261:
1663:
226:. However, despite the careful literary crafting, there is no obvious reason to doubt that they are real letters. Seneca often says that he is writing in response to a letter from Lucilius, although there is unlikely to have been a strict back-and-forth exchange of letters. Even if both writers had access to the imperial mail service, a letter from central Italy to Sicily would have taken four to eight days to travel. In many instances Seneca probably composed letters as a new subject occurred to him. The letters tend to become longer over time, interspersed with some short ones, and the later letters focus increasingly on theoretical questions.
38:
352:
1416:
1389:
1374:
1465:
295:
The letters tend to open with an observation of a quotidian incident, which is then abstracted to a far wider exploration of an issue or principle. In letter 7, for instance, Seneca reports a chance visit to an arena gladiatorial combat, fought to the death; he then questions the morality and ethics
359:
The language and style of the letters is quite varied, and this reflects the fact that they are a mixture of private conversation and literary fiction. As an example, there is a mix of different vocabulary, incorporating technical terms (in fields such as medicine, law and navigation) as well as
331:
Underlying a large number of the letters is a concern with death on the one hand (a central topic of Stoic philosophy, and one embodied in Seneca's observation that we are "dying every day") and suicide on the other, a key consideration given Seneca's deteriorating political position and the
203:(mid-2nd century) quotes an extract from the "twenty-second book", so some letters are missing. However since the fire of Lyon mentioned in letter 91 took place less than a year before Seneca's death (in spring 65) the number of missing letters is not thought to be very many.
1468:
1280:
The introduction (page xxxv) says the book contains a "selection of 80 letters," but there are 87 letters. The missing letters are: 13, 17, 20, 22–3, 25, 29, 30, 32, 42–3, 45, 50, 52, 58, 66, 69, 71, 74, 81, 85, 89, 92–4, 96, 98, 100, 102, 105–6, 109, 111, 113, 117,
252:(Lyon) that took place in the late summer of 64. Letter 122 refers to the shrinking daylight hours of autumn. Other chronologies are possible – in particular if letters 23 and 67 refer to the same spring, that can reduce the timescale by a full year.
186:
The letters often begin with an observation on daily life, and then proceed to an issue or principle abstracted from that observation. The result is like a diary, or handbook of philosophical meditations. The letters focus on many traditional themes of
327:
Seneca's letters focus on the inner life and the joy that comes from wisdom. He emphasizes the Stoic theme that virtue is the only true good and vice the only true evil. He repeatedly refers to the brevity of life and the fleeting passage of time.
248:. Letter 23 refers to a cold spring, presumably in 63 AD. Letter 67 refers to the end of a cold spring and is thought (to allow forty-three intervening letters) to have been written the following year. Letter 91 refers to the great fire of
805:
Thirdly, Erasmus felt that the letters were more disguised essays than a real correspondence: "one misses in Seneca that quality that lends other letters their greatest charm, that is that they are a true reflection of a real
797:
Second was the way Seneca, in complaining about philosophical logic-chopping, nevertheless filled his pages with much of that empty quibbling himself, in illustration – prompting
Erasmus to second
413:
The oldest manuscripts of the letters date from the ninth-century. For a long time the letters did not circulate together; instead they appear as two distinct groups: Letters 1 to 88 and
Letters 89 to 124.
746:
206:
Collectively the letters constitute Seneca's longest work. Although addressed to
Lucilius, the letters take the form of open letters, and are clearly written with a wider readership in mind, in the
199:
Scholars generally agree that the letters are arranged in the order in which Seneca wrote them. The 124 letters are arranged in twenty manuscript volumes, but the collection is not complete.
794:
First was Seneca's habit of mixing personas in the work, running objections and refutations of objections together in a way that
Erasmus found not illuminating but obfuscatory.
2279:
238:
were written in the last two or three years of Seneca's life. In letter 8, Seneca alludes to his retirement from public life, which is thought (by reference to
Tacitus
260:
1501:
1021:
343:, but Seneca regards this as a beginner's technique. In letter 33 he stresses that the student must begin to make well-reasoned judgements independently.
538:
The letters began to be widely circulated together from the twelfth-century onwards, and around four hundred manuscripts of Seneca's letters are known.
288:. Some of the letters include "On Noise" and "Asthma". Others include letters on "the influence of the masses" and "how to deal with one's slaves" (
1662:
292:). Although they deal with Seneca's personal style of Stoic philosophy, they also give valuable insights into daily life in ancient Rome.
1921:
1840:
1357:
1339:
1321:
1419:
1801:
478:
For the second group of the letters, 89 to 124, there is only a limited selection of early manuscripts. The best manuscripts are:
1494:
2289:
1875:
1173:
1057:
691:
676:
658:
634:
532:
37:
1382:
296:
of such a spectacle, in what is the first extant record of a pre-Christian writer expressing moral qualms on the matter.
116:
2231:
1851:
1539:
1487:
360:
colloquial terms and philosophical ones. Seneca also uses a range of devices for particular effects, such as ironic
2284:
2016:
2006:
1938:
1397:
244:
xiv. 52–56) to have been around spring of the year 62. Letter 18 was written in
December, in the run-up to the
2217:
2081:
180:
2196:
1623:
339:
to meditate on, although this strategy is over by the thirtieth letter. Such maxims are typically drawn from
2210:
1986:
1581:
1553:
766:
1402:
1914:
1436:
1647:
775:
351:
752:, expresses a fatalistic view of man's subjection to natural and divine will. It is also an example of
645:
There have been many selected and abridged translations of Seneca's letters. Recent editions include:
550:
in 1475. They were printed in an edition with most of the Seneca's other works, and with works by the
516:
2201:
1991:
1444:
724:
211:
1966:
1961:
1720:
1258:
Clark, Carol E. (1968). "Seneca's
Letters to Lucilius as a source of some of Montaigne's imagery".
566:
508:
191:
such as the contempt of death, the stout-heartedness of the sage, and virtue as the supreme good.
2191:
2177:
1981:
1685:
1510:
1263:
728:
571:
336:
289:
176:
164:
54:
43:
1440:
284:" ("Farewell"). In these letters, Seneca gives Lucilius advice on how to become a more devoted
2147:
1907:
1727:
1692:
1353:
1335:
1317:
1169:
687:
672:
654:
630:
223:
160:
2253:
1869:
1754:
1734:
1713:
1706:
732:
554:. The letters were then published separately, also in 1475, at Paris, Rome, and Strasbourg.
551:
240:
219:
2001:
1881:
1819:
1779:
761:
490:
316:
172:
144:
167:
wrote at the end of his life, during his retirement, after he had worked for the
Emperor
17:
2105:
1946:
1761:
1699:
1574:
1348:
Setaioli, Aldo (2013), "Epistulae
Morales", in Heil, Andreas; Damschen, Gregor (eds.),
664:
576:
397:
269:
140:
2273:
2066:
1845:
1588:
1532:
200:
471:, of the 10th century, which contains scraps of the earliest letters. Designated as
2248:
1546:
1448:
720:
597:
369:
105:
2133:
1427:
2258:
2223:
2168:
2140:
2025:
1454:
580:
519:
announced the discovery of the earliest manuscript which combined both groups.
2119:
2048:
1976:
1956:
1415:
1409:
1393:
1388:
1378:
1373:
799:
385:
377:
245:
121:
2055:
2041:
1996:
1971:
1951:
757:
393:
365:
361:
312:
2126:
2112:
1930:
1824:
1474:
753:
389:
373:
340:
285:
249:
215:
188:
1267:
596:
There have been several full translations of the 124 letters ever since
332:
Emperor's common use of forced suicide as a method of covert execution.
1567:
788:
736:
569:
was influenced by his reading of Seneca's letters, and he modelled his
555:
381:
368:
periods, direct speech interventions and rhetorical techniques such as
207:
319:, such as during the eighth letter, "On the Philosopher's Seclusion".
2087:
2075:
1560:
1479:
547:
441:, of the 9th or 10th century, containing letters 1–65. Designated as
308:
300:
756:. This line, which Seneca attributes to the Greek Stoic philosopher
417:
Early manuscripts for the first group of the letters, 1 to 88, are:
1103:
2034:
1887:
716:
350:
259:
64:
1166:
A History of Roman
Literature: From Livius Andronicus to Boethius
791:
in his 1529 edition raised three main criticisms of the letters.
304:
168:
1903:
1483:
1457:
The workes of Lucius Annæus Seneca, both morrall and naturall
606:
The workes of Lucius Annæus Seneca, both morrall and naturall
745:('The fates lead the willing and drag the unwilling'), from
1899:
392:, etymological figures and so forth. In addition there are
451:, of the 9th or 10th century, containing letters 53–88,
280:" ("Seneca greets his Lucilius") and end with the word "
802:'s objection to Seneca's own standing as a philosopher.
210:
well-known in Seneca's time. Seneca refers to Cicero's
1350:
Brill's Companion to Seneca: Philosopher and Dramatist
1330:
Graver, Margaret; Long, A. A. (2015), "Introduction",
600:
included a translation in his complete works of 1614.
1150:. Vol. 1. Loeb Classical Library. p. xiii.
760:, is quoted in the last line of German intellectual
2241:
2161:
2097:
2065:
2024:
2015:
1937:
1862:
1833:
1812:
1793:
1771:
1744:
1677:
1670:
1637:
1616:
1598:
1524:
1517:
1247:. Vol. 1. Loeb Classical Library. p. xiv.
111:
101:
86:
78:
70:
60:
50:
707:('Life without learning death') is adapted from
575:on them. The letters were a principal source for
299:Seneca frequently quotes Latin poets, especially
264:Incipit page of the first printed edition of the
1291:
1289:
1287:
715:, 'Leisure without learning death') and is the
531:, is a 9th or 10th century manuscript from the
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
183:, who is known only through Seneca's writings.
171:for more than ten years. They are addressed to
1437:Seneca: Ad Lucilium Epistulae Morales Volume I
779:: "We do not learn for school, but for life".
431:Another Paris manuscript of the 11th century,
1915:
1495:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1126:
1124:
1082:
1080:
938:
936:
841:
839:
826:
824:
822:
8:
1159:
1157:
953:
951:
923:
921:
919:
30:
1396:has original text related to this article:
1381:has original text related to this article:
858:
856:
854:
773:The work is also the source for the phrase
507:. This manuscript was destroyed during the
421:Two Paris manuscripts of the 10th century,
132:
2021:
1922:
1908:
1900:
1674:
1628:ad Helviam Matrem, ad Marciam, ad Polybium
1521:
1502:
1488:
1480:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1225:The medieval tradition of Seneca's Letters
1210:
1191:The medieval tradition of Seneca's Letters
1141:
1139:
1130:
1086:
1071:
1045:
969:
957:
886:
862:
558:produced a much superior edition in 1529.
29:
2280:Philosophical works by Seneca the Younger
1312:Fantham, Elaine (2010), "Introduction",
1097:
1095:
1015:
1013:
1011:
990:
942:
910:
898:
874:
845:
830:
218:, and he was probably familiar with the
1295:
1260:Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance
1002:
927:
818:
684:Seneca: Fifty Letters of a Roman Stoic
618:Richard M. Gummere (1917, 1920, 1925).
276:The letters all start with the phrase "
1332:Seneca. Letters on Ethics: To Lucilius
1227:. Oxford University Press. p. 15.
1193:. Oxford University Press. p. 13.
743:Ducunt volentem fata, nolentem trahunt
620:Seneca: Ad Lucilium epistulae morales
583:towards the end of the 16th century.
42:15th-century illuminated manuscript,
7:
1168:. Vol. 2. Brill. p. 1193.
682:Margaret Graver, A. A. Long (2021).
625:Margaret Graver, A. A. Long (2015).
613:The Epistles of Lucius Annæus Seneca
335:Early letters often conclude with a
1406:, translated by Richard M. Gummere
546:The letters were first printed at
25:
489:. Likely from the scriptorium of
1661:
1463:
1414:
1387:
1372:
622:. 3 vols. Loeb Classical Library
461:, of the 11th century, known as
36:
1841:Socrates and Seneca Double Herm
1334:, University of Chicago Press,
1104:"Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium"
686:. University of Chicago Press.
629:. University of Chicago Press.
485:, of the 9th century, known as
27:Collection of letters by Seneca
2225:Meditations of Marcus Aurelius
1164:von Albrecht, Michael (1997).
627:Letters on Ethics: To Lucilius
615:. 2 vols. London: W. Woodfall
533:Biblioteca Queriniana, Brescia
499:, of the 9th or 10th century,
31:Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium
1:
1383:Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium
1245:Epistulae morales ad Lucilium
1148:Epistulae morales ad Lucilium
1020:Romm, James (14 March 2014).
735:, and Manning's High School,
535:containing letters 1–120.12.
134:Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium
117:Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium
92:
1421:Introduction to the Epistles
272:i.e. Italian version (1494).
2232:Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta
1473:public domain audiobook at
1316:, Oxford World's Classics,
671:. Oxford World's Classics.
579:for the development of his
2306:
1802:Letters of Paul and Seneca
278:Seneca Lucilio suo salutem
1659:
1404:Moral letters to Lucilius
1398:Moral Letters to Lucilius
1102:Berno, Francesca Romana.
1059:Moral letters to Lucilius
608:. London: William Stansby
35:
18:Moral Letters to Lucilius
2218:Enchiridion of Epictetus
1424:. by Richard M. Gummere
1314:Seneca. Selected Letters
1223:Reynolds, L. D. (1965).
1189:Reynolds, L. D. (1965).
713:Otium sine litteris mors
669:Seneca. Selected Letters
2211:Discourses of Epictetus
1582:De Tranquillitate Animi
1554:De Constantia Sapientis
1026:The Wall Street Journal
1022:"Rome's House of Cards"
767:The Decline of the West
750:117 paragraph 11 line 5
705:Vita sine litteris mors
649:Robin Campbell (1969).
2290:Collections of letters
2017:Philosophical concepts
1745:Plays of questionable
1451:(in Latin and English)
1262:. 30, 2 (2): 249–266.
1211:Graver & Long 2015
1131:Graver & Long 2015
1087:Graver & Long 2015
1072:Graver & Long 2015
1046:Graver & Long 2015
970:Graver & Long 2015
958:Graver & Long 2015
887:Graver & Long 2015
863:Graver & Long 2015
611:Thomas Morell (1786).
356:
273:
147:"), also known as the
143:for "Moral Letters to
133:
2197:Seneca's Consolations
1648:Naturales quaestiones
1624:Seneca's Consolations
776:non scholae sed vitae
604:Thomas Lodge (1614).
503:. Probably a copy of
497:Codex Argentoratensis
354:
315:. Seneca also quotes
263:
725:Derby Grammar School
651:Letters from a Stoic
587:English translations
562:Legacy and influence
355:French edition, 1887
163:of 124 letters that
156:Letters from a Stoic
2185:Letters to Lucilius
1967:Antipater of Tarsus
1962:Diogenes of Babylon
1852:The Death of Seneca
1607:Letters to Lucilius
764:'s two-volume work
567:Michel de Montaigne
509:siege of Strasbourg
214:and the letters of
32:
2178:Paradoxa Stoicorum
1540:De Brevitate Vitae
1511:Seneca the Younger
1243:Gummere, Richard.
1146:Gummere, Richard.
993:, pp. 191–192
729:Adelphi University
483:Codex Bambergensis
439:Codex Laurentianus
357:
347:Language and style
274:
224:epistles of Horace
212:letters to Atticus
165:Seneca the Younger
44:Laurentian Library
2285:Ethics literature
2267:
2266:
2157:
2156:
1897:
1896:
1789:
1788:
1657:
1656:
521:Codex Quirinianus
161:letter collection
127:
126:
102:Publication place
16:(Redirected from
2297:
2254:Stoic Opposition
2242:Related articles
2205:(Musonius Rufus)
2022:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1901:
1870:Seneca the Elder
1805: (spurious)
1755:Hercules Oetaeus
1675:
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1497:
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1298:, p. xxviii
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542:Printed editions
517:Achille Beltrami
220:letters of Plato
208:epistolary genre
189:Stoic philosophy
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88:Publication date
40:
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2192:Seneca's Essays
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2011:
2002:Marcus Aurelius
1933:
1928:
1898:
1893:
1882:Pompeia Paulina
1878: (brother)
1858:
1855:(1773 painting)
1829:
1820:Senecan tragedy
1808:
1785:
1780:Apocolocyntosis
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1693:Hercules Furens
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762:Oswald Spengler
711:82 (originally
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491:Louis the Pious
411:
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349:
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317:Publilius Syrus
258:
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173:Lucilius Junior
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1992:Musonius Rufus
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1947:Zeno of Citium
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1575:De Providentia
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1455:Thomas Lodge,
1452:
1434:
1430:Moral Epistles
1425:
1412:
1400:
1392: English
1385:
1368:
1367:External links
1365:
1364:
1363:
1359:978-9004217089
1358:
1345:
1341:978-0226265179
1340:
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1323:978-0199533213
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404:Later history
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19:
2249:Stoa Poikile
2230:
2224:
2216:
2209:
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2184:
2183:
2176:
2172:(Chrysippus)
2169:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2086:
2074:
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1939:Philosophers
1884: (wife)
1850:
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1778:
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1733:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1678:Extant plays
1646:
1627:
1617:Consolations
1606:
1605:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1547:De Clementia
1545:
1538:
1531:
1469:
1456:
1449:Open Library
1429:
1420:
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1377: Latin
1349:
1331:
1313:
1296:Fantham 2010
1276:
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1253:
1244:
1224:
1218:
1213:, p. 21
1190:
1184:
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1147:
1133:, p. 20
1111:. Retrieved
1108:Academia.edu
1107:
1089:, p. 11
1074:, p. 13
1067:
1058:
1053:
1041:
1029:. Retrieved
1025:
1003:Fantham 2010
998:
972:, p. 1.
965:
928:Fantham 2010
906:
894:
882:
870:
774:
772:
765:
747:
742:
741:
727:in England,
721:Derby School
712:
708:
704:
702:
694:(50 letters)
683:
679:(87 letters)
668:
661:(40 letters)
653:. Penguin.
650:
644:
626:
619:
612:
605:
598:Thomas Lodge
595:
570:
565:
552:elder Seneca
545:
537:
528:
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185:
155:
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149:
148:
131:
130:
128:
115:
106:Ancient Rome
96: 65 AD
2259:Neostoicism
2170:On Passions
2141:Prohairesis
960:, p. 5
889:, p. 4
865:, p. 6
806:situation".
581:Neostoicism
409:Manuscripts
303:, but also
175:, the then
2274:Categories
2120:Eudaimonia
2049:Katalepsis
1977:Posidonius
1957:Chrysippus
1747:authorship
1721:Phoenissae
1671:Literature
1640:philosophy
1518:Philosophy
1445:Volume III
1410:Wikisource
1394:Wikisource
1379:Wikisource
1306:References
1175:9004107118
1061:, Letter 8
800:Quintilian
699:Quotations
692:022678293X
677:0199533210
659:0140442103
641:Selections
635:022652843X
525:Brixiensis
394:neologisms
386:antitheses
378:polyptoton
366:hypotactic
246:Saturnalia
177:procurator
122:Wikisource
82:Philosophy
2134:Oikeiôsis
2056:Diairesis
2042:Adiaphora
1997:Epictetus
1972:Panaetius
1952:Cleanthes
1834:Portraits
1686:Agamemnon
1525:Dialogues
1441:Volume II
1352:, Brill,
813:Citations
783:Criticism
758:Cleanthes
382:paradoxes
362:parataxis
313:Lucretius
290:Letter 47
2203:Lectures
2187:(Seneca)
2127:Kathekon
2113:Apatheia
1987:Cornutus
1931:Stoicism
1825:Stoicism
1728:Thyestes
1475:LibriVox
1459:, 1614.
1268:41430068
770:(1922).
754:chiasmus
733:New York
703:The tag
667:(2010).
592:Complete
515:In 1913
390:oxymoron
374:chiasmus
341:Epicurus
270:"Tuscan"
266:Epistles
250:Lugdunum
222:and the
216:Epicurus
145:Lucilius
61:Language
2067:Physics
2007:more...
1813:Related
1762:Octavia
1735:Troades
1714:Phaedra
1707:Oedipus
1638:Natural
1599:Letters
1568:De Otio
1281:119–20.
1113:27 June
1031:27 June
789:Erasmus
748:Epistle
737:Jamaica
709:Epistle
556:Erasmus
511:in 1870
268:in the
256:Content
236:Letters
195:Writing
159:, is a
71:Subject
2148:Sophos
2106:Pathos
2098:Ethics
2088:Pneuma
2076:Physis
1982:Seneca
1876:Gallio
1863:Family
1772:Satire
1561:De Ira
1356:
1338:
1320:
1266:
1172:
690:
675:
657:
633:
572:Essays
548:Naples
323:Themes
311:, and
309:Horace
301:Virgil
241:Annals
230:Dating
181:Sicily
74:Ethics
55:Seneca
51:Author
2162:Works
2035:Logos
2026:Logic
1888:Lucan
1794:Other
1700:Medea
1447:) at
1264:JSTOR
717:motto
337:maxim
286:Stoic
141:Latin
79:Genre
65:Latin
2082:Fire
1354:ISBN
1336:ISBN
1318:ISBN
1170:ISBN
1115:2014
1033:2014
723:and
688:ISBN
673:ISBN
655:ISBN
631:ISBN
523:(or
467:The
457:The
447:The
437:The
425:and
396:and
305:Ovid
282:Vale
234:The
169:Nero
153:and
129:The
112:Text
1408:on
719:of
527:),
179:of
120:at
2276::
1443:;
1286:^
1233:^
1199:^
1156:^
1138:^
1123:^
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1024:.
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918:^
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838:^
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739:.
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380:,
376:,
372:,
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1489:v
1439:(
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1270:.
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505:B
501:A
493:.
487:B
473:g
463:M
453:V
443:L
433:b
427:P
423:p
139:(
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