504:
468:
669:, varying in shape, color, and size. While in many cases they do not exhibit clear-cut distinguishing features microscopically, this has historically contributed to uncertainties in taxonomy. Discriminating between the various taxa described is further hindered by uncertainty over which of these are truly biologically distinct. Remarkably, some authors in the past had suggested that the genus contains as few as 3 to 6 species, while others recognised as many as 34. Efforts to clarify the situation and re-evaluate old classical names (such as
3389:
3405:
3428:
513:
59:
38:
477:
423:
526:
9044:
486:
495:
2149:
2088:
2593:
superior morels for culinary uses since they can be assured to be insect, slug and dirt free and therefore do not need to be washed and cleaned like foraged morels. Since washing morels can negatively impact the texture, reliable cultivation may result in more versatility with this ingredient in the kitchen as well as making the delicacy more affordable and accessible.
3374:
9054:
3209:. Due to their natural porosity, morels may contain trace amounts of soil which cannot be easily washed out. Any visible soil should be removed with a brush, after cutting the body in half lengthwise, if needed. Mushroom hunters sometimes recommend soaking morels in a bowl of salt water briefly prior to cooking, although many chefs would disagree.
861:. However, several of these newly proposed names later turned out to be synonyms. An extensive taxonomical and nomenclatural revision of the genus provided by Richard and colleagues in 2014, applied names to 30 of the genealogical lineages recognized so far and clarified several synonymities. Also in 2014, Elliott and colleagues described
2501:
2575:
grow undisturbed for several weeks. A solution of wood ashes mixed in water and diluted is subsequently poured over the rows of wood mulch which triggers fruiting of the morels. Morels are known to appear after fires and the alkalinity produced by wood ash mixed with water initiate fruit body formation for most species of morels.
2553:
conditions which trigger fruiting have been observed and exploited with small-scale commercial cultivation of morels. Where fire suppression is practiced, morels often grow in small numbers in the same spot, year after year. If these areas are overrun by wildfire they often produce a bumper crop of
2592:
but encountered issues in getting them to reliably fruit. One of the breakthroughs with this project was growing them in a climate controlled environment in conjunction with grass which is involved in stimulating fruiting in the morel mycelium. Cultivation in this manner has been noted to produce
2574:
More recently, small-scale commercial growers have had success growing morels by using partially shaded rows of mulched wood. The rows of mulch piles are inoculated with morel mushroom spores in a solution of water and molasses which are poured over the piles of mulch and then they are allowed to
4442:
Clowez, Philippe; Bellanger, Jean-Michel; de la Osa, Luis Romero; Moreau, Pierre-Arthur. (2015). Morchella palazonii sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Pezizales) : une nouvelle morille méditerranéenne. Clé des
Morchella sect. Morchella en Europe. Documents Mycologiques XXXVI:
2570:
Due to the mushroom's prized fruit bodies, several attempts have been made to grow the fungus in culture. In 1901, Repin reported successfully obtaining fruit bodies in a cave in which cultures had been established in flower pots nine years previously in 1892.
6185:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
2653:
Morels, "almost universally associated with spring," can be found in many habitats. Morel may be more likely to fruit during a period of increasing heat following a chilly period, a preference which is credited for their abundance in areas with cold winters.
2040:
in the early
Cretaceous, approximately 129 million years ago (Mya). This date was later revised by Du and collaborators, placing the divergence of the genus in the late Jurassic, approximately 154 Mya. However, neither of these reconstructions had included
2249:, but this view has been disputed by others, who suggested an old and natural distribution, at least for some of these species which appear to be linked to indigenous flora. Long-distance spore dispersal has also been suggested as a possible
831:), a number of which were later shown to be illegitimate or synonyms. As molecular tools became widely available in the new millennium, a revived interest in the genus commenced and several new species were proposed. In 2008 Kuo described
683:
further complicating matters, until a transatlantic study by
Richard and colleagues resolved many of these issues in 2014. The genus is currently undergoing extensive re-evaluation with regard to the taxonomic status of several species.
5521:
Du XH, Zhao Q, Yang ZL, Hansen K, Taşkın H, Büyükalaca S, Dewsbury D, Moncalvo JM, Douhan GW, Robert VA, Crous PW, Rehner SA, Rooney AP, Sink S, O'Donnell K (2012). "How well do ITS rDNA sequences differentiate species of true morels
3219:
which might be present in the fruit bodies usually drop out during the drying process. Dried morels can then be reconstituted by soaking for 10–20 minutes in warm water or milk, and the soaking liquid can be used as stock.
2554:
black morels the following spring. Commercial pickers and buyers in North
America target recently burned areas for this reason. These spots may be closely guarded by mushroom pickers, as morels are widely regarded as a
3200:
and placed into a freezer. After freezing, they keep very well with the frozen glaze for a long time in airtight containers. However, when thawed they can sometimes turn slightly mushy, so they are best frozen after
2624:
When eating this fungus for the first time, it is advised to consume a small amount to minimize any allergic reaction. As with all fungi, morels for consumption must be clean and free of decay. Morels growing in old
503:
2245:. The reasons behind the widespread, cosmopolitan distribution of these species, are still puzzling. Some authors have hypothesized that such transcontinental occurrences are the result of accidental anthropogenic
2059:
is altogether absent from North
America. Updated ancestral area reconstructions by Loizides and colleagues using an expanded 79-species data set, have in 2021 refuted the previous hypothesis and designated the
638:
and others) are attached to the stem only at the apex (top of the cap), unlike true morels which have caps that are attached to the stem at, or near the base of the cap. The easiest way to distinguish
2582:. The project has been able to cultivate 20 lbs of morels per square yard or around 10 kg per square metre with cost estimates expected to be similar to producing white button mushrooms (
597:
species often have a "wrinkled" or "cerebral" (brain-like) appearance to the cap due to multiple wrinkles and folds, rather than the honeycomb appearance of true morels due to ridges and pits.
3105:
3166:
They have been called "prized delicacies...they are so esteemed in Europe that people used to set fire to their own forests in hopes of eliciting a bountiful morel crop the next spring!"
2545:. Moderate-intensity fires are reported to produce higher abundances of morels than low- or high-intensity fires. This is caused by the soil becoming more alkaline as the result of
557:, and other morel lookalikes. Although false morels are sometimes eaten without ill effect, they can cause severe gastrointestinal upset, loss of muscular coordination (including
7961:
6164:
4168:
Krombholz JV von. (1834). Naturgetreue
Abblidungen und Beschreibungen der essbaren, schädlichen und verdächtigen Schwämme, Heift 3. G. Calve, Praha J, 36 p., pl. XV-XXII.
5073:
Hatıra Taşkın; Saadet Büyükalacaa; Hasan Hüseyin Doğanb; Stephen A. Rehnerc; Kerry O'Donnell (Aug 2010). "A multigene molecular phylogenetic assessment of true morels (
5019:
1989:-like underground structures, and may also deserve its own clade based on DNA evidence. Within the yellow and black clades, there are dozens of distinct species, many
2055:. This cast doubts over the accuracy of the original reconstructions, since both species of the ancestral /Rufobrunnea clade are present in the Mediterranean, while
9214:
2167:
and provincialism, several species have been phylogenetically shown to be present in more than one continent. So far, the list of transcontinental species includes
9253:
5930:
2578:
In 2021 it was announced that indoor cultivation of black morels had been successfully achieved after decades of research and experimentation with methods by
717:, who, in 1834 and 1897 respectively, published several species and varieties, accompanied by meticulously illustrated iconographic plates. The seminal taxon
9123:
3243:
Morel hunting is a common springtime activity. Mushroom collectors may carry a mesh collecting bag, so the spores can scatter as one carries the harvest.
2613:, with two reported deaths and three other hospitalizations. The consumption of raw morels in particular is advised against. An unknown toxin, possibly
857:. A study by Clowez described over 20 new species in 2012, while later in the same year, another study by Kuo and colleagues described 19 species from
679:
material. In 2012, the simultaneous description of several new taxa from Europe by Clowez and North
America by Kuo and colleagues resulted in several
5504:
Pilz, D.; R. McLain; S. Alexander; L. Villarreal-Ruiz; S. Berch; T.L. Wurtz; C.G. Parks; E. McFarlane; B. Baker; R. Molina; J.E. Smith (March 2007).
9188:
7954:
6486:
Outlines of Botany: Including a
General History of the Vegetable Kingdom, in which Plants are Arranged According to the System of Natural Affinities
5675:
Tedersoo L, May TW, Smith ME (2010). "Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages".
6556:
3404:
3388:
1423:
5980:
6467:
6440:
6348:
6241:
6197:
6016:
5609:
3671:
3643:
3250:
for the
National Morel Mushroom Festival, a century-old event. As one observer stated, "if there is a modern, North American reenactment of
675:
and others) in accordance to current phylogenetic data have been challenging, due to vague or ambiguous original descriptions and loss of
9058:
5816:
3264:
include the Illinois State Morel Mushroom Hunting Championship, the Ottawa Midwest Morel Fest and the Mesick Michigan Mushroom Festival.
9047:
7947:
4900:
2304:
vary greatly depending on the individual species, continent, or region. Trees commonly associated with morels in Europe and across the
6266:
4099:
Kuo M, Dewsbury DR, O'Donnell K, Carter MC, Rehner SA, Moore JD, Moncalvo JM, Canfield SA, Stephenson SL, Methven AS, Volk TJ (2012).
2257:. It has been suggested that the widespread but disjunct distribution of some morel species, especially early diverging lineages like
2129:, appear to fruit in the autumn or winter months rather than spring, which is the typical fruiting season for morels. In the American
6192:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
5300:
Loizides M, Gonou Z, Fransuas G, Drakopoulos P, Sammut C, Martinis A, Bellanger JM (2021). "Extended phylogeography of the ancestral
948:
as an autonomous species. In the same year, Taşkın and colleagues described four of the previously unnamed phylospecies from Turkey:
6291:
6128:
6156:
3181:, they are best when collected or bought fresh. They are sometimes added to meat and poultry dishes and soups, and can be used as
2047:
in the analyses, whose phylogenetic placement remained at the time unresolved. Following genetic testing of isotype collection of
4517:
Loizides M, Bellanger JM, Lowez P, Richard F, Moreau PA (2016). "Combined phylogenetic and morphological studies of true morels (
2051:
by Taşkın and colleagues, this species was shown to nest in the ancestral /Rufobrunnea clade, together with the transcontinental
565:
usually occur when they are eaten in large quantities, inadequately cooked, or over several days in a row. False morels contain
4453:
Voitk A, Beug M, O'Donnell K, Burzynski M (2016). "Two new species of true morels from Newfoundland and Labrador: cosmopolitan
2140:
morels at a large scale have rarely been successful and the commercial morel industry relies on the harvest of wild mushrooms.
1093:
8471:
6502:
5955:
3869:
Breitenbach J, Kränzlin F. (1984). Fungi of Switzerland, Volume 1: Ascomycetes. Verlag Mykologia, Luzern, Switzerland. 314 p.
5819:(Report). Research Note RN-PNW-546. Portland, Oregon: U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station. Archived from
5046:
4803:
O'Donnell K, Rooney AP, Mills GL, Kuo M, Weber NS, Rehner SA (2011). "Phylogeny and historical biogeography of true morels (
6211:
9240:
6088:
fruitbodies collected in lead arsenate contaminated apple orchards in the northeastern United States: A preliminary study"
3983:, Pezizales) of Europe and North America: evolutionary relationships inferred from multilocus data and a unified taxonomy"
1939:
variation. Subsequent multigenic DNA studies, however, have revealed more than a dozen genealogically distinct species in
6513:
5848:
1069:
809:, featuring in many field guides and literature across several countries, has been shown by Richard and colleagues to be
6525:
6152:
3215:
is a popular and effective method for long-term storage, and morels are widely available commercially in this form. Any
1664:
1547:
1523:
1494:
710:
1583:
1482:
467:
6549:
1658:
8858:
5600:
Buscot F (1992). "Mycorrhizal succession and morel biology". In Read DJ, Lewis DH, Fitter AH, Alexander IJ (eds.).
793:
in 1897 based on an 1834 plate by Krombholz, and was recombined as a distinct species in 1985 by Emile Jacquetant.
766:
696:
58:
7214:
1500:
1446:
968:
922:, a cosmopolitan species present in several continents. In an extensive phylogenetic and morphological study from
9314:
9258:
7970:
7274:
5475:
3224:
1604:
141:
7665:
6821:
4971:
1911:
410:
studies, and several new species have been described from Australia, Canada, Cyprus, Israel, Spain, and Turkey.
7365:
6364:
Mattson DJ, Podruzny SR, Haroldson MA (2002). "Consumption of fungal sporocarps by Yellowstone grizzly bears".
5158:
Du XH, Zhao Q, O'Donnell K, Rooney AP, Yang ZL (2012). "Multigene molecular phylogenetics reveals true morels (
2617:
in small amounts, can be neutralized via cooking. Additionally, cooked morels can reportedly cause symptoms of
2610:
2021:
1701:
7565:
7335:
6671:
6636:
6626:
4261:
Icones mycologicae ou iconographie des champignons de France principalement discomycètes avec texte descriptif
4100:
3977:
Richard F, Bellanger JM, Clowez P, Hansen K, O'Donnell K, Urban A, Sauve M, Courtecuisse R, Moreau PA (2015).
2579:
1841:
1680:
1640:
603:
has a cap that is usually reddish-brown in colour, but sometimes also chestnut, purplish-brown, or dark brown.
6646:
6616:
6606:
5510:. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-710. Portland, OR: U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station.
1349:
8578:
8126:
7515:
7405:
7074:
6980:
6811:
6596:
1806:
1729:
1279:
1159:
1122:
1116:
1063:
1040:
950:
384:
6726:
6681:
3196:
by simply running under cold water or putting them in a bucket to soak for a few minutes, then spread on a
9076:
9004:
8461:
7764:
7525:
7505:
7475:
7254:
7204:
7144:
6736:
6586:
6542:
4990:
3101:
2431:
2286:
1813:
1799:
1778:
1474:
1439:
1370:
1355:
1214:
1099:
962:
781:
666:
617:
species contain a cottony substance inside their stem, in contrast to true morels which are always hollow.
20:
7675:
7625:
7605:
7455:
7435:
7375:
7164:
6691:
4576:
Taşkın, H.; Doğan, H.; Büyükalaca, S.; Clowez, P.; Moreau, P.-A.; O'Donnell, K. (2016). "Four new morel (
2119:
and related species) are mostly found in coniferous forests, disturbed ground and recently burned areas.
1918:
1883:
1869:
1764:
1750:
1708:
1652:
1394:
956:
9309:
8949:
8615:
8513:
8096:
7824:
7465:
7445:
7224:
7194:
7054:
7044:
7034:
6866:
4847:
Taşkın H, Büyükalaca S, Hansen K, O'Donnell K (2012). "Multilocus phylogenetic analysis of true morels (
4807:) reveals an early Cretaceous origin and high continental endemism and provincialism in the Holarctic".
2976:
2270:
2259:
2217:
2205:
2025:
1953:
1771:
1757:
1577:
1541:
1453:
1432:
1361:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1226:
1034:
1028:
1003:
932:
908:
863:
853:
844:
771:
754:
7854:
7844:
7804:
7655:
7615:
7575:
7555:
7425:
7395:
7345:
3766:
3092:
1904:
1876:
1848:
1834:
1743:
1722:
1687:
1589:
1571:
1529:
1401:
1208:
7874:
7834:
7784:
7744:
7635:
7585:
7535:
6432:
The Complete Mushroom Hunter: An Illustrated Guide to Finding, Harvesting, and Enjoying Wild Mushrooms
3279:, because when sliced lengthwise then breaded and fried, their outline resembles the shape of a fish;
2028:
origin of morels and the genus was estimated to have diverged from its closest genealogical relatives
1890:
1855:
1820:
1595:
1535:
1220:
9268:
9149:
8685:
8543:
8518:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8076:
7794:
7595:
7485:
7385:
7314:
7264:
7184:
7094:
6990:
6910:
5684:
5641:
4542:
4058:
3696:
3247:
3028:
2989:
2265:
2250:
2241:
2235:
2223:
1862:
1785:
1715:
1632:
1565:
1517:
1509:
1415:
1303:
1176:
1167:
1078:
994:
938:
896:
890:
739:
581:
in particular, has been reported to be responsible for up to 23% of mushroom fatalities each year in
7924:
7704:
4995:
4607:
Clowez, P.; Marcos Martinez, J.; Sanjaume, R.; Marques, G.; Bellanger, J. M.; Moreau, P. A. (2020).
3978:
3851:
Seaver FJ. (1942). The North American cup-fungi (Operculates). Hafner Publishing C. New York. 377 p.
3451:
3373:
3177:
worldwide, with recipes and preparation methods designed to highlight and preserve it. As with most
2446:(March–May), morels are hardly ever found in the vicinity of common poisonous mushrooms such as the
2374:(ash). In western North America morels are often found in coniferous forests, including species of
1559:
9180:
8328:
8298:
8288:
7914:
7904:
7894:
7884:
7734:
7714:
7545:
7495:
7415:
7355:
7304:
7284:
7244:
7234:
7174:
7154:
7124:
7084:
6960:
6940:
6930:
6900:
6890:
6856:
4293:
2533:
2527:
2254:
2229:
2211:
2199:
2187:
2175:
2169:
2101:
2073:
2061:
2043:
1977:
1965:
1959:
1827:
1792:
1736:
1694:
1646:
1625:
1611:
1553:
1467:
1460:
1408:
1377:
1334:
1286:
1232:
1145:
1131:
1108:
1055:
1020:
986:
918:
902:
877:
839:
837:
from burned coniferous forests in western North America. In 2010 Işiloğlu and colleagues described
833:
776:
733:
701:
574:
547:
530:
371:
339:
304:
162:
7864:
7814:
379:
controversy throughout the years, mostly with regard to the number of species involved, with some
338:, commercial harvesting of wild morels has become a multimillion-dollar industry in the temperate
9304:
8625:
8533:
8277:
8153:
7774:
7645:
7010:
6950:
6920:
6373:
6083:
6064:
5844:
5797:
5708:
5657:
5551:
5329:
5275:
4935:
4876:
4706:
4665:
4558:
4486:
4402:
4355:
4132:
4074:
3747:
3712:
3529:
3119:
2963:
2943:
2766:
2246:
2193:
2121:
1897:
1385:
1200:
1191:
1138:
1085:
1046:
944:
749:
724:
680:
562:
376:
196:
173:
145:
53:
4736:(Pezizales: Morchellaceae) based on restriction enzyme analysis of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene".
1935:
analyses supported the hypothesis that the genus comprises only a few species with considerable
541:
When gathering morels for the table, care must be taken to distinguish them from the poisonous "
512:
9276:
9219:
9136:
8548:
8528:
8272:
8217:
7294:
7104:
7064:
7000:
6484:
6463:
6457:
6436:
6344:
6287:
6262:
6237:
6203:
6193:
6134:
6124:
6012:
5820:
5789:
5743:
5700:
5605:
5543:
5393:
5321:
5267:
5228:
5179:
5135:
5094:
4927:
4868:
4824:
4753:
4478:
4394:
4347:
4124:
4004:
3667:
3639:
3608:
3573:
3521:
3151:
2854:
2584:
2130:
1618:
1310:
1272:
1183:
810:
658:
37:
6430:
4943:
3635:
3628:
3546:
Bresinsky A, Besl H. (1990). A colour atlas of poisonous fungi. Wolfe Publishing Ltd, London.
9281:
9019:
9009:
8994:
8620:
8441:
8257:
8227:
8207:
8163:
8041:
7134:
6786:
6776:
6701:
6056:
5781:
5735:
5692:
5649:
5582:
5535:
5428:
5383:
5375:
5313:
5259:
5218:
5210:
5171:
5086:
5038:
5000:
4919:
4860:
4816:
4745:
4698:
4657:
4624:
4589:
4550:
4470:
4386:
4339:
4236:
Jacquetant E, Bon M (1985). "Typifications et mises au point nomenclaturales dans l'ouvrage
4116:
4066:
4045:: a study of three poorly known Mediterranean morels, with nomenclatural updates in section
3994:
3878:
Weber, N.S. (1988). In A Morel Hunter's Companion, pp. 111-67. Two Peninsula Press: Lansing.
3813:
3739:
3704:
3600:
3565:
3513:
3395:
3341:
3256:
3251:
2871:
2521:
2408:
forests. Deciduous trees commonly associated with morels in the northern hemisphere include
2346:
2181:
2153:
1488:
1341:
1318:
1294:
805:
795:
714:
588:
The key morphological features distinguishing false morels from true morels are as follows:
476:
8959:
8880:
8645:
8557:
8397:
8239:
8158:
7114:
6970:
6529:
5726:
Mihail JD, Bruhn JN, Bonello P (2007). "Spatial and temporal patterns of morel fruiting".
3364:
3178:
2659:
2634:
2549:
combining with water and being absorbed into the soil which triggers the morels to fruit.
2115:
1971:
1327:
1152:
719:
671:
403:
327:
9114:
5197:
Pildain MB, Visnovsky SB, Barroetavena C (2014). "Phylogenetic diversity of true morels (
3104:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
5772:) ascocarps in response to the intensity of forest floor combustion during a wildfire".
5688:
5645:
4546:
4062:
3700:
3604:
709:
for the genus. Among early pioneers who took an interest in the genus, were mycologists
9175:
9024:
8990:
8863:
8822:
8590:
8493:
8318:
8262:
8222:
8212:
8202:
8175:
8116:
8003:
7978:
7724:
6761:
6459:
Mushrooms in Forests and Woodlands: "Resource Management, Values and Local Livelihoods"
5908:
5388:
5363:
3193:
3170:
1994:
1993:
to individual continents or regions. This species-rich view is supported by studies in
827:
628:
558:
553:
458:
331:
319:
5586:
3569:
525:
494:
485:
422:
9298:
9128:
8999:
8780:
8755:
8700:
8456:
8425:
8252:
8247:
8148:
8091:
6576:
6566:
5879:
5333:
4880:
4263:(in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Librairie des Sciences Naturelles. pp. 194–421.
3300:
3261:
2722:
2630:
2618:
2405:
2305:
2092:
1940:
927:
858:
800:
786:
407:
343:
169:
120:
100:
6415:
5801:
5661:
5507:
Ecology and management of morels harvested from the forests of western North America
5201:), the main edible non-timber product from native Patagonian forests of Argentina".
4899:
Stefani FO, Sokolski S, Wurtz TL, Piché Y, Hamelin RC, Fortin JA, Bérubé JA (2010).
4562:
4490:
4406:
4359:
4214:
4136:
4078:
3716:
2148:
2087:
9029:
9014:
8853:
8775:
8665:
8610:
8605:
8573:
8563:
8483:
8466:
8372:
8267:
7754:
5712:
5555:
5279:
4939:
4644:
Yoon CS, Gessner RV, Romano MA (1990). "Population genetics and systematics of the
4200:
A Natural Arrangement of British Plants, according to their relations to each other
4182:
3533:
3432:
3299:, of how a mountain family was saved from starvation by eating morels. In parts of
3228:
3186:
3115:
2698:
2455:
2422:
2137:
1932:
706:
634:
570:
399:
335:
154:
9141:
6508:
5931:"Danish Biologists Cultivate Morel Mushrooms Year-Round With New Indoor Technique"
5379:
5317:
4851:) reveals high levels of endemics in Turkey relative to other regions of Europe".
2541:
behaviour and may grow abundantly in forests which have been recently burned by a
5739:
5214:
5116:
4150:
Persoon CH. (1794). "Neue Versuch einer Systematischen Einteilung der Schwämme".
3818:
3801:
9245:
9201:
9108:
8905:
8795:
8790:
8765:
8748:
8738:
8729:
8595:
8446:
8341:
8081:
5505:
5246:
Kanwal HK, Acharya K, Ramesh G, Reddy MS (2010). "Molecular characterization of
4683:
Bunyard, B.A.; Nicholson, M.S.; Royse, D.J. (1994). "A systematic assessment of
3476:
3275:
species have been called by many local names; some of the more colorful include
3212:
3135:
2682:
2550:
2542:
2471:
2394:
868:
744:
542:
535:
6534:
6187:
4772:
900:
as a distinct species. Later in the same year, Clowez and colleagues described
8875:
8870:
8827:
8810:
8800:
8770:
8760:
8710:
8600:
8488:
8377:
8197:
8143:
8106:
8061:
8056:
8046:
8020:
7996:
6801:
6716:
5853:
5696:
5263:
5175:
5090:
5042:
5004:
4820:
4554:
4070:
4033:
Loizides M, Alvarado P, Clowez P, Moreau PA, de la Osa LR, Palazon A (2015). "
3687:
Kimbrough JW. (1970). "Current trends in the classification of discomycetes".
3411:
3155:
3143:
3015:
2888:
2837:
2589:
2463:
2435:
2294:
2290:
1986:
566:
380:
307:
296:
292:
90:
9099:
7939:
6522:
5139:
4377:
sp. nov., an apparent Australian endemic from New South Wales and Victoria".
9162:
8954:
8805:
8675:
8650:
8538:
8523:
8508:
8503:
8362:
8283:
8180:
8170:
8101:
8086:
8051:
6661:
6138:
5569:
Buscot F, Roux J (1987). "Association between living roots and ascocarps of
5304:
supports preglacial presence in Europe and Mediterranean origin of morels".
4689:
3197:
3139:
3002:
2921:
2614:
2559:
2538:
2476:
2447:
2443:
2106:
2036:
2014:
2010:
1982:
1936:
872:
607:
593:
454:
355:
315:
300:
110:
70:
6326:
6207:
5793:
5747:
5704:
5547:
5397:
5325:
5271:
5232:
5183:
5098:
4931:
4872:
4828:
4749:
4482:
4398:
4351:
4128:
4008:
3577:
3517:
3315:. Due to the partial structural and textural similarity to some species of
4757:
3525:
3150:, and vitamin D (34% DV, if having been exposed to sunlight or artificial
461:. Morels have a convoluted head/cap, and are varied in shape and habitat.
334:, but can be toxic if consumed raw or undercooked. Due to difficulties in
9227:
9093:
8695:
8660:
8568:
8553:
8451:
8407:
8392:
8382:
8367:
8357:
8111:
8036:
6118:
5628:
Dahlstrom JL, Smith JE, Weber NS (2000). "Mycorrhiza-like interaction by
3937:
Clowez P. (2012). "Les morilles. Une nouvelle approche mondiale du genre
3612:
3317:
3296:
3284:
3202:
2820:
2555:
2546:
2488:
2416:
2410:
2370:
2164:
2081:
1990:
676:
392:
363:
250:
4424:
sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Pezizales): A new but widespread morel in Spain".
9193:
8937:
8932:
8922:
8895:
8815:
8715:
8680:
8670:
8655:
8412:
8323:
8192:
8187:
8066:
6377:
6068:
5653:
5223:
4724:
Bunyard BA, Nicholson MS, Royse DJ (1995). "Phylogenetic resolution of
4710:
4669:
3751:
3708:
3127:
2800:
2642:
2508:
2439:
2400:
2340:
2334:
2322:
2253:
mechanism for some species, especially those belonging to fire-adapted
2110:
323:
231:
182:
6120:
Mushrooms demystified : a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi
4629:
4608:
2663:) are often found on land that has been disturbed by logging burning.
9206:
8980:
8964:
8942:
8927:
8890:
8848:
8843:
8743:
8498:
8402:
8071:
8031:
4976:
species harvested as non-timber forest products in Idaho and Montana"
3380:
3327:
3206:
2904:
2002:
1998:
1944:
923:
913:
848:
799:, a globally-occurring fire-associated species was also described by
728:
582:
347:
266:
220:
209:
80:
46:
9070:
6060:
5604:. Wallingford, United Kingdom: CAB International. pp. 220–224.
5433:
5412:
4702:
4661:
4593:
3743:
2500:
894:, a cosmopolitan species described under many names, and recombined
383:
recognising as few as three species and others over thirty. Current
9232:
9167:
5785:
5539:
5364:"A review on research advances, issues, and perspectives of morels"
4923:
4864:
4580:) species in the elata subclade (M. sect. Distantes) from Turkey".
4474:
4390:
4343:
4120:
3999:
3860:
Dennis RWG. (1978). Bristish Ascomycètes. Ed. Cramer, Vaduz, 585 p.
3556:
Karlson-Stiber C, Persson H (2003). "Cytotoxic fungi—an overview".
3367:
word close to "Möhre", carrot or beet, due to similarity in shape.
8910:
8785:
8705:
8690:
8637:
8387:
8346:
8138:
8016:
7991:
7694:
6751:
6047:
Groves JW. (1964). "Poisoning by morels When taken with alcohol".
4187:. Vol. 2. Lundin, Sweden: Ex Officina Berlingiana. p. 8.
3666:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 173.
3634:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. pp.
3477:"Cup fungus | Edible, Spore Dispersal & Saprobes | Britannica"
3216:
3182:
2712:
2626:
2606:
2499:
2482:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2364:
2352:
2328:
2316:
2310:
2147:
2086:
2077:
2030:
2006:
1948:
882:
640:
622:
613:
524:
359:
351:
318:
appearance due to the network of ridges with pits composing their
311:
288:
137:
4330:(Ascomycota), a new species from southwestern Anatolia, Turkey".
3891:
Boudier E. (1897). "Révision analytique des morilles de France".
723:, whose true identity still remains unresolved, was described by
8917:
8900:
8885:
8130:
3765:
Masaphy S, Zabari L, Goldberg D, Jander-Shagug G (Spring 2010).
3730:
Korf RP. (1972). "Synoptic key to the genera of the Pezizales".
3174:
3147:
3131:
3041:
2638:
2609:
restaurant serving them was linked to 51 people who experienced
2358:
9074:
7943:
6538:
611:
species are typically chambered in longitudinal section, while
9154:
8725:
8430:
7986:
6391:
5981:"Mom died after eating uncooked morel mushroom at sushi joint"
5839:
5837:
4609:"A survey of half-free morels in Spain reveals a new species:
4420:
Clowez P, Alvarado P, Becerra M, Bilbao T, Moreau PA (2014). "
3123:
2742:
2427:
417:
6123:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. pp. 785–793.
5764:
Greene DF, Hesketh M, Pounden E (2010). "Emergence of morel (
5018:
Harald Kellner; Carsten Renker & François Buscot (2005).
4219:
Annual Report on the New York State Museum of Natural History
3352:, area cleared for agriculture by the slash and burn method.
3332:. In the Appalachian woodlands, morels have also been called
2076:, in particular North America, Turkey, China, the Himalayas,
2629:
orchards previously treated with the deprecated insecticide
2285:
species is not well understood. Many species appear to form
5956:"Morel mushrooms linked to deadly outbreak in Montana: CDC"
5349:
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms
4905:: a unique belowground structure and a new clade of morels"
3223:
The flavor of morels is not just appreciated by humans; in
2588:). Previous attempts at cultivation had managed to produce
888:
In 2015, Loizides and colleagues clarified the taxonomy of
825:
were described until the turn of the 21st century (per the
6157:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
1981:, commonly known as the "gray morel", is distinct for its
775:, a large-spored species described by American mycologist
5632:
with species of the Pinaceae in pure culture synthesis".
4298:, a new species from western North America, and notes on
3260:
this is it." Other festivals and hunting competitions in
5024:
group (Ascomycota: Morchellaceae) in Germany and France"
4373:
Elliott TF, Bougher NL, O'Donnell K, Trappe JM (2014). "
3893:
Bulletin Trimestriel de la Société Mycologique de France
2293:
relationships with trees, while others appear to act as
366:
where these highly prized fungi are found in abundance.
1951:, or genetic groups, consisting of the "white morels" (
457:
due to the network of ridges with pits composing their
434:
375:
in 1794, the genus has been the source of considerable
3246:
Every spring, hundreds of morel enthusiasts gather in
5250:
species from the Western Himalayan region of India".
4798:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4788:
3321:(sponges), other common names for any true morel are
3192:
Morels can be preserved in several ways: They can be
2605:
species can have adverse effects. In 2023, a Montana
4773:"Morel Data Collection Project: Preliminary results"
4525:) in Cyprus reveal significant diversity, including
3833:
Overholts LO. (1934). "The morels of Pennsylvania".
3771:
systematics: A case of the yellow morel from Israel"
391:
worldwide, most of them exhibiting high continental
9083:
8973:
8836:
8724:
8636:
8421:
8337:
8238:
8125:
8012:
7977:
7692:
7327:
7023:
6879:
6845:
6834:
6799:
6774:
6749:
6714:
6659:
6574:
6307:
6305:
6303:
3077:
3065:
3040:
3027:
3014:
3001:
2988:
2975:
2962:
2941:
2920:
2903:
2887:
2870:
2853:
2836:
2819:
2798:
2763:
2739:
2721:
2711:
2695:
2681:
2676:
2105:and related species) are more commonly found under
6189:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
4326:Işiloğlu M, Alli H, Spooner BM, Solak MH (2010). "
3835:Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science
3627:
3189:toxins, they must always be cooked before eating.
2024:tests by O'Donnell and collaborators postulated a
5623:
5621:
4965:
4963:
3169:Morels are a feature of many cuisines, including
3154:). Raw morels contain moderate levels of several
2953:
2810:
2269:, may be the result of climatic refugia from the
906:from Spain, while Voitk and colleagues described
6343:. London, UK: Quadrille. pp. 37–38, 96–97.
5295:
5293:
5291:
5289:
4687:using RFLP analysis of the 28S ribosomal gene".
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
3227:, black morels are also known to be consumed by
2064:as the most probable place of origin of morels.
926:in 2016, Loizides and colleagues added two more
731:. Other classical, early-proposed names include
6514:"A Beginner's Guide to Hunting Morel Mushrooms"
5884:Revue générale des sciences pures et appliquées
5575:Transactions of the British Mycological Society
5110:
5108:
4894:
4892:
4890:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3917:. Paris: La Bibliothèque des Arts. p. 114.
3886:
3884:
3795:
3793:
3791:
743:, the half-free morel, originally described by
387:suggest there might be over seventy species of
5909:"The Morel Project - The Danish Morel Project"
4842:
4840:
4838:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3924:
2677:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
398:The genus is currently the focus of extensive
7955:
6550:
6112:
6110:
6108:
5815:Wurtz TL, Wiita AL, Weber NS, Pilz D (2005).
5759:
5757:
4240:(de E. Jacquetant), Nature-Piantanida 1984".
4176:
4174:
3908:
3906:
8:
6002:
6000:
3943:Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France
3593:Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
2671:
19:"Morel" redirects here. For other uses, see
6009:Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World
5153:
5151:
5149:
4426:Boletín de la Sociedad Micológica de Madrid
4287:
4285:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4088:
2645:that are unsuitable for human consumption.
785:, the purple morel, was first described by
9071:
7962:
7948:
7940:
6842:
6557:
6543:
6535:
6153:United States Food and Drug Administration
5817:Harvesting morels after wildfire in Alaska
3657:
3655:
3126:. A 100 gram reference amount supplies 31
2780:
2670:
2133:, they can be found from April to August.
757:as a distinct species in 1821 following a
695:Dill. ex Pers. : Fr. was typified by
36:
27:
6036:. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. p. 344.
5432:
5411:Taşkın H, Doğan HH, Büyükalaca S (2015).
5387:
5222:
5162:) are especially species-rich in China".
5068:
5066:
4994:
4628:
3998:
3817:
3500:Michelot D, Toth B (1991). "Poisoning by
3185:fillings. As morels are known to contain
1975:and others). The fire-associated species
5499:
5497:
5495:
5115:Masaphy S, Zabari L, Goldberg D (2009).
3359:itself, is thought to have derived from
875:, while Clowez and colleagues described
648:species is to slice them longitudinally.
295:closely related to anatomically simpler
4970:McFarlane EM, Pilz D, Weber NS (2005).
3443:
3369:
2492:species), which also appear in spring.
463:
4972:"High-elevation gray morels and other
4276:Traité sur les Champignons Comestibles
3114:Raw morel mushrooms are 90% water, 5%
2470:). They can, however, occur alongside
1947:. DNA studies revealed three discrete
1424:Morchella quercus-ilicis f. kakiicolor
803:in 1910. The old, widely applied name
545:", a term loosely applied to describe
6647:
6637:
6627:
6617:
6607:
6597:
6587:
5476:"Seasonal Chart for Edible Mushrooms"
3458:. Species Fungorum. CAB International
3283:, as they are known in many parts of
3162:Gastronomical value and culinary uses
2072:Morels can be found in the temperate
1969:and others), and the "black morels" (
7:
9269:b5593d4a-5327-4099-a2d5-c3349dc84718
9053:
6329:. Mssf.org. Retrieved on 2012-04-17.
6236:. London: Pavilion. pp. 31–32.
5031:Organisms, Diversity & Evolution
4101:"Taxonomic revision of true morels (
573:poison, hydrolyzed in the body into
6316:. Harper Perennial. pp. 77–80.
6284:Mushrooms: River Cottage Cookbook 1
3605:10.1146/annurev.pa.19.040179.000505
1070:Morchella brunneorosea var. sordida
737:, also described by Fries in 1822,
6822:
6812:
6737:
6727:
6509:MushroomExpert.com's Morel section
6392:"National Morel Mushroom Festival"
6082:Shavit E, Shavit E (Spring 2010).
4105:) in Canada and the United States"
1665:Morchella conica var. pseudoeximia
1548:Morchella esculenta var. crassipes
1524:Morchella gigas var. tintinnabulum
1495:Morchella conica var. purpurascens
14:
7676:
7666:
7656:
7646:
7636:
7626:
7616:
7606:
7596:
7586:
7576:
7566:
7556:
7546:
7536:
7526:
7516:
7506:
7496:
7486:
7476:
7466:
7456:
7446:
7436:
7426:
7416:
7406:
7396:
7386:
7376:
7366:
7356:
7346:
7336:
7315:
7305:
7295:
7285:
7275:
7265:
7255:
7245:
7235:
7225:
7215:
7205:
7195:
7185:
7175:
7165:
7155:
7145:
7135:
7125:
7115:
7105:
7095:
7085:
7075:
7065:
7055:
7045:
7035:
7011:
7001:
6991:
6981:
6971:
6961:
6951:
6941:
6931:
6921:
6911:
6901:
6891:
6867:
6857:
6702:
6692:
6682:
6672:
6416:"Annual Mesick Mushroom Festival"
5929:Gamillo, Elizabeth (2022-05-02).
4613:sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Pezizales)"
3591:Lampe KF. (1979). "Toxic fungi".
3355:The scientific name of the genus
1584:Mitrophora hybrida var. crassipes
1483:Morchella elata var. purpurascens
747:and sanctioned by Fries in 1822,
9052:
9043:
9042:
6787:
6261:. Watermill Books. p. 160.
5979:Del Rey, Michelle (2024-04-22).
5417:, an autumn species from Turkey"
5128:Micologia Aplicada International
3426:
3403:
3387:
3372:
1659:Morchella elatoides var. elagans
511:
502:
493:
484:
475:
466:
421:
57:
6214:from the original on 2024-05-09
6167:from the original on 2024-03-27
5362:Du XH, Zhao Q, Yang ZL (2015).
4215:"Report of the Botanist (1878)"
1094:Morchella esculenta f. dunensis
561:), or even death. Incidents of
6489:. John Churchill. p. 241.
6456:Cunningham AB, Yang X (2012).
5880:"Sur la culture de la Morille"
5020:"Species diversity within the
727:in 1822, from a fir forest in
1:
7925:
7915:
7905:
7895:
7885:
7875:
7865:
7855:
7845:
7835:
7825:
7815:
7805:
7795:
7785:
7775:
7765:
7755:
7745:
7735:
7725:
7715:
7705:
6762:
6007:Hall IR, Buchanan PK (2003).
5587:10.1016/s0007-1536(87)80162-6
5452:, η μορχέλλα της πόλης" [
5380:10.1080/21501203.2015.1016561
5318:10.1080/00275514.2020.1869489
4152:Neues Magazin für die Botanik
3570:10.1016/S0041-0101(03)00238-1
3506:Journal of Applied Toxicology
2426:(tulip tree), dead and dying
2398:(Douglas-fir), as well as in
2300:Tree species associated with
2159:Although many species within
6435:. Quarry Books. p. 57.
6327:Wild About Mushrooms: Morels
5740:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.01.007
5480:Central Oregon Mushroom Club
5215:10.1016/j.funbio.2014.03.008
5117:"New long-season ecotype of
3949:(3–4): 199–376 (see p. 238).
3819:10.1016/j.fldmyc.2017.04.004
3173:. Their flavor is prized by
3100:Percentages estimated using
2621:when consumed with alcohol.
2486:species) and elfin saddles (
1501:Morchella conica var. crassa
1447:Morchella mediteterraneensis
969:Morchella mediteterraneensis
851:later shown to be sister to
711:Julius Vincenz von Krombholz
6286:. Bloomsbury. p. 256.
6257:Acton J, Sandler N (2007).
5164:Fungal Genetics and Biology
5079:Fungal Genetics and Biology
4809:Fungal Genetics and Biology
4202:. Vol. 1. p. 662.
3410:Morel in a house garden in
3093:Link to USDA Database entry
2442:). Due to their springtime
9331:
7971:Non-timber forest products
6462:. Routledge. p. 180.
6341:The Complete Mushroom Book
6314:Animal, Vegetable, Miracle
5954:Suter, Tara (2024-03-15).
3802:"Morels: the story so far"
3130:, and is a rich source of
2687:129 kJ (31 kcal)
1912:Morchella umbrinovelutipes
753:, which was recombined by
697:Christiaan Hendrik Persoon
18:
9038:
7328:Unresolved classification
7218:. mediteterraneensis
5697:10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x
5602:Mycorrhizas in Ecosystems
5264:10.1007/s00284-010-9849-1
5176:10.1016/j.fgb.2012.03.006
5091:10.1016/j.fgb.2010.05.004
5043:10.1016/j.ode.2004.07.001
5005:10.1017/S0269915X0500203X
4821:10.1016/j.fgb.2010.09.006
4555:10.1007/s11557-016-1180-1
4278:(in French). p. 257.
4071:10.1007/s11557-015-1030-6
3225:Yellowstone National Park
3099:
3089:
3085:
3061:
3053:
2937:
2933:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2779:
2759:
2755:
2735:
2731:
2691:
2496:Association with wildfire
1702:Morchella conicopapyracea
1674:Unresolved classification
1605:Morchella septentrionalis
881:from riparian forests in
202:
195:
190:~70 worldwide (see text)
188:
181:
160:
153:
54:Scientific classification
52:
44:
35:
30:
5456:, the urban morel].
2611:gastrointestinal illness
2580:The Danish Morel Project
2144:Transcontinental species
2068:Distribution and habitat
2022:ancestral reconstruction
1963:), the "yellow morels" (
1943:and at least as many in
1842:Morchella pseudovulgaris
1681:Morchella anteridiformis
1641:Morchella quercus-ilicis
7669:. umbrinovelutipes
3233:Ursus arctos horribilis
3102:US recommendations
1730:Morchella guatemalensis
1350:Morchella anthracophila
1160:Morchella sceptriformis
1123:Morchella pseudoviridis
1117:Morchella pseudoumbrina
1041:Morchella esculentoides
765:previously proposed by
688:Early taxonomic history
385:molecular phylogenetics
326:cooks, particularly in
322:. Morels are prized by
8985:(Iberian agroforestry)
8223:Pacific mountain onion
7369:. conicopapyracea
7278:. septentrionalis
6825:. ophthalmosporum
5858:YouTube Growing Morels
4771:Kuo, M. (March 2006).
4750:10.1006/emyc.1995.1027
4242:Documents Mycologiques
3913:Jacquetant E. (1984).
3518:10.1002/jat.2550110403
3106:the National Academies
2537:and others) exhibit a
2512:
2156:
2113:, while black morels (
2096:
2026:western North American
1985:on the cap ridges and
1807:Morchella norvegiensis
1475:Morchella purpurascens
1280:Morchella conifericola
1064:Morchella brunneorosea
951:Morchella conifericola
782:Morchella purpurascens
538:
21:Morel (disambiguation)
9005:Indian forest produce
8476:Hydnocarpus wightiana
7768:. digitaliformis
7569:. pseudovulgaris
7339:. anteridiformis
6675:. ferruginascens
6339:Carluccio A. (2003).
6312:Kingsolver, Barbara.
6117:Arora, David (1986).
6084:"Lead and arsenic in
5454:Morchella rufobrunnea
5450:Morchella rufobrunnea
5448:Loizides M. (2011). "
5121:from northern Israel"
5119:Morchella rufobrunnea
4738:Experimental Mycology
4527:Morchella arbutiphila
4375:Morchella australiana
3800:Loizides, M. (2017).
2785:Vitamins and minerals
2503:
2460:Hypholoma fasciculare
2271:Quaternary glaciation
2151:
2090:
1954:Morchella rufobrunnea
1542:Morchella varisiensis
1454:Morchella populiphila
1433:Morchella laurentiana
1362:Morchella septimelata
1266:Morchella australiana
1259:Morchella arbutiphila
1252:Morchella angusticeps
1035:Morchella claviformis
1029:Morchella californica
1004:Morchella rufobrunnea
933:Morchella arbutiphila
909:Morchella laurentiana
864:Morchella australiana
854:Morchella rufobrunnea
772:Morchella angusticeps
528:
310:). These distinctive
8248:Bare-toothed russula
7409:. guatemalensis
6984:. sceptriformis
6483:Burnett GT. (1835).
5935:Smithsonian Magazine
5728:Mycological Research
5347:Lincoff GH. (1981).
5252:Current Microbiology
4535:Mycological Progress
4274:Persoon CH. (1818).
4051:Mycological Progress
4035:Morchella tridentina
3630:100 Edible Mushrooms
3303:, they are known as
3248:Boyne City, Michigan
2672:Morel mushrooms, raw
2505:Morchella semilibera
2344:(strawberry trees),
2163:exhibit continental
1863:Morchella rigidoides
1814:Morchella patagonica
1800:Morchella neuwirthii
1786:Morchella meiliensis
1779:Morchella intermedia
1716:Morchella deqinensis
1633:Morchella tridentina
1510:Morchella semilibera
1440:Morchella magnispora
1416:Morchella kakiicolor
1371:Morchella eximioides
1356:Morchella carbonaria
1304:Morchella disparilis
1215:Morchella anthracina
1177:Morchella steppicola
1168:Morchella virginiana
1100:Morchella andalusiae
1079:Morchella diminutiva
995:Morchella lanceolata
963:Morchella magnispora
939:Morchella disparilis
897:Morchella kakiicolor
891:Morchella tridentina
821:About 80 species of
740:Morchella semilibera
8859:musical instruments
8117:Woodland strawberry
7828:. helvelloides
7519:. norvegiensis
7258:. purpurascens
7078:. conifericola
6815:. carthusianum
6429:Lincoff G. (2011).
6396:bcmorelfestival.com
6086:Morchella esculenta
6032:Stamets P. (2005).
5770:Geopyxis carbonaria
5689:2010Mycor..20..217T
5646:2000Mycor...9..279D
5302:Morchella anatolica
5022:Morchella esculenta
4903:Morchella tomentosa
4646:Morchella esculenta
4547:2016MycPr..15...39L
4455:Morchella eohespera
4422:Morchella fluvialis
4328:Morchella anatolica
4296:Morchella tomentosa
4259:Boudier E. (1910).
4184:Systema Mycologicum
4063:2015MycPr..14...13L
3767:"The complexity of
3701:1970BotRv..36...91K
3502:Gyromitra esculenta
2872:Pantothenic acid (B
2673:
2601:The consumption of
2368:(apple trees), and
2260:M. rufobrunnea
2218:M. rufobrunnea
2206:M. populiphila
2127:M. rufobrunnea
2125:, and occasionally
2102:Morchella esculenta
2074:Northern Hemisphere
2062:Mediterranean basin
2053:M. rufobrunnea
2044:Morchella anatolica
1978:Morchella tomentosa
1919:Morchella vaporaria
1884:Morchella tasmanica
1870:Morchella smithiana
1828:Morchella pragensis
1793:Morchella miyabeana
1765:Morchella hungarica
1751:Morchella hortensis
1737:Morchella herediana
1709:Morchella crassipes
1695:Morchella bicostata
1653:Morchella elatoides
1647:Morchella frustrata
1626:Morchella tomentosa
1612:Morchella sextelata
1468:Morchella punctipes
1461:Morchella pulchella
1409:Morchella importuna
1395:Morchella feekensis
1378:Morchella exuberans
1335:Morchella eohespera
1287:Morchella deliciosa
1233:Morchella spongiola
1146:Morchella palazonii
1132:Morchella fluvialis
1109:Morchella esculenta
1056:Morchella castaneae
1021:Morchella americana
987:Morchella anatolica
957:Morchella feekensis
919:Morchella eohespera
903:Morchella palazonii
878:Morchella fluvialis
840:Morchella anatolica
834:Morchella tomentosa
734:Morchella deliciosa
702:Morchella esculenta
665:species are highly
601:Gyromitra esculenta
579:Gyromitra esculenta
575:monomethylhydrazine
548:Gyromitra esculenta
531:Gyromitra esculenta
395:and provincialism.
372:Morchella esculenta
340:Northern Hemisphere
163:Morchella esculenta
7858:. morchellula
7848:. krombholzii
7808:. fulvocincta
7228:. populiphila
7198:. laurentiana
7058:. australiana
7048:. arbutiphila
7038:. angusticeps
6870:. rufobrunnea
6685:. maturescens
6528:2020-11-11 at the
6282:Wright J. (2007).
5654:10.1007/PL00009992
5415:Morchella galilaea
4181:Fries EM. (1822).
3709:10.1007/bf02858958
3481:www.britannica.com
3239:In popular culture
3067:Other constituents
2513:
2452:Amanita phalloides
2266:M. tridentina
2242:M. tridentina
2236:M. steppicola
2224:M. semilibera
2157:
2122:Morchella galilaea
2109:trees rather than
2097:
1898:Morchella tibetica
1772:Morchella inamoena
1758:Morchella hotsonii
1578:Mitrophora hybrida
1386:Morchella capitata
1227:Morchella robiniae
1201:Morchella vulgaris
1192:Morchella cryptica
1139:Morchella galilaea
1086:Morchella dunensis
1047:Morchella populina
945:Morchella dunensis
942:, and resurrected
750:Morchella vulgaris
705:designated as the
539:
453:Morels resemble a
433:. You can help by
406:, taxonomical and
9292:
9291:
9277:Open Tree of Life
9077:Taxon identifiers
9068:
9067:
7937:
7936:
7878:. perpusilla
7838:. indigocola
7788:. ferruginea
7748:. chicoensis
7688:
7687:
7599:. rigidoides
7529:. patagonica
7509:. neuwirthii
7489:. meiliensis
7479:. intermedia
7389:. deqinensis
7318:. tridentina
7268:. semilibera
7208:. magnispora
7188:. kakiicolor
7148:. eximioides
7098:. disparilis
6994:. steppicola
6914:. diminutiva
6730:. macrospora
6640:. terrestris
6630:. phragmitis
6505:on Ascomycete.org
6469:978-1-136-53817-9
6442:978-1-61058-099-1
6350:978-1-84400-040-1
6243:978-1-85793-632-2
6234:A Provencal Table
6232:Olney R. (1995).
6199:978-0-309-48834-1
6018:978-0-88192-586-9
5878:Repin C. (1901).
5768:) and pixie cup (
5611:978-0-85198-786-6
5571:Morchella rotunda
5209:(9–10): 755–763.
4630:10.25664/art-0291
4611:Morchella iberica
4213:Peck CH. (1879).
4198:Gray SF. (1821).
3673:978-0-472-03036-1
3645:978-0-472-03126-9
3379:Yellow morels in
3152:ultraviolet light
3112:
3111:
3057:
3056:
2585:Agaricus bisporus
2534:M. tomentosa
2528:M. importuna
2230:M. sextelata
2212:M. pulchella
2200:M. importuna
2188:M. exuberans
2176:M. eohespera
2170:M. americana
2131:Pacific Northwest
2091:Yellow morels in
2049:M. anatolica
1966:M. esculenta
1960:M. anatolica
1905:Morchella umbrina
1877:Morchella sulcata
1849:Morchella rielana
1835:Morchella procera
1744:Morchella hetieri
1723:Morchella distans
1688:Morchella apicata
1619:Morchella snyderi
1590:Ptychoverpa gigas
1572:Phallus crassipes
1530:Morchella hybrida
1402:Morchella iberica
1311:Morchella dunalii
1273:Morchella brunnea
1209:Morchella acerina
1184:Morchella ulmaria
451:
450:
276:
275:
270:
254:
243:
235:
224:
213:
149:
45:A black morel in
9322:
9315:Pezizales genera
9285:
9284:
9272:
9271:
9262:
9261:
9249:
9248:
9246:NHMSYS0001489911
9236:
9235:
9223:
9222:
9210:
9209:
9197:
9196:
9184:
9183:
9171:
9170:
9158:
9157:
9145:
9144:
9132:
9131:
9119:
9118:
9117:
9104:
9103:
9102:
9072:
9056:
9055:
9046:
9045:
9020:Resin extraction
9010:Mushroom hunting
8986:
8732: / etc.
8586:
8479:
8314:Saffron milk cap
8304:Parasol mushroom
8144:Fiddlehead ferns
7964:
7957:
7950:
7941:
7927:
7917:
7907:
7897:
7887:
7877:
7867:
7857:
7847:
7837:
7827:
7817:
7807:
7798:. formosana
7797:
7787:
7777:
7767:
7757:
7747:
7737:
7727:
7717:
7707:
7679:. vaporaria
7678:
7668:
7658:
7648:
7638:
7629:. tasmanica
7628:
7618:
7609:. smithiana
7608:
7598:
7588:
7578:
7568:
7558:
7549:. pragensis
7548:
7538:
7528:
7518:
7508:
7499:. miyabeana
7498:
7488:
7478:
7468:
7459:. hungarica
7458:
7448:
7439:. hortensis
7438:
7428:
7419:. herediana
7418:
7408:
7398:
7388:
7379:. crassipes
7378:
7368:
7359:. bicostata
7358:
7348:
7338:
7317:
7308:. tomentosa
7307:
7297:
7288:. sextelata
7287:
7277:
7267:
7257:
7248:. punctipes
7247:
7238:. pulchella
7237:
7227:
7217:
7207:
7197:
7187:
7178:. importuna
7177:
7168:. feekensis
7167:
7158:. exuberans
7157:
7147:
7137:
7128:. eohespera
7127:
7117:
7107:
7097:
7088:. deliciosa
7087:
7077:
7067:
7057:
7047:
7037:
7013:
7003:
6993:
6983:
6973:
6964:. palazonii
6963:
6953:
6944:. fluvialis
6943:
6934:. esculenta
6933:
6923:
6913:
6904:. castaneae
6903:
6894:. americana
6893:
6869:
6860:. anatolica
6859:
6843:
6824:
6814:
6789:
6764:
6740:. subcaulis
6739:
6729:
6704:
6695:. rufescens
6694:
6684:
6674:
6650:. tillettei
6649:
6639:
6629:
6620:. palmicola
6619:
6610:. micheneri
6609:
6599:
6589:
6559:
6552:
6545:
6536:
6518:Field and Stream
6491:
6490:
6480:
6474:
6473:
6453:
6447:
6446:
6426:
6420:
6419:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6402:
6388:
6382:
6381:
6361:
6355:
6354:
6336:
6330:
6324:
6318:
6317:
6309:
6298:
6297:
6279:
6273:
6272:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6229:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6219:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6114:
6103:
6102:
6092:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6044:
6038:
6037:
6034:Mycelium Running
6029:
6023:
6022:
6011:. Timber Press.
6004:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5976:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5916:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5841:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5761:
5752:
5751:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5672:
5666:
5665:
5625:
5616:
5615:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5534:(6): 1351–1368.
5518:
5512:
5511:
5501:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5472:
5466:
5465:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5391:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5297:
5284:
5283:
5258:(4): 1245–1252.
5243:
5237:
5236:
5226:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5155:
5144:
5143:
5125:
5112:
5103:
5102:
5070:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5051:
5045:. Archived from
5028:
5015:
5009:
5008:
4998:
4980:
4967:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4948:
4942:. Archived from
4918:(5): 1082–1088.
4909:
4896:
4885:
4884:
4844:
4833:
4832:
4800:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4514:
4495:
4494:
4450:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4306:
4289:
4280:
4279:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4178:
4169:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4115:(5): 1159–1177.
4096:
4083:
4082:
4030:
4013:
4012:
4002:
3974:
3951:
3950:
3934:
3919:
3918:
3910:
3901:
3900:
3888:
3879:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3852:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3797:
3786:
3785:
3775:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3689:Botanical Review
3684:
3678:
3677:
3659:
3650:
3649:
3633:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3448:
3433:Fungi portal
3431:
3430:
3429:
3407:
3396:British Columbia
3394:Black morels in
3391:
3376:
3344:vernacular name
3281:hickory chickens
3268:Vernacular names
3257:Canterbury Tales
3252:Geoffrey Chaucer
2957:
2908:
2892:
2875:
2858:
2841:
2824:
2814:
2781:
2674:
2637:levels of toxic
2468:Amanita muscaria
2194:M. galilaea
2154:Washington state
1891:Morchella tatari
1856:Morchella rigida
1821:Morchella patula
1596:Helvella hybrida
1536:Morchella undosa
1489:Morchella conica
1342:Morchella eximia
1319:Morchella fallax
1295:Morchella conica
1221:Morchella lepida
806:Morchella conica
796:Morchella eximia
789:as a variety of
515:
506:
497:
488:
479:
470:
446:
443:
425:
418:
342:, in particular
264:
249:
241:
230:
223:ex Adans. (1763)
219:
208:
136:
62:
61:
40:
28:
9330:
9329:
9325:
9324:
9323:
9321:
9320:
9319:
9295:
9294:
9293:
9288:
9280:
9275:
9267:
9265:
9257:
9252:
9244:
9239:
9231:
9226:
9218:
9213:
9205:
9200:
9192:
9187:
9179:
9174:
9166:
9161:
9153:
9148:
9140:
9135:
9127:
9122:
9113:
9112:
9107:
9098:
9097:
9092:
9079:
9069:
9064:
9034:
8984:
8969:
8960:Vegetable ivory
8832:
8720:
8632:
8580:
8473:
8435:
8417:
8351:
8333:
8299:Oyster mushroom
8289:Meadow mushroom
8234:
8218:Twincrest onion
8121:
8025:
8008:
7979:Animal products
7973:
7968:
7938:
7933:
7928:. speciosa
7728:. bohemica
7708:. atroalba
7684:
7649:. tibetica
7469:. inamoena
7449:. hotsonii
7323:
7019:
7014:. vulgaris
6954:. galilaea
6924:. dunensis
6875:
6830:
6795:
6770:
6765:. gigantea
6745:
6710:
6655:
6600:. cristata
6570:
6563:
6530:Wayback Machine
6523:Colorado Morels
6499:
6494:
6482:
6481:
6477:
6470:
6455:
6454:
6450:
6443:
6428:
6427:
6423:
6414:
6413:
6409:
6400:
6398:
6390:
6389:
6385:
6363:
6362:
6358:
6351:
6338:
6337:
6333:
6325:
6321:
6311:
6310:
6301:
6294:
6281:
6280:
6276:
6269:
6256:
6255:
6251:
6244:
6231:
6230:
6226:
6217:
6215:
6200:
6184:
6183:
6179:
6170:
6168:
6151:
6150:
6146:
6131:
6116:
6115:
6106:
6090:
6081:
6080:
6076:
6061:10.2307/3756634
6046:
6045:
6041:
6031:
6030:
6026:
6019:
6006:
6005:
5998:
5989:
5987:
5985:The Independent
5978:
5977:
5973:
5964:
5962:
5953:
5952:
5948:
5939:
5937:
5928:
5927:
5923:
5914:
5912:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5893:
5891:
5877:
5876:
5872:
5863:
5861:
5852:
5849:Wayback Machine
5842:
5835:
5826:
5824:
5814:
5813:
5809:
5763:
5762:
5755:
5725:
5724:
5720:
5674:
5673:
5669:
5627:
5626:
5619:
5612:
5599:
5598:
5594:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5520:
5519:
5515:
5503:
5502:
5493:
5484:
5482:
5474:
5473:
5469:
5447:
5446:
5442:
5434:10.5248/130.215
5410:
5409:
5405:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5299:
5298:
5287:
5245:
5244:
5240:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5157:
5156:
5147:
5123:
5114:
5113:
5106:
5072:
5071:
5064:
5055:
5053:
5049:
5026:
5017:
5016:
5012:
4996:10.1.1.542.4063
4978:
4969:
4968:
4961:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4907:
4898:
4897:
4888:
4846:
4845:
4836:
4802:
4801:
4786:
4777:
4775:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4703:10.2307/3760589
4682:
4681:
4677:
4662:10.2307/3759851
4643:
4642:
4638:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4594:10.5248/131.467
4575:
4574:
4570:
4516:
4515:
4498:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4437:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4304:
4292:Kuo M. (2008).
4291:
4290:
4283:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4180:
4179:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4098:
4097:
4086:
4032:
4031:
4016:
3976:
3975:
3954:
3936:
3935:
3922:
3912:
3911:
3904:
3890:
3889:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3846:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3799:
3798:
3789:
3773:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3744:10.2307/3758070
3729:
3728:
3724:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3674:
3662:Kuo M. (2005).
3661:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3626:Kuo M. (2007).
3625:
3624:
3620:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3485:
3483:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3461:
3459:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3399:
3392:
3383:
3377:
3323:sponge mushroom
3270:
3241:
3164:
3095:
3090:
3048:
3035:
3022:
3009:
2996:
2983:
2970:
2958:
2928:
2915:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2873:
2865:
2856:
2848:
2839:
2831:
2822:
2815:
2786:
2775:
2770:
2751:
2746:
2707:
2702:
2669:
2660:Morchella elata
2651:
2599:
2568:
2498:
2362:(olive trees),
2281:The ecology of
2279:
2152:Black morel in
2146:
2099:Yellow morels (
2070:
1929:
1924:
1676:
1566:Phallus undosus
1518:Morchella gigas
1328:Morchella elata
1247:
1153:Morchella prava
1016:
982:
819:
720:Morchella elata
690:
672:Morchella elata
655:
523:
521:Similar species
516:
507:
498:
489:
480:
471:
447:
441:
438:
431:needs expansion
416:
404:biogeographical
177:
172:) Pers. :
166:
135:
56:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9328:
9326:
9318:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9297:
9296:
9290:
9289:
9287:
9286:
9273:
9263:
9250:
9237:
9224:
9211:
9198:
9185:
9172:
9159:
9146:
9133:
9120:
9105:
9089:
9087:
9081:
9080:
9075:
9066:
9065:
9063:
9062:
9050:
9039:
9036:
9035:
9033:
9032:
9027:
9025:Rubber tapping
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8991:Forest farming
8988:
8977:
8975:
8971:
8970:
8968:
8967:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8946:
8945:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8914:
8913:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8867:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8846:
8840:
8838:
8834:
8833:
8831:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8819:
8818:
8813:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8763:
8758:
8753:
8752:
8751:
8741:
8735:
8733:
8722:
8721:
8719:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8642:
8640:
8634:
8633:
8631:
8630:
8627:Vateria indica
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:Shorea robusta
8576:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8438:
8436:
8434:
8433:
8428:
8422:
8419:
8418:
8416:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8354:
8352:
8350:
8349:
8344:
8338:
8335:
8334:
8332:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8275:
8273:Honey mushroom
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8244:
8242:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8232:
8231:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8184:
8183:
8178:
8168:
8167:
8166:
8156:
8154:Mahuwa flowers
8151:
8146:
8141:
8135:
8133:
8123:
8122:
8120:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8028:
8026:
8024:
8023:
8013:
8010:
8009:
8007:
8006:
8001:
8000:
7999:
7989:
7983:
7981:
7975:
7974:
7969:
7967:
7966:
7959:
7952:
7944:
7935:
7934:
7932:
7931:
7921:
7918:. sauteri
7911:
7908:. rugipes
7901:
7898:. pusilla
7891:
7888:. pusilla
7881:
7871:
7861:
7851:
7841:
7831:
7821:
7811:
7801:
7791:
7781:
7771:
7761:
7751:
7741:
7738:. candida
7731:
7721:
7718:. bispora
7711:
7700:
7698:
7690:
7689:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7682:
7672:
7662:
7659:. umbrina
7652:
7642:
7632:
7622:
7619:. sulcata
7612:
7602:
7592:
7582:
7579:. rielana
7572:
7562:
7559:. procera
7552:
7542:
7532:
7522:
7512:
7502:
7492:
7482:
7472:
7462:
7452:
7442:
7432:
7429:. hetieri
7422:
7412:
7402:
7399:. distans
7392:
7382:
7372:
7362:
7352:
7349:. apicata
7342:
7331:
7329:
7325:
7324:
7322:
7321:
7311:
7301:
7298:. snyderi
7291:
7281:
7271:
7261:
7251:
7241:
7231:
7221:
7211:
7201:
7191:
7181:
7171:
7161:
7151:
7141:
7131:
7121:
7111:
7108:. dunalii
7101:
7091:
7081:
7071:
7068:. brunnea
7061:
7051:
7041:
7030:
7028:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7007:
7004:. ulmaria
6997:
6987:
6977:
6967:
6957:
6947:
6937:
6927:
6917:
6907:
6897:
6886:
6884:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6873:
6863:
6852:
6850:
6840:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6828:
6818:
6807:
6805:
6797:
6796:
6794:
6793:
6790:. brunnea
6782:
6780:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6768:
6757:
6755:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6743:
6733:
6722:
6720:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6708:
6698:
6688:
6678:
6667:
6665:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6643:
6633:
6623:
6613:
6603:
6593:
6582:
6580:
6572:
6571:
6564:
6562:
6561:
6554:
6547:
6539:
6533:
6532:
6520:
6511:
6506:
6503:2000 Pezizales
6498:
6497:External links
6495:
6493:
6492:
6475:
6468:
6448:
6441:
6421:
6407:
6383:
6356:
6349:
6331:
6319:
6299:
6292:
6274:
6268:978-1856267397
6267:
6249:
6242:
6224:
6198:
6177:
6144:
6129:
6104:
6095:Fungi Magazine
6074:
6055:(5): 779–780.
6039:
6024:
6017:
5996:
5971:
5946:
5921:
5900:
5870:
5833:
5807:
5786:10.3852/08-096
5780:(4): 766–773.
5753:
5734:(3): 339–346.
5718:
5683:(4): 217–263.
5667:
5640:(5): 279–285.
5617:
5610:
5592:
5581:(2): 249–252.
5561:
5540:10.3852/12-056
5513:
5491:
5467:
5440:
5403:
5354:
5351:. p. 326.
5339:
5312:(3): 559–573.
5285:
5238:
5203:Fungal Biology
5189:
5170:(6): 455–469.
5145:
5104:
5085:(8): 672–682.
5077:) in Turkey".
5062:
5037:(2): 101–107.
5010:
4959:
4924:10.3852/09-294
4886:
4865:10.3852/11-180
4859:(2): 446–461.
4834:
4815:(3): 252–265.
4784:
4763:
4744:(3): 223–233.
4716:
4675:
4656:(2): 227–235.
4636:
4617:Ascomycete.org
4599:
4588:(2): 467–482.
4568:
4496:
4475:10.3852/15-149
4459:M. laurentiana
4457:and parochial
4445:
4435:
4412:
4391:10.3852/13-065
4385:(1): 113–118.
4365:
4344:10.3852/09-186
4338:(2): 455–468.
4318:
4300:M. rufobrunnea
4281:
4266:
4251:
4228:
4205:
4190:
4170:
4161:
4142:
4121:10.3852/11-375
4084:
4039:M. rufobrunnea
4014:
4000:10.3852/14-166
3993:(2): 359–382.
3979:"True morels (
3952:
3920:
3902:
3880:
3871:
3862:
3853:
3844:
3825:
3806:Field Mycology
3787:
3778:Fungi Magazine
3757:
3738:(5): 937–994.
3722:
3679:
3672:
3651:
3644:
3618:
3583:
3564:(4): 339–349.
3548:
3539:
3512:(4): 235–243.
3492:
3468:
3456:Dill. ex Pers"
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3384:
3378:
3371:
3305:molly moochers
3269:
3266:
3240:
3237:
3194:'flash frozen'
3163:
3160:
3110:
3109:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2952:
2947:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2894:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2861:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2804:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2665:
2657:Black morels (
2650:
2647:
2598:
2595:
2567:
2564:
2522:M. eximia
2497:
2494:
2278:
2275:
2182:M. eximia
2145:
2142:
2069:
2066:
1995:Western Europe
1928:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1560:Eromitra gigas
1506:
1505:
1504:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1374:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1307:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1180:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1082:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1000:
999:
998:
981:
975:
974:
828:Index Fungorum
818:
817:Classification
815:
699:in 1794, with
689:
686:
654:
651:
650:
649:
618:
604:
598:
559:cardiac muscle
554:Verpa bohemica
522:
519:
518:
517:
510:
508:
501:
499:
492:
490:
483:
481:
474:
472:
465:
449:
448:
428:
426:
415:
412:
332:French cuisine
274:
273:
272:
271:
255:
244:
236:
225:
214:
200:
199:
193:
192:
186:
185:
179:
178:
167:
158:
157:
151:
150:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
50:
49:
42:
41:
33:
32:
16:Genus of fungi
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9327:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9302:
9300:
9283:
9278:
9274:
9270:
9264:
9260:
9255:
9251:
9247:
9242:
9238:
9234:
9229:
9225:
9221:
9216:
9212:
9208:
9203:
9199:
9195:
9190:
9186:
9182:
9177:
9173:
9169:
9164:
9160:
9156:
9151:
9147:
9143:
9138:
9134:
9130:
9125:
9121:
9116:
9110:
9106:
9101:
9095:
9091:
9090:
9088:
9086:
9082:
9078:
9073:
9061:
9060:
9051:
9049:
9041:
9040:
9037:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9001:
9000:Honey hunting
8998:
8996:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8983:
8979:
8978:
8976:
8972:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8944:
8941:
8940:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8912:
8909:
8908:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8851:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8841:
8839:
8835:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8808:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8756:Coconut sugar
8754:
8750:
8747:
8746:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8727:
8723:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8643:
8641:
8639:
8635:
8629:
8628:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8559:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8439:
8437:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8423:
8420:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8353:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8339:
8336:
8330:
8329:Yellow knight
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8319:Slippery jack
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8245:
8243:
8241:
8237:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8200:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8173:
8172:
8169:
8165:
8162:
8161:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8149:Heart of palm
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8136:
8134:
8132:
8128:
8127:Edible plants
8124:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8092:Juniper berry
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8022:
8018:
8015:
8014:
8011:
8005:
8002:
7998:
7995:
7994:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7984:
7982:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7965:
7960:
7958:
7953:
7951:
7946:
7945:
7942:
7930:
7929:
7922:
7920:
7919:
7912:
7910:
7909:
7902:
7900:
7899:
7892:
7890:
7889:
7882:
7880:
7879:
7872:
7870:
7869:
7868:. patula
7862:
7860:
7859:
7852:
7850:
7849:
7842:
7840:
7839:
7832:
7830:
7829:
7822:
7820:
7819:
7818:. grisea
7812:
7810:
7809:
7802:
7800:
7799:
7792:
7790:
7789:
7782:
7780:
7779:
7772:
7770:
7769:
7762:
7760:
7759:
7758:. conica
7752:
7750:
7749:
7742:
7740:
7739:
7732:
7730:
7729:
7722:
7720:
7719:
7712:
7710:
7709:
7702:
7701:
7699:
7697:
7696:
7691:
7681:
7680:
7673:
7671:
7670:
7663:
7661:
7660:
7653:
7651:
7650:
7643:
7641:
7640:
7639:. tatari
7633:
7631:
7630:
7623:
7621:
7620:
7613:
7611:
7610:
7603:
7601:
7600:
7593:
7591:
7590:
7589:. rigida
7583:
7581:
7580:
7573:
7571:
7570:
7563:
7561:
7560:
7553:
7551:
7550:
7543:
7541:
7540:
7539:. patula
7533:
7531:
7530:
7523:
7521:
7520:
7513:
7511:
7510:
7503:
7501:
7500:
7493:
7491:
7490:
7483:
7481:
7480:
7473:
7471:
7470:
7463:
7461:
7460:
7453:
7451:
7450:
7443:
7441:
7440:
7433:
7431:
7430:
7423:
7421:
7420:
7413:
7411:
7410:
7403:
7401:
7400:
7393:
7391:
7390:
7383:
7381:
7380:
7373:
7371:
7370:
7363:
7361:
7360:
7353:
7351:
7350:
7343:
7341:
7340:
7333:
7332:
7330:
7326:
7320:
7319:
7312:
7310:
7309:
7302:
7300:
7299:
7292:
7290:
7289:
7282:
7280:
7279:
7272:
7270:
7269:
7262:
7260:
7259:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7242:
7240:
7239:
7232:
7230:
7229:
7222:
7220:
7219:
7212:
7210:
7209:
7202:
7200:
7199:
7192:
7190:
7189:
7182:
7180:
7179:
7172:
7170:
7169:
7162:
7160:
7159:
7152:
7150:
7149:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7138:. eximia
7132:
7130:
7129:
7122:
7120:
7119:
7112:
7110:
7109:
7102:
7100:
7099:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7082:
7080:
7079:
7072:
7070:
7069:
7062:
7060:
7059:
7052:
7050:
7049:
7042:
7040:
7039:
7032:
7031:
7029:
7027:
7022:
7016:
7015:
7008:
7006:
7005:
6998:
6996:
6995:
6988:
6986:
6985:
6978:
6976:
6975:
6968:
6966:
6965:
6958:
6956:
6955:
6948:
6946:
6945:
6938:
6936:
6935:
6928:
6926:
6925:
6918:
6916:
6915:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6898:
6896:
6895:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6883:
6878:
6872:
6871:
6864:
6862:
6861:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6838:
6833:
6827:
6826:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6809:
6808:
6806:
6804:
6803:
6798:
6792:
6791:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6778:
6773:
6767:
6766:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6754:
6753:
6748:
6742:
6741:
6734:
6732:
6731:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6718:
6713:
6707:
6706:
6705:. venosa
6699:
6697:
6696:
6689:
6687:
6686:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6664:
6663:
6658:
6652:
6651:
6644:
6642:
6641:
6634:
6632:
6631:
6624:
6622:
6621:
6614:
6612:
6611:
6604:
6602:
6601:
6594:
6592:
6591:
6590:. athrix
6584:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6578:
6577:Costantinella
6573:
6568:
6567:Morchellaceae
6560:
6555:
6553:
6548:
6546:
6541:
6540:
6537:
6531:
6527:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6496:
6488:
6487:
6479:
6476:
6471:
6465:
6461:
6460:
6452:
6449:
6444:
6438:
6434:
6433:
6425:
6422:
6417:
6411:
6408:
6397:
6393:
6387:
6384:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6360:
6357:
6352:
6346:
6342:
6335:
6332:
6328:
6323:
6320:
6315:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6300:
6295:
6293:9780747589327
6289:
6285:
6278:
6275:
6270:
6264:
6260:
6253:
6250:
6245:
6239:
6235:
6228:
6225:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6195:
6191:
6190:
6181:
6178:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6148:
6145:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6130:0-89815-170-8
6126:
6122:
6121:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6105:
6100:
6096:
6089:
6087:
6078:
6075:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6043:
6040:
6035:
6028:
6025:
6020:
6014:
6010:
6003:
6001:
5997:
5986:
5982:
5975:
5972:
5961:
5957:
5950:
5947:
5936:
5932:
5925:
5922:
5910:
5904:
5901:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5874:
5871:
5859:
5855:
5850:
5846:
5840:
5838:
5834:
5823:on 2011-09-28
5822:
5818:
5811:
5808:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5760:
5758:
5754:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5722:
5719:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5671:
5668:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5624:
5622:
5618:
5613:
5607:
5603:
5596:
5593:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5565:
5562:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5517:
5514:
5509:
5508:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5481:
5477:
5471:
5468:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5444:
5441:
5435:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5416:
5407:
5404:
5399:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5358:
5355:
5350:
5343:
5340:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5242:
5239:
5234:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5193:
5190:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5122:
5120:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5052:on 2011-07-19
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5025:
5023:
5014:
5011:
5006:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4977:
4975:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4949:on 2011-07-20
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4906:
4904:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4774:
4767:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4720:
4717:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4697:(6): 762–72.
4696:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4679:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4640:
4637:
4631:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4612:
4603:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4572:
4569:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4531:M. disparilis
4528:
4524:
4520:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4449:
4446:
4439:
4436:
4432:(2): 251–260.
4431:
4427:
4423:
4416:
4413:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4322:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4270:
4267:
4262:
4255:
4252:
4247:
4244:(in French).
4243:
4239:
4232:
4229:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4209:
4206:
4201:
4194:
4191:
4186:
4185:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4157:
4154:(in German).
4153:
4146:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4104:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4043:M. kakiicolor
4040:
4036:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3982:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3945:(in French).
3944:
3940:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3826:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3770:
3761:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3695:(2): 91–161.
3694:
3690:
3683:
3680:
3675:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3622:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3599:(1): 85–104.
3598:
3594:
3587:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3493:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3457:
3455:
3447:
3444:
3438:
3434:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3385:
3382:
3375:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3301:West Virginia
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3262:North America
3259:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3229:grizzly bears
3226:
3221:
3218:
3217:insect larvae
3214:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3116:carbohydrates
3107:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3052:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2910:
2902:
2895:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2877:
2869:
2862:
2860:
2852:
2845:
2843:
2838:Riboflavin (B
2835:
2828:
2826:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2724:
2723:Dietary fiber
2720:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2699:Carbohydrates
2694:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2655:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2631:lead arsenate
2628:
2622:
2620:
2619:upset stomach
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2551:Alkaline soil
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2438:(remnants of
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2404:(cottonwood)
2403:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2392:(larch), and
2391:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2306:Mediterranean
2303:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2247:introductions
2244:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2116:M. elata
2112:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2094:
2093:West Virginia
2089:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1972:M. elata
1968:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1941:North America
1938:
1934:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1554:Phallus gigas
1550:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:
991:
990:
989:
988:
984:
983:
980:
976:
973:
971:
970:
965:
964:
959:
958:
953:
952:
947:
946:
941:
940:
935:
934:
929:
928:Mediterranean
925:
921:
920:
915:
911:
910:
905:
904:
899:
898:
893:
892:
886:
884:
880:
879:
874:
870:
866:
865:
860:
859:North America
856:
855:
850:
847:species from
846:
842:
841:
836:
835:
830:
829:
824:
816:
814:
812:
808:
807:
802:
798:
797:
792:
788:
784:
783:
778:
774:
773:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
751:
746:
742:
741:
736:
735:
730:
726:
722:
721:
716:
715:Émile Boudier
712:
708:
704:
703:
698:
694:
687:
685:
682:
678:
674:
673:
668:
664:
660:
652:
647:
644:species from
643:
642:
637:
636:
631:
630:
625:
624:
619:
616:
615:
610:
609:
605:
602:
599:
596:
595:
591:
590:
589:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
569:, an organic
568:
564:
560:
556:
555:
550:
549:
544:
537:
533:
532:
527:
520:
514:
509:
505:
500:
496:
491:
487:
482:
478:
473:
469:
464:
462:
460:
456:
445:
442:November 2023
436:
432:
429:This section
427:
424:
420:
419:
413:
411:
409:
408:nomenclatural
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:North America
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
306:
302:
299:in the order
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:
268:
263:
259:
256:
252:
248:
245:
240:
237:
233:
229:
226:
222:
218:
215:
211:
207:
206:Phalloboletus
204:
203:
201:
198:
194:
191:
187:
184:
180:
175:
171:
165:
164:
159:
156:
152:
147:
143:
139:
134:
133:
129:
126:
125:
122:
121:Morchellaceae
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
101:Pezizomycetes
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
72:
69:
66:
65:
60:
55:
51:
48:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
9310:Edible fungi
9084:
9057:
9030:Wildcrafting
9015:Naval stores
8993: /
8981:
8950:Tendu leaves
8906:Natural dyes
8776:Gutta-percha
8728: /
8666:Frankincense
8626:
8582:
8539:Mango butter
8484:Cocoa butter
8475:
8472:Chaulmoogra
8442:Allanblackia
8373:Black pepper
8293:
8258:Birch bolete
8208:Canada onion
8193:Wild ginseng
8188:Saw palmetto
8129: /
8019: /
7923:
7913:
7903:
7893:
7883:
7873:
7863:
7853:
7843:
7833:
7823:
7813:
7803:
7793:
7783:
7778:. dubia
7773:
7763:
7753:
7743:
7733:
7723:
7713:
7703:
7693:
7674:
7664:
7654:
7644:
7634:
7624:
7614:
7604:
7594:
7584:
7574:
7564:
7554:
7544:
7534:
7524:
7514:
7504:
7494:
7484:
7474:
7464:
7454:
7444:
7434:
7424:
7414:
7404:
7394:
7384:
7374:
7364:
7354:
7344:
7334:
7313:
7303:
7293:
7283:
7273:
7263:
7253:
7243:
7233:
7223:
7213:
7203:
7193:
7183:
7173:
7163:
7153:
7143:
7133:
7123:
7118:. elata
7113:
7103:
7093:
7083:
7073:
7063:
7053:
7043:
7033:
7025:
7009:
6999:
6989:
6979:
6974:. prava
6969:
6959:
6949:
6939:
6929:
6919:
6909:
6899:
6889:
6881:
6865:
6855:
6847:
6836:
6835:
6820:
6810:
6800:
6785:
6775:
6760:
6750:
6735:
6725:
6715:
6700:
6690:
6680:
6670:
6660:
6645:
6635:
6625:
6615:
6605:
6595:
6585:
6575:
6517:
6485:
6478:
6458:
6451:
6431:
6424:
6410:
6399:. Retrieved
6395:
6386:
6369:
6365:
6359:
6340:
6334:
6322:
6313:
6283:
6277:
6258:
6252:
6233:
6227:
6216:. Retrieved
6188:
6180:
6169:. Retrieved
6160:
6147:
6119:
6098:
6094:
6085:
6077:
6052:
6048:
6042:
6033:
6027:
6008:
5988:. Retrieved
5984:
5974:
5963:. Retrieved
5959:
5949:
5938:. Retrieved
5934:
5924:
5913:. Retrieved
5911:. 2021-11-16
5903:
5892:. Retrieved
5887:
5883:
5873:
5862:. Retrieved
5860:. 2019-11-08
5857:
5845:Ghostarchive
5843:Archived at
5825:. Retrieved
5821:the original
5810:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5731:
5727:
5721:
5680:
5676:
5670:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5601:
5595:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5564:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5516:
5506:
5483:. Retrieved
5479:
5470:
5461:
5460:(in Greek).
5458:Μυκητολόγος
5457:
5453:
5449:
5443:
5424:
5420:
5414:
5406:
5374:(2): 78–85.
5371:
5367:
5357:
5348:
5342:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5192:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5134:(2): 45–55.
5131:
5127:
5118:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5054:. Retrieved
5047:the original
5034:
5030:
5021:
5013:
4989:(2): 62–68.
4986:
4982:
4973:
4951:. Retrieved
4944:the original
4915:
4911:
4902:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4776:. Retrieved
4766:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4694:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4623:(1): 11–18.
4620:
4616:
4610:
4602:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4469:(1): 31–37.
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4448:
4438:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4312:
4308:
4299:
4295:
4275:
4269:
4260:
4254:
4245:
4241:
4238:Les morilles
4237:
4231:
4222:
4218:
4208:
4199:
4193:
4183:
4164:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3915:Les Morilles
3914:
3896:
3892:
3874:
3865:
3856:
3847:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3812:(2): 42–53.
3809:
3805:
3781:
3777:
3768:
3760:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3663:
3629:
3621:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3542:
3509:
3505:
3504:—a review".
3501:
3495:
3484:. Retrieved
3480:
3471:
3460:. Retrieved
3453:
3446:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3349:
3348:, refers to
3345:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3292:
3288:
3280:
3277:dryland fish
3276:
3272:
3271:
3255:
3245:
3242:
3232:
3222:
3211:
3191:
3187:thermolabile
3179:edible fungi
3168:
3165:
3134:(94% of the
3113:
3071:
3066:
2954:
2949:
2942:
2811:
2806:
2799:
2765:
2741:
2697:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2623:
2602:
2600:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2558:and often a
2532:
2526:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2504:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2472:false morels
2467:
2459:
2456:sulphur tuft
2451:
2423:Liriodendron
2421:
2420:(sycamore),
2415:
2409:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2350:(chestnut),
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2301:
2299:
2282:
2280:
2264:
2258:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2160:
2158:
2135:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2100:
2098:
2071:
2057:M. anatolica
2056:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2035:
2029:
2019:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1933:phylogenetic
1930:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1508:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1422:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1384:
1376:
1369:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1317:
1309:
1302:
1293:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1199:
1190:
1182:
1175:
1166:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1121:
1115:
1107:
1098:
1092:
1084:
1077:
1068:
1062:
1054:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1019:
1012:
1002:
993:
985:
978:
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
917:
907:
901:
895:
889:
887:
876:
862:
852:
838:
832:
826:
822:
820:
811:illegitimate
804:
794:
790:
780:
777:Charles Peck
770:
763:M. esculenta
762:
758:
748:
738:
732:
718:
707:type species
700:
692:
691:
681:synonymities
670:
662:
659:fruit bodies
656:
645:
639:
633:
627:
621:
620:The caps of
612:
606:
600:
592:
587:
578:
571:carcinogenic
552:
546:
543:false morels
540:
529:
452:
439:
435:adding to it
430:
400:phylogenetic
397:
388:
370:
369:Typified by
368:
284:
279:
278:
277:
261:
257:
246:
238:
227:
216:
205:
189:
161:
155:Type species
131:
130:
25:
9202:iNaturalist
9109:Wikispecies
8965:Willow bark
8796:Maple syrup
8791:Maple sugar
8766:Fruit syrup
8749:chewing gum
8739:Birch syrup
8596:Shea butter
8268:Chanterelle
8213:Crow garlic
8203:Bear garlic
8198:Wild onions
8176:filé powder
8097:Lingonberry
8082:Huckleberry
6848:Rufobrunnea
6101:(2): 11–18.
5427:: 215–221.
5224:11336/38473
4533:spp. nov".
3784:(2): 14–18.
3295:, based on
3198:baking tray
3136:Daily Value
2821:Thiamine (B
2566:Cultivation
2436:apple trees
2432:cottonwoods
2395:Pseudotsuga
2295:saprotrophs
2136:Efforts to
979:Rufobrunnea
871:forests in
869:sclerophyll
755:Samuel Gray
745:de Candolle
725:Elias Fries
667:polymorphic
629:V. bohemica
536:false morel
414:Description
381:mycologists
377:taxonomical
336:cultivation
285:true morels
262:Mitrophorae
242:Lév. (1846)
9299:Categories
8876:Birch beer
8871:Birch bark
8828:Spruce gum
8811:akpeteshie
8801:Palm sugar
8771:Gum arabic
8761:Date sugar
8711:Turpentine
8591:Sandalwood
8494:Eucalyptus
8489:Eucalyptol
8378:Brazil nut
8253:Bay bolete
8107:Strawberry
8062:Cocoa bean
8057:Breadfruit
8047:Blackberry
8021:tree fruit
6802:Leucangium
6717:Fischerula
6401:2018-08-10
6372:: 95–103.
6218:2024-06-21
6171:2024-03-28
5990:2024-04-22
5965:2024-03-17
5940:2022-07-12
5915:2022-07-12
5894:2010-03-21
5864:2019-11-11
5827:2009-05-26
5677:Mycorrhiza
5634:Mycorrhiza
5485:2024-03-31
5056:2011-03-15
4983:Mycologist
4953:2011-03-15
4778:2009-05-26
4648:complex".
4523:Ascomycota
4315:: 441–446.
3899:: 130–150.
3841:: 108–114.
3486:2024-05-01
3462:2014-12-11
3439:References
3412:Ben Shemen
3346:huhtasieni
3338:snakeheads
3156:B vitamins
3144:phosphorus
3016:Phosphorus
2635:accumulate
2539:pyrophilic
2464:fly agaric
2462:), or the
2434:, and old
2326:(poplar),
2291:endophytic
2013:, and the
1997:, Turkey,
1983:fine hairs
1937:phenotypic
1638:synonyms:
1515:synonyms:
1480:synonyms:
1347:synonyms:
1206:synonyms:
1114:synonyms:
1091:synonyms:
1061:synonyms:
1026:synonyms:
567:gyromitrin
308:Ascomycota
291:of edible
239:Mitrophora
91:Ascomycota
87:Division:
9305:Morchella
9115:Morchella
9085:Morchella
8995:gardening
8955:Thatching
8806:Palm wine
8651:Birch tar
8579:Sal-seed
8504:Japan wax
8457:Candlenut
8398:Malva nut
8363:Areca nut
8284:Matsutake
8240:Mushrooms
8181:root beer
8171:Sassafras
8159:Sago palm
8102:Raspberry
8087:Jackfruit
8052:Blueberry
8004:Wild game
7026:Distantes
6882:Morchella
6837:Morchella
6662:Disciotis
6049:Mycologia
5854:"YouTube"
5774:Mycologia
5766:Morchella
5630:Morchella
5528:Mycologia
5524:Morchella
5421:Mycotaxon
5334:232298567
5306:Mycologia
5248:Morchella
5199:Morchella
5160:Morchella
5140:1534-2581
5075:Morchella
4991:CiteSeerX
4974:Morchella
4912:Mycologia
4881:207685509
4853:Mycologia
4849:Morchella
4805:Morchella
4734:Disciotis
4726:Morchella
4690:Mycologia
4685:Morchella
4650:Mycologia
4582:Mycotaxon
4578:Morchella
4541:(4): 39.
4519:Pezizales
4463:Mycologia
4379:Mycologia
4332:Mycologia
4309:Mycotaxon
4158:: 63–128.
4109:Mycologia
4103:Morchella
4047:Distantes
3987:Mycologia
3981:Morchella
3939:Morchella
3769:Morchella
3732:Mycologia
3454:Morchella
3363:, an old
3357:Morchella
3334:haystacks
3273:Morchella
3171:Provençal
3158:(table).
3140:manganese
3122:, and 1%
3029:Potassium
3003:Manganese
2990:Magnesium
2922:Vitamin D
2905:Folate (B
2889:Vitamin B
2855:Niacin (B
2667:Nutrition
2615:hydrazine
2603:Morchella
2590:sclerotia
2560:cash crop
2519:species (
2517:Morchella
2477:Gyromitra
2448:death cap
2444:phenology
2356:(alder),
2302:Morchella
2287:symbiotic
2283:Morchella
2251:dispersal
2161:Morchella
2138:cultivate
2107:deciduous
2037:Disciotis
2015:Himalayas
2011:Patagonia
1987:sclerotia
1927:Phylogeny
1421:synonym:
1383:synonym:
1316:synonym:
1292:synonym:
1244:Distantes
1189:synonym:
1165:synonym:
1013:Morchella
992:synonym:
930:species,
873:Australia
823:Morchella
779:in 1887.
693:Morchella
663:Morchella
646:Morchella
635:V. conica
626:species (
608:Gyromitra
594:Gyromitra
563:poisoning
455:honeycomb
389:Morchella
356:Himalayas
316:honeycomb
301:Pezizales
297:cup fungi
293:sac fungi
280:Morchella
258:Morchella
132:Morchella
111:Pezizales
77:Kingdom:
71:Eukaryota
9228:MycoBank
9176:Fungorum
9129:60014573
9124:AusFungi
9094:Wikidata
9048:Category
8864:textiles
8696:Pine tar
8661:Creosote
8611:Tea-tree
8606:Tea-seed
8574:Pongamia
8564:Phulwara
8549:Nagkesar
8544:Murumuru
8519:Kpangnan
8467:Carnauba
8408:Pine nut
8393:Hazelnut
8383:Cinnamon
8368:Bay leaf
8358:Allspice
8280:(reishi)
8112:Tamarind
8077:Gambooge
8037:Bilberry
7024:Section
6880:Section
6846:Section
6777:Kalapuya
6526:Archived
6259:Mushroom
6212:Archived
6208:30844154
6165:Archived
6155:(2024).
6139:13702933
5960:The Hill
5890:: 595–96
5847:and the
5802:28400225
5794:20648745
5748:17363234
5705:20191371
5662:36119264
5548:22802394
5464:: 10–13.
5398:30151316
5368:Mycology
5326:33734016
5272:21188589
5233:25209634
5184:22503770
5099:20580850
4932:20943507
4873:22123659
4829:20888422
4563:15163613
4491:21363047
4483:26553777
4407:42830021
4399:24603835
4360:34185312
4352:20361512
4137:45219627
4129:22495449
4079:16132175
4009:25550303
3717:11463562
3578:14505933
3420:See also
3414:, Israel
3398:, Canada
3330:mushroom
3318:Porifera
3297:folklore
3293:miracles
3285:Kentucky
3203:steaming
3128:calories
3072:Quantity
3010:0.587 mg
2984:12.18 mg
2950:Quantity
2944:Minerals
2899:0.136 mg
2866:2.252 mg
2849:0.205 mg
2832:0.069 mg
2807:Quantity
2801:Vitamins
2597:Toxicity
2556:delicacy
2547:wood ash
2515:Certain
2489:Helvella
2440:orchards
2417:Platanus
2411:Fraxinus
2406:riparian
2380:(pine),
2371:Fraxinus
2347:Castanea
2320:(pine),
2308:include
2255:lineages
2165:endemism
2111:conifers
2082:Pakistan
1242:Section
1011:Section
977:Section
791:M. elata
677:holotype
653:Taxonomy
393:endemism
364:Pakistan
305:division
228:Eromitra
197:Synonyms
144: :
117:Family:
67:Domain:
9220:1373763
9194:2594601
9100:Q371101
9059:Commons
8974:Related
8938:Tanbark
8933:Shellac
8923:Quinine
8896:Gambier
8816:ogogoro
8716:Varnish
8681:Lacquer
8671:Gamboge
8656:Camphor
8646:Benzoin
8556: (
8462:Capuacu
8447:Babassu
8413:Vanilla
8324:Truffle
8309:Red cap
8278:Lingzhi
8067:Coconut
8042:Binukaw
8017:Berries
6569:species
6565:Extant
6516:, from
6378:3873191
6069:3756634
5713:3351967
5685:Bibcode
5642:Bibcode
5556:6740906
5389:6106076
5280:1394087
4940:6103729
4758:7553270
4711:3760589
4670:3759851
4543:Bibcode
4059:Bibcode
3752:3758070
3697:Bibcode
3558:Toxicon
3534:7994829
3526:1939997
3361:morchel
3342:Finnish
3313:muggles
3309:muggins
3289:merkels
3138:, DV),
3120:protein
3049:2.03 mg
2964:Calcium
2883:0.44 mg
2767:Protein
2643:arsenic
2509:Indiana
2454:), the
2414:(ash),
2401:Populus
2386:(fir),
2341:Arbutus
2338:(oak),
2335:Quercus
2332:(elm),
2323:Populus
2314:(fir),
2277:Ecology
1991:endemic
801:Boudier
787:Boudier
767:Persoon
577:(MMH).
328:Catalan
324:gourmet
314:have a
287:, is a
265:(Lév.)
247:Morilla
217:Boletus
183:Species
127:Genus:
107:Order:
97:Class:
9282:306159
9266:NZOR:
9168:1MRCHG
8982:Dehesa
8943:tannin
8928:Rattan
8891:Forage
8854:edible
8849:Bamboo
8844:Amadou
8823:Rubber
8744:Chicle
8686:Mastic
8638:Resins
8621:Ucuuba
8616:Tucuma
8601:Tamanu
8558:kernel
8529:Mafura
8499:Illipe
8452:Bacuri
8403:Nutmeg
8347:spices
8072:Durian
8032:Banana
6466:
6439:
6376:
6347:
6290:
6265:
6240:
6206:
6196:
6137:
6127:
6067:
6015:
5800:
5792:
5746:
5711:
5703:
5660:
5608:
5554:
5546:
5396:
5386:
5332:
5324:
5278:
5270:
5231:
5182:
5138:
5097:
4993:
4938:
4930:
4879:
4871:
4827:
4756:
4709:
4668:
4561:
4489:
4481:
4443:71–84.
4405:
4397:
4358:
4350:
4135:
4127:
4077:
4057:(13).
4041:, and
4007:
3750:
3715:
3670:
3664:Morels
3642:
3613:378111
3611:
3576:
3532:
3524:
3381:France
3365:German
3340:. The
3328:waffle
3287:; and
3213:Drying
3207:frying
3036:411 mg
3023:194 mg
2929:5.1 μg
2774:3.12 g
2750:0.57 g
2713:Sugars
2683:Energy
2239:, and
2080:, and
2020:Early
2003:Israel
1999:Cyprus
1949:clades
1945:Europe
1931:Early
924:Cyprus
914:Canada
849:Turkey
769:, and
729:Sweden
583:Poland
362:, and
354:, the
348:Turkey
283:, the
269:(1932)
267:S.Imai
260:sect.
253:(1886)
234:(1846)
221:Tourn.
212:(1763)
210:Adans.
176:(1801)
148:(1794)
47:Poland
31:Morel
9215:IRMNG
9207:56830
9155:19583
8911:henna
8886:Ferns
8837:Other
8786:Latex
8706:Rosin
8701:Pitch
8691:Myrrh
8676:Kauri
8534:Mahua
8524:Kusum
8514:Kombo
8509:Kokum
8431:waxes
8388:Clove
8294:Morel
8228:Ramps
8164:queen
8139:Betel
8131:roots
7992:Honey
7695:Verpa
6752:Imaia
6374:JSTOR
6366:Ursus
6091:(PDF)
6065:JSTOR
5798:S2CID
5709:S2CID
5658:S2CID
5552:S2CID
5526:)?".
5330:S2CID
5276:S2CID
5124:(PDF)
5050:(PDF)
5027:(PDF)
4979:(PDF)
4947:(PDF)
4936:S2CID
4908:(PDF)
4877:S2CID
4732:, and
4730:Verpa
4707:JSTOR
4666:JSTOR
4559:S2CID
4487:S2CID
4403:S2CID
4356:S2CID
4305:(PDF)
4225:: 44.
4133:S2CID
4075:S2CID
3774:(PDF)
3748:JSTOR
3713:S2CID
3636:55–58
3530:S2CID
3350:huhta
3336:, or
3311:, or
3183:pasta
3175:chefs
3118:, 3%
3078:Water
2997:19 mg
2971:43 mg
2727:2.8 g
2717:0.6 g
2706:5.1 g
2627:apple
2607:sushi
2483:Verpa
2389:Larix
2383:Abies
2377:Pinus
2365:Malus
2353:Alnus
2329:Ulmus
2317:Pinus
2311:Abies
2078:India
2031:Verpa
2007:China
912:from
883:Spain
867:from
845:basal
759:forma
641:Verpa
623:Verpa
614:Verpa
360:India
352:China
312:fungi
289:genus
251:Quél.
142:Pers.
138:Dill.
81:Fungi
9259:5193
9254:NCBI
9233:3268
9189:GBIF
9181:3268
9163:EPPO
9142:5V59
8918:Peat
8901:Moss
8881:Cork
8781:Kino
8569:Pilu
8554:Palm
8342:Nuts
7997:pine
7987:Furs
6464:ISBN
6437:ISBN
6345:ISBN
6288:ISBN
6263:ISBN
6238:ISBN
6204:PMID
6194:ISBN
6135:OCLC
6125:ISBN
6013:ISBN
5790:PMID
5744:PMID
5701:PMID
5606:ISBN
5544:PMID
5394:PMID
5322:PMID
5268:PMID
5229:PMID
5180:PMID
5136:ISSN
5095:PMID
4928:PMID
4869:PMID
4825:PMID
4754:PMID
4529:and
4479:PMID
4395:PMID
4348:PMID
4248:: 1.
4125:PMID
4005:PMID
3668:ISBN
3640:ISBN
3609:PMID
3574:PMID
3522:PMID
3325:and
3148:zinc
3132:iron
3081:90 g
3042:Zinc
2977:Iron
2916:9 μg
2649:Uses
2641:and
2639:lead
2633:may
2543:fire
2511:, US
2480:and
2428:elms
2359:Olea
2263:and
2095:, US
2034:and
1957:and
966:and
936:and
916:and
843:, a
713:and
657:The
534:, a
459:caps
330:and
320:caps
232:Lév.
9241:NBN
9150:EoL
9137:CoL
8730:gum
8726:Sap
8426:Oil
8263:Cep
6161:FDA
6057:doi
5782:doi
5778:102
5736:doi
5732:111
5693:doi
5650:doi
5583:doi
5573:".
5536:doi
5532:104
5429:doi
5425:130
5384:PMC
5376:doi
5314:doi
5310:113
5260:doi
5219:hdl
5211:doi
5207:118
5172:doi
5087:doi
5039:doi
5001:doi
4920:doi
4916:102
4861:doi
4857:104
4817:doi
4746:doi
4699:doi
4658:doi
4625:doi
4590:doi
4586:131
4551:doi
4471:doi
4467:108
4461:".
4387:doi
4383:106
4340:doi
4336:102
4313:105
4117:doi
4113:104
4067:doi
4049:".
3995:doi
3991:107
3947:126
3941:".
3814:doi
3740:doi
3705:doi
3601:doi
3566:doi
3514:doi
3291:or
3254:'s
3235:).
3205:or
3124:fat
3047:18%
3034:14%
3021:16%
3008:26%
2982:68%
2955:%DV
2927:26%
2864:14%
2847:16%
2812:%DV
2743:Fat
2507:in
2289:or
761:of
661:of
437:.
174:Fr.
146:Fr.
140:ex
9301::
9279::
9256::
9243::
9230::
9217::
9204::
9191::
9178::
9165::
9152::
9139::
9126::
9111::
9096::
6394:.
6370:13
6368:.
6302:^
6210:.
6202:.
6163:.
6159:.
6133:.
6107:^
6097:.
6093:.
6063:.
6053:56
6051:.
5999:^
5983:.
5958:.
5933:.
5888:12
5886:.
5882:.
5856:.
5851::
5836:^
5796:.
5788:.
5776:.
5756:^
5742:.
5730:.
5707:.
5699:.
5691:.
5681:20
5679:.
5656:.
5648:.
5636:.
5620:^
5579:89
5577:.
5550:.
5542:.
5530:.
5494:^
5478:.
5423:.
5419:.
5392:.
5382:.
5370:.
5366:.
5328:.
5320:.
5308:.
5288:^
5274:.
5266:.
5256:62
5254:.
5227:.
5217:.
5205:.
5178:.
5168:49
5166:.
5148:^
5132:21
5130:.
5126:.
5107:^
5093:.
5083:47
5081:.
5065:^
5033:.
5029:.
4999:.
4987:19
4985:.
4981:.
4962:^
4934:.
4926:.
4914:.
4910:.
4889:^
4875:.
4867:.
4855:.
4837:^
4823:.
4813:48
4811:.
4787:^
4752:.
4742:19
4740:.
4728:,
4705:.
4695:86
4693:.
4664:.
4654:82
4652:.
4621:12
4619:.
4615:.
4584:.
4557:.
4549:.
4539:15
4537:.
4521:,
4499:^
4485:.
4477:.
4465:.
4430:38
4428:.
4401:.
4393:.
4381:.
4354:.
4346:.
4334:.
4311:.
4307:.
4284:^
4246:14
4223:32
4221:.
4217:.
4173:^
4131:.
4123:.
4111:.
4107:.
4087:^
4073:.
4065:.
4055:14
4053:.
4037:,
4017:^
4003:.
3989:.
3985:.
3955:^
3923:^
3905:^
3897:13
3895:.
3883:^
3837:.
3810:18
3808:.
3804:.
3790:^
3780:.
3776:.
3746:.
3736:64
3734:.
3711:.
3703:.
3693:36
3691:.
3654:^
3638:.
3607:.
3597:19
3595:.
3572:.
3562:42
3560:.
3528:.
3520:.
3510:11
3508:.
3479:.
3307:,
3146:,
3142:,
2995:5%
2969:3%
2914:2%
2897:8%
2881:9%
2830:6%
2562:.
2531:,
2525:,
2430:,
2297:.
2273:.
2233:,
2227:,
2221:,
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