Tibet and the corresponding albedo increase as well as their positive climatological feedback by means of the global radiation geometry"
838:, is a result of meltwater from the Weichsel glaciation combining with saltwater from the North Sea when the straits between Sweden and Denmark opened. Initially, when the ice began melting about 10,300 BP, seawater filled the
1607:
or large glaciers is, according to the same study, ruled out, because of a lack of conclusive field evidence and the implausibility of the 10–17 °C temperature drop, relative to the present, that such features would
460:, there is evidence that glaciers advanced considerably, particularly between 47,000 and 27,000 BP, but the exact ages, as well as the formation of a single contiguous ice sheet on the Tibetan Plateau, is controversial.
905:
is derived from a river in the Alpine foreland, roughly marking the maximum glacier advance of this particular glacial period. The Alps were where the first systematic scientific research on ice ages was conducted by
406:
The Arctic Ocean between the huge ice sheets of
America and Eurasia was not frozen throughout, but like today, probably was covered only by relatively shallow ice, subject to seasonal changes and riddled with
1005:
geologists estimate that the cycle of flooding and reformation of the lake lasted an average of 55 years and that the floods occurred about 40 times over the 2,000-year period starting 15,000 years ago.
2695:
929: BP, most of western and central Europe and Eurasia was open steppe-tundra, while the Alps presented solid ice fields and montane glaciers. Scandinavia and much of Britain were under ice.
39:
2713:
Anderson, J. B.; Shipp, S. S.; Lowe, A. L.; Wellner, J. S.; Mosola, A. B. (2002). "The Antarctic Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum and its subsequent retreat history: a review".
1853:
Gualtieri, Lyn; et al. (May 2003). "Pleistocene raised marine deposits on Wrangel Island, northeast Siberia and implications for the presence of an East Siberian ice sheet".
425:. In contrast to the earlier glacial stages, the Würm glaciation was composed of smaller ice caps and mostly confined to valley glaciers, sending glacial lobes into the Alpine
184:. The end of the last glacial period, which was about 10,000 years ago, is often called the end of the ice age, although extensive year-round ice persists in Antarctica and
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plant pollens found in geological deposits, chronicled the dramatic changes in the European environment during the Würm glaciation. During the height of Würm glaciation,
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The former existence of large glaciers or deep snow cover over much of the Lesotho Highlands has been judged unlikely considering the lack of glacial morphology (e.g.
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glaciation was more widespread. An ice sheet formed in New Zealand, covering all of the Southern Alps, where at least three glacial advances can be distinguished.
4522:
3122:; Dirsowzky, Randy W.; Hancock, R.G.V.; Beukens, Roelf P. (April 1, 2008). "Evidence for a Younger Dryas glacial advance in the Andes of northwestern Venezuela".
609:
2503:"The cold climate geomorphology of the Eastern Cape Drakensberg: A reevaluation of past climatic conditions during the last glacial cycle in Southern Africa"
176:
is not strictly defined, and on a longer geological perspective, the last few million years could be termed a single ice age given the continual presence of
4516:
3519:
2065:
Kuhle, M., Kuhle, S. (2010): Review on Dating methods: Numerical Dating in the Quaternary of High Asia. In: Journal of Mountain Science (2010) 7: 105–122.
1668:
University of Houston–Clear Lake – Disasters Class Notes – Chapter 12: Climate Change sce.uhcl.edu/Pitts/disastersclassnotes/chapter_12_Climate_Change.doc
471:. In both areas, maximum glacier advance occurred between 60,000 and 30,000 BP. To a still lesser extent, glaciers existed in Africa, for example in the
2076:
Chevalier, Marie-Luce; et al. (2011). "Constraints on the late Quaternary glaciations in Tibet from cosmogenic exposure ages of moraine surfaces".
936:
covered the whole western Swiss plateau, reaching today's regions of Solothurn and Aargau. In the region of Bern, it merged with the Aar glacier. The
861:
The lake was filled by glacial runoff, but as worldwide sea level continued rising, saltwater again breached the sill about 8000 BP, forming a marine
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530:, where temperatures were 5 to 6 °C colder than at present. The main areas of Papua New Guinea where glaciers developed during the LGP were
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129:, which ended about 128,000 years ago, was more severe than the Last Glacial Period in some areas such as Britain, but less severe in others.
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deposits, and by the proglacial rivers' shifting and redepositing gravels. Beneath the surface, they had profound and lasting influence on
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2369:
2030:
Owen, Lewis A.; et al. (2002). "A note on the extent of glaciation throughout the Himalaya during the global Last Glacial Maximum".
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Other areas of the Northern Hemisphere did not bear extensive ice sheets, but local glaciers were widespread at high altitudes. Parts of
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glacial lake. On the lake's western shores, large moraine systems occur, of which the innermost belong to the LGP. Llanquihue Lake's
188:. Over the past few million years, the glacial-interglacial cycles have been "paced" by periodic variations in the Earth's orbit via
4686:
2569:
Sumner, P.D. (2004). "Geomorphic and climatic implications of relict openwork block accumulations near Thabana-Ntlenyana, Lesotho".
2171:
854:
lifted the region about 9500 BP, the deepest basin of the Baltic became a freshwater lake, in palaeological contexts referred to as
624:
578:
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near both poles. Glacials are somewhat better defined, as colder phases during which glaciers advance, separated by relatively warm
2774:"Sea-level changes at the LGM from ice-dynamic reconstructions of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets during the glacial cycles"
2437:
1679:
593:, but with deep seasonal freezing on south-facing slopes. Periglaciation in the eastern Drakensberg and Lesotho Highlands produced
4389:
4062:
3512:
1350:
2502:
2257:
Yugo Ono; et al. (September–October 2005). "Mountain glaciation in Japan and Taiwan at the global Last Glacial Maximum".
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at 55°S. The western part appears to have been very active, with wet basal conditions, while the eastern part was cold-based.
985:(central Rocky Mountains) or Fraser (Cordilleran ice sheet) glaciation was the last of the major glaciations to appear in the
546:
in the Central Cordillera had a "more or less continuous ice cap covering about 188 km and extending down to 3200-3500 m". In
491:. Just south of the equator, an ice cap of several hundred square kilometers was present on the east African mountains in the
4383:
1582:
Prior to the 2010s, considerable debate arose on whether Southern Africa was glaciated during the last glacial cycle or not.
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1,200 m (3,900 ft) below the present snow line, which is 3,700 m (12,100 ft). The glaciated area in the
2392:
4002:
1806:
811:
have been recognized in the Weichselian, including the Oerel, Glinde, Moershoofd, Hengelo, and Denekamp. Correlation with
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Schubert, C.; Valastro, S. (1974). "Late Pleistocene glaciation of Páramo de La Culata, north-central Venezuelan Andes".
1837:
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4117:
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Extent, timing, and climatic significance of latest Pleistocene and Holocene glaciation in the Sierra Nevada, California
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core data, the Greenland climate was dry during the LGP, with precipitation reaching perhaps only 20% of today's value.
1729:
Catt, J. A.; et al. (2006). "Quaternary: Ice Sheets and their Legacy". In Brenchley, P. J.; Rawson, P. F. (eds.).
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2827:"Towards an absolute chronology for the last glacial period in Europe: radiocarbon dates from Oerel, northern Germany"
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126:
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is used to include this early phase with the current glaciation. The previous ice age within the Quaternary is the
2923:
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1958:
Spielhagen, Robert F.; et al. (2004). "Arctic Ocean deep-sea record of northern Eurasian ice sheet history".
4691:
4347:
4122:
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3777:
3029:"La Sierra de Santo Domingo: "Biogeographic reconstructions for the Quaternary of a former snowy mountain range""
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1776:"Severnaya Zemlya, Arctic Russia: a nucleation area for Kara Sea ice sheets during the Middle to Late Quaternary"
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in Latin), a river on the Welsh border near which deposits from the period are particularly well represented.
3365:(1988). "The Pleistocene Glaciation of Tibet and the Onset of Ice Ages – An Autocycle HypothesisGeoJournal".
3292:
Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology 3: Part III: South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica
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and former glacial niches have been identified in the eastern Lesotho Highlands a few kilometres west of the
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is also a product of the glaciation, as is the course of the Ohio River, which largely supplanted the prior
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141:, began around 12,800 years ago and ended around 11,700 years ago, also marking the end of the LGP and the
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573:. The development of glaciers was likely aided in part due to shade provided by adjacent cliffs. Various
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left by these glaciers can be easily observed. In southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta, a
994:
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The effects of this glaciation can be seen in many geological features of England, Wales, Scotland, and
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309:
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2189:"Die eiszeitliche Vergletscherung Hochasiens – lokale Vergletscherungen oder übergeordneter Eisschild?"
1755:
1307:. During the last glacial maximum, the Patagonian ice sheet extended over the Andes from about 35°S to
43:
A chronology of climatic events of importance for the Last Glacial Period, about the last 120,000 years
3415:
Sibrava, V.; Bowen, D.Q; Richmond, G. M. (1986). "Quaternary Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere".
3001:
2974:
1241:, and of that amount, the largest concentration, 50 km (19 sq mi), was in the areas of
1085:, which is the northernmost point in North America that remained south of the continental ice sheets.
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Hall, Kevin (2010). "The shape of glacial valleys and implications for southern African glaciation".
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2224:"The Quaternary glaciation of Shesan Mountain in Taiwan and glacial classification in monsoon areas"
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at the beginning of the 19th century. Here, the Würm glaciation of the LGP was intensively studied.
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Glaciers of Irian Jaya, Indonesia: Observation and Mapping of the Glaciers Shown on Landsat Images
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2162:(August 31, 2011). "The High Glacial (Last Ice Age and LGM) ice cover in High and Central Asia".
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2696:"Like 'champagne bottles being opened': Scientists document an ancient Arctic methane explosion"
2393:"A mid Otira Glaciation palaeosol and flora from the Castle Hill Basin, Canterbury, New Zealand"
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during the same time. This resulted in an environment of relatively arid periglaciation without
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from the surrounding ice sheets. According to the sediment composition retrieved from deep-sea
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653:, following ice-sheet retreat during the LGP, around 12,000 years ago. These areas around the
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68:
30:"Last glacial" redirects here. For the period of maximum glacier extent during this time, see
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A temperature rise marking the end of the most recent ice age, as derived from ice core data.
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Outside the main ice sheets, widespread glaciation occurred on the highest mountains of the
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Glaciation of the Southern Hemisphere was less extensive. Ice sheets existed in the Andes (
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is still in process. During the glacial maximum in Scandinavia, only the western parts of
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remained mostly ice free due to arid climate conditions. Local glaciations existed in the
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17:
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429:. Local ice fields or small ice sheets could be found capping the highest massifs of the
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The last glacial period saw alternating episodes of glacier advance and retreat with the
3480:"A GIS-based Vegetation Map of the World at the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000–15,000 BP)"
3173:"Glacial Quaternary geology of las Gonzales basin, páramo los conejos, Venezuelan andes"
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With the assistance of several very broad glacial lakes, it released floods through the
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which started around 2,588,000 years ago and is ongoing. The glaciation and the current
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Clayton, Lee; Attig, John W.; Mickelson, David M.; Johnson, Mark D.; Syverson, Kent M.
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Abstracts of PAGES – PEPIII: Past Climate Variability Through Europe and Africa, 2001
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1045:. At the height of the Wisconsin episode glaciation, ice covered most of Canada, the
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467:, for example, were repeatedly glaciated between 44,250 and 10,680 BP as well as the
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2975:"Late Quaternary stratigraphy and glaciology in the Thule area, Northwest Greenland"
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glaciation is proposed to designate the alpine glaciation that affected the central
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potentially permitted migration of mammals, including people, to North America from
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during the last glacial period. These small glaciers would have been located in the
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Modelled maximum extent of the Antarctic ice sheet, 21,000 years before the present
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or its German name Weichsel). Evidence suggests that the ice sheets were at their
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craters, some 3,000 m wide and up to 300 m deep, formed by explosive eruptions of
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Scientists from the Center for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate at the
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still seep methane today. The study hypothesized that existing bulges containing
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The LGP is often colloquially referred to as the "last ice age", though the term
27:
Period of major glaciations of the Northern Hemisphere (115,000–12,000 years ago)
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2924:"Case for periodic, colossal jökulhlaups from Pleistocene glacial Lake Missoula"
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now is inland and can be dated by its relative distance from the present shore.
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1910:"Glaciers and Climate in Pacific Far NE Russia during the Last Glacial Maximum"
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3189:
Trombotto Liaudat, Darío (2008). "Geocryology of Southern South America". In
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1994:
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Climate variability during the last interglacial-glacial cycle in NW Eurasia.
1630:"Synchronous timing of abrupt climate changes during the last glacial period"
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in the North American Laurentide ice sheet. At the height of glaciation, the
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The LGP has been intensively studied in North America, northern Eurasia, the
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area during the LGP: Selected modern settlements are shown with yellow dots.
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2009:
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2435:
Löffler, Ernst (1972). "Pleistocene glaciation in Papua and New Guinea".
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858:, which is identifiable in the freshwater fauna found in sediment cores.
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3314:. Developments in Quaternary Science. Vol. 1. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
3251:
Quaternary geology: a stratigraphic framework for multidisciplinary work
2537:
164:
4621:
4231:
4221:
4032:
3840:
3659:
3378:
3096:
2845:
1428:
1156:
1054:
1035:
1011:
990:
composed of mountain glaciers, merging into the Cordilleran ice sheet.
901:
816:
800:
646:
574:
484:
476:
408:
388:
368:
272:
173:
3438:
After the Ice Age : The Return of Life to Glaciated North America
3271:
Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology 2: Part II North America
2672:
1703:
343:
was almost completely covered by ice, as was the northern part of the
293:
includes the late glacial (Weichselian) and the immediately preceding
2140:
2115:
1936:
970:
in the Great Basin of western North America, showing the path of the
730:. Its deposits have been found overlying material from the preceding
464:
446:
392:
352:
340:
298:
3497:
3397:
Quaternary Glaciations : Extent and Chronology 1: Part I Europe
1353:
was reduced to scattered remnants on the western side of the Andes.
168:
An artist's impression of the last glacial period at glacial maximum
1151:
in south-central Ontario, Canada. In Wisconsin itself, it left the
4277:
4180:
1331:
1323:
1300:
1278:
1266:
1208:
1160:
1105:
961:
942:
886:
782:
709:
608:
319:
308:
282:
163:
46:
38:
1733:(2nd ed.). London: The Geological Society. pp. 451–52.
1041:
It radically altered the geography of North America north of the
704:
glaciation, as its effects in Ireland are largely visible in the
700:. Irish geologists, geographers, and archaeologists refer to the
526:
Local ice caps existed in the highest mountains of the island of
4287:
3472:
National Atlas of the USA: Wisconsin Glaciation in North America
3466:
After the Ice Age: The Return of Life to Glaciated North America
2501:
Mills, S.C.; Barrows, T.T.; Telfer, M.W.; Fifield, L.K. (2017).
2471:. U.S. Geological Survey professional paper 1386. Archived from
2312:"Interhemisperic correlation of late Pleistocene glacial events"
1002:
450:
240:
4058:
3632:
3501:
3013:
2986:
1179:, three stages of glacial maxima, sometimes incorrectly called
86:
years ago, and thus corresponds to most of the timespan of the
1362:
Historical names of the "four major" glacials in four regions
2290:"Glaciers of the Middle East and Africa – Glaciers of Africa"
1995:"Glaciers of the Middle East and Africa – Glaciers of Turkey"
1112:, which in turn was formed during an earlier glacial period.
1081:
between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets formed the
807:
for only a short period, between 25,000 and 13,000 BP. Eight
51:
The Last Glacial Period caused a much lower global sea level.
1271:
A map showing the extent of the Patagonian ice sheet in the
3628:
2869:"Non-Marine Records: Correlations with the Marine Sequence"
2010:"Glaciers of the Middle East and Africa – Glaciers of Iran"
738:, which is the current stage. This is sometimes called the
641:, published a study in June 2017 describing over a hundred
418:, even times of seasonally open waters must have occurred.
2948:
10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<1271:CFPCJF>2.0.CO;2
997:, which broke free from its ice dam, causing the massive
688:
Devensian and Midlandian glaciation (Britain and Ireland)
3310:
Gillespie, A. R., Porter, S. C.; Atwater, B. F. (2004).
773:
Weichselian glaciation (Scandinavia and northern Europe)
1163:
formed at its melting edge are landmarks of the lower
1115:
In its retreat, the Wisconsin episode glaciation left
561:
Small glaciers developed in a few favorable places in
550:, remnants of these glaciers are still preserved atop
869:
archaeologists, since a site that was coastal in the
819:
were ice-free, and a large part of what is today the
3394:
Mangerud, J.; Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P., eds. (2004).
2755:
Quaternary glacial and climate history of Antarctica
1993:
Williams, Richard S. Jr.; Ferrigno, Jane G. (1991).
993:
The Cordilleran ice sheet produced features such as
93:
The LGP is part of a larger sequence of glacial and
4599:
4573:
4542:
4405:
4340:
4324:
4265:
4214:
4173:
4166:
4090:
3990:
3971:
3952:
3925:
3900:
3875:
3835:
3680:
3666:
3197:
The Late Cenozoic of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego
403:Siberia, including the Kamchatka-Koryak Mountains.
113:
began to form earlier, at about 34 Mya, in the mid-
2825:Behre Karl-Ernst, van der Plicht Johannes (1992).
2297:U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386-G-3
1213:A map showing the extent of the glaciated area in
891:Violet: the extent of the Alpine ice sheet in the
823:was dry land connecting Jutland with Britain (see
263:(in Northern Europe and northern Central Europe),
3343:Harris, A. G.; Tuttle, E.; Tuttle, S. D. (1997).
3171:Maximiliano, B.; Orlando, G.; Juan, C.; Ciro, S.
2747:
2572:Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography
2154:
2017:U.S.Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386-G-2
2002:U.S.Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386-G-1
1895:
734:stage and lying beneath those from the following
3184:
3182:
2960:
2604:
2602:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
949:heat and the patterns of deep groundwater flow.
1628:Corrick, Ellen; et al. (August 21, 2020).
958:Pinedale or Fraser glaciation (Rocky Mountains)
4523:Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field
2893:. Rocky Mountain National Park. Archived from
2430:
2428:
2288:Young, James A.T.; Hastenrath, Stefan (1991).
2164:Quaternary Glaciations - Extent and Chronology
1680:"Ice age terrestrial carbon changes revisited"
1287:The Llanquihue glaciation takes its name from
4070:
3644:
3513:
3228:"South America during the last 150,000 years"
2564:
2562:
2560:
601:; including blockstreams and stone garlands.
383:once again reached the northern parts of the
8:
3334:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3156:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2450:
2448:
941:moraines of different retraction phases and
4517:Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area
3440:. Chicago IL: University Of Chicago Press.
3312:The Quaternary Period in the United States
2643:
2641:
1303:are a node point in southern Chile's varve
395:, and Russia, extending as far east as the
4337:
4262:
4170:
4077:
4063:
4055:
3677:
3651:
3637:
3629:
3537:
3520:
3506:
3498:
745:The latter part of the Devensian includes
3289:Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P. L., eds. (2004).
3268:Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P. L., eds. (2004).
2671:
2536:
2455:Allison, Ian; Peterson, James A. (1988).
2139:
1658:. Dept. Geology, University of Wisconsin.
708:. The name Devensian is derived from the
503:, which still bear relic glaciers today.
3000:Johnsen, Sigfus J.; et al. (1992).
2370:"Australian Landforms and their History"
1763:(Ph.D.). Seattle: Washington University.
1360:
1010:such as these are not uncommon today in
679:was generally thinner than it is today.
3002:"A "deep" ice core from East Greenland"
2875:. University of Arizona. Archived from
1620:
1575:
1171:Tahoe, Tenaya, and Tioga, Sierra Nevada
4451:Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail
4415:Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area
3327:
3149:
2928:Geological Society of America Bulletin
2922:Waitt, Richard B. Jr. (October 1985).
2376:. Geoscience Australia. Archived from
1257:Llanquihue glaciation (Southern Andes)
787:Europe during the last glacial period
661:could eventually have the same fate.
289:in New Zealand. The geochronological
105:both began with the formation of the
7:
3347:(5th ed.). Iowa: Kendall/Hunt.
3062:US Geological Survey (USGS P 1386-I)
2834:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany
2391:Burrows, C. J.; Moar, N. T. (1996).
313:Vegetation types at the time of the
4457:Ice Age National Scientific Reserve
3468:(University of Chicago Press: 1992)
3118:Mahaney, William C.; Milner, M.W.,
2461:. United States Geological Survey.
895:. Blue: extent in earlier ice ages.
2873:Introduction to Quaternary Ecology
2651:South African Geographical Journal
2310:Lowell, T.V.; et al. (1995).
25:
4445:Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area
119:Eocene–Oligocene extinction event
4735:
4734:
4390:Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine
3866:
3027:Sánchez Dávila, Gabriel (2016).
2585:10.1111/j.0435-3676.2004.00232.x
2222:Zhijiu Cui; et al. (2002).
1774:Möller, P.; et al. (2006).
1731:The Geology of England and Wales
324:Last glacial period, as seen in
4786:Glaciology of the United States
2632:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.08.012
2098:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.11.005
1980:10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.12.015
1908:Barr, I.D; Clark, C.D. (2011).
1803:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.02.016
1351:Valdivian temperate rain forest
799:(referring to the Polish River
67:, occurred from the end of the
4453:, Idaho, Oregon and Washington
3144:10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.08.002
2748:Ehlers, Gibbard & 2004 III
2529:10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.11.011
2438:Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie
2412:10.1080/0028825X.1996.10410134
2166:. Elsevier. pp. 175–199.
2155:Ehlers, Gibbard & 2004 III
1896:Ehlers, Gibbard & 2004 III
1026:was the last major advance of
914:, the statistical analyses of
145:epoch. It was followed by the
1:
4697:Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal
4003:Greenhouse and icehouse Earth
3478:Ray, N.; Adams, J.M. (2001).
3429:10.1016/S0277-3791(86)80002-6
3253:. Oxford UK: Pergamon Press.
3201:. Elsevier Science. pp.
3043:10.13140/RG.2.2.21325.38886/1
2961:Ehlers, Gibbard & 2004 II
2911:. U.S. National Park Service.
2801:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00082-8
2735:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00083-X
2400:New Zealand Journal of Botany
2339:10.1126/science.269.5230.1541
2244:10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00060-5
2052:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00104-4
1917:Journal of Quaternary Science
1875:10.1016/S0033-5894(03)00057-7
919:
852:postglacial isostatic rebound
347:, both blanketed by the huge
4118:Glacial history of Minnesota
3474:: Present state of knowledge
2664:10.1080/03736245.2010.485360
2275:10.1016/j.quaint.2005.02.007
1684:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
1539:Late Pleistocene extinctions
1503:Glacial history of Minnesota
1217:during the Mérida glaciation
1008:Glacial lake outburst floods
225:(in central North America),
4481:Kettle Moraine State Forest
4384:Lion's Head Provincial Park
2441:. Supplementband 13: 32–58.
1678:Crowley, Thomas J. (1995).
1508:Glacial lake outburst flood
1314:Cryogenic features such as
487:, and several mountains in
379:. In northern Eurasia, the
4807:
4627:Penultimate Glacial Period
4354:Big Rock (glacial erratic)
3700:Penultimate Glacial Period
3417:Quaternary Science Reviews
2985:: 63. 1990. Archived from
2781:Quaternary Science Reviews
2715:Quaternary Science Reviews
2612:Quaternary Science Reviews
2199:(2): 28–33. Archived from
2078:Quaternary Science Reviews
2032:Quaternary Science Reviews
2008:Ferrigno, Jane G. (1991).
1960:Quaternary Science Reviews
1783:Quaternary Science Reviews
1518:Penultimate Glacial Period
1260:
880:
791:Alternative names include
776:
622:
616:
519:was glaciated, whereas in
127:Penultimate Glacial Period
29:
18:Most recent glacial period
4730:
4692:Late Glacial Interstadial
4471:, Minnesota and Wisconsin
4348:Arrowhead Provincial Park
4123:List of prehistoric lakes
4041:
3864:
3535:
3345:Geology of National Parks
3056:Schubert, Carlos (1998).
1653:"Glaciation of Wisconsin"
1024:Wisconsin glacial episode
456:In the Himalayas and the
328:data from Antarctica and
4647:Holocene glacial retreat
4439:Glacial Lakes State Park
4378:Foothills Erratics Train
2891:"Brief geologic history"
2259:Quaternary International
2228:Quaternary International
1295:, which is a fan-shaped
1165:Connecticut River Valley
846:that geologists dub the
696:refer to the LGP as the
619:Holocene glacial retreat
295:penultimate interglacial
229:(in the British Isles),
71:to the beginning of the
4687:Bølling–Allerød warming
4427:Devil's Lake State Park
4396:Ovayok Territorial Park
4085:Continental glaciations
3891:Late Paleozoic icehouse
3400:. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
3295:. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
3274:. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
3058:"Glaciers of Venezuela"
2867:Davis, Owen K. (2003).
2772:Huybrechts, P. (2002).
2193:Geographische Rundschau
1595:) and the existence of
1239:Sierra Nevada de Mérida
1110:Upper Mississippi River
840:isostatically depressed
715:, people living by the
665:Named local glaciations
625:Bølling–Allerød warming
445:, and the mountains of
213:Central Rocky Mountains
4529:Yosemite National Park
4433:Glacial Lake Wisconsin
4372:Eskers Provincial Park
4360:Cypress Hills (Canada)
4158:Timeline of glaciation
4045:Timeline of glaciation
3912:(579.88 to 579.63 Mya)
3436:Pielou, E. C. (1991).
1840:April 6, 2008, at the
1559:Timeline of glaciation
1284:
1276:
1218:
1053:, as well as parts of
978:
896:
877:Würm glaciation (Alps)
788:
779:Weichselian glaciation
740:Flandrian interglacial
614:
532:the Central Cordillera
381:Scandinavian ice sheet
332:
317:
169:
52:
44:
4672:Quaternary glaciation
4607:Quaternary glaciation
4505:Mill Bluff State Park
4469:Interstate State Park
4283:Giant current ripples
4098:Cordilleran ice sheet
4008:Great Oxidation Event
3077:Geologische Rundschau
2421:on February 27, 2008.
2187:Lehmkuhl, F. (2003).
1544:Quaternary glaciation
1529:Pleistocene megafauna
1282:
1270:
1263:Llanquihue glaciation
1212:
995:glacial Lake Missoula
965:
932:During the Würm, the
890:
786:
612:
595:solifluction deposits
361:Cordilleran ice sheet
323:
312:
167:
160:Origin and definition
123:Late Cenozoic Ice Age
99:Quaternary glaciation
97:periods known as the
63:), also known as the
50:
42:
4682:Wisconsin glaciation
4637:Last Glacial Maximum
4153:Post-glacial rebound
4108:Last Glacial Maximum
4103:Laurentide ice sheet
3893:(360 Mya to 260 Mya)
3887:(460 Mya to 430 Mya)
3709:Last Glacial Maximum
3487:Internet Archaeology
3249:Bowen, D.Q. (1978).
3234:on January 30, 2010.
3012:: 22. Archived from
2545:on February 13, 2020
2374:National Mapping Fab
1789:(21–22): 2894–2936.
1234:Cordillera de Mérida
1187:Greenland glaciation
1028:continental glaciers
1018:Wisconsin glaciation
797:Vistulian glaciation
639:University of Tromsø
513:Patagonian Ice Sheet
435:Carpathian Mountains
399:in western Siberia.
349:Laurentide Ice Sheet
315:Last glacial maximum
134:Last Glacial Maximum
32:Last Glacial Maximum
4761:Last Glacial Period
4667:Pre-Illinoian Stage
4632:Last Glacial Period
4421:Coteau des Prairies
4332:Greenland ice sheet
4028:Milankovitch cycles
3705:Last Glacial Period
3136:2008Geomo..96..199M
3089:1974GeoRu..63..516S
2940:1985GSAB...96.1271W
2793:2002QSRv...21..203H
2727:2002QSRv...21...49A
2700:The Washington Post
2624:2012QSRv...55..145M
2521:2017Geomo.278..184M
2331:1995Sci...269.1541L
2267:2005QuInt.138...79O
2236:2002QuInt..97..147C
2132:2002ClRes..20....1K
2090:2011QSRv...30..528C
2044:2002QSRv...21..147O
1972:2004QSRv...23.1455S
1929:2011JQS....26..227B
1867:2003QuRes..59..399G
1855:Quaternary Research
1795:2006QSRv...25.2894M
1710:on November 1, 2012
1696:1995GBioC...9..377C
1363:
1201:Mérida glaciation (
793:Weichsel glaciation
755:Bølling oscillation
751:Allerød oscillation
507:Southern Hemisphere
483:massif in southern
475:, the mountains of
336:Northern Hemisphere
207:of North America),
190:Milankovitch cycles
111:Antarctic ice sheet
57:Last Glacial Period
4776:Pleistocene events
4712:4.2 kiloyear event
4707:8.2 kiloyear event
4642:Mousterian Pluvial
4374:, British Columbia
3941:(717 to 660 Mya);
3918:(547 to 541.5 Mya)
3379:10.1007/BF00209444
3097:10.1007/BF01820827
2846:10.1007/BF00206091
2380:on August 8, 2008.
2261:. 138–139: 79–92.
2230:. 97–98: 147–153.
1966:(11–13): 1455–83.
1898:, pp. 321–323
1812:on October 3, 2018
1564:Valparaiso Moraine
1361:
1285:
1277:
1273:Strait of Magellan
1219:
1149:Oak Ridges Moraine
1032:Bering land bridge
1014:and other places.
979:
897:
842:area, a temporary
834:, with its unique
789:
659:methane reservoirs
649:from destabilized
629:Meltwater pulse 1A
615:
548:Western New Guinea
536:Owen Stanley Range
501:Rwenzori Mountains
493:Kilimanjaro massif
333:
318:
205:Pacific Cordillera
170:
65:Last glacial cycle
53:
45:
4781:Quaternary events
4748:
4747:
4717:Piora Oscillation
4677:Sangamonian Stage
4538:
4537:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4052:
4051:
3983:(2.9 to 2.78 Gya)
3862:
3861:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3542:Pleistocene Epoch
3529:Quaternary Period
3447:978-0-226-66812-3
3407:978-0-444-51462-2
3354:978-0-7872-5353-0
3321:978-0-444-51471-4
3302:978-0-444-51593-3
3281:978-0-444-51462-2
3260:978-0-08-020409-3
3226:Adams, Jonathan.
3212:978-0-444-52954-1
2879:on July 27, 2017.
2475:on August 1, 2008
2468:978-0-607-71457-9
2325:(5230): 1541–49.
1831:Matti Saarnisto:
1740:978-1-86239-199-4
1704:10.1029/95GB01107
1525:, which includes:
1499:
1498:
1137:Martha's Vineyard
1117:terminal moraines
1069:or in New York's
968:Pleistocene lakes
569:and parts of the
567:Lesotho Highlands
103:Quaternary Period
69:Last Interglacial
16:(Redirected from
4798:
4738:
4737:
4338:
4263:
4247:Terminal moraine
4171:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4056:
3964:(2.4 to 2.1 Gya)
3954:Paleoproterozoic
3945:(650 to 635 Mya)
3870:
3678:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3630:
3538:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3499:
3494:
3484:
3451:
3432:
3411:
3390:
3358:
3339:
3333:
3325:
3306:
3285:
3264:
3236:
3235:
3230:. Archived from
3223:
3217:
3216:
3200:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3155:
3147:
3130:(1–2): 199–211.
3115:
3109:
3108:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3016:on June 6, 2007.
2997:
2991:
2990:
2989:on June 6, 2007.
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2909:"Ice Age Floods"
2905:
2899:
2898:
2897:on May 15, 2006.
2887:
2881:
2880:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2831:
2822:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2787:(1–3): 203–231.
2778:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2761:. pp. 3–43.
2760:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2675:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2566:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2541:. Archived from
2540:
2498:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2452:
2443:
2442:
2432:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2414:. Archived from
2397:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2316:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2294:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:10.3354/cr020001
2120:Climate Research
2108:
2102:
2101:
2084:(5–6): 528–554.
2073:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2005:
1999:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1937:10.1002/jqs.1450
1914:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1850:
1844:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1811:
1805:. Archived from
1780:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1706:. Archived from
1675:
1669:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1640:(6506): 963–969.
1625:
1609:
1593:roche moutonnées
1589:
1583:
1580:
1534:Plio-Pleistocene
1364:
1320:patterned ground
1309:Tierra del Fuego
1229:Venezuelan Andes
1215:Venezuelan Andes
1203:Venezuelan Andes
972:Bonneville Flood
928:
924:
921:
871:Nordic Stone Age
844:marine incursion
728:Northern Ireland
651:methane hydrates
579:Great Escarpment
517:Mount Kosciuszko
439:Balkan mountains
397:Taymyr Peninsula
291:Late Pleistocene
121:), and the term
88:Late Pleistocene
85:
81:
21:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4726:
4612:Illinoian Stage
4595:
4586:Lambert Glacier
4569:
4555:Killary Harbour
4534:
4487:Lake Bonneville
4407:
4401:
4336:
4312:
4261:
4210:
4206:U-shaped valley
4196:Roche moutonnée
4162:
4128:Proglacial lake
4113:Canadian Shield
4086:
4083:
4053:
4048:
4037:
3986:
3967:
3948:
3921:
3896:
3871:
3858:
3855:(34 to 2.5 Mya)
3843:
3839:
3831:
3671:
3662:
3657:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3571:
3531:
3526:
3482:
3477:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3435:
3414:
3408:
3393:
3361:
3355:
3342:
3326:
3322:
3309:
3303:
3288:
3282:
3267:
3261:
3248:
3244:
3242:Further reading
3239:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3188:
3187:
3180:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3148:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3026:
3025:
3021:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2959:
2955:
2934:(10): 1271–86.
2921:
2920:
2916:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2808:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2752:Ingolfsson, O.
2751:
2746:
2742:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2702:. June 1, 2017.
2694:
2693:
2689:
2647:
2646:
2639:
2608:
2607:
2600:
2568:
2567:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2500:
2499:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2469:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2434:
2433:
2426:
2418:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2292:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2203:on July 7, 2007
2186:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2112:Kuhle, Matthias
2110:
2109:
2105:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2059:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2012:
2007:
2006:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1842:Wayback Machine
1829:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1359:
1289:Llanquihue Lake
1265:
1259:
1207:
1198:
1189:
1173:
1020:
999:Missoula Floods
987:Rocky Mountains
960:
955:
926:
922:
916:microfossilized
912:Pollen analysis
893:Würm glaciation
885:
883:Würm glaciation
879:
781:
775:
690:
685:
677:East Antarctica
672:
667:
635:
621:
607:
563:Southern Africa
540:Saruwaged Range
509:
458:Tibetan Plateau
357:Rocky Mountains
338:
307:
162:
83:
79:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4804:
4802:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4753:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4722:Little Ice Age
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4591:Ross Ice Shelf
4588:
4583:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4550:Hardangerfjord
4546:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4496:
4490:
4484:
4478:
4475:Kelleys Island
4472:
4466:
4460:
4454:
4448:
4442:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4423:, South Dakota
4418:
4411:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4393:
4387:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4362:, Saskatchewan
4357:
4351:
4344:
4342:
4335:
4334:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4267:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4186:Glacial striae
4183:
4177:
4175:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4059:
4050:
4049:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4018:Snowball Earth
4015:
4013:Little Ice Age
4010:
4005:
4000:
3998:Glacial period
3994:
3992:
3991:Related topics
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3977:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3958:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3935:
3933:
3931:Snowball Earth
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3913:
3906:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3888:
3885:Andean-Saharan
3881:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3849:
3847:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3828:(2.5 to 0 Mya)
3802:
3780:
3758:
3720:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3675:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3633:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:Holocene Epoch
3544:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3475:
3469:
3458:
3457:External links
3455:
3453:
3452:
3446:
3433:
3412:
3406:
3391:
3373:(4): 581–596.
3359:
3353:
3340:
3320:
3307:
3301:
3286:
3280:
3265:
3259:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3218:
3211:
3178:
3163:
3110:
3083:(2): 516–538.
3067:
3048:
3037:(in Spanish).
3019:
3006:MoG Geoscience
2992:
2979:MoG Geoscience
2965:
2953:
2914:
2900:
2882:
2859:
2840:(2): 111–117.
2817:
2806:
2764:
2740:
2721:(1–3): 49–70.
2705:
2687:
2637:
2598:
2579:(3): 289–302.
2556:
2486:
2467:
2444:
2424:
2406:(4): 539–545.
2383:
2360:
2302:
2280:
2249:
2214:
2179:
2172:
2147:
2103:
2068:
2057:
2038:(1): 147–157.
2022:
1985:
1950:
1900:
1888:
1861:(3): 399–410.
1845:
1823:
1766:
1746:
1739:
1721:
1690:(3): 377–389.
1670:
1661:
1643:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1584:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1549:Sea level rise
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1515:
1513:Glacial period
1510:
1505:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1358:
1355:
1293:southern Chile
1261:Main article:
1258:
1255:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1172:
1169:
1153:Kettle Moraine
1063:Kelleys Island
1019:
1016:
959:
956:
954:
951:
881:Main article:
878:
875:
836:brackish water
813:isotope stages
777:Main article:
774:
771:
769:cold periods.
706:Irish Midlands
689:
686:
684:
681:
671:
668:
666:
663:
643:ocean sediment
617:Main article:
606:
603:
508:
505:
337:
334:
306:
303:
267:in Russia and
233:(in Ireland),
161:
158:
149:, the current
107:Arctic ice cap
80: 115,000
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4803:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4741:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4702:Younger Dryas
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4499:Lake Missoula
4497:
4494:
4493:Lake Lahontan
4491:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4463:Ice Age Trail
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4404:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4366:Eramosa River
4364:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:North America
4323:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4258:
4257:Veiki moraine
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4242:Rogen moraine
4240:
4238:
4237:Pulju moraine
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4227:Erratic block
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4201:Tunnel valley
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4080:
4075:
4073:
4068:
4066:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4047:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3810:Pre-Illinoian
3807:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3788:Pre-Illinoian
3785:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3717:Younger Dryas
3714:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3673:Late Cenozoic
3669:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3649:
3647:
3642:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3583:Northgrippian
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3518:
3516:
3511:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3463:Pielou, E. C.
3461:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3323:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3198:
3192:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3167:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3124:Geomorphology
3121:
3114:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:Funder, Svend
2969:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2765:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2508:Geomorphology
2504:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2368:Ollier, C.D.
2364:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2293:(PDF 1.25 Mb)
2291:
2284:
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2250:
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1443:British Isles
1441:
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1337:
1336:cryoturbation
1333:
1329:
1328:rock glaciers
1325:
1321:
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1310:
1306:
1305:geochronology
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1251:Pico Bonpland
1248:
1247:Pico Humboldt
1244:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1216:
1211:
1204:
1200:
1196:South America
1195:
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1178:
1177:Sierra Nevada
1170:
1168:
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1111:
1107:
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1100:
1096:
1095:Niagara Falls
1091:
1086:
1084:
1083:Cypress Hills
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:Upper Midwest
1044:
1039:
1037:
1033:
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1025:
1017:
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1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
988:
984:
977:
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969:
964:
957:
953:North America
952:
950:
948:
944:
939:
938:Rhine Glacier
935:
934:Rhône Glacier
930:
927: 10,000
923: 24,000
917:
913:
909:
908:Louis Agassiz
904:
903:
894:
889:
884:
876:
874:
872:
866:
864:
863:Littorina Sea
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
809:interstadials
806:
802:
798:
794:
785:
780:
772:
770:
768:
767:Younger Dryas
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
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718:
714:
711:
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669:
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648:
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620:
611:
604:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
585:and southern
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
557:
556:Ngga Pilimsit
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
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529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
506:
504:
502:
498:
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486:
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478:
474:
470:
469:Japanese Alps
466:
461:
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454:
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448:
444:
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436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
410:
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394:
390:
386:
385:British Isles
382:
378:
374:
373:Sierra Nevada
370:
366:
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354:
350:
346:
345:United States
342:
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191:
187:
183:
182:interglacials
179:
175:
166:
159:
157:
155:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:Younger Dryas
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
89:
84: 11,700
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4652:Oldest Dryas
4631:
4622:Interstadial
4617:Interglacial
4600:Time periods
4531:, California
4525:, Washington
4266:Glacifluvial
4215:Depositional
4138:Lake Chicago
4133:Lake Agassiz
4043:
4023:Interglacial
3704:
3588:Greenlandian
3490:
3486:
3437:
3420:
3416:
3396:
3370:
3366:
3344:
3311:
3291:
3270:
3250:
3232:the original
3221:
3196:
3166:
3152:cite journal
3127:
3123:
3113:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3061:
3051:
3034:ResearchGate
3032:
3022:
3014:the original
3009:
3005:
2995:
2987:the original
2982:
2978:
2968:
2963:, p. 57
2956:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2903:
2895:the original
2885:
2877:the original
2872:
2862:
2837:
2833:
2820:
2809:
2784:
2780:
2767:
2754:
2743:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2699:
2690:
2658:(1): 35–44.
2655:
2649:
2615:
2611:
2576:
2570:
2549:December 16,
2547:. Retrieved
2543:the original
2538:10026.1/8086
2512:
2506:
2477:. Retrieved
2473:the original
2457:
2436:
2419:(PDF 340 Kb)
2416:the original
2403:
2399:
2386:
2378:the original
2373:
2363:
2322:
2318:
2315:(PDF 2.3 Mb)
2305:
2296:
2283:
2258:
2252:
2227:
2217:
2205:. Retrieved
2201:the original
2196:
2192:
2182:
2163:
2150:
2123:
2119:
2106:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2060:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2016:
2001:
1998:(PDF 2.5 Mb)
1988:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1920:
1916:
1903:
1891:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1832:
1826:
1814:. Retrieved
1807:the original
1786:
1782:
1769:
1756:
1754:Clark, D.H.
1749:
1730:
1724:
1714:February 25,
1712:. Retrieved
1708:the original
1687:
1683:
1673:
1664:
1646:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1587:
1578:
1491:
1472:Midwest U.S.
1471:
1462:
1442:
1433:
1414:North Europe
1413:
1404:
1384:
1344:
1340:solifluction
1313:
1286:
1243:Pico Bolívar
1222:
1220:
1190:
1174:
1145:Sable Island
1125:Block Island
1114:
1103:
1087:
1071:Central Park
1040:
1021:
992:
982:
980:
931:
900:
898:
867:
860:
856:Ancylus Lake
829:
805:maximum size
796:
792:
790:
759:Oldest Dryas
747:pollen zones
744:
742:in Britain.
725:
720:
712:
701:
697:
691:
673:
636:
633:Deglaciation
605:Deglaciation
560:
544:Mount Giluwe
525:
510:
481:Mount Atakor
462:
455:
420:
405:
401:
375:in northern
339:
286:
276:
268:
264:
258:
252:
244:
234:
230:
226:
220:
216:
208:
200:
194:
171:
131:
95:interglacial
92:
64:
60:
56:
54:
36:
4771:Pleistocene
4662:Pleistocene
4657:Older Dryas
4519:, Wisconsin
4511:Oneida Lake
4507:, Wisconsin
4483:, Wisconsin
4465:, Wisconsin
4459:, Wisconsin
4447:, Wisconsin
4441:, Minnesota
4435:, Wisconsin
4429:, Wisconsin
4417:, Wisconsin
4303:Outwash fan
4298:Kettle hole
4191:Ribbon lake
4148:Teays River
3973:Mesoarchean
3916:Baykonurian
3778:Santa María
3732:Weichselian
3613:Subatlantic
3191:Rabassa, J.
3120:Kalm, Volli
2618:: 145–159.
2515:: 184–194.
2479:February 9,
2207:February 9,
1816:February 9,
1761:(PDF 20 Mb)
1597:periglacial
1523:Pleistocene
1493:Wisconsinan
1435:Weichselian
1133:Nomans Land
1121:Long Island
1099:Teays River
1090:Great Lakes
1079:suture zone
1051:New England
976:Snake River
850:. Then, as
763:Older Dryas
655:Barents Sea
599:blockfields
571:Drakensberg
552:Puncak Jaya
497:Mount Kenya
423:Alpide belt
254:Weichselian
217:Wisconsinan
143:Pleistocene
4791:Glaciology
4755:Categories
4581:Antarctica
4574:Antarctica
4560:Monte Rosa
4513:, New York
4293:Kame delta
4252:Till plain
4143:Lake Tight
3927:Cryogenian
3822:Beestonian
3774:Wolstonian
3756:Llanquihue
3740:Midlandian
3690:Antarctica
3682:Quaternary
3668:Quaternary
3578:Meghalayan
3367:GeoJournal
2673:2263/15429
1923:(2): 227.
1616:References
1458:Wolstonian
1448:Beestonian
1379:Glacial 4
1376:Glacial 3
1373:Glacial 2
1370:Glacial 1
1346:Nothofagus
1316:ice wedges
1147:, and the
1119:that form
1059:Washington
1043:Ohio River
974:along the
947:geothermal
925: – c.
848:Yoldia Sea
832:Baltic Sea
825:Doggerland
757:, and the
749:I–IV, the
732:Ipswichian
702:Midlandian
694:geologists
670:Antarctica
623:See also:
591:permafrost
538:, and the
528:New Guinea
499:, and the
473:High Atlas
377:California
365:ice fields
301:) period.
278:Llanquihue
231:Midlandian
178:ice sheets
151:geological
82: – c.
4501:, Montana
4398:, Nunavut
4392:, Ontario
4386:, Ontario
4380:, Alberta
4368:, Ontario
4356:, Alberta
4350:, Ontario
4174:Erosional
4167:Landforms
3902:Ediacaran
3877:Paleozoic
3853:Antarctic
3845:Oligocene
3804:7th–8th:
3800:Rio Llico
3782:3rd–6th:
3766:Illinoian
3736:Devensian
3728:Wisconsin
3695:Greenland
3608:Subboreal
3593:Preboreal
3423:: 1–514.
3387:129234912
3363:Kuhle, M.
3330:cite book
3105:129027718
2593:128774864
1945:128597090
1554:Stone Age
1487:Illinoian
1477:Nebraskan
1464:Devensian
1424:Elsterian
1419:Eburonian
1221:The name
1141:Nantucket
1067:Lake Erie
966:A map of
899:The term
821:North Sea
698:Devensian
587:Patagonia
330:Greenland
260:Vistulian
249:Venezuela
227:Devensian
222:Wisconsin
197:Himalayas
186:Greenland
4766:Ice ages
4740:Category
4565:Svalbard
4495:, Nevada
4273:Diluvium
3962:Huronian
3943:Marinoan
3939:Sturtian
3910:Gaskiers
3837:Pliocene
3818:Menapian
3744:Pinedale
3660:Ice ages
3603:Atlantic
2854:55969605
2682:55436521
2355:13594891
2347:17789444
2160:Kuhle, M
2114:(2002).
1883:58945572
1838:Archived
1600:regolith
1357:See also
1297:piedmont
1181:ice ages
1157:drumlins
1129:Cape Cod
983:Pinedale
736:Holocene
713:Dēvenses
692:British
583:Tasmania
575:moraines
521:Tasmania
489:Ethiopia
443:Caucasus
431:Pyrenees
427:foreland
409:icebergs
369:ice caps
359:and the
326:ice core
305:Overview
269:Zyryanka
239:(in the
211:(in the
209:Pinedale
203:(in the
147:Holocene
115:Cenozoic
73:Holocene
4543:Eurasia
4232:Moraine
4222:Drumlin
4091:General
4033:Stadial
3981:Pongola
3841:Miocene
3826:Caracol
3796:Anglian
3193:(ed.).
3132:Bibcode
3085:Bibcode
2936:Bibcode
2789:Bibcode
2723:Bibcode
2620:Bibcode
2517:Bibcode
2327:Bibcode
2319:Science
2263:Bibcode
2232:Bibcode
2128:Bibcode
2126:: 1–7.
2086:Bibcode
2040:Bibcode
1968:Bibcode
1925:Bibcode
1863:Bibcode
1791:Bibcode
1692:Bibcode
1634:Science
1453:Anglian
1429:Saalian
1367:Region
1334:, soil
1175:In the
1108:of the
1075:grooves
1055:Montana
1036:Siberia
1012:Iceland
817:Jutland
801:Vistula
647:methane
485:Algeria
477:Morocco
412:calving
389:Germany
371:in the
363:and as
273:Siberia
174:ice age
4489:, Utah
4477:, Ohio
4408:States
4406:United
4341:Canada
4308:Sandur
3792:Elster
3784:Mindel
3752:Merida
3748:Fraser
3598:Boreal
3562:Middle
3444:
3404:
3385:
3351:
3318:
3299:
3278:
3257:
3209:
3205:–268.
3103:
2852:
2680:
2591:
2465:
2353:
2345:
2170:
1943:
1881:
1737:
1608:imply.
1482:Kansan
1395:Mindel
1338:, and
1332:palsas
1324:pingos
1301:varves
1249:, and
1224:Mérida
1161:eskers
1155:. The
1073:, the
1049:, and
765:, and
683:Europe
631:, and
534:, the
479:, the
465:Taiwan
447:Turkey
441:, the
437:, the
433:, the
393:Poland
353:Alaska
341:Canada
299:Eemian
285:, and
265:Valdai
245:Mérida
201:Fraser
109:. The
4278:Esker
4181:Fjord
3770:Saale
3760:2nd:
3722:1st:
3713:Older
3557:Early
3483:(PDF)
3383:S2CID
3101:S2CID
2850:S2CID
2830:(PDF)
2777:(PDF)
2759:(PDF)
2678:S2CID
2589:S2CID
2396:(PDF)
2351:S2CID
1941:S2CID
1913:(PDF)
1879:S2CID
1779:(PDF)
1656:(PDF)
1570:Notes
1106:gorge
1061:. On
943:loess
710:Latin
416:cores
287:Otira
283:Chile
154:epoch
4288:Kame
3814:Elbe
3806:Günz
3762:Riss
3724:Würm
3715:and
3567:Late
3442:ISBN
3402:ISBN
3349:ISBN
3336:link
3316:ISBN
3297:ISBN
3276:ISBN
3255:ISBN
3207:ISBN
3158:link
2551:2019
2481:2008
2463:ISBN
2343:PMID
2209:2008
2168:ISBN
1818:2008
1735:ISBN
1716:2012
1406:Würm
1400:Riss
1390:Günz
1385:Alps
1159:and
1088:The
1057:and
1022:The
1003:USGS
981:The
902:Würm
830:The
753:and
721:Dēva
597:and
554:and
451:Iran
449:and
367:and
247:(in
241:Alps
236:Würm
137:the
55:The
3816:or
3425:doi
3375:doi
3203:255
3140:doi
3093:doi
3039:doi
2944:doi
2842:doi
2814:OED
2797:doi
2731:doi
2668:hdl
2660:doi
2628:doi
2581:doi
2533:hdl
2525:doi
2513:278
2408:doi
2335:doi
2323:269
2271:doi
2240:doi
2136:doi
2094:doi
2048:doi
1976:doi
1933:doi
1871:doi
1799:doi
1700:doi
1638:369
1291:in
1065:in
827:).
795:or
761:,
717:Dee
281:in
271:in
257:or
251:),
243:),
219:or
215:),
61:LGP
4757::
3824:,
3820:,
3812:,
3808:,
3798:,
3794:,
3790:,
3786:,
3776:,
3772:,
3768:,
3764:,
3754:,
3750:,
3742:,
3734:,
3730:,
3726:,
3711:,
3670:/
3491:11
3489:.
3485:.
3419:.
3381:.
3371:17
3369:.
3332:}}
3328:{{
3181:^
3154:}}
3150:{{
3138:.
3128:96
3126:.
3099:.
3091:.
3081:63
3079:.
3060:.
3031:.
3010:29
3008:.
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2983:22
2981:.
2977:.
2942:.
2932:96
2930:.
2926:.
2871:.
2848:.
2836:.
2832:.
2795:.
2785:21
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2779:.
2750:,
2729:.
2719:21
2717:.
2698:.
2676:.
2666:.
2656:92
2654:.
2640:^
2626:.
2616:55
2614:.
2601:^
2587:.
2577:86
2575:.
2559:^
2531:.
2523:.
2511:.
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2489:^
2447:^
2427:^
2404:34
2402:.
2398:.
2372:.
2349:.
2341:.
2333:.
2321:.
2317:.
2295:.
2269:.
2238:.
2226:.
2197:55
2195:.
2191:.
2157:,
2134:.
2124:20
2122:.
2118:.
2092:.
2082:30
2080:.
2046:.
2036:21
2034:.
2015:.
2000:.
1974:.
1964:23
1962:.
1939:.
1931:.
1921:26
1919:.
1915:.
1877:.
1869:.
1859:59
1857:.
1797:.
1787:25
1785:.
1781:.
1698:.
1686:.
1682:.
1636:.
1632:.
1349:.
1330:,
1326:,
1322:,
1318:,
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1167:.
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1131:,
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