295:. In his work, he included images of twelve patients that demonstrated the physical, mental, and moral traits that were evidence of degeneration. Some of these characteristics included altered ear shape, asymmetrical faces, extra digits, and high-domed palates that had psychological representations as well. Morel's work was well received. It connected psychiatric medicine to general medicine to provide a complete and well-researched cause for a large social problem. It became dominant because it grounded moral treatment, which was questionable in this time period, in science. Morel's theory also allowed psychiatrists who were unable to help their patients explain why they had not been successful. Degeneration theory meant that there were some psychological disorders that were genetic and could not be cured by a psychiatrist. It also explained all psychological disorders. If a psychiatrist could not find a physical cause of the disease, they could blame it on the individual's constitution. It quickly spread throughout Europe with key figures spreading the information and using it to explain criminal psychology, personality disorders, and nervous disorders. Wilhem Griesinger introduced Morel's theory to Germany, Valentin Magnan helped his ideas spread in France, and Cesare Lambroso brought Morel's theory to Italy. In the 1880s, Morel's degeneration theory was very important in French psychiatry and the majority of diagnostic certificates in French mental hospitals involved the words mental degeneracy.
284:
increase. Morel's
Catholic and radical political background greatly shaped his process. Morel noticed that the patients in the mental asylum with intellectual disability also had physical abnormalities like goiters. He was able to expand this idea when he noticed most people in the asylum had unusual physical characteristics. Morel's degeneration theory was based on the idea that psychological disorders and other behavioral abnormalities were caused by an abnormal constitution. This also meant that he believed that there was a perfect type of human that degenerations altered. He believed that these abnormalities could be inherited and that there was a progressive worsening of the degeneration by generation. These traits were not specified pathologies, but rather an overall abnormality like a highly susceptible nervous system to disturbances from excessive toxins. The first generation started with neurosis, then, in the next generation, mental alienation. After the second generation, the mental alienation led to imbecility. Finally, the fourth generation was destined to be sterile.
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developments. It was used as the basis of body typology and disposition theories as well as
Lombroso's theory of anthropological criminology. His theory was highly ideological and provided a scientific rationale for the eugenics programs used by the Nazis. He is also known for generating research programs to understand the effects of paternal drinking on children. Morel's degeneration theory is a key influence on Émile Zola's Les Rougon-Macquart about the environmental influences of violence, prostitution, and other immoral activities on two branches of a family during the Industrial Revolution. In Britain, the degeneration theory bolstered the eugenics and Social Darwinism movement. Karl Pearson and Sidney Webb justified selective breeding and immigration in Britain by trying to prevent the degeneration of the British race. Not all theorists accepted Morel's work. Sigmund Freud,
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in the slums. Due to the law of progressivity, these degenerations would get worse in each generation to produce more criminals and neurotics with worse degenerations. Over time, the degenerations would progress until later generations (specifically the fourth generation) were so idiotic that they were essentially sterile and the abnormal family would die out. This theory explained why there was an increase in mental disorders and also allowed Morel to relate very different diseases as caused by previous generations because they had become more variable over time. Since there was an increase in mental disorders, Morel believed that society was approaching extinction of the imbeciles. He believed that the most degenerative illness was insanity. Morel was able to categorize degenerations into four main categories: hysteria, moral insanity, imbeciles, and idiots.
42:
178:. Here he introduced reforms towards the welfare of the mentally ill, in particular liberalization of restraining practices. At the Maréville asylum he studied people with mental disabilities, researching their family histories and investigating aspects such as poverty and childhood physical illnesses. In 1856 he was appointed director of the mental asylum at
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Morel is regarded as the father of dementia praecox and the degeneration theory. Both of these ideas helped understand mental illness as it was on the rise in 19th and 20th century France. Morel's degeneration theory gained quick popularity across Europe, which allowed it to shape further scientific
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In Morel's theory, degeneration was synonymous with anything that was different from the natural or normal state. These abnormalities were caused by environmental influences like diet, disease, and moral depravities or traits that were passed from generation to generation like alcoholism and living
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which was published in 1860. Morel used the term in a descriptive sense and not to define a specific and novel diagnostic category. It was applied as a means of setting apart a group of young men and women who had "stupor." As such their condition was characterised by a certain torpor, enervation,
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in the 1850s. He began to develop his theory while he was the director of the mental asylum at Saint-Yon in northern France. In 19th century France, there was an increase in crime, sickness, and mental disorders, which interested Morel. He was determined to identify the underlying causes of this
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and
Kraepelin, Morel's term had vanished without a trace and there is little evidence to suggest that either Pick or indeed Kraepelin were even aware of Morel's use of the term until long after they had published their own disease concepts bearing the same name. As
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disease concept. This is due to the fact that their concepts of dementia differed significantly from each other, with
Kraepelin employing the more modern sense of the word, and also that Morel was not describing a diagnostic category. Indeed, until the advent of
308:, Adolf Meyer, and Oswald Bumke rejected his ideas. Overall, while Morel's degeneration theory is considered outdated by modern psychiatrists, Morel is credited with creating the modern biological approach to understanding psychiatric disorders.
193:, saw mental deficiency as the end stage of a process of mental deterioration. In the 1850s, he developed a theory of "degeneration" in regards to mental problems that take place from early life to adulthood. In 1857 he published
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Morel received his education in Paris, and while a student, supplemented his income by teaching
English and German classes. In 1839 he earned his medical doctorate, and two years later became an assistant to psychiatrist
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Morel's interest in psychiatry was further enhanced in the mid-1840s when he visited several mental institutions throughout Europe. In 1848 he was appointed director of the Asile d'Aliénés de Maréville at
1046:
Lund, M (December 1996). "On Morel's 'épilepsie larvée: the first Danish epileptologist
Frederik Hallager's opposition in 1884 against Morel's psychical epileptic equivalents".
466:). In the first instance the reference is made in relation to young girls of asthenic build who have often also had typhoid. It is a description and not a diagnostic category (
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in positing that senility is not an age specific condition and he also remarks that at his clinic he sees almost as many young people affected by senility as old people (
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474:). In the next instance the term is used to argue that the illness course for those who have mania does not normally terminate in an early form of dementia (
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249:, others have argued convincingly that Morel's descriptive use of the term should not be considered in any sense as a precursor to the German psychiatrist
860:
Schuster, Jean-Pierre; Le Strat, Yann; Krichevski, Violetta; Bardikoff, Nicole; Limosin, Frédéric (2011-02-01). "Benedict
Augustin Morel (1809–1873)".
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Schuster, Jean-Pierre; Le Strat, Yann; Krichevski, Violetta; Bardikoff, Nicole; Limosin, Frédéric (2011-02-01). "Benedict
Augustin Morel (1809–1873)".
410:, p. 46. Berrios, Luque and Villagran contend in their 2003 article on schizophrenia that Morel's first use dates to the publication in 1860 of
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1264:
598:, p. 117), others baldly state that Kraepelin was clearly inspired by Morel's lead. Yet no evidence of this claim is offered. For example,
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197:, a treatise in which he explains the nature, causes, and indications of human degeneration. Morel looked for answers to mental illness in
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Dowbiggin, Ian (1996). "Back to the future: Valentin Magnan, French psychiatry, and the classification of mental diseases, 1885–1925'".
293:
Traité des dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles et morales de l'espèce humaine et des causes qui produisent ces variétés maladives
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Traité des dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles et morales de l'espèce humaine et des causes qui produisent ces variétés maladives
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in passing to describe the characteristics of a subset of young patients, and he employed the phrase more frequently in his textbook
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Morel, influenced by various pre-Darwinian theories of evolution, particularly those that attributed a powerful role to
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was a traditional and distinctly non-modern one in the sense that he did not conceptualise it as irreversible state.
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422:). Dowbiggin inaccurately states that Morel used the term on page 234 of the first volume of his 1852 publication
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1234:
450:). Also, as Hoenig accurately states, Morel uses the term twice in his 1852 text on pages 282 and 361 (
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Conti, Norberto Aldo (2003). "Benedict
Augustin Morel and the origin of the term dementia praecox".
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320:. two volumes; Paris, 1852–1853; second edition, 1860. (In the second edition he coined the term
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Hoenig, J (1995). "Schizophrenia: clinical section". In
Berrios, German E.; Porter, Roy (eds.).
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While some have sought to interpret, if in a qualified fashion, Morel's reference to
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Traité des dégénérescence physiques, intellectuelles, et morales de l'espèce humaine
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Traité des dégénérescence physiques, intellectuelles, et morales de l'espèce humaine
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A History of Clinical Psychiatry: The Origin and History of Psychiatric Disorders
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The Discovery Of The Unconscious: The History And Evolution Of Dynamic Psychiatry
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and disorder of the will and was related to the diagnostic category of
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1101:Études cliniques: traité, théorique et pratique des maladies mentales
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Abel, Ernest L. (2004-12-01). "Benedict-Augustin Morel (1809–1873)".
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Abel, Ernest L. (2004-12-01). "Benedict-Augustin Morel (1809–1873)".
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126:(22 November 1809 – 30 March 1873) was a French psychiatrist born in
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Faces of degeneration : a European disorder, c. 1848-c. 1918
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While Berrios, Luque and Villagran argue this point forcefully (
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Berrios, German E.; Luque, Rogelio; Villagran, Jose M. (2003).
1077:
Mahieu, Eduardo Luis (2004). "On Morel and dementia praecox".
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The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Schizophrenia
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International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy
1159:(1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
554:
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130:, Austria. He was an influential figure in the field of
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De la formation des types dans les variétés dégénérées
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Du goître et du crétinisme, étiologie, prophylaxie etc
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Abbé Dupont and his servant Marianne, who raised him.
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Morel was abandoned by his parents, and left with the
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Ellenberger, Henri F.; Ellenberger, F. (2008-08-05).
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In 1857, Morel published his degeneration theory in
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in 1809, of French parents. In the aftermath of the
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267:succinctly stated, 'An abyss separates Morel's
1178:. In Lieberman, Jeffrey A.; Stroup, T. Scott;
1176:"History of schizophrenia and its antecedents"
27:Austrian-born French psychiatrist (1809–1873)
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1239:Biographical Archive of Psychiatry (BIAPSY)
1049:Journal of the History of the Neurosciences
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438:). On page 235] Morel does refer to
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596:Berrios, Luque & Villagran 2003
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510:) and seven times in his 1860 book
245:as amounting to the "discovery" of
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416:Berrios, Luque & Villagran2003
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324:to refer to mental degeneration).
1079:Vertex (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
965:Vertex (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
874:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2010.00506.x
747:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2010.00506.x
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1265:19th-century French physicians
810:American Journal of Psychiatry
700:American Journal of Psychiatry
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134:during the mid-19th century.
1186:. Arlington. pp. 1–15.
1147:Traité des maladies mentales
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782:. Basic Books. p. 281.
712:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2185
512:Traité des maladies mentales
412:Traité des maladies mentales
394:whonamedit.com (ohne Datum).
318:Traité des maladies mentales
279:Morel is known for creating
227:Traité des maladies mentales
1017:. London. pp. 336–48.
221:(1852) Morel used the term
217:In the first volume of his
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1174:Stone, Michael H. (2006).
986:Social History of Medicine
670:"Morel, Bénédict Augustin"
328:Traité des Dégénérescences
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152:War of the Sixth Coalition
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271:from that of Kraepelin.'
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1129:. Paris: J.B. Balliere.
934:(2nd ed.). London.
494:, p. 117. The term
391:Bénédict Augustin Morel.
348:. Volume 1; Rouen, 1864.
1224:Bénédict Augustin Morel
234:. His understanding of
124:Bénédict Augustin Morel
1275:French epileptologists
862:Acta Neuropsychiatrica
735:Acta Neuropsychiatrica
1155:Pick, Daniel (1993).
1270:French psychiatrists
1144:Morel, B.A. (1860).
1123:Morel, B.A. (1857).
1098:Morel, B.A. (1852).
928:Boyle, Mary (2002).
312:Partial bibliography
1150:. Paris: V. Masson.
998:10.1093/shm/9.3.383
281:degeneration theory
275:Degeneration theory
166:(1794–1870) at the
132:degeneration theory
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164:Jean-Pierre Falret
142:Morel was born in
1180:Perkins, Diana O.
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1260:1873 deaths
1255:1809 births
518:, pp.
458:, pp.
452:Hoenig 1995
404:Hoenig 1995
260:Arnold Pick
232:melancholia
191:acclimation
168:Salpêtrière
93:Nationality
1249:Categories
923:: 111–140.
679:2017-04-14
654:2017-04-14
615:Quoted in
602:, p.
600:Stone 2006
516:Morel 1860
506:, p.
504:Morel 1857
478:, p.
476:Morel 1852
470:, p.
468:Morel 1852
456:Morel 1852
446:, p.
444:Morel 1852
434:, p.
432:Morel 1852
420:Morel 1860
408:Boyle 2002
170:in Paris.
112:psychiatry
77:1873-03-31
1202:cite book
1110:cite book
1033:cite book
950:cite book
890:143056914
882:1601-5215
830:0002-953X
763:143056914
755:1601-5215
720:0002-953X
674:biapsy.de
378:Pick 1993
366:Pick 1993
180:Saint-Yon
138:Biography
85:Saint-Yon
1182:(eds.).
1091:15085229
1070:11618744
1006:11618728
977:14569313
236:dementia
199:heredity
87:, France
901:Sources
330:, 1857.
148:Austria
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299:Legacy
144:Vienna
128:Vienna
108:Fields
96:French
59:Vienna
913:(PDF)
886:S2CID
847:(PDF)
759:S2CID
353:Notes
184:Rouen
176:Nancy
1237:in:
1208:link
1188:ISBN
1161:ISBN
1131:ISBN
1116:link
1087:PMID
1066:PMID
1039:link
1019:ISBN
1002:PMID
973:PMID
956:link
936:ISBN
878:ISSN
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784:ISBN
751:ISSN
716:ISSN
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