515:
479:
680:, varying in shape, color, and size. While in many cases they do not exhibit clear-cut distinguishing features microscopically, this has historically contributed to uncertainties in taxonomy. Discriminating between the various taxa described is further hindered by uncertainty over which of these are truly biologically distinct. Remarkably, some authors in the past had suggested that the genus contains as few as 3 to 6 species, while others recognised as many as 34. Efforts to clarify the situation and re-evaluate old classical names (such as
3396:
3412:
3435:
524:
70:
49:
488:
434:
537:
9103:
497:
506:
2160:
2099:
2604:
superior morels for culinary uses since they can be assured to be insect, slug and dirt free and therefore do not need to be washed and cleaned like foraged morels. Since washing morels can negatively impact the texture, reliable cultivation may result in more versatility with this ingredient in the kitchen as well as making the delicacy more affordable and accessible.
3381:
9113:
3216:. Due to their natural porosity, morels may contain trace amounts of soil which cannot be easily washed out. Any visible soil should be removed with a brush, after cutting the body in half lengthwise, if needed. Mushroom hunters sometimes recommend soaking morels in a bowl of salt water briefly prior to cooking, although many chefs would disagree.
872:. However, several of these newly proposed names later turned out to be synonyms. An extensive taxonomical and nomenclatural revision of the genus provided by Richard and colleagues in 2014, applied names to 30 of the genealogical lineages recognized so far and clarified several synonymities. Also in 2014, Elliott and colleagues described
2512:
2586:
grow undisturbed for several weeks. A solution of wood ashes mixed in water and diluted is subsequently poured over the rows of wood mulch which triggers fruiting of the morels. Morels are known to appear after fires and the alkalinity produced by wood ash mixed with water initiate fruit body formation for most species of morels.
2564:
conditions which trigger fruiting have been observed and exploited with small-scale commercial cultivation of morels. Where fire suppression is practiced, morels often grow in small numbers in the same spot, year after year. If these areas are overrun by wildfire they often produce a bumper crop of
2603:
but encountered issues in getting them to reliably fruit. One of the breakthroughs with this project was growing them in a climate controlled environment in conjunction with grass which is involved in stimulating fruiting in the morel mycelium. Cultivation in this manner has been noted to produce
2585:
More recently, small-scale commercial growers have had success growing morels by using partially shaded rows of mulched wood. The rows of mulch piles are inoculated with morel mushroom spores in a solution of water and molasses which are poured over the piles of mulch and then they are allowed to
4457:
Clowez, Philippe; Bellanger, Jean-Michel; de la Osa, Luis Romero; Moreau, Pierre-Arthur. (2015). Morchella palazonii sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Pezizales) : une nouvelle morille méditerranéenne. Clé des
Morchella sect. Morchella en Europe. Documents Mycologiques XXXVI:
2581:
Due to the mushroom's prized fruit bodies, several attempts have been made to grow the fungus in culture. In 1901, Repin reported successfully obtaining fruit bodies in a cave in which cultures had been established in flower pots nine years previously in 1892.
6244:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
2660:
Morels, "almost universally associated with spring," can be found in many habitats. Morel may be more likely to fruit during a period of increasing heat following a chilly period, a preference which is credited for their abundance in areas with cold winters.
2051:
in the early
Cretaceous, approximately 129 million years ago (Mya). This date was later revised by Du and collaborators, placing the divergence of the genus in the late Jurassic, approximately 154 Mya. However, neither of these reconstructions had included
2260:, but this view has been disputed by others, who suggested an old and natural distribution, at least for some of these species which appear to be linked to indigenous flora. Long-distance spore dispersal has also been suggested as a possible
842:), a number of which were later shown to be illegitimate or synonyms. As molecular tools became widely available in the new millennium, a revived interest in the genus commenced and several new species were proposed. In 2008 Kuo described
694:
further complicating matters, until a transatlantic study by
Richard and colleagues resolved many of these issues in 2014. The genus is currently undergoing extensive re-evaluation with regard to the taxonomic status of several species.
2624:, with two reported deaths and three other hospitalizations. The consumption of raw morels in particular is advised against. An unknown toxin can be neutralized via cooking. Additionally, cooked morels can reportedly cause symptoms of
5544:
Du XH, Zhao Q, Yang ZL, Hansen K, Taşkın H, Büyükalaca S, Dewsbury D, Moncalvo JM, Douhan GW, Robert VA, Crous PW, Rehner SA, Rooney AP, Sink S, O'Donnell K (2012). "How well do ITS rDNA sequences differentiate species of true morels
3226:
which might be present in the fruit bodies usually drop out during the drying process. Dried morels can then be reconstituted by soaking for 10–20 minutes in warm water or milk, and the soaking liquid can be used as stock.
2565:
black morels the following spring. Commercial pickers and buyers in North
America target recently burned areas for this reason. These spots may be closely guarded by mushroom pickers, as morels are widely regarded as a
3207:
and placed into a freezer. After freezing, they keep very well with the frozen glaze for a long time in airtight containers. However, when thawed they can sometimes turn slightly mushy, so they are best frozen after
2631:
When eating this fungus for the first time, it is advised to consume a small amount to minimize any allergic reaction. As with all fungi, morels for consumption must be clean and free of decay. Morels growing in old
514:
2256:. The reasons behind the widespread, cosmopolitan distribution of these species, are still puzzling. Some authors have hypothesized that such transcontinental occurrences are the result of accidental anthropogenic
2070:
is altogether absent from North
America. Updated ancestral area reconstructions by Loizides and colleagues using an expanded 79-species data set, have in 2021 refuted the previous hypothesis and designated the
649:
and others) are attached to the stem only at the apex (top of the cap), unlike true morels which have caps that are attached to the stem at, or near the base of the cap. The easiest way to distinguish
2593:. The project has been able to cultivate 20 lbs of morels per square yard or around 10 kg per square metre with cost estimates expected to be similar to producing white button mushrooms (
608:
species often have a "wrinkled" or "cerebral" (brain-like) appearance to the cap due to multiple wrinkles and folds, rather than the honeycomb appearance of true morels due to ridges and pits.
3112:
3173:
They have been called "prized delicacies...they are so esteemed in Europe that people used to set fire to their own forests in hopes of eliciting a bountiful morel crop the next spring!"
2556:. Moderate-intensity fires are reported to produce higher abundances of morels than low- or high-intensity fires. This is caused by the soil becoming more alkaline as the result of
568:, and other morel lookalikes. Although false morels are sometimes eaten without ill effect, they can cause severe gastrointestinal upset, loss of muscular coordination (including
8020:
6223:
4183:
Krombholz JV von. (1834). Naturgetreue
Abblidungen und Beschreibungen der essbaren, schädlichen und verdächtigen Schwämme, Heift 3. G. Calve, Praha J, 36 p., pl. XV-XXII.
5096:
Hatıra Taşkın; Saadet Büyükalacaa; Hasan Hüseyin Doğanb; Stephen A. Rehnerc; Kerry O'Donnell (Aug 2010). "A multigene molecular phylogenetic assessment of true morels (
5034:
2000:-like underground structures, and may also deserve its own clade based on DNA evidence. Within the yellow and black clades, there are dozens of distinct species, many
2066:. This cast doubts over the accuracy of the original reconstructions, since both species of the ancestral /Rufobrunnea clade are present in the Mediterranean, while
9273:
2178:
and provincialism, several species have been phylogenetically shown to be present in more than one continent. So far, the list of transcontinental species includes
9312:
5953:
2589:
In 2021 it was announced that indoor cultivation of black morels had been successfully achieved after decades of research and experimentation with methods by
728:, who, in 1834 and 1897 respectively, published several species and varieties, accompanied by meticulously illustrated iconographic plates. The seminal taxon
9182:
3250:
Morel hunting is a common springtime activity. Mushroom collectors may carry a mesh collecting bag, so the spores can scatter as one carries the harvest.
868:. A study by Clowez described over 20 new species in 2012, while later in the same year, another study by Kuo and colleagues described 19 species from
690:
material. In 2012, the simultaneous description of several new taxa from Europe by Clowez and North
America by Kuo and colleagues resulted in several
5527:
Pilz, D.; R. McLain; S. Alexander; L. Villarreal-Ruiz; S. Berch; T.L. Wurtz; C.G. Parks; E. McFarlane; B. Baker; R. Molina; J.E. Smith (March 2007).
9247:
8013:
6545:
Outlines of Botany: Including a
General History of the Vegetable Kingdom, in which Plants are Arranged According to the System of Natural Affinities
5698:
Tedersoo L, May TW, Smith ME (2010). "Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages".
6615:
3411:
3395:
1434:
6003:
6526:
6499:
6407:
6300:
6256:
6039:
5632:
3686:
3658:
3257:
for the
National Morel Mushroom Festival, a century-old event. As one observer stated, "if there is a modern, North American reenactment of
686:
and others) in accordance to current phylogenetic data have been challenging, due to vague or ambiguous original descriptions and loss of
9117:
5839:
3271:
include the Illinois State Morel Mushroom Hunting Championship, the Ottawa Midwest Morel Fest and the Mesick Michigan Mushroom Festival.
9106:
8006:
4915:
2315:
vary greatly depending on the individual species, continent, or region. Trees commonly associated with morels in Europe and across the
6325:
4114:
Kuo M, Dewsbury DR, O'Donnell K, Carter MC, Rehner SA, Moore JD, Moncalvo JM, Canfield SA, Stephenson SL, Methven AS, Volk TJ (2012).
2268:. It has been suggested that the widespread but disjunct distribution of some morel species, especially early diverging lineages like
2140:, appear to fruit in the autumn or winter months rather than spring, which is the typical fruiting season for morels. In the American
6251:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
5323:
Loizides M, Gonou Z, Fransuas G, Drakopoulos P, Sammut C, Martinis A, Bellanger JM (2021). "Extended phylogeography of the ancestral
959:
as an autonomous species. In the same year, Taşkın and colleagues described four of the previously unnamed phylospecies from Turkey:
6350:
6187:
6215:
3188:, they are best when collected or bought fresh. They are sometimes added to meat and poultry dishes and soups, and can be used as
2058:
in the analyses, whose phylogenetic placement remained at the time unresolved. Following genetic testing of isotype collection of
4532:
Loizides M, Bellanger JM, Lowez P, Richard F, Moreau PA (2016). "Combined phylogenetic and morphological studies of true morels (
2062:
by Taşkın and colleagues, this species was shown to nest in the ancestral /Rufobrunnea clade, together with the transcontinental
576:
usually occur when they are eaten in large quantities, inadequately cooked, or over several days in a row. False morels contain
4468:
Voitk A, Beug M, O'Donnell K, Burzynski M (2016). "Two new species of true morels from Newfoundland and Labrador: cosmopolitan
2151:
morels at a large scale have rarely been successful and the commercial morel industry relies on the harvest of wild mushrooms.
1104:
8530:
6561:
5978:
3884:
Breitenbach J, Kränzlin F. (1984). Fungi of Switzerland, Volume 1: Ascomycetes. Verlag Mykologia, Luzern, Switzerland. 314 p.
5842:(Report). Research Note RN-PNW-546. Portland, Oregon: U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station. Archived from
5069:
4818:
O'Donnell K, Rooney AP, Mills GL, Kuo M, Weber NS, Rehner SA (2011). "Phylogeny and historical biogeography of true morels (
6270:
9299:
6147:
fruitbodies collected in lead arsenate contaminated apple orchards in the northeastern United States: A preliminary study"
3998:, Pezizales) of Europe and North America: evolutionary relationships inferred from multilocus data and a unified taxonomy"
1950:
variation. Subsequent multigenic DNA studies, however, have revealed more than a dozen genealogically distinct species in
6572:
5871:
1080:
820:, featuring in many field guides and literature across several countries, has been shown by Richard and colleagues to be
6584:
6211:
3222:
is a popular and effective method for long-term storage, and morels are widely available commercially in this form. Any
1675:
1558:
1534:
1505:
721:
1594:
1493:
478:
6608:
1669:
6057:"Warning on False or True Morels and Button Mushrooms with Potential Toxicity Linked to Hydrazinic Toxins: An Update"
8917:
5623:
Buscot F (1992). "Mycorrhizal succession and morel biology". In Read DJ, Lewis DH, Fitter AH, Alexander IJ (eds.).
804:
in 1897 based on an 1834 plate by Krombholz, and was recombined as a distinct species in 1985 by Emile Jacquetant.
777:
707:
69:
7273:
1511:
1457:
979:
933:, a cosmopolitan species present in several continents. In an extensive phylogenetic and morphological study from
9373:
9317:
8029:
7333:
5498:
3231:
1615:
152:
7724:
6880:
4986:
1922:
421:
studies, and several new species have been described from Australia, Canada, Cyprus, Israel, Spain, and Turkey.
7424:
6423:
Mattson DJ, Podruzny SR, Haroldson MA (2002). "Consumption of fungal sporocarps by Yellowstone grizzly bears".
5181:
Du XH, Zhao Q, O'Donnell K, Rooney AP, Yang ZL (2012). "Multigene molecular phylogenetics reveals true morels (
2621:
2032:
1712:
7624:
7394:
6730:
6695:
6685:
4276:
Icones mycologicae ou iconographie des champignons de France principalement discomycètes avec texte descriptif
4115:
3992:
Richard F, Bellanger JM, Clowez P, Hansen K, O'Donnell K, Urban A, Sauve M, Courtecuisse R, Moreau PA (2015).
2590:
1852:
1691:
1651:
614:
has a cap that is usually reddish-brown in colour, but sometimes also chestnut, purplish-brown, or dark brown.
6705:
6675:
6665:
5533:. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-710. Portland, OR: U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station.
1360:
8637:
8185:
7574:
7464:
7133:
7039:
6870:
6655:
1817:
1740:
1290:
1170:
1133:
1127:
1074:
1051:
961:
395:
6785:
6740:
3203:
by simply running under cold water or putting them in a bucket to soak for a few minutes, then spread on a
9135:
9063:
8520:
7823:
7584:
7564:
7534:
7313:
7263:
7203:
6795:
6645:
6601:
5005:
3108:
2442:
2297:
1824:
1810:
1789:
1485:
1450:
1381:
1366:
1225:
1110:
973:
792:
677:
628:
species contain a cottony substance inside their stem, in contrast to true morels which are always hollow.
31:
7734:
7684:
7664:
7514:
7494:
7434:
7223:
6750:
4591:
Taşkın, H.; Doğan, H.; Büyükalaca, S.; Clowez, P.; Moreau, P.-A.; O'Donnell, K. (2016). "Four new morel (
2130:
and related species) are mostly found in coniferous forests, disturbed ground and recently burned areas.
1929:
1894:
1880:
1775:
1761:
1719:
1663:
1405:
967:
9368:
9008:
8674:
8572:
8155:
7883:
7524:
7504:
7283:
7253:
7113:
7103:
7093:
6925:
4862:
Taşkın H, Büyükalaca S, Hansen K, O'Donnell K (2012). "Multilocus phylogenetic analysis of true morels (
4822:) reveals an early Cretaceous origin and high continental endemism and provincialism in the Holarctic".
2983:
2281:
2270:
2228:
2216:
2036:
1964:
1782:
1768:
1588:
1552:
1464:
1443:
1372:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1237:
1045:
1039:
1014:
943:
919:
874:
864:
855:
782:
765:
7913:
7903:
7863:
7714:
7674:
7634:
7614:
7484:
7454:
7404:
3781:
3099:
1915:
1887:
1859:
1845:
1754:
1733:
1698:
1600:
1582:
1540:
1412:
1219:
7933:
7893:
7843:
7803:
7694:
7644:
7594:
6491:
The Complete Mushroom Hunter: An Illustrated Guide to Finding, Harvesting, and Enjoying Wild Mushrooms
3286:, because when sliced lengthwise then breaded and fried, their outline resembles the shape of a fish;
2039:
origin of morels and the genus was estimated to have diverged from its closest genealogical relatives
1901:
1866:
1831:
1606:
1546:
1231:
9327:
9208:
8744:
8602:
8577:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8135:
7853:
7654:
7544:
7444:
7373:
7323:
7243:
7153:
7049:
6969:
5707:
5664:
5053:
4557:
4073:
3711:
3572:
3254:
3035:
2996:
2276:
2261:
2252:
2246:
2234:
1873:
1796:
1726:
1643:
1576:
1528:
1520:
1426:
1314:
1187:
1178:
1089:
1005:
949:
907:
901:
750:
592:
in particular, has been reported to be responsible for up to 23% of mushroom fatalities each year in
7983:
7763:
5010:
4622:
Clowez, P.; Marcos Martinez, J.; Sanjaume, R.; Marques, G.; Bellanger, J. M.; Moreau, P. A. (2020).
3993:
3866:
Seaver FJ. (1942). The North American cup-fungi (Operculates). Hafner Publishing C. New York. 377 p.
3458:
3380:
3184:
worldwide, with recipes and preparation methods designed to highlight and preserve it. As with most
2457:(March–May), morels are hardly ever found in the vicinity of common poisonous mushrooms such as the
2385:(ash). In western North America morels are often found in coniferous forests, including species of
1570:
9239:
8387:
8357:
8347:
7973:
7963:
7953:
7943:
7793:
7773:
7604:
7554:
7474:
7414:
7363:
7343:
7303:
7293:
7233:
7213:
7183:
7143:
7019:
6999:
6989:
6959:
6949:
6915:
4308:
2544:
2538:
2265:
2240:
2222:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2180:
2112:
2084:
2072:
2054:
1988:
1976:
1970:
1838:
1803:
1747:
1705:
1657:
1636:
1622:
1564:
1478:
1471:
1419:
1388:
1345:
1297:
1243:
1156:
1142:
1119:
1066:
1031:
997:
929:
913:
888:
850:
848:
from burned coniferous forests in western North America. In 2010 Işiloğlu and colleagues described
844:
787:
744:
712:
585:
558:
541:
382:
350:
315:
173:
7923:
7873:
390:
controversy throughout the years, mostly with regard to the number of species involved, with some
349:, commercial harvesting of wild morels has become a multimillion-dollar industry in the temperate
9363:
8684:
8592:
8336:
8212:
7833:
7704:
7069:
7009:
6979:
6432:
6142:
6123:
5867:
5820:
5731:
5680:
5574:
5352:
5298:
4950:
4891:
4721:
4680:
4573:
4501:
4417:
4370:
4147:
4089:
3762:
3727:
3536:
3126:
2970:
2950:
2773:
2257:
2204:
2132:
1908:
1396:
1211:
1202:
1149:
1096:
1057:
955:
760:
735:
691:
573:
387:
207:
184:
156:
64:
4751:(Pezizales: Morchellaceae) based on restriction enzyme analysis of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene".
1946:
analyses supported the hypothesis that the genus comprises only a few species with considerable
552:
When gathering morels for the table, care must be taken to distinguish them from the poisonous "
523:
9335:
9278:
9195:
8607:
8587:
8331:
8276:
7353:
7163:
7123:
7059:
6543:
6522:
6516:
6495:
6403:
6346:
6321:
6296:
6262:
6252:
6193:
6183:
6088:
6035:
5843:
5812:
5766:
5723:
5628:
5566:
5416:
5344:
5290:
5251:
5202:
5158:
5117:
4942:
4883:
4839:
4768:
4493:
4409:
4362:
4139:
4019:
3682:
3654:
3623:
3588:
3528:
3158:
2861:
2595:
2141:
1629:
1321:
1283:
1194:
821:
669:
48:
6489:
4958:
3650:
3643:
3553:
Bresinsky A, Besl H. (1990). A colour atlas of poisonous fungi. Wolfe Publishing Ltd, London.
9340:
9078:
9068:
9053:
8679:
8500:
8316:
8286:
8266:
8222:
8100:
7193:
6845:
6835:
6760:
6115:
6078:
6068:
5804:
5758:
5715:
5672:
5605:
5558:
5451:
5406:
5398:
5336:
5282:
5241:
5233:
5194:
5109:
5061:
5015:
4934:
4875:
4831:
4760:
4713:
4672:
4639:
4604:
4565:
4485:
4401:
4354:
4251:
Jacquetant E, Bon M (1985). "Typifications et mises au point nomenclaturales dans l'ouvrage
4131:
4081:
4060:: a study of three poorly known Mediterranean morels, with nomenclatural updates in section
4009:
3893:
Weber, N.S. (1988). In A Morel Hunter's Companion, pp. 111-67. Two Peninsula Press: Lansing.
3828:
3754:
3719:
3615:
3580:
3520:
3402:
3348:
3263:
3258:
2878:
2532:
2419:
forests. Deciduous trees commonly associated with morels in the northern hemisphere include
2357:
2192:
2164:
1499:
1352:
1329:
1305:
816:
806:
725:
599:
The key morphological features distinguishing false morels from true morels are as follows:
487:
9018:
8939:
8704:
8616:
8456:
8298:
8217:
7173:
7029:
6588:
5749:
Mihail JD, Bruhn JN, Bonello P (2007). "Spatial and temporal patterns of morel fruiting".
3371:
3185:
2666:
2641:
2560:
combining with water and being absorbed into the soil which triggers the morels to fruit.
2126:
1982:
1338:
1163:
730:
682:
414:
338:
9173:
5220:
Pildain MB, Visnovsky SB, Barroetavena C (2014). "Phylogenetic diversity of true morels (
3111:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
5795:) ascocarps in response to the intensity of forest floor combustion during a wildfire".
5711:
5668:
5057:
4561:
4077:
3715:
3619:
3576:
720:
for the genus. Among early pioneers who took an interest in the genus, were mycologists
9234:
9083:
9049:
8922:
8881:
8649:
8552:
8377:
8321:
8281:
8271:
8261:
8234:
8175:
8062:
8037:
7783:
6820:
6518:
Mushrooms in Forests and Woodlands: "Resource Management, Values and Local Livelihoods"
6083:
6056:
5931:
5411:
5386:
3200:
3177:
2005:
2004:
to individual continents or regions. This species-rich view is supported by studies in
838:
639:
569:
564:
469:
342:
330:
5609:
3584:
536:
505:
496:
433:
9357:
9187:
9058:
8839:
8814:
8759:
8515:
8484:
8311:
8306:
8207:
8150:
6635:
6625:
5902:
5356:
4895:
4278:(in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Librairie des Sciences Naturelles. pp. 194–421.
3307:
3268:
2729:
2637:
2625:
2416:
2316:
2103:
1951:
938:
869:
811:
797:
418:
354:
180:
131:
111:
6474:
5824:
5684:
5530:
Ecology and management of morels harvested from the forests of western North America
5224:), the main edible non-timber product from native Patagonian forests of Argentina".
4914:
Stefani FO, Sokolski S, Wurtz TL, Piché Y, Hamelin RC, Fortin JA, Bérubé JA (2010).
4577:
4505:
4421:
4374:
4229:
4151:
4093:
3731:
2159:
2098:
9088:
9073:
8912:
8834:
8724:
8669:
8664:
8632:
8622:
8567:
8542:
8525:
8431:
8326:
7813:
5735:
5578:
5302:
4954:
4659:
Yoon CS, Gessner RV, Romano MA (1990). "Population genetics and systematics of the
4215:
A Natural Arrangement of British Plants, according to their relations to each other
4197:
3540:
3439:
3306:, of how a mountain family was saved from starvation by eating morels. In parts of
3235:
3193:
3122:
2705:
2466:
2433:
2148:
1943:
717:
645:
581:
410:
346:
165:
9200:
6567:
5954:"Danish Biologists Cultivate Morel Mushrooms Year-Round With New Indoor Technique"
5402:
5340:
4866:) reveals high levels of endemics in Turkey relative to other regions of Europe".
2552:
behaviour and may grow abundantly in forests which have been recently burned by a
5762:
5237:
5139:
4165:
Persoon CH. (1794). "Neue Versuch einer Systematischen Einteilung der Schwämme".
3833:
3816:
9304:
9260:
9167:
8964:
8854:
8849:
8824:
8807:
8797:
8788:
8654:
8505:
8400:
8140:
5528:
5269:
Kanwal HK, Acharya K, Ramesh G, Reddy MS (2010). "Molecular characterization of
4698:
Bunyard, B.A.; Nicholson, M.S.; Royse, D.J. (1994). "A systematic assessment of
3483:
3282:
species have been called by many local names; some of the more colorful include
3219:
3142:
2689:
2561:
2553:
2482:
2405:
879:
755:
553:
546:
6593:
6246:
4787:
911:
as a distinct species. Later in the same year, Clowez and colleagues described
8934:
8929:
8886:
8869:
8859:
8829:
8819:
8769:
8659:
8547:
8436:
8256:
8202:
8165:
8120:
8115:
8105:
8079:
8055:
6860:
6775:
5876:
5719:
5286:
5198:
5113:
5065:
5019:
4835:
4569:
4085:
4048:
Loizides M, Alvarado P, Clowez P, Moreau PA, de la Osa LR, Palazon A (2015). "
3702:
Kimbrough JW. (1970). "Current trends in the classification of discomycetes".
3418:
3162:
3150:
3022:
2895:
2844:
2600:
2474:
2446:
2305:
2301:
1997:
577:
391:
318:
307:
303:
101:
17:
9158:
7998:
6581:
5162:
4392:
sp. nov., an apparent Australian endemic from New South Wales and Victoria".
9221:
9013:
8864:
8734:
8709:
8597:
8582:
8562:
8421:
8342:
8239:
8229:
8160:
8145:
8110:
6720:
6197:
5592:
Buscot F, Roux J (1987). "Association between living roots and ascocarps of
5327:
supports preglacial presence in Europe and Mediterranean origin of morels".
4704:
3204:
3146:
3009:
2928:
2570:
2549:
2487:
2458:
2454:
2117:
2047:
2025:
2021:
1993:
1947:
883:
618:
604:
465:
366:
326:
311:
121:
81:
6385:
6266:
6092:
6073:
5816:
5770:
5727:
5570:
5420:
5348:
5294:
5255:
5206:
5121:
4946:
4887:
4843:
4764:
4497:
4413:
4366:
4143:
4023:
3592:
3524:
3322:. Due to the partial structural and textural similarity to some species of
4772:
3532:
3157:, and vitamin D (34% DV, if having been exposed to sunlight or artificial
472:. Morels have a convoluted head/cap, and are varied in shape and habitat.
345:, but can be toxic if consumed raw or undercooked. Due to difficulties in
9286:
9152:
8754:
8719:
8627:
8612:
8510:
8466:
8451:
8441:
8426:
8416:
8170:
8095:
6177:
5651:
Dahlstrom JL, Smith JE, Weber NS (2000). "Mycorrhiza-like interaction by
3952:
Clowez P. (2012). "Les morilles. Une nouvelle approche mondiale du genre
3627:
3324:
3303:
3291:
3209:
2827:
2566:
2557:
2499:
2427:
2421:
2381:
2175:
2092:
2001:
687:
403:
374:
261:
4439:
sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Pezizales): A new but widespread morel in Spain".
9252:
8996:
8991:
8981:
8954:
8874:
8774:
8739:
8729:
8714:
8471:
8382:
8251:
8246:
8125:
6436:
6127:
5676:
5246:
4739:
Bunyard BA, Nicholson MS, Royse DJ (1995). "Phylogenetic resolution of
4725:
4684:
3766:
3723:
3134:
2807:
2649:
2519:
2450:
2411:
2351:
2345:
2333:
2264:
mechanism for some species, especially those belonging to fire-adapted
2121:
334:
242:
193:
6179:
Mushrooms demystified : a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi
4644:
4623:
2670:) are often found on land that has been disturbed by logging burning.
9265:
9039:
9023:
9001:
8986:
8949:
8907:
8902:
8802:
8557:
8461:
8130:
8090:
4991:
species harvested as non-timber forest products in Idaho and Montana"
3387:
3334:
3213:
2911:
2013:
2009:
1955:
934:
924:
859:
810:, a globally-occurring fire-associated species was also described by
739:
593:
358:
277:
231:
220:
91:
57:
9129:
6119:
5627:. Wallingford, United Kingdom: CAB International. pp. 220–224.
5456:
5435:
4717:
4676:
4608:
3758:
2511:
905:, a cosmopolitan species described under many names, and recombined
394:
recognising as few as three species and others over thirty. Current
9291:
9226:
5808:
5562:
5387:"A review on research advances, issues, and perspectives of morels"
4938:
4879:
4595:) species in the elata subclade (M. sect. Distantes) from Turkey".
4489:
4405:
4358:
4135:
4014:
3875:
Dennis RWG. (1978). Bristish Ascomycètes. Ed. Cramer, Vaduz, 585 p.
3563:
Karlson-Stiber C, Persson H (2003). "Cytotoxic fungi—an overview".
3374:
word close to "Möhre", carrot or beet, due to similarity in shape.
8969:
8844:
8764:
8749:
8696:
8446:
8405:
8197:
8075:
8050:
7753:
6810:
6106:
Groves JW. (1964). "Poisoning by morels When taken with alcohol".
4202:. Vol. 2. Lundin, Sweden: Ex Officina Berlingiana. p. 8.
3681:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 173.
3649:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. pp.
3484:"Cup fungus | Edible, Spore Dispersal & Saprobes | Britannica"
3223:
3189:
2719:
2633:
2617:
2510:
2493:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2375:
2363:
2339:
2327:
2321:
2158:
2097:
2088:
2041:
2017:
1959:
893:
651:
633:
624:
535:
370:
362:
329:
appearance due to the network of ridges with pits composing their
322:
299:
148:
4345:(Ascomycota), a new species from southwestern Anatolia, Turkey".
3906:
Boudier E. (1897). "Révision analytique des morilles de France".
734:, whose true identity still remains unresolved, was described by
8976:
8959:
8944:
8189:
3780:
Masaphy S, Zabari L, Goldberg D, Jander-Shagug G (Spring 2010).
3745:
Korf RP. (1972). "Synoptic key to the genera of the Pezizales".
3181:
3154:
3138:
3048:
2645:
2620:
restaurant serving them was linked to 51 people who experienced
2369:
9133:
8002:
6597:
622:
species are typically chambered in longitudinal section, while
9213:
8784:
8489:
8045:
6450:
6004:"Mom died after eating uncooked morel mushroom at sushi joint"
5862:
5860:
4624:"A survey of half-free morels in Spain reveals a new species:
4435:
Clowez P, Alvarado P, Becerra M, Bilbao T, Moreau PA (2014). "
3130:
2749:
2438:
428:
6182:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. pp. 785–793.
5787:
Greene DF, Hesketh M, Pounden E (2010). "Emergence of morel (
5033:
Harald Kellner; Carsten Renker & François Buscot (2005).
4234:
Annual Report on the New York State Museum of Natural History
3359:, area cleared for agriculture by the slash and burn method.
3339:. In the Appalachian woodlands, morels have also been called
2087:, in particular North America, Turkey, China, the Himalayas,
2636:
orchards previously treated with the deprecated insecticide
2296:
species is not well understood. Many species appear to form
5979:"Morel mushrooms linked to deadly outbreak in Montana: CDC"
5372:
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms
4920:: a unique belowground structure and a new clade of morels"
3230:
The flavor of morels is not just appreciated by humans; in
2599:). Previous attempts at cultivation had managed to produce
899:
In 2015, Loizides and colleagues clarified the taxonomy of
836:
were described until the turn of the 21st century (per the
6216:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
1992:, commonly known as the "gray morel", is distinct for its
786:, a large-spored species described by American mycologist
5655:
with species of the Pinaceae in pure culture synthesis".
4313:, a new species from western North America, and notes on
3267:
this is it." Other festivals and hunting competitions in
5039:
group (Ascomycota: Morchellaceae) in Germany and France"
4388:
Elliott TF, Bougher NL, O'Donnell K, Trappe JM (2014). "
3908:
Bulletin Trimestriel de la Société Mycologique de France
2304:
relationships with trees, while others appear to act as
377:
where these highly prized fungi are found in abundance.
1962:, or genetic groups, consisting of the "white morels" (
468:
due to the network of ridges with pits composing their
445:
386:
in 1794, the genus has been the source of considerable
3253:
Every spring, hundreds of morel enthusiasts gather in
5273:
species from the Western Himalayan region of India".
4813:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4803:
3328:(sponges), other common names for any true morel are
3199:
Morels can be preserved in several ways: They can be
2616:
species can have adverse effects. In 2023, a Montana
4788:"Morel Data Collection Project: Preliminary results"
4540:) in Cyprus reveal significant diversity, including
3848:
Overholts LO. (1934). "The morels of Pennsylvania".
3786:
systematics: A case of the yellow morel from Israel"
402:
worldwide, most of them exhibiting high continental
9142:
9032:
8895:
8783:
8695:
8480:
8396:
8297:
8184:
8071:
8036:
7751:
7386:
7082:
6938:
6904:
6893:
6858:
6833:
6808:
6773:
6718:
6633:
6366:
6364:
6362:
3084:
3072:
3047:
3034:
3021:
3008:
2995:
2982:
2969:
2948:
2927:
2910:
2894:
2877:
2860:
2843:
2826:
2805:
2770:
2746:
2728:
2718:
2702:
2688:
2683:
2116:and related species) are more commonly found under
6248:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
4341:Işiloğlu M, Alli H, Spooner BM, Solak MH (2010). "
3850:Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science
3642:
3196:toxins, they must always be cooked before eating.
2035:tests by O'Donnell and collaborators postulated a
5646:
5644:
4980:
4978:
3176:Morels are a feature of many cuisines, including
3161:). Raw morels contain moderate levels of several
2960:
2817:
2280:, may be the result of climatic refugia from the
917:from Spain, while Voitk and colleagues described
6402:. London, UK: Quadrille. pp. 37–38, 96–97.
5318:
5316:
5314:
5312:
4702:using RFLP analysis of the 28S ribosomal gene".
4527:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4033:
3234:, black morels are also known to be consumed by
2075:as the most probable place of origin of morels.
937:in 2016, Loizides and colleagues added two more
742:. Other classical, early-proposed names include
6573:"A Beginner's Guide to Hunting Morel Mushrooms"
5907:Revue générale des sciences pures et appliquées
5598:Transactions of the British Mycological Society
5133:
5131:
4909:
4907:
4905:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3932:. Paris: La Bibliothèque des Arts. p. 114.
3901:
3899:
3810:
3808:
3806:
754:, the half-free morel, originally described by
398:suggest there might be over seventy species of
5932:"The Morel Project - The Danish Morel Project"
4857:
4855:
4853:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
2684:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
409:The genus is currently the focus of extensive
8014:
6609:
6171:
6169:
6167:
5838:Wurtz TL, Wiita AL, Weber NS, Pilz D (2005).
5782:
5780:
4255:(de E. Jacquetant), Nature-Piantanida 1984".
4191:
4189:
3923:
3921:
8:
6025:
6023:
3958:Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France
3608:Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
2678:
30:"Morel" redirects here. For other uses, see
6032:Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World
5176:
5174:
5172:
4441:Boletín de la Sociedad Micológica de Madrid
4302:
4300:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
2652:that are unsuitable for human consumption.
796:, the purple morel, was first described by
9130:
8021:
8007:
7999:
6901:
6616:
6602:
6594:
6212:United States Food and Drug Administration
5840:Harvesting morels after wildfire in Alaska
3672:
3670:
3133:. A 100 gram reference amount supplies 31
2787:
2677:
2144:, they can be found from April to August.
768:as a distinct species in 1821 following a
706:Dill. ex Pers. : Fr. was typified by
47:
38:
6082:
6072:
5455:
5434:Taşkın H, Doğan HH, Büyükalaca S (2015).
5410:
5245:
5185:) are especially species-rich in China".
5091:
5089:
5009:
4643:
4013:
3832:
3507:Michelot D, Toth B (1991). "Poisoning by
3192:fillings. As morels are known to contain
1986:and others). The fire-associated species
5522:
5520:
5518:
5138:Masaphy S, Zabari L, Goldberg D (2009).
3366:itself, is thought to have derived from
886:, while Clowez and colleagues described
659:species is to slice them longitudinally.
306:closely related to anatomically simpler
4985:McFarlane EM, Pilz D, Weber NS (2005).
3450:
3376:
2503:species), which also appear in spring.
474:
4987:"High-elevation gray morels and other
4291:Traité sur les Champignons Comestibles
3121:Raw morel mushrooms are 90% water, 5%
2481:). They can, however, occur alongside
1958:. DNA studies revealed three discrete
1435:Morchella quercus-ilicis f. kakiicolor
814:in 1910. The old, widely applied name
556:", a term loosely applied to describe
6706:
6696:
6686:
6676:
6666:
6656:
6646:
5499:"Seasonal Chart for Edible Mushrooms"
3465:. Species Fungorum. CAB International
3290:, as they are known in many parts of
3169:Gastronomical value and culinary uses
2083:Morels can be found in the temperate
1980:and others), and the "black morels" (
7:
9328:b5593d4a-5327-4099-a2d5-c3349dc84718
9112:
6388:. Mssf.org. Retrieved on 2012-04-17.
6295:. London: Pavilion. pp. 31–32.
5046:Organisms, Diversity & Evolution
4116:"Taxonomic revision of true morels (
584:poison, hydrolyzed in the body into
6375:. Harper Perennial. pp. 77–80.
6343:Mushrooms: River Cottage Cookbook 1
3620:10.1146/annurev.pa.19.040179.000505
1081:Morchella brunneorosea var. sordida
748:, also described by Fries in 1822,
6881:
6871:
6796:
6786:
6568:MushroomExpert.com's Morel section
6451:"National Morel Mushroom Festival"
6141:Shavit E, Shavit E (Spring 2010).
4120:) in Canada and the United States"
1676:Morchella conica var. pseudoeximia
1559:Morchella esculenta var. crassipes
1535:Morchella gigas var. tintinnabulum
1506:Morchella conica var. purpurascens
25:
7735:
7725:
7715:
7705:
7695:
7685:
7675:
7665:
7655:
7645:
7635:
7625:
7615:
7605:
7595:
7585:
7575:
7565:
7555:
7545:
7535:
7525:
7515:
7505:
7495:
7485:
7475:
7465:
7455:
7445:
7435:
7425:
7415:
7405:
7395:
7374:
7364:
7354:
7344:
7334:
7324:
7314:
7304:
7294:
7284:
7274:
7264:
7254:
7244:
7234:
7224:
7214:
7204:
7194:
7184:
7174:
7164:
7154:
7144:
7134:
7124:
7114:
7104:
7094:
7070:
7060:
7050:
7040:
7030:
7020:
7010:
7000:
6990:
6980:
6970:
6960:
6950:
6926:
6916:
6761:
6751:
6741:
6731:
6475:"Annual Mesick Mushroom Festival"
5952:Gamillo, Elizabeth (2022-05-02).
4628:sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Pezizales)"
3606:Lampe KF. (1979). "Toxic fungi".
3362:The scientific name of the genus
1595:Mitrophora hybrida var. crassipes
1494:Morchella elata var. purpurascens
758:and sanctioned by Fries in 1822,
9111:
9102:
9101:
6846:
6320:. Watermill Books. p. 160.
6002:Del Rey, Michelle (2024-04-22).
5440:, an autumn species from Turkey"
5151:Micologia Aplicada International
3433:
3410:
3394:
3379:
1670:Morchella elatoides var. elagans
522:
513:
504:
495:
486:
477:
432:
68:
6273:from the original on 2024-05-09
6226:from the original on 2024-03-27
6055:Lagrange E, Vernoux JP (2020).
5385:Du XH, Zhao Q, Yang ZL (2015).
4230:"Report of the Botanist (1878)"
1105:Morchella esculenta f. dunensis
572:), or even death. Incidents of
6548:. John Churchill. p. 241.
6515:Cunningham AB, Yang X (2012).
5903:"Sur la culture de la Morille"
5035:"Species diversity within the
738:in 1822, from a fir forest in
1:
7984:
7974:
7964:
7954:
7944:
7934:
7924:
7914:
7904:
7894:
7884:
7874:
7864:
7854:
7844:
7834:
7824:
7814:
7804:
7794:
7784:
7774:
7764:
6821:
6030:Hall IR, Buchanan PK (2003).
5610:10.1016/s0007-1536(87)80162-6
5475:, η μορχέλλα της πόλης" [
5403:10.1080/21501203.2015.1016561
5341:10.1080/00275514.2020.1869489
4167:Neues Magazin für die Botanik
3585:10.1016/S0041-0101(03)00238-1
3513:Journal of Applied Toxicology
2437:(tulip tree), dead and dying
2409:(Douglas-fir), as well as in
2311:Tree species associated with
2170:Although many species within
6494:. Quarry Books. p. 57.
6386:Wild About Mushrooms: Morels
5763:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.01.007
5503:Central Oregon Mushroom Club
5238:10.1016/j.funbio.2014.03.008
5140:"New long-season ecotype of
3964:(3–4): 199–376 (see p. 238).
3834:10.1016/j.fldmyc.2017.04.004
3180:. Their flavor is prized by
3107:Percentages estimated using
2628:when consumed with alcohol.
2497:species) and elfin saddles (
1512:Morchella conica var. crassa
1458:Morchella mediteterraneensis
980:Morchella mediteterraneensis
862:later shown to be sister to
722:Julius Vincenz von Krombholz
6345:. Bloomsbury. p. 256.
6316:Acton J, Sandler N (2007).
5187:Fungal Genetics and Biology
5102:Fungal Genetics and Biology
4824:Fungal Genetics and Biology
4217:. Vol. 1. p. 662.
3417:Morel in a house garden in
3100:Link to USDA Database entry
2453:). Due to their springtime
9390:
8030:Non-timber forest products
6521:. Routledge. p. 180.
6400:The Complete Mushroom Book
6373:Animal, Vegetable, Miracle
5977:Suter, Tara (2024-03-15).
3817:"Morels: the story so far"
3137:, and is a rich source of
2694:129 kJ (31 kcal)
1923:Morchella umbrinovelutipes
764:, which was recombined by
708:Christiaan Hendrik Persoon
29:
9097:
7387:Unresolved classification
7277:. mediteterraneensis
5720:10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x
5625:Mycorrhizas in Ecosystems
5287:10.1007/s00284-010-9849-1
5199:10.1016/j.fgb.2012.03.006
5114:10.1016/j.fgb.2010.05.004
5066:10.1016/j.ode.2004.07.001
5020:10.1017/S0269915X0500203X
4836:10.1016/j.fgb.2010.09.006
4570:10.1007/s11557-016-1180-1
4293:(in French). p. 257.
4086:10.1007/s11557-015-1030-6
3232:Yellowstone National Park
3106:
3096:
3092:
3068:
3060:
2944:
2940:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2786:
2766:
2762:
2742:
2738:
2698:
2507:Association with wildfire
1713:Morchella conicopapyracea
1685:Unresolved classification
1616:Morchella septentrionalis
892:from riparian forests in
213:
206:
201:~70 worldwide (see text)
199:
192:
171:
164:
65:Scientific classification
63:
55:
46:
41:
5479:, the urban morel].
2622:gastrointestinal illness
2591:The Danish Morel Project
2155:Transcontinental species
2079:Distribution and habitat
2033:ancestral reconstruction
1974:), the "yellow morels" (
1954:and at least as many in
1853:Morchella pseudovulgaris
1692:Morchella anteridiformis
1652:Morchella quercus-ilicis
7728:. umbrinovelutipes
3240:Ursus arctos horribilis
3109:US recommendations
1741:Morchella guatemalensis
1361:Morchella anthracophila
1171:Morchella sceptriformis
1134:Morchella pseudoviridis
1128:Morchella pseudoumbrina
1052:Morchella esculentoides
776:previously proposed by
699:Early taxonomic history
396:molecular phylogenetics
337:cooks, particularly in
333:. Morels are prized by
9044:(Iberian agroforestry)
8282:Pacific mountain onion
7428:. conicopapyracea
7337:. septentrionalis
6884:. ophthalmosporum
6074:10.3390/toxins12080482
5881:YouTube Growing Morels
4786:Kuo, M. (March 2006).
4765:10.1006/emyc.1995.1027
4257:Documents Mycologiques
3928:Jacquetant E. (1984).
3525:10.1002/jat.2550110403
3113:the National Academies
2548:and others) exhibit a
2523:
2167:
2124:, while black morels (
2107:
2037:western North American
1996:on the cap ridges and
1818:Morchella norvegiensis
1486:Morchella purpurascens
1291:Morchella conifericola
1075:Morchella brunneorosea
962:Morchella conifericola
793:Morchella purpurascens
549:
32:Morel (disambiguation)
9064:Indian forest produce
8535:Hydnocarpus wightiana
7827:. digitaliformis
7628:. pseudovulgaris
7398:. anteridiformis
6734:. ferruginascens
6398:Carluccio A. (2003).
6371:Kingsolver, Barbara.
6176:Arora, David (1986).
6143:"Lead and arsenic in
5477:Morchella rufobrunnea
5473:Morchella rufobrunnea
5471:Loizides M. (2011). "
5144:from northern Israel"
5142:Morchella rufobrunnea
4753:Experimental Mycology
4542:Morchella arbutiphila
4390:Morchella australiana
3815:Loizides, M. (2017).
2792:Vitamins and minerals
2514:
2471:Hypholoma fasciculare
2282:Quaternary glaciation
2162:
2101:
1965:Morchella rufobrunnea
1553:Morchella varisiensis
1465:Morchella populiphila
1444:Morchella laurentiana
1373:Morchella septimelata
1277:Morchella australiana
1270:Morchella arbutiphila
1263:Morchella angusticeps
1046:Morchella claviformis
1040:Morchella californica
1015:Morchella rufobrunnea
944:Morchella arbutiphila
920:Morchella laurentiana
875:Morchella australiana
865:Morchella rufobrunnea
783:Morchella angusticeps
539:
321:). These distinctive
8307:Bare-toothed russula
7468:. guatemalensis
7043:. sceptriformis
6542:Burnett GT. (1835).
5958:Smithsonian Magazine
5751:Mycological Research
5370:Lincoff GH. (1981).
5275:Current Microbiology
4550:Mycological Progress
4289:Persoon CH. (1818).
4066:Mycological Progress
4050:Morchella tridentina
3645:100 Edible Mushrooms
3310:, they are known as
3255:Boyne City, Michigan
2679:Morel mushrooms, raw
2516:Morchella semilibera
2355:(strawberry trees),
2174:exhibit continental
1874:Morchella rigidoides
1825:Morchella patagonica
1811:Morchella neuwirthii
1797:Morchella meiliensis
1790:Morchella intermedia
1727:Morchella deqinensis
1644:Morchella tridentina
1521:Morchella semilibera
1451:Morchella magnispora
1427:Morchella kakiicolor
1382:Morchella eximioides
1367:Morchella carbonaria
1315:Morchella disparilis
1226:Morchella anthracina
1188:Morchella steppicola
1179:Morchella virginiana
1111:Morchella andalusiae
1090:Morchella diminutiva
1006:Morchella lanceolata
974:Morchella magnispora
950:Morchella disparilis
908:Morchella kakiicolor
902:Morchella tridentina
832:About 80 species of
751:Morchella semilibera
8918:musical instruments
8176:Woodland strawberry
7887:. helvelloides
7578:. norvegiensis
7317:. purpurascens
7137:. conifericola
6874:. carthusianum
6488:Lincoff G. (2011).
6455:bcmorelfestival.com
6145:Morchella esculenta
5793:Geopyxis carbonaria
5712:2010Mycor..20..217T
5669:2000Mycor...9..279D
5325:Morchella anatolica
5058:2005ODivE...5..101K
5037:Morchella esculenta
4918:Morchella tomentosa
4661:Morchella esculenta
4562:2016MycPr..15...39L
4470:Morchella eohespera
4437:Morchella fluvialis
4343:Morchella anatolica
4311:Morchella tomentosa
4274:Boudier E. (1910).
4199:Systema Mycologicum
4078:2015MycPr..14...13L
3782:"The complexity of
3716:1970BotRv..36...91K
3577:2003Txcn...42..339K
3509:Gyromitra esculenta
2879:Pantothenic acid (B
2680:
2612:The consumption of
2379:(apple trees), and
2271:M. rufobrunnea
2229:M. rufobrunnea
2217:M. populiphila
2138:M. rufobrunnea
2136:, and occasionally
2113:Morchella esculenta
2085:Northern Hemisphere
2073:Mediterranean basin
2064:M. rufobrunnea
2055:Morchella anatolica
1989:Morchella tomentosa
1930:Morchella vaporaria
1895:Morchella tasmanica
1881:Morchella smithiana
1839:Morchella pragensis
1804:Morchella miyabeana
1776:Morchella hungarica
1762:Morchella hortensis
1748:Morchella herediana
1720:Morchella crassipes
1706:Morchella bicostata
1664:Morchella elatoides
1658:Morchella frustrata
1637:Morchella tomentosa
1623:Morchella sextelata
1479:Morchella punctipes
1472:Morchella pulchella
1420:Morchella importuna
1406:Morchella feekensis
1389:Morchella exuberans
1346:Morchella eohespera
1298:Morchella deliciosa
1244:Morchella spongiola
1157:Morchella palazonii
1143:Morchella fluvialis
1120:Morchella esculenta
1067:Morchella castaneae
1032:Morchella americana
998:Morchella anatolica
968:Morchella feekensis
930:Morchella eohespera
914:Morchella palazonii
889:Morchella fluvialis
851:Morchella anatolica
845:Morchella tomentosa
745:Morchella deliciosa
713:Morchella esculenta
676:species are highly
612:Gyromitra esculenta
590:Gyromitra esculenta
586:monomethylhydrazine
559:Gyromitra esculenta
542:Gyromitra esculenta
406:and provincialism.
383:Morchella esculenta
351:Northern Hemisphere
174:Morchella esculenta
7917:. morchellula
7907:. krombholzii
7867:. fulvocincta
7287:. populiphila
7257:. laurentiana
7117:. australiana
7107:. arbutiphila
7097:. angusticeps
6929:. rufobrunnea
6744:. maturescens
6587:2020-11-11 at the
6341:Wright J. (2007).
5677:10.1007/PL00009992
5438:Morchella galilaea
4196:Fries EM. (1822).
3724:10.1007/bf02858958
3488:www.britannica.com
3246:In popular culture
3074:Other constituents
2524:
2463:Amanita phalloides
2277:M. tridentina
2253:M. tridentina
2247:M. steppicola
2235:M. semilibera
2168:
2133:Morchella galilaea
2120:trees rather than
2108:
1909:Morchella tibetica
1783:Morchella inamoena
1769:Morchella hotsonii
1589:Mitrophora hybrida
1397:Morchella capitata
1238:Morchella robiniae
1212:Morchella vulgaris
1203:Morchella cryptica
1150:Morchella galilaea
1097:Morchella dunensis
1058:Morchella populina
956:Morchella dunensis
953:, and resurrected
761:Morchella vulgaris
716:designated as the
550:
464:Morels resemble a
444:. You can help by
417:, taxonomical and
9351:
9350:
9336:Open Tree of Life
9136:Taxon identifiers
9127:
9126:
7996:
7995:
7937:. perpusilla
7897:. indigocola
7847:. ferruginea
7807:. chicoensis
7747:
7746:
7658:. rigidoides
7588:. patagonica
7568:. neuwirthii
7548:. meiliensis
7538:. intermedia
7448:. deqinensis
7377:. tridentina
7327:. semilibera
7267:. magnispora
7247:. kakiicolor
7207:. eximioides
7157:. disparilis
7053:. steppicola
6973:. diminutiva
6789:. macrospora
6699:. terrestris
6689:. phragmitis
6564:on Ascomycete.org
6528:978-1-136-53817-9
6501:978-1-61058-099-1
6409:978-1-84400-040-1
6302:978-1-85793-632-2
6293:A Provencal Table
6291:Olney R. (1995).
6258:978-0-309-48834-1
6041:978-0-88192-586-9
5901:Repin C. (1901).
5791:) and pixie cup (
5634:978-0-85198-786-6
5594:Morchella rotunda
5232:(9–10): 755–763.
4645:10.25664/art-0291
4626:Morchella iberica
4228:Peck CH. (1879).
4213:Gray SF. (1821).
3688:978-0-472-03036-1
3660:978-0-472-03126-9
3386:Yellow morels in
3159:ultraviolet light
3119:
3118:
3064:
3063:
2596:Agaricus bisporus
2545:M. tomentosa
2539:M. importuna
2241:M. sextelata
2223:M. pulchella
2211:M. importuna
2199:M. exuberans
2187:M. eohespera
2181:M. americana
2142:Pacific Northwest
2102:Yellow morels in
2060:M. anatolica
1977:M. esculenta
1971:M. anatolica
1916:Morchella umbrina
1888:Morchella sulcata
1860:Morchella rielana
1846:Morchella procera
1755:Morchella hetieri
1734:Morchella distans
1699:Morchella apicata
1630:Morchella snyderi
1601:Ptychoverpa gigas
1583:Phallus crassipes
1541:Morchella hybrida
1413:Morchella iberica
1322:Morchella dunalii
1284:Morchella brunnea
1220:Morchella acerina
1195:Morchella ulmaria
462:
461:
287:
286:
281:
265:
254:
246:
235:
224:
160:
56:A black morel in
16:(Redirected from
9381:
9374:Pezizales genera
9344:
9343:
9331:
9330:
9321:
9320:
9308:
9307:
9305:NHMSYS0001489911
9295:
9294:
9282:
9281:
9269:
9268:
9256:
9255:
9243:
9242:
9230:
9229:
9217:
9216:
9204:
9203:
9191:
9190:
9178:
9177:
9176:
9163:
9162:
9161:
9131:
9115:
9114:
9105:
9104:
9079:Resin extraction
9069:Mushroom hunting
9045:
8791: / etc.
8645:
8538:
8373:Saffron milk cap
8363:Parasol mushroom
8203:Fiddlehead ferns
8023:
8016:
8009:
8000:
7986:
7976:
7966:
7956:
7946:
7936:
7926:
7916:
7906:
7896:
7886:
7876:
7866:
7857:. formosana
7856:
7846:
7836:
7826:
7816:
7806:
7796:
7786:
7776:
7766:
7738:. vaporaria
7737:
7727:
7717:
7707:
7697:
7688:. tasmanica
7687:
7677:
7668:. smithiana
7667:
7657:
7647:
7637:
7627:
7617:
7608:. pragensis
7607:
7597:
7587:
7577:
7567:
7558:. miyabeana
7557:
7547:
7537:
7527:
7518:. hungarica
7517:
7507:
7498:. hortensis
7497:
7487:
7478:. herediana
7477:
7467:
7457:
7447:
7438:. crassipes
7437:
7427:
7418:. bicostata
7417:
7407:
7397:
7376:
7367:. tomentosa
7366:
7356:
7347:. sextelata
7346:
7336:
7326:
7316:
7307:. punctipes
7306:
7297:. pulchella
7296:
7286:
7276:
7266:
7256:
7246:
7237:. importuna
7236:
7227:. feekensis
7226:
7217:. exuberans
7216:
7206:
7196:
7187:. eohespera
7186:
7176:
7166:
7156:
7147:. deliciosa
7146:
7136:
7126:
7116:
7106:
7096:
7072:
7062:
7052:
7042:
7032:
7023:. palazonii
7022:
7012:
7003:. fluvialis
7002:
6993:. esculenta
6992:
6982:
6972:
6963:. castaneae
6962:
6953:. americana
6952:
6928:
6919:. anatolica
6918:
6902:
6883:
6873:
6848:
6823:
6799:. subcaulis
6798:
6788:
6763:
6754:. rufescens
6753:
6743:
6733:
6709:. tillettei
6708:
6698:
6688:
6679:. palmicola
6678:
6669:. micheneri
6668:
6658:
6648:
6618:
6611:
6604:
6595:
6577:Field and Stream
6550:
6549:
6539:
6533:
6532:
6512:
6506:
6505:
6485:
6479:
6478:
6471:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6461:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6395:
6389:
6383:
6377:
6376:
6368:
6357:
6356:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6313:
6307:
6306:
6288:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6173:
6162:
6161:
6151:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6103:
6097:
6096:
6086:
6076:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6034:. Timber Press.
6027:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6014:
5999:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5949:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5928:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5898:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5864:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5784:
5775:
5774:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5695:
5689:
5688:
5648:
5639:
5638:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5557:(6): 1351–1368.
5541:
5535:
5534:
5524:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5414:
5382:
5376:
5375:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5320:
5307:
5306:
5281:(4): 1245–1252.
5266:
5260:
5259:
5249:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5178:
5167:
5166:
5148:
5135:
5126:
5125:
5093:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5074:
5068:. Archived from
5043:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5013:
4995:
4982:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4963:
4957:. Archived from
4933:(5): 1082–1088.
4924:
4911:
4900:
4899:
4859:
4848:
4847:
4815:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4529:
4510:
4509:
4465:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4321:
4304:
4295:
4294:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4193:
4184:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4130:(5): 1159–1177.
4111:
4098:
4097:
4045:
4028:
4027:
4017:
3989:
3966:
3965:
3949:
3934:
3933:
3925:
3916:
3915:
3903:
3894:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3812:
3801:
3800:
3790:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3704:Botanical Review
3699:
3693:
3692:
3674:
3665:
3664:
3648:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3455:
3440:Fungi portal
3438:
3437:
3436:
3414:
3403:British Columbia
3401:Black morels in
3398:
3383:
3351:vernacular name
3288:hickory chickens
3275:Vernacular names
3264:Canterbury Tales
3259:Geoffrey Chaucer
2964:
2915:
2899:
2882:
2865:
2848:
2831:
2821:
2788:
2681:
2644:levels of toxic
2479:Amanita muscaria
2205:M. galilaea
2165:Washington state
1902:Morchella tatari
1867:Morchella rigida
1832:Morchella patula
1607:Helvella hybrida
1547:Morchella undosa
1500:Morchella conica
1353:Morchella eximia
1330:Morchella fallax
1306:Morchella conica
1232:Morchella lepida
817:Morchella conica
807:Morchella eximia
800:as a variety of
526:
517:
508:
499:
490:
481:
457:
454:
436:
429:
353:, in particular
275:
260:
252:
241:
234:ex Adans. (1763)
230:
219:
147:
73:
72:
51:
39:
21:
9389:
9388:
9384:
9383:
9382:
9380:
9379:
9378:
9354:
9353:
9352:
9347:
9339:
9334:
9326:
9324:
9316:
9311:
9303:
9298:
9290:
9285:
9277:
9272:
9264:
9259:
9251:
9246:
9238:
9233:
9225:
9220:
9212:
9207:
9199:
9194:
9186:
9181:
9172:
9171:
9166:
9157:
9156:
9151:
9138:
9128:
9123:
9093:
9043:
9028:
9019:Vegetable ivory
8891:
8779:
8691:
8639:
8532:
8494:
8476:
8410:
8392:
8358:Oyster mushroom
8348:Meadow mushroom
8293:
8277:Twincrest onion
8180:
8084:
8067:
8038:Animal products
8032:
8027:
7997:
7992:
7987:. speciosa
7787:. bohemica
7767:. atroalba
7743:
7708:. tibetica
7528:. inamoena
7508:. hotsonii
7382:
7078:
7073:. vulgaris
7013:. galilaea
6983:. dunensis
6934:
6889:
6854:
6829:
6824:. gigantea
6804:
6769:
6714:
6659:. cristata
6629:
6622:
6589:Wayback Machine
6582:Colorado Morels
6558:
6553:
6541:
6540:
6536:
6529:
6514:
6513:
6509:
6502:
6487:
6486:
6482:
6473:
6472:
6468:
6459:
6457:
6449:
6448:
6444:
6422:
6421:
6417:
6410:
6397:
6396:
6392:
6384:
6380:
6370:
6369:
6360:
6353:
6340:
6339:
6335:
6328:
6315:
6314:
6310:
6303:
6290:
6289:
6285:
6276:
6274:
6259:
6243:
6242:
6238:
6229:
6227:
6210:
6209:
6205:
6190:
6175:
6174:
6165:
6149:
6140:
6139:
6135:
6120:10.2307/3756634
6105:
6104:
6100:
6054:
6053:
6049:
6042:
6029:
6028:
6021:
6012:
6010:
6008:The Independent
6001:
6000:
5996:
5987:
5985:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5962:
5960:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5937:
5935:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5916:
5914:
5900:
5899:
5895:
5886:
5884:
5875:
5872:Wayback Machine
5865:
5858:
5849:
5847:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5786:
5785:
5778:
5748:
5747:
5743:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5650:
5649:
5642:
5635:
5622:
5621:
5617:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5543:
5542:
5538:
5526:
5525:
5516:
5507:
5505:
5497:
5496:
5492:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5457:10.5248/130.215
5433:
5432:
5428:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5322:
5321:
5310:
5268:
5267:
5263:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5180:
5179:
5170:
5146:
5137:
5136:
5129:
5095:
5094:
5087:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5041:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5011:10.1.1.542.4063
4993:
4984:
4983:
4976:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4922:
4913:
4912:
4903:
4861:
4860:
4851:
4817:
4816:
4801:
4792:
4790:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4718:10.2307/3760589
4697:
4696:
4692:
4677:10.2307/3759851
4658:
4657:
4653:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4609:10.5248/131.467
4590:
4589:
4585:
4531:
4530:
4513:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4456:
4452:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4319:
4307:Kuo M. (2008).
4306:
4305:
4298:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4195:
4194:
4187:
4182:
4178:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4113:
4112:
4101:
4047:
4046:
4031:
3991:
3990:
3969:
3951:
3950:
3937:
3927:
3926:
3919:
3905:
3904:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3814:
3813:
3804:
3788:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3759:10.2307/3758070
3744:
3743:
3739:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3677:Kuo M. (2005).
3676:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3641:Kuo M. (2007).
3640:
3639:
3635:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3492:
3490:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3468:
3466:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3406:
3399:
3390:
3384:
3330:sponge mushroom
3277:
3248:
3171:
3102:
3097:
3055:
3042:
3029:
3016:
3003:
2990:
2977:
2965:
2935:
2922:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2880:
2872:
2863:
2855:
2846:
2838:
2829:
2822:
2793:
2782:
2777:
2758:
2753:
2714:
2709:
2676:
2667:Morchella elata
2658:
2610:
2579:
2509:
2373:(olive trees),
2292:The ecology of
2290:
2163:Black morel in
2157:
2110:Yellow morels (
2081:
1940:
1935:
1687:
1577:Phallus undosus
1529:Morchella gigas
1339:Morchella elata
1258:
1164:Morchella prava
1027:
993:
830:
731:Morchella elata
701:
683:Morchella elata
666:
534:
532:Similar species
527:
518:
509:
500:
491:
482:
458:
452:
449:
442:needs expansion
427:
415:biogeographical
188:
183:) Pers. :
177:
146:
67:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9387:
9385:
9377:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9356:
9355:
9349:
9348:
9346:
9345:
9332:
9322:
9309:
9296:
9283:
9270:
9257:
9244:
9231:
9218:
9205:
9192:
9179:
9164:
9148:
9146:
9140:
9139:
9134:
9125:
9124:
9122:
9121:
9109:
9098:
9095:
9094:
9092:
9091:
9086:
9084:Rubber tapping
9081:
9076:
9071:
9066:
9061:
9056:
9050:Forest farming
9047:
9036:
9034:
9030:
9029:
9027:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9005:
9004:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8973:
8972:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8926:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8905:
8899:
8897:
8893:
8892:
8890:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8878:
8877:
8872:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8811:
8810:
8800:
8794:
8792:
8781:
8780:
8778:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8701:
8699:
8693:
8692:
8690:
8689:
8686:Vateria indica
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:Shorea robusta
8635:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8528:
8523:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8497:
8495:
8493:
8492:
8487:
8481:
8478:
8477:
8475:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8413:
8411:
8409:
8408:
8403:
8397:
8394:
8393:
8391:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8334:
8332:Honey mushroom
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8303:
8301:
8295:
8294:
8292:
8291:
8290:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8243:
8242:
8237:
8227:
8226:
8225:
8215:
8213:Mahuwa flowers
8210:
8205:
8200:
8194:
8192:
8182:
8181:
8179:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8087:
8085:
8083:
8082:
8072:
8069:
8068:
8066:
8065:
8060:
8059:
8058:
8048:
8042:
8040:
8034:
8033:
8028:
8026:
8025:
8018:
8011:
8003:
7994:
7993:
7991:
7990:
7980:
7977:. sauteri
7970:
7967:. rugipes
7960:
7957:. pusilla
7950:
7947:. pusilla
7940:
7930:
7920:
7910:
7900:
7890:
7880:
7870:
7860:
7850:
7840:
7830:
7820:
7810:
7800:
7797:. candida
7790:
7780:
7777:. bispora
7770:
7759:
7757:
7749:
7748:
7745:
7744:
7742:
7741:
7731:
7721:
7718:. umbrina
7711:
7701:
7691:
7681:
7678:. sulcata
7671:
7661:
7651:
7641:
7638:. rielana
7631:
7621:
7618:. procera
7611:
7601:
7591:
7581:
7571:
7561:
7551:
7541:
7531:
7521:
7511:
7501:
7491:
7488:. hetieri
7481:
7471:
7461:
7458:. distans
7451:
7441:
7431:
7421:
7411:
7408:. apicata
7401:
7390:
7388:
7384:
7383:
7381:
7380:
7370:
7360:
7357:. snyderi
7350:
7340:
7330:
7320:
7310:
7300:
7290:
7280:
7270:
7260:
7250:
7240:
7230:
7220:
7210:
7200:
7190:
7180:
7170:
7167:. dunalii
7160:
7150:
7140:
7130:
7127:. brunnea
7120:
7110:
7100:
7089:
7087:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7076:
7066:
7063:. ulmaria
7056:
7046:
7036:
7026:
7016:
7006:
6996:
6986:
6976:
6966:
6956:
6945:
6943:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6932:
6922:
6911:
6909:
6899:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6887:
6877:
6866:
6864:
6856:
6855:
6853:
6852:
6849:. brunnea
6841:
6839:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6827:
6816:
6814:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6802:
6792:
6781:
6779:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6767:
6757:
6747:
6737:
6726:
6724:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6712:
6702:
6692:
6682:
6672:
6662:
6652:
6641:
6639:
6631:
6630:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6613:
6606:
6598:
6592:
6591:
6579:
6570:
6565:
6562:2000 Pezizales
6557:
6556:External links
6554:
6552:
6551:
6534:
6527:
6507:
6500:
6480:
6466:
6442:
6415:
6408:
6390:
6378:
6358:
6351:
6333:
6327:978-1856267397
6326:
6308:
6301:
6283:
6257:
6236:
6203:
6188:
6163:
6154:Fungi Magazine
6133:
6114:(5): 779–780.
6098:
6047:
6040:
6019:
5994:
5969:
5944:
5923:
5893:
5856:
5830:
5809:10.3852/08-096
5803:(4): 766–773.
5776:
5757:(3): 339–346.
5741:
5706:(4): 217–263.
5690:
5663:(5): 279–285.
5640:
5633:
5615:
5604:(2): 249–252.
5584:
5563:10.3852/12-056
5536:
5514:
5490:
5463:
5426:
5377:
5374:. p. 326.
5362:
5335:(3): 559–573.
5308:
5261:
5226:Fungal Biology
5212:
5193:(6): 455–469.
5168:
5127:
5108:(8): 672–682.
5100:) in Turkey".
5085:
5052:(2): 101–107.
5025:
4974:
4939:10.3852/09-294
4901:
4880:10.3852/11-180
4874:(2): 446–461.
4849:
4830:(3): 252–265.
4799:
4778:
4759:(3): 223–233.
4731:
4690:
4671:(2): 227–235.
4651:
4632:Ascomycete.org
4614:
4603:(2): 467–482.
4583:
4511:
4490:10.3852/15-149
4474:M. laurentiana
4472:and parochial
4460:
4450:
4427:
4406:10.3852/13-065
4400:(1): 113–118.
4380:
4359:10.3852/09-186
4353:(2): 455–468.
4333:
4315:M. rufobrunnea
4296:
4281:
4266:
4243:
4220:
4205:
4185:
4176:
4157:
4136:10.3852/11-375
4099:
4054:M. rufobrunnea
4029:
4015:10.3852/14-166
4008:(2): 359–382.
3994:"True morels (
3967:
3935:
3917:
3895:
3886:
3877:
3868:
3859:
3840:
3821:Field Mycology
3802:
3793:Fungi Magazine
3772:
3753:(5): 937–994.
3737:
3694:
3687:
3666:
3659:
3633:
3598:
3571:(4): 339–349.
3555:
3546:
3519:(4): 235–243.
3499:
3475:
3463:Dill. ex Pers"
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3391:
3385:
3378:
3312:molly moochers
3276:
3273:
3247:
3244:
3201:'flash frozen'
3170:
3167:
3117:
3116:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2959:
2954:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2918:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2868:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2824:
2823:
2816:
2811:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2675:
2672:
2664:Black morels (
2657:
2654:
2609:
2606:
2578:
2575:
2533:M. eximia
2508:
2505:
2289:
2286:
2193:M. eximia
2156:
2153:
2080:
2077:
2006:Western Europe
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1571:Eromitra gigas
1517:
1516:
1515:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1385:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1318:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1191:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1093:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1010:
1009:
992:
986:
985:
839:Index Fungorum
829:
828:Classification
826:
710:in 1794, with
700:
697:
665:
662:
661:
660:
629:
615:
609:
570:cardiac muscle
565:Verpa bohemica
533:
530:
529:
528:
521:
519:
512:
510:
503:
501:
494:
492:
485:
483:
476:
460:
459:
439:
437:
426:
423:
343:French cuisine
285:
284:
283:
282:
266:
255:
247:
236:
225:
211:
210:
204:
203:
197:
196:
190:
189:
178:
169:
168:
162:
161:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
61:
60:
53:
52:
44:
43:
27:Genus of fungi
26:
24:
18:Morel mushroom
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9386:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9361:
9359:
9342:
9337:
9333:
9329:
9323:
9319:
9314:
9310:
9306:
9301:
9297:
9293:
9288:
9284:
9280:
9275:
9271:
9267:
9262:
9258:
9254:
9249:
9245:
9241:
9236:
9232:
9228:
9223:
9219:
9215:
9210:
9206:
9202:
9197:
9193:
9189:
9184:
9180:
9175:
9169:
9165:
9160:
9154:
9150:
9149:
9147:
9145:
9141:
9137:
9132:
9120:
9119:
9110:
9108:
9100:
9099:
9096:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9059:Honey hunting
9057:
9055:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9042:
9038:
9037:
9035:
9031:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9003:
9000:
8999:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8971:
8968:
8967:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8910:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8900:
8898:
8894:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8867:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8815:Coconut sugar
8813:
8809:
8806:
8805:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8786:
8782:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8702:
8700:
8698:
8694:
8688:
8687:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8618:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8498:
8496:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8482:
8479:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8414:
8412:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8398:
8395:
8389:
8388:Yellow knight
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8378:Slippery jack
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8304:
8302:
8300:
8296:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8259:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8232:
8231:
8228:
8224:
8221:
8220:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8208:Heart of palm
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8195:
8193:
8191:
8187:
8186:Edible plants
8183:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8151:Juniper berry
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8088:
8086:
8081:
8077:
8074:
8073:
8070:
8064:
8061:
8057:
8054:
8053:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8043:
8041:
8039:
8035:
8031:
8024:
8019:
8017:
8012:
8010:
8005:
8004:
8001:
7989:
7988:
7981:
7979:
7978:
7971:
7969:
7968:
7961:
7959:
7958:
7951:
7949:
7948:
7941:
7939:
7938:
7931:
7929:
7928:
7927:. patula
7921:
7919:
7918:
7911:
7909:
7908:
7901:
7899:
7898:
7891:
7889:
7888:
7881:
7879:
7878:
7877:. grisea
7871:
7869:
7868:
7861:
7859:
7858:
7851:
7849:
7848:
7841:
7839:
7838:
7831:
7829:
7828:
7821:
7819:
7818:
7817:. conica
7811:
7809:
7808:
7801:
7799:
7798:
7791:
7789:
7788:
7781:
7779:
7778:
7771:
7769:
7768:
7761:
7760:
7758:
7756:
7755:
7750:
7740:
7739:
7732:
7730:
7729:
7722:
7720:
7719:
7712:
7710:
7709:
7702:
7700:
7699:
7698:. tatari
7692:
7690:
7689:
7682:
7680:
7679:
7672:
7670:
7669:
7662:
7660:
7659:
7652:
7650:
7649:
7648:. rigida
7642:
7640:
7639:
7632:
7630:
7629:
7622:
7620:
7619:
7612:
7610:
7609:
7602:
7600:
7599:
7598:. patula
7592:
7590:
7589:
7582:
7580:
7579:
7572:
7570:
7569:
7562:
7560:
7559:
7552:
7550:
7549:
7542:
7540:
7539:
7532:
7530:
7529:
7522:
7520:
7519:
7512:
7510:
7509:
7502:
7500:
7499:
7492:
7490:
7489:
7482:
7480:
7479:
7472:
7470:
7469:
7462:
7460:
7459:
7452:
7450:
7449:
7442:
7440:
7439:
7432:
7430:
7429:
7422:
7420:
7419:
7412:
7410:
7409:
7402:
7400:
7399:
7392:
7391:
7389:
7385:
7379:
7378:
7371:
7369:
7368:
7361:
7359:
7358:
7351:
7349:
7348:
7341:
7339:
7338:
7331:
7329:
7328:
7321:
7319:
7318:
7311:
7309:
7308:
7301:
7299:
7298:
7291:
7289:
7288:
7281:
7279:
7278:
7271:
7269:
7268:
7261:
7259:
7258:
7251:
7249:
7248:
7241:
7239:
7238:
7231:
7229:
7228:
7221:
7219:
7218:
7211:
7209:
7208:
7201:
7199:
7198:
7197:. eximia
7191:
7189:
7188:
7181:
7179:
7178:
7171:
7169:
7168:
7161:
7159:
7158:
7151:
7149:
7148:
7141:
7139:
7138:
7131:
7129:
7128:
7121:
7119:
7118:
7111:
7109:
7108:
7101:
7099:
7098:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7081:
7075:
7074:
7067:
7065:
7064:
7057:
7055:
7054:
7047:
7045:
7044:
7037:
7035:
7034:
7027:
7025:
7024:
7017:
7015:
7014:
7007:
7005:
7004:
6997:
6995:
6994:
6987:
6985:
6984:
6977:
6975:
6974:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6957:
6955:
6954:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6942:
6937:
6931:
6930:
6923:
6921:
6920:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6908:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6897:
6892:
6886:
6885:
6878:
6876:
6875:
6868:
6867:
6865:
6863:
6862:
6857:
6851:
6850:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6838:
6837:
6832:
6826:
6825:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6807:
6801:
6800:
6793:
6791:
6790:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6778:
6777:
6772:
6766:
6765:
6764:. venosa
6758:
6756:
6755:
6748:
6746:
6745:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6723:
6722:
6717:
6711:
6710:
6703:
6701:
6700:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6683:
6681:
6680:
6673:
6671:
6670:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6649:. athrix
6643:
6642:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6636:Costantinella
6632:
6627:
6626:Morchellaceae
6619:
6614:
6612:
6607:
6605:
6600:
6599:
6596:
6590:
6586:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6555:
6547:
6546:
6538:
6535:
6530:
6524:
6520:
6519:
6511:
6508:
6503:
6497:
6493:
6492:
6484:
6481:
6476:
6470:
6467:
6456:
6452:
6446:
6443:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6419:
6416:
6411:
6405:
6401:
6394:
6391:
6387:
6382:
6379:
6374:
6367:
6365:
6363:
6359:
6354:
6352:9780747589327
6348:
6344:
6337:
6334:
6329:
6323:
6319:
6312:
6309:
6304:
6298:
6294:
6287:
6284:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6254:
6250:
6249:
6240:
6237:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6207:
6204:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6189:0-89815-170-8
6185:
6181:
6180:
6172:
6170:
6168:
6164:
6159:
6155:
6148:
6146:
6137:
6134:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6102:
6099:
6094:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6051:
6048:
6043:
6037:
6033:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6009:
6005:
5998:
5995:
5984:
5980:
5973:
5970:
5959:
5955:
5948:
5945:
5933:
5927:
5924:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5897:
5894:
5882:
5878:
5873:
5869:
5863:
5861:
5857:
5846:on 2011-09-28
5845:
5841:
5834:
5831:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5745:
5742:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5694:
5691:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5636:
5630:
5626:
5619:
5616:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5588:
5585:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5540:
5537:
5532:
5531:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5515:
5504:
5500:
5494:
5491:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5467:
5464:
5458:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5439:
5430:
5427:
5422:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5381:
5378:
5373:
5366:
5363:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5265:
5262:
5257:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5216:
5213:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5145:
5143:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5075:on 2011-07-19
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5040:
5038:
5029:
5026:
5021:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4992:
4990:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4964:on 2011-07-20
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4921:
4919:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4789:
4782:
4779:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4732:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4712:(6): 762–72.
4711:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4694:
4691:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4655:
4652:
4646:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4627:
4618:
4615:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4587:
4584:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4546:M. disparilis
4543:
4539:
4535:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4464:
4461:
4454:
4451:
4447:(2): 251–260.
4446:
4442:
4438:
4431:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4381:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4337:
4334:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4285:
4282:
4277:
4270:
4267:
4262:
4259:(in French).
4258:
4254:
4247:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4224:
4221:
4216:
4209:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4177:
4172:
4169:(in German).
4168:
4161:
4158:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4119:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4058:M. kakiicolor
4055:
4051:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3963:
3960:(in French).
3959:
3955:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3841:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3787:
3785:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3710:(2): 91–161.
3709:
3705:
3698:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3646:
3637:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3614:(1): 85–104.
3613:
3609:
3602:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3503:
3500:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3464:
3462:
3454:
3451:
3445:
3441:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3392:
3389:
3382:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3308:West Virginia
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3269:North America
3266:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3236:grizzly bears
3233:
3228:
3225:
3224:insect larvae
3221:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3123:carbohydrates
3114:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3059:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2917:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2884:
2876:
2869:
2867:
2859:
2852:
2850:
2845:Riboflavin (B
2842:
2835:
2833:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2730:Dietary fiber
2727:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:Carbohydrates
2701:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2662:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2638:lead arsenate
2635:
2629:
2627:
2626:upset stomach
2623:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2562:Alkaline soil
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2449:(remnants of
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2415:(cottonwood)
2414:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2403:(larch), and
2402:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2317:Mediterranean
2314:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2258:introductions
2255:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2161:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2127:M. elata
2123:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2105:
2104:West Virginia
2100:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1983:M. elata
1979:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1952:North America
1949:
1945:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1565:Phallus gigas
1561:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
1001:
1000:
999:
995:
994:
991:
987:
984:
982:
981:
976:
975:
970:
969:
964:
963:
958:
957:
952:
951:
946:
945:
940:
939:Mediterranean
936:
932:
931:
926:
922:
921:
916:
915:
910:
909:
904:
903:
897:
895:
891:
890:
885:
881:
877:
876:
871:
870:North America
867:
866:
861:
858:species from
857:
853:
852:
847:
846:
841:
840:
835:
827:
825:
823:
819:
818:
813:
809:
808:
803:
799:
795:
794:
789:
785:
784:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
762:
757:
753:
752:
747:
746:
741:
737:
733:
732:
727:
726:Émile Boudier
723:
719:
715:
714:
709:
705:
698:
696:
693:
689:
685:
684:
679:
675:
671:
663:
658:
655:species from
654:
653:
648:
647:
642:
641:
636:
635:
630:
627:
626:
621:
620:
616:
613:
610:
607:
606:
602:
601:
600:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
580:, an organic
579:
575:
571:
567:
566:
561:
560:
555:
548:
544:
543:
538:
531:
525:
520:
516:
511:
507:
502:
498:
493:
489:
484:
480:
475:
473:
471:
467:
456:
453:November 2023
447:
443:
440:This section
438:
435:
431:
430:
424:
422:
420:
419:nomenclatural
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
355:North America
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
317:
313:
310:in the order
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:
279:
274:
270:
267:
263:
259:
256:
251:
248:
244:
240:
237:
233:
229:
226:
222:
218:
217:Phalloboletus
215:
214:
212:
209:
205:
202:
198:
195:
191:
186:
182:
176:
175:
170:
167:
163:
158:
154:
150:
145:
144:
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:Morchellaceae
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
112:Pezizomycetes
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
71:
66:
62:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
9369:Edible fungi
9143:
9116:
9089:Wildcrafting
9074:Naval stores
9052: /
9040:
9009:Tendu leaves
8965:Natural dyes
8835:Gutta-percha
8787: /
8725:Frankincense
8685:
8641:
8598:Mango butter
8543:Cocoa butter
8534:
8531:Chaulmoogra
8501:Allanblackia
8432:Black pepper
8352:
8317:Birch bolete
8267:Canada onion
8252:Wild ginseng
8247:Saw palmetto
8188: /
8078: /
7982:
7972:
7962:
7952:
7942:
7932:
7922:
7912:
7902:
7892:
7882:
7872:
7862:
7852:
7842:
7837:. dubia
7832:
7822:
7812:
7802:
7792:
7782:
7772:
7762:
7752:
7733:
7723:
7713:
7703:
7693:
7683:
7673:
7663:
7653:
7643:
7633:
7623:
7613:
7603:
7593:
7583:
7573:
7563:
7553:
7543:
7533:
7523:
7513:
7503:
7493:
7483:
7473:
7463:
7453:
7443:
7433:
7423:
7413:
7403:
7393:
7372:
7362:
7352:
7342:
7332:
7322:
7312:
7302:
7292:
7282:
7272:
7262:
7252:
7242:
7232:
7222:
7212:
7202:
7192:
7182:
7177:. elata
7172:
7162:
7152:
7142:
7132:
7122:
7112:
7102:
7092:
7084:
7068:
7058:
7048:
7038:
7033:. prava
7028:
7018:
7008:
6998:
6988:
6978:
6968:
6958:
6948:
6940:
6924:
6914:
6906:
6895:
6894:
6879:
6869:
6859:
6844:
6834:
6819:
6809:
6794:
6784:
6774:
6759:
6749:
6739:
6729:
6719:
6704:
6694:
6684:
6674:
6664:
6654:
6644:
6634:
6576:
6544:
6537:
6517:
6510:
6490:
6483:
6469:
6458:. Retrieved
6454:
6445:
6428:
6424:
6418:
6399:
6393:
6381:
6372:
6342:
6336:
6317:
6311:
6292:
6286:
6275:. Retrieved
6247:
6239:
6228:. Retrieved
6219:
6206:
6178:
6157:
6153:
6144:
6136:
6111:
6107:
6101:
6064:
6060:
6050:
6031:
6011:. Retrieved
6007:
5997:
5986:. Retrieved
5982:
5972:
5961:. Retrieved
5957:
5947:
5936:. Retrieved
5934:. 2021-11-16
5926:
5915:. Retrieved
5910:
5906:
5896:
5885:. Retrieved
5883:. 2019-11-08
5880:
5868:Ghostarchive
5866:Archived at
5848:. Retrieved
5844:the original
5833:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5703:
5699:
5693:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5624:
5618:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5587:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5539:
5529:
5506:. Retrieved
5502:
5493:
5484:
5483:(in Greek).
5481:Μυκητολόγος
5480:
5476:
5472:
5466:
5447:
5443:
5437:
5429:
5397:(2): 78–85.
5394:
5390:
5380:
5371:
5365:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5264:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5157:(2): 45–55.
5154:
5150:
5141:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5077:. Retrieved
5070:the original
5049:
5045:
5036:
5028:
5004:(2): 62–68.
5001:
4997:
4988:
4966:. Retrieved
4959:the original
4930:
4926:
4917:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4791:. Retrieved
4781:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4709:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4638:(1): 11–18.
4635:
4631:
4625:
4617:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4484:(1): 31–37.
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4463:
4453:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4430:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4327:
4323:
4314:
4310:
4290:
4284:
4275:
4269:
4260:
4256:
4253:Les morilles
4252:
4246:
4237:
4233:
4223:
4214:
4208:
4198:
4179:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3930:Les Morilles
3929:
3911:
3907:
3889:
3880:
3871:
3862:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3827:(2): 42–53.
3824:
3820:
3796:
3792:
3783:
3775:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3678:
3644:
3636:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3549:
3516:
3512:
3511:—a review".
3508:
3502:
3491:. Retrieved
3487:
3478:
3467:. Retrieved
3460:
3453:
3367:
3363:
3361:
3356:
3355:, refers to
3352:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3284:dryland fish
3283:
3279:
3278:
3262:
3252:
3249:
3239:
3229:
3218:
3198:
3194:thermolabile
3186:edible fungi
3175:
3172:
3141:(94% of the
3120:
3078:
3073:
2961:
2956:
2949:
2818:
2813:
2806:
2772:
2748:
2704:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2630:
2613:
2611:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2569:and often a
2543:
2537:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2515:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2483:false morels
2478:
2470:
2467:sulphur tuft
2462:
2434:Liriodendron
2432:
2431:(sycamore),
2426:
2420:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2361:(chestnut),
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2312:
2310:
2293:
2291:
2275:
2269:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2171:
2169:
2146:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2111:
2109:
2082:
2068:M. anatolica
2067:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2046:
2040:
2030:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1944:phylogenetic
1941:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1519:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1433:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1395:
1387:
1380:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1328:
1320:
1313:
1304:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1210:
1201:
1193:
1186:
1177:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1132:
1126:
1118:
1109:
1103:
1095:
1088:
1079:
1073:
1065:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1030:
1023:
1013:
1004:
996:
989:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
928:
918:
912:
906:
900:
898:
887:
873:
863:
849:
843:
837:
833:
831:
822:illegitimate
815:
805:
801:
791:
788:Charles Peck
781:
774:M. esculenta
773:
769:
759:
749:
743:
729:
718:type species
711:
703:
702:
692:synonymities
681:
673:
670:fruit bodies
667:
656:
650:
644:
638:
632:
631:The caps of
623:
617:
611:
603:
598:
589:
582:carcinogenic
563:
557:
554:false morels
551:
540:
463:
450:
446:adding to it
441:
411:phylogenetic
408:
399:
381:
380:Typified by
379:
295:
290:
289:
288:
272:
268:
257:
249:
238:
227:
216:
200:
172:
166:Type species
142:
141:
36:
9261:iNaturalist
9168:Wikispecies
9024:Willow bark
8855:Maple syrup
8850:Maple sugar
8825:Fruit syrup
8808:chewing gum
8798:Birch syrup
8655:Shea butter
8327:Chanterelle
8272:Crow garlic
8262:Bear garlic
8257:Wild onions
8235:filé powder
8156:Lingonberry
8141:Huckleberry
6907:Rufobrunnea
6160:(2): 11–18.
5450:: 215–221.
5247:11336/38473
4548:spp. nov".
3799:(2): 14–18.
3302:, based on
3205:baking tray
3143:Daily Value
2828:Thiamine (B
2577:Cultivation
2447:apple trees
2443:cottonwoods
2406:Pseudotsuga
2306:saprotrophs
2147:Efforts to
990:Rufobrunnea
882:forests in
880:sclerophyll
766:Samuel Gray
756:de Candolle
736:Elias Fries
678:polymorphic
640:V. bohemica
547:false morel
425:Description
392:mycologists
388:taxonomical
347:cultivation
296:true morels
273:Mitrophorae
253:Lév. (1846)
9358:Categories
8935:Birch beer
8930:Birch bark
8887:Spruce gum
8870:akpeteshie
8860:Palm sugar
8830:Gum arabic
8820:Date sugar
8770:Turpentine
8650:Sandalwood
8553:Eucalyptus
8548:Eucalyptol
8437:Brazil nut
8312:Bay bolete
8166:Strawberry
8121:Cocoa bean
8116:Breadfruit
8106:Blackberry
8080:tree fruit
6861:Leucangium
6776:Fischerula
6460:2018-08-10
6431:: 95–103.
6277:2024-06-21
6230:2024-03-28
6013:2024-04-22
5988:2024-03-17
5963:2022-07-12
5938:2022-07-12
5917:2010-03-21
5887:2019-11-11
5850:2009-05-26
5700:Mycorrhiza
5657:Mycorrhiza
5508:2024-03-31
5079:2011-03-15
4998:Mycologist
4968:2011-03-15
4793:2009-05-26
4663:complex".
4538:Ascomycota
4330:: 441–446.
3914:: 130–150.
3856:: 108–114.
3493:2024-05-01
3469:2014-12-11
3446:References
3419:Ben Shemen
3353:huhtasieni
3345:snakeheads
3163:B vitamins
3151:phosphorus
3023:Phosphorus
2642:accumulate
2550:pyrophilic
2475:fly agaric
2473:), or the
2445:, and old
2337:(poplar),
2302:endophytic
2024:, and the
2008:, Turkey,
1994:fine hairs
1948:phenotypic
1649:synonyms:
1526:synonyms:
1491:synonyms:
1358:synonyms:
1217:synonyms:
1125:synonyms:
1102:synonyms:
1072:synonyms:
1037:synonyms:
578:gyromitrin
319:Ascomycota
302:of edible
250:Mitrophora
102:Ascomycota
98:Division:
9364:Morchella
9174:Morchella
9144:Morchella
9054:gardening
9014:Thatching
8865:Palm wine
8710:Birch tar
8638:Sal-seed
8563:Japan wax
8516:Candlenut
8457:Malva nut
8422:Areca nut
8343:Matsutake
8299:Mushrooms
8240:root beer
8230:Sassafras
8218:Sago palm
8161:Raspberry
8146:Jackfruit
8111:Blueberry
8063:Wild game
7085:Distantes
6941:Morchella
6896:Morchella
6721:Disciotis
6108:Mycologia
5877:"YouTube"
5797:Mycologia
5789:Morchella
5653:Morchella
5551:Mycologia
5547:Morchella
5444:Mycotaxon
5357:232298567
5329:Mycologia
5271:Morchella
5222:Morchella
5183:Morchella
5163:1534-2581
5098:Morchella
5006:CiteSeerX
4989:Morchella
4927:Mycologia
4896:207685509
4868:Mycologia
4864:Morchella
4820:Morchella
4749:Disciotis
4741:Morchella
4705:Mycologia
4700:Morchella
4665:Mycologia
4597:Mycotaxon
4593:Morchella
4556:(4): 39.
4534:Pezizales
4478:Mycologia
4394:Mycologia
4347:Mycologia
4324:Mycotaxon
4173:: 63–128.
4124:Mycologia
4118:Morchella
4062:Distantes
4002:Mycologia
3996:Morchella
3954:Morchella
3784:Morchella
3747:Mycologia
3461:Morchella
3370:, an old
3364:Morchella
3341:haystacks
3280:Morchella
3178:Provençal
3165:(table).
3147:manganese
3129:, and 1%
3036:Potassium
3010:Manganese
2997:Magnesium
2929:Vitamin D
2912:Folate (B
2896:Vitamin B
2862:Niacin (B
2674:Nutrition
2614:Morchella
2601:sclerotia
2571:cash crop
2530:species (
2528:Morchella
2488:Gyromitra
2459:death cap
2455:phenology
2367:(alder),
2313:Morchella
2298:symbiotic
2294:Morchella
2262:dispersal
2172:Morchella
2149:cultivate
2118:deciduous
2048:Disciotis
2026:Himalayas
2022:Patagonia
1998:sclerotia
1938:Phylogeny
1432:synonym:
1394:synonym:
1327:synonym:
1303:synonym:
1255:Distantes
1200:synonym:
1176:synonym:
1024:Morchella
1003:synonym:
941:species,
884:Australia
834:Morchella
790:in 1887.
704:Morchella
674:Morchella
657:Morchella
646:V. conica
637:species (
619:Gyromitra
605:Gyromitra
574:poisoning
466:honeycomb
400:Morchella
367:Himalayas
327:honeycomb
312:Pezizales
308:cup fungi
304:sac fungi
291:Morchella
269:Morchella
143:Morchella
122:Pezizales
88:Kingdom:
82:Eukaryota
9287:MycoBank
9235:Fungorum
9188:60014573
9183:AusFungi
9153:Wikidata
9107:Category
8923:textiles
8755:Pine tar
8720:Creosote
8670:Tea-tree
8665:Tea-seed
8633:Pongamia
8623:Phulwara
8608:Nagkesar
8603:Murumuru
8578:Kpangnan
8526:Carnauba
8467:Pine nut
8452:Hazelnut
8442:Cinnamon
8427:Bay leaf
8417:Allspice
8339:(reishi)
8171:Tamarind
8136:Gambooge
8096:Bilberry
7083:Section
6939:Section
6905:Section
6836:Kalapuya
6585:Archived
6318:Mushroom
6271:Archived
6267:30844154
6224:Archived
6214:(2024).
6198:13702933
6093:32751277
6067:(8): 5.
5983:The Hill
5913:: 595–96
5870:and the
5825:28400225
5817:20648745
5771:17363234
5728:20191371
5685:36119264
5571:22802394
5487:: 10–13.
5421:30151316
5391:Mycology
5349:33734016
5295:21188589
5256:25209634
5207:22503770
5122:20580850
4947:20943507
4888:22123659
4844:20888422
4578:15163613
4506:21363047
4498:26553777
4422:42830021
4414:24603835
4375:34185312
4367:20361512
4152:45219627
4144:22495449
4094:16132175
4024:25550303
3732:11463562
3593:14505933
3427:See also
3421:, Israel
3405:, Canada
3337:mushroom
3325:Porifera
3304:folklore
3300:miracles
3292:Kentucky
3210:steaming
3135:calories
3079:Quantity
3017:0.587 mg
2991:12.18 mg
2957:Quantity
2951:Minerals
2906:0.136 mg
2873:2.252 mg
2856:0.205 mg
2839:0.069 mg
2814:Quantity
2808:Vitamins
2608:Toxicity
2567:delicacy
2558:wood ash
2526:Certain
2500:Helvella
2451:orchards
2428:Platanus
2422:Fraxinus
2417:riparian
2391:(pine),
2382:Fraxinus
2358:Castanea
2331:(pine),
2319:include
2266:lineages
2176:endemism
2122:conifers
2093:Pakistan
1253:Section
1022:Section
988:Section
802:M. elata
688:holotype
664:Taxonomy
404:endemism
375:Pakistan
316:division
239:Eromitra
208:Synonyms
155: :
128:Family:
78:Domain:
9279:1373763
9253:2594601
9159:Q371101
9118:Commons
9033:Related
8997:Tanbark
8992:Shellac
8982:Quinine
8955:Gambier
8875:ogogoro
8775:Varnish
8740:Lacquer
8730:Gamboge
8715:Camphor
8705:Benzoin
8615: (
8521:Capuacu
8506:Babassu
8472:Vanilla
8383:Truffle
8368:Red cap
8337:Lingzhi
8126:Coconut
8101:Binukaw
8076:Berries
6628:species
6624:Extant
6575:, from
6437:3873191
6128:3756634
6084:7472412
5736:3351967
5708:Bibcode
5665:Bibcode
5579:6740906
5412:6106076
5303:1394087
5054:Bibcode
4955:6103729
4773:7553270
4726:3760589
4685:3759851
4558:Bibcode
4074:Bibcode
3767:3758070
3712:Bibcode
3573:Bibcode
3565:Toxicon
3541:7994829
3533:1939997
3368:morchel
3349:Finnish
3320:muggles
3316:muggins
3296:merkels
3145:, DV),
3127:protein
3056:2.03 mg
2971:Calcium
2890:0.44 mg
2774:Protein
2650:arsenic
2520:Indiana
2465:), the
2425:(ash),
2412:Populus
2397:(fir),
2352:Arbutus
2349:(oak),
2346:Quercus
2343:(elm),
2334:Populus
2325:(fir),
2288:Ecology
2002:endemic
812:Boudier
798:Boudier
778:Persoon
588:(MMH).
339:Catalan
335:gourmet
325:have a
298:, is a
276:(Lév.)
258:Morilla
228:Boletus
194:Species
138:Genus:
118:Order:
108:Class:
9341:306159
9325:NZOR:
9227:1MRCHG
9041:Dehesa
9002:tannin
8987:Rattan
8950:Forage
8913:edible
8908:Bamboo
8903:Amadou
8882:Rubber
8803:Chicle
8745:Mastic
8697:Resins
8680:Ucuuba
8675:Tucuma
8660:Tamanu
8617:kernel
8588:Mafura
8558:Illipe
8511:Bacuri
8462:Nutmeg
8406:spices
8131:Durian
8091:Banana
6525:
6498:
6435:
6406:
6349:
6324:
6299:
6265:
6255:
6196:
6186:
6126:
6091:
6081:
6061:Toxins
6038:
5823:
5815:
5769:
5734:
5726:
5683:
5631:
5577:
5569:
5419:
5409:
5355:
5347:
5301:
5293:
5254:
5205:
5161:
5120:
5008:
4953:
4945:
4894:
4886:
4842:
4771:
4724:
4683:
4576:
4504:
4496:
4458:71–84.
4420:
4412:
4373:
4365:
4150:
4142:
4092:
4072:(13).
4056:, and
4022:
3765:
3730:
3685:
3679:Morels
3657:
3628:378111
3626:
3591:
3539:
3531:
3388:France
3372:German
3347:. The
3335:waffle
3294:; and
3220:Drying
3214:frying
3043:411 mg
3030:194 mg
2936:5.1 μg
2781:3.12 g
2757:0.57 g
2720:Sugars
2690:Energy
2250:, and
2091:, and
2031:Early
2014:Israel
2010:Cyprus
1960:clades
1956:Europe
1942:Early
935:Cyprus
925:Canada
860:Turkey
780:, and
740:Sweden
594:Poland
373:, and
365:, the
359:Turkey
294:, the
280:(1932)
278:S.Imai
271:sect.
264:(1886)
245:(1846)
232:Tourn.
223:(1763)
221:Adans.
187:(1801)
159:(1794)
58:Poland
42:Morel
9274:IRMNG
9266:56830
9214:19583
8970:henna
8945:Ferns
8896:Other
8845:Latex
8765:Rosin
8760:Pitch
8750:Myrrh
8735:Kauri
8593:Mahua
8583:Kusum
8573:Kombo
8568:Kokum
8490:waxes
8447:Clove
8353:Morel
8287:Ramps
8223:queen
8198:Betel
8190:roots
8051:Honey
7754:Verpa
6811:Imaia
6433:JSTOR
6425:Ursus
6150:(PDF)
6124:JSTOR
5821:S2CID
5732:S2CID
5681:S2CID
5575:S2CID
5549:)?".
5353:S2CID
5299:S2CID
5147:(PDF)
5073:(PDF)
5042:(PDF)
4994:(PDF)
4962:(PDF)
4951:S2CID
4923:(PDF)
4892:S2CID
4747:, and
4745:Verpa
4722:JSTOR
4681:JSTOR
4574:S2CID
4502:S2CID
4418:S2CID
4371:S2CID
4320:(PDF)
4240:: 44.
4148:S2CID
4090:S2CID
3789:(PDF)
3763:JSTOR
3728:S2CID
3651:55–58
3537:S2CID
3357:huhta
3343:, or
3318:, or
3190:pasta
3182:chefs
3125:, 3%
3085:Water
3004:19 mg
2978:43 mg
2734:2.8 g
2724:0.6 g
2713:5.1 g
2634:apple
2618:sushi
2494:Verpa
2400:Larix
2394:Abies
2388:Pinus
2376:Malus
2364:Alnus
2340:Ulmus
2328:Pinus
2322:Abies
2089:India
2042:Verpa
2018:China
923:from
894:Spain
878:from
856:basal
770:forma
652:Verpa
634:Verpa
625:Verpa
371:India
363:China
323:fungi
300:genus
262:Quél.
153:Pers.
149:Dill.
92:Fungi
9318:5193
9313:NCBI
9292:3268
9248:GBIF
9240:3268
9222:EPPO
9201:5V59
8977:Peat
8960:Moss
8940:Cork
8840:Kino
8628:Pilu
8613:Palm
8401:Nuts
8056:pine
8046:Furs
6523:ISBN
6496:ISBN
6404:ISBN
6347:ISBN
6322:ISBN
6297:ISBN
6263:PMID
6253:ISBN
6194:OCLC
6184:ISBN
6089:PMID
6036:ISBN
5813:PMID
5767:PMID
5724:PMID
5629:ISBN
5567:PMID
5417:PMID
5345:PMID
5291:PMID
5252:PMID
5203:PMID
5159:ISSN
5118:PMID
4943:PMID
4884:PMID
4840:PMID
4769:PMID
4544:and
4494:PMID
4410:PMID
4363:PMID
4263:: 1.
4140:PMID
4020:PMID
3683:ISBN
3655:ISBN
3624:PMID
3589:PMID
3529:PMID
3332:and
3155:zinc
3139:iron
3088:90 g
3049:Zinc
2984:Iron
2923:9 μg
2656:Uses
2648:and
2646:lead
2640:may
2554:fire
2522:, US
2491:and
2439:elms
2370:Olea
2274:and
2106:, US
2045:and
1968:and
977:and
947:and
927:and
854:, a
724:and
668:The
545:, a
470:caps
341:and
331:caps
243:Lév.
9300:NBN
9209:EoL
9196:CoL
8789:gum
8785:Sap
8485:Oil
8322:Cep
6220:FDA
6116:doi
6079:PMC
6069:doi
5805:doi
5801:102
5759:doi
5755:111
5716:doi
5673:doi
5606:doi
5596:".
5559:doi
5555:104
5452:doi
5448:130
5407:PMC
5399:doi
5337:doi
5333:113
5283:doi
5242:hdl
5234:doi
5230:118
5195:doi
5110:doi
5062:doi
5016:doi
4935:doi
4931:102
4876:doi
4872:104
4832:doi
4761:doi
4714:doi
4673:doi
4640:doi
4605:doi
4601:131
4566:doi
4486:doi
4482:108
4476:".
4402:doi
4398:106
4355:doi
4351:102
4328:105
4132:doi
4128:104
4082:doi
4064:".
4010:doi
4006:107
3962:126
3956:".
3829:doi
3755:doi
3720:doi
3616:doi
3581:doi
3521:doi
3298:or
3261:'s
3242:).
3212:or
3131:fat
3054:18%
3041:14%
3028:16%
3015:26%
2989:68%
2962:%DV
2934:26%
2871:14%
2854:16%
2819:%DV
2750:Fat
2518:in
2300:or
772:of
672:of
448:.
185:Fr.
157:Fr.
151:ex
9360::
9338::
9315::
9302::
9289::
9276::
9263::
9250::
9237::
9224::
9211::
9198::
9185::
9170::
9155::
6453:.
6429:13
6427:.
6361:^
6269:.
6261:.
6222:.
6218:.
6192:.
6166:^
6156:.
6152:.
6122:.
6112:56
6110:.
6087:.
6077:.
6065:12
6063:.
6059:.
6022:^
6006:.
5981:.
5956:.
5911:12
5909:.
5905:.
5879:.
5874::
5859:^
5819:.
5811:.
5799:.
5779:^
5765:.
5753:.
5730:.
5722:.
5714:.
5704:20
5702:.
5679:.
5671:.
5659:.
5643:^
5602:89
5600:.
5573:.
5565:.
5553:.
5517:^
5501:.
5446:.
5442:.
5415:.
5405:.
5393:.
5389:.
5351:.
5343:.
5331:.
5311:^
5297:.
5289:.
5279:62
5277:.
5250:.
5240:.
5228:.
5201:.
5191:49
5189:.
5171:^
5155:21
5153:.
5149:.
5130:^
5116:.
5106:47
5104:.
5088:^
5060:.
5048:.
5044:.
5014:.
5002:19
5000:.
4996:.
4977:^
4949:.
4941:.
4929:.
4925:.
4904:^
4890:.
4882:.
4870:.
4852:^
4838:.
4828:48
4826:.
4802:^
4767:.
4757:19
4755:.
4743:,
4720:.
4710:86
4708:.
4679:.
4669:82
4667:.
4636:12
4634:.
4630:.
4599:.
4572:.
4564:.
4554:15
4552:.
4536:,
4514:^
4500:.
4492:.
4480:.
4445:38
4443:.
4416:.
4408:.
4396:.
4369:.
4361:.
4349:.
4326:.
4322:.
4299:^
4261:14
4238:32
4236:.
4232:.
4188:^
4146:.
4138:.
4126:.
4122:.
4102:^
4088:.
4080:.
4070:14
4068:.
4052:,
4032:^
4018:.
4004:.
4000:.
3970:^
3938:^
3920:^
3912:13
3910:.
3898:^
3852:.
3825:18
3823:.
3819:.
3805:^
3795:.
3791:.
3761:.
3751:64
3749:.
3726:.
3718:.
3708:36
3706:.
3669:^
3653:.
3622:.
3612:19
3610:.
3587:.
3579:.
3569:42
3567:.
3535:.
3527:.
3517:11
3515:.
3486:.
3314:,
3153:,
3149:,
3002:5%
2976:3%
2921:2%
2904:8%
2888:9%
2837:6%
2573:.
2542:,
2536:,
2441:,
2308:.
2284:.
2244:,
2238:,
2232:,
2226:,
2220:,
2214:,
2208:,
2202:,
2196:,
2190:,
2184:,
2028:.
2020:,
2016:,
2012:,
1673:,
1667:,
1661:,
1655:,
1604:,
1598:,
1592:,
1586:,
1580:,
1574:,
1568:,
1562:,
1556:,
1550:,
1544:,
1538:,
1532:,
1509:,
1503:,
1497:,
1370:,
1364:,
1241:,
1235:,
1229:,
1223:,
1131:,
1108:,
1078:,
1055:,
1049:,
1043:,
983:.
971:,
965:,
896:.
824:.
643:,
596:.
562:,
413:,
369:,
361:,
357:,
181:L.
8644:)
8640:(
8619:)
8537:)
8533:(
8022:e
8015:t
8008:v
7985:V
7975:V
7965:V
7955:V
7945:V
7935:V
7925:V
7915:V
7905:V
7895:V
7885:V
7875:V
7865:V
7855:V
7845:V
7835:V
7825:V
7815:V
7805:V
7795:V
7785:V
7775:V
7765:V
7736:M
7726:M
7716:M
7706:M
7696:M
7686:M
7676:M
7666:M
7656:M
7646:M
7636:M
7626:M
7616:M
7606:M
7596:M
7586:M
7576:M
7566:M
7556:M
7546:M
7536:M
7526:M
7516:M
7506:M
7496:M
7486:M
7476:M
7466:M
7456:M
7446:M
7436:M
7426:M
7416:M
7406:M
7396:M
7375:M
7365:M
7355:M
7345:M
7335:M
7325:M
7315:M
7305:M
7295:M
7285:M
7275:M
7265:M
7255:M
7245:M
7235:M
7225:M
7215:M
7205:M
7195:M
7185:M
7175:M
7165:M
7155:M
7145:M
7135:M
7125:M
7115:M
7105:M
7095:M
7071:M
7061:M
7051:M
7041:M
7031:M
7021:M
7011:M
7001:M
6991:M
6981:M
6971:M
6961:M
6951:M
6927:M
6917:M
6882:L
6872:L
6847:K
6822:I
6797:F
6787:F
6762:D
6752:D
6742:D
6732:D
6707:C
6697:C
6687:C
6677:C
6667:C
6657:C
6647:C
6617:e
6610:t
6603:v
6531:.
6504:.
6477:.
6463:.
6439:.
6412:.
6355:.
6330:.
6305:.
6280:.
6233:.
6200:.
6158:3
6130:.
6118::
6095:.
6071::
6044:.
6016:.
5991:.
5966:.
5941:.
5920:.
5890:.
5853:.
5827:.
5807::
5773:.
5761::
5738:.
5718::
5710::
5687:.
5675::
5667::
5661:9
5637:.
5612:.
5608::
5581:.
5561::
5545:(
5511:.
5485:5
5460:.
5454::
5436:"
5423:.
5401::
5395:6
5359:.
5339::
5305:.
5285::
5258:.
5244::
5236::
5209:.
5197::
5165:.
5124:.
5112::
5082:.
5064::
5056::
5050:5
5022:.
5018::
4971:.
4937::
4916:"
4898:.
4878::
4846:.
4834::
4796:.
4775:.
4763::
4728:.
4716::
4687:.
4675::
4648:.
4642::
4611:.
4607::
4580:.
4568::
4560::
4508:.
4488::
4424:.
4404::
4377:.
4357::
4317:"
4309:"
4171:1
4154:.
4134::
4096:.
4084::
4076::
4026:.
4012::
3854:8
3837:.
3831::
3797:3
3769:.
3757::
3734:.
3722::
3714::
3691:.
3663:.
3630:.
3618::
3595:.
3583::
3575::
3543:.
3523::
3496:.
3472:.
3459:"
3238:(
3115:.
2916:)
2914:9
2898:6
2883:)
2881:5
2866:)
2864:3
2849:)
2847:2
2832:)
2830:1
2485:(
2477:(
2469:(
2461:(
2095:.
455:)
451:(
314:(
179:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
